语言学期末复习资料一
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• Arbitrariness • Productivity/Creativity • Duality • Displacement • Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.
flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.
❖ (3)Language is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of
habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Hall,
Linguistics
The Goals for this Course
❖ To get a scientific view on language; ❖ To understand some basic theories on linguistics; ❖ To understand the applications of the linguistic
❖ a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language)
❖ the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language)
❖ (2)Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method
of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means
of voluntarily produced symbols.
Sapir, 1921
Chapter 1. Introduction
❖ Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who occupies an important place in the history of linguistics. Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of Synchronic & Diachronic and of Langue & parole, etc. pushed linguistics in to a brand new stage.
❖ Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… )
❖ Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. typewriter, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
❖ 1.1.1 Definition of language
❖ (1) Language: a. the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. b. the system of communication used by a particular community or country. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English)
theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communicwenku.baidu.comtion……; ❖ To prepare for the future research work.
What is language?
❖ Language can mean
❖ what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions)
❖ the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language, Luxun’s language)
❖ the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)
❖ a tool for human communication. (social function)
❖ a set of rules. (rule-governed)
达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统;
d 系统的文字表达
《韦氏新世界词典》
❖
❖ Most modern linguists would accept a tentative ❖ definition like the following:
❖ Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Language is a system
❖ Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.
❖ 1.1What is language?
❖ language is most essential to mankind .
❖ it is the possession of language that distinguishes humans from animals .
❖ language is far more complex than most people have imagined.
Duality
❖ Lower level----elements(meaningless) ❖ Higher level----units(larger units of meaning) ❖ A communication system with duality is considered more
The Requirements for this course
❖ Class attendance ❖ Classroom discussion ❖ Fulfillment of the assignment ❖ Examination
Reference Books
❖ 戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》， 上海外语教育出版社。
Language is symbolic in nature
❖ Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare
❖ The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires
❖ 胡壮麟，(2001)，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。
❖ 刘润清，(1995)，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出 版社。
❖ Fromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998), An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.
1968
❖ (4)Language is a set of finite or infinite sentences, each
finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of
elements. Chomsky, 1957
❖ (5)语言: a. 人类的言语; b. 通过言语来交流的能力; c 用来表
Language is primarily vocal
❖ Vocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
Language is human-specific
❖ Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
The design/defining features of human language
Productivity/creativity
----Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.
Language is arbitrary
❖ Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.
flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.
❖ (3)Language is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of
habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Hall,
Linguistics
The Goals for this Course
❖ To get a scientific view on language; ❖ To understand some basic theories on linguistics; ❖ To understand the applications of the linguistic
❖ a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language)
❖ the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language)
❖ (2)Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method
of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means
of voluntarily produced symbols.
Sapir, 1921
Chapter 1. Introduction
❖ Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who occupies an important place in the history of linguistics. Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of Synchronic & Diachronic and of Langue & parole, etc. pushed linguistics in to a brand new stage.
❖ Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… )
❖ Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. typewriter, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
❖ 1.1.1 Definition of language
❖ (1) Language: a. the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. b. the system of communication used by a particular community or country. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English)
theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communicwenku.baidu.comtion……; ❖ To prepare for the future research work.
What is language?
❖ Language can mean
❖ what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions)
❖ the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare’s language, Luxun’s language)
❖ the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)
❖ a tool for human communication. (social function)
❖ a set of rules. (rule-governed)
达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统;
d 系统的文字表达
《韦氏新世界词典》
❖
❖ Most modern linguists would accept a tentative ❖ definition like the following:
❖ Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Language is a system
❖ Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.
❖ 1.1What is language?
❖ language is most essential to mankind .
❖ it is the possession of language that distinguishes humans from animals .
❖ language is far more complex than most people have imagined.
Duality
❖ Lower level----elements(meaningless) ❖ Higher level----units(larger units of meaning) ❖ A communication system with duality is considered more
The Requirements for this course
❖ Class attendance ❖ Classroom discussion ❖ Fulfillment of the assignment ❖ Examination
Reference Books
❖ 戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》， 上海外语教育出版社。
Language is symbolic in nature
❖ Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare
❖ The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires
❖ 胡壮麟，(2001)，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。
❖ 刘润清，(1995)，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出 版社。
❖ Fromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998), An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.
1968
❖ (4)Language is a set of finite or infinite sentences, each
finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of
elements. Chomsky, 1957
❖ (5)语言: a. 人类的言语; b. 通过言语来交流的能力; c 用来表
Language is primarily vocal
❖ Vocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
Language is human-specific
❖ Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
The design/defining features of human language
Productivity/creativity
----Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.
Language is arbitrary
❖ Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.