毕业设计英文摘要的写法
英语论文摘要怎么写
英语论文摘要怎么写，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。
字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印摘要二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。
③摘要二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印关键词三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词Abstract (Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印Key Words ( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。
除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。
各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion.After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge范例：A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part ofculture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in many countries. As a symbol system, English is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of English and English is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants of the worldwide English, which is British English and American English. With the development of their own language, their own characteristics of the formation, and there are differences between. In American English and British English, is concernedabout the characteristics of the norms word. In this paper, the British and American English in origin and development of a simple introduction, the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of language study and to explore differences in the two English-speaking characteristics and differences, the right to express and enrich the relevant knowledge of English, improve application English ability.Key word: dependent; culture; atmosphere中西方文化差异摘要词是社会的的结晶，是人类历史和文化的结晶。
毕业论文英文摘要格式（共10篇）
毕业论文英文摘要格式(共10篇)篇一:毕业论文英文摘要格式毕业论文摘要英文翻译求助我正在写毕业论文,要写英文摘要,就是把中文摘要翻译成英文,因为我英文不太好.自己已翻译一次,希望高手能帮我翻译一下,谢谢大家.！摘要内容如下：农村居民点土地整治是解决我国农村居民点用地浪费、居住环境差和增加耕地面积的重要措施，然而土地整治模式的选择和土地整治潜力分析与计算是农村居民点整治规划的基础。
本研究以赤峰市喀喇沁旗为例，以乡镇为单位，在社会经济条件和农村居民点用地调查分析的基础上，通过政策分析法、文献研究法对农村居民点整治的相关理论、政策和制度进行分析总结，并借助实地调研、GIS技术、统计分析等手段，从自然地理条件、社会经济条件以及土地利用结构等方面介绍浙江省吴兴区概况，并对喀喇沁旗农村居民点用地整治模式及整治潜力进行分析和测算，得到各镇农村居民点整治潜力及潜力系数。
将喀喇沁旗农村居民点整治模式划分为城镇化引领型模式、建设中心村模式、内部整治型模式和整搬迁型模式，并将整治模式具体落实到行政村。
关键词：农村居民点整治；整治潜力；整治模式；喀喇沁旗；土地整治规划翻译软件翻出来的你也要啊？Ruralresidentiallandreclamationistosolvethewasteofruralresidentialland,poorlivingenvironmentandtheimportantmeasurestoincrease theareaof cultivated land,butland management modechoiceandland reclamation potential analysis and calculation isthe foundation oftherural residential renovation plan.This studyinchifengcity kaLaQinQi, for example,inthevillages and towns,inthesocialand economicconditions andrural residential land,onthebasisof investigation and analysis, throughpolicy analysis, literature researchonrural residential renovation relatedtheory,policyandsystem analysis,andwiththeaidofon-the-spot investigation, statistical analysisandGIS,fromthenatural geographical conditions, socialeconomic conditions andlanduse structure in zhejiang province were introduced fromthe aspects suchasWuXing area,andthe kaLaQinQipatternsofruralresidentiallandregulationandcontrolpotential analysisandcalculation,fortownsofrural settlements renovation potentialandpotential coefficient.WillkaLaQinQiruralresidentialrenovationmodeisdividedintothemodelofurbanizationleadZhongXincunmode,constructiontype,。
怎样写英文摘要（5篇）
怎样写英文摘要（5篇）第一篇：怎样写英文摘要摘要的类型与基本内容根据内容的不同，摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道指示性摘要(1)报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要，其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。
通常,这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文。
(2)指示性摘要(indicative abstract)：也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract)，一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题，而不涉及论据和结论，多用于综述、会议报告等。
该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文。
(3)报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分，以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。
传统的摘要多为一段式，在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)，材料与方法(Materials and Methods)，结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面，即IMRAD((Introduction，Methods，Results and Discussion)结构的写作模式。
20世纪80年代中期出现了另一种摘要文体，即“结构式摘要"(structured abstract),该摘要实质上是报道性摘要的结构化表达。
写摘要的注意事项摘要主要讲述本论文的要点。
结论写完以后再写摘要.摘要给人第一口苹果的品尝效果.审稿人一般用15分钟看摘要和引言.如果第一印象不好,他/她会去寻找理由建议主编退稿.5 摘要的读者面比论文全文的读者面大得多。
不要用第一人称。
写摘要的顺序第一句话：讲一下你这篇文章的研究意义（但是有的杂志不需要这句话）第二句话：以 To eluicdatie the mechanism..., To investigate....,或者for the purpose of....开头来讲述你这样研究的目的。
毕业论文格式标准及字数要求
毕业论⽂格式标准及字数要求毕业论⽂格式标准及字数要求 ⼀段充实⽽忙碌的⼤学⽣活即将结束，毕业前要通过最后的毕业论⽂，毕业论⽂是⼀种的检验⼤学学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论⽂是怎么写的吧！以下是⼩编帮⼤家整理的毕业论⽂格式标准及字数要求，希望能够帮助到⼤家。
毕业论⽂格式标准及字数要求篇1 1.引⾔ 1.1毕业论⽂应采⽤最新颁布的汉语简化⽂字，符合《出版物汉字使⽤管理规定》，由作者在计算机上输⼊、编排与打印完成。
1.2毕业论⽂作者应在选题前后阅读⼤量有关⽂献，⽂献阅读量不少于10篇，将其列⼊参考⽂献表，并在正⽂中引⽤内容处注明参考⽂献编号(按出现先后顺序编排)。
2.编写要求 2.1页⾯要求：毕业论⽂须⽤A4(210×297mm)标准、70克以上⽩纸，⼀律采⽤单⾯打印;毕业论⽂页边距按以下标准设置：上边距(天头)为：30mm;下边距(地脚)25mm;左边距和右边距为：25mm;装订线：10mm;页眉：16mm;页脚：15mm。
2.2页眉：页眉从摘要页开始到论⽂最后⼀页，均需设置。
页眉内容：济宁职业技术学院毕业论⽂，居中，打印字号为5号宋体，页眉之下有⼀条下划线。
2.3页脚：从论⽂主体部分(引⾔或绪论)开始，⽤阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码编写⽅法为：第x页共x页，居中，打印字号为⼩5号宋体。
2.4前置部分从内容摘要起单独编页。
2.5字体与间距：毕业论⽂字体为⼩四号宋体，字间距设置为标准字间距，⾏间距设置为固定值20磅。
3.编写格式 3.1毕业论⽂章、节的编号：按阿拉伯数字分级编号。
3.2毕业论⽂的构成(按毕业论⽂中先后顺序排列)： 前置部分：封⾯ 中⽂摘要，关键词⽬次页(必要时)主体部分：引⾔(或绪论)正⽂ 结论 致谢(必要时)参考⽂献 4.前置部分 4.1封⾯：封⾯格式按如下。
封⾯内容各项必须如实填写完整。
其中论⽂题⽬是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映毕业论⽂中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合;论⽂题⽬所⽤每⼀词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等⼆次⽂献可以提供检索的特定实⽤信息;论⽂题⽬⼀般不宜超过30字。
本科毕业设计(论文)英文摘要及关键词模板
×××（学生姓名）：××课题名称××
附件4 英文题目（Times New Roman字体）
Abstract：abcdefghijk（英文摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××
Keywords：abcdefghijk（英文关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔）×××××
注：
①格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。
②英文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：英文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。
其中，英文大标题（课题题目）用二号Times New Roman字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；Abstract用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；Keywords用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。
③含有公式或特殊符号的毕业设计（论文）可不参照22磅行距的规定，根据需要可按照1.5倍行距或多倍行距设置论文格式，以达到排版尽量统一、规范、美观。
- 2 -。
经济管理系毕业设计(论文)规范
毕业设计（论文）规范一、毕业设计（论文）的结构及要求毕业设计（论文）包括：封面，中文摘要，英文摘要，目录，正文，致谢，参考文献及附录八部分。
1．封面由学校统一印刷，按要求填写。
论文题目一般不超过25个字，要简练准确，可分两行书写。
2．中（英）文摘要及关键词中文摘要在前，“摘要”字样位臵居中，字数应在400字左右；关键词一般3至5个，以显著字符另起一行，排在摘要正文部分左下方。
英文摘要与中文摘要内容要一致。
3．目录按三级标题编写，要求层次清晰，且要与正文标题一致，主要包括：绪论、正文主要层次标题、结论、致谢、参考文献、附录等。
4．正文正文包括绪论（或前言、概论等）、主体、结论。
工科论文要求符合科技论文格式，正文要标明章节，图表和公式要按章编号，公式应另起一行书写，并按章编号。
（1）绪论：简要说明工作的目的、意义、范围、研究设想、方法、选题依据等，应当言简意赅，不要与摘要雷同。
（2）主体：主体是设计（论文）的核心部分，本科设计（论文）字数应在10000字以上，包括：设计（实验）方案的论证，设计（实验）方法手段与结果，仪器设备，原始材料，计算方法，编程原理，数据处理，设计（论文）说明与依据，加工整理与图表，形成论点和到处的结论等。
（3）结论：毕业设计（论文）的结论应当准确、完整、明确精炼。
但也可在结论或讨论中提出建议、设想和尚待解决问题等。
5．致谢该部分要简单的表述作者在结束毕业设计（论文）后的一些收获和感想，并向在毕业设计（论文）过程中给予自己指导和帮助的老师表示感谢。
6．参考文献必须是学生本人真正阅读过的，以近期发表的杂志类文献为主，图书类文献不能过多，且要与论文工作直接相关。
参考文献要按照引用的顺序列出。
文献是期刊时，书写格式为：作者 . 文章题目 . 期刊名 . 年，卷（期）：引用部分起止页文献是图书时，书写格式为：作者 . 书名 . 出版单位 . 年月：论文在刊物中的页码7．附录附录部分主要包括重要的原始数据、数学推导、程序清单、框图、结构图、流程图、零件图和装配图，如果安排有毕业实习，须提供毕业实习报告等。
毕业论文英文摘要
毕业论文英文摘要毕业论文英文摘要毕业论文英文摘要怎么写?有什么技巧吗?看看下面吧毕业论文英文摘要[1]ABSTRACTWeibo is one of the most important social media tools nowadays, thepopularization of Weibo brings a new kind of network marketing - Weibomarketing. Enterprises use Weibo' platform can carry out a series ofmarketing activities, in order to raise visibility and expand brand impact.Weibo marketing has gradually become one of the indispensablemarketing channels of many companies.However, as a new kind ofnetwork marketing, Weibo marketing has some significant differencefrom traditional marketing.In addition, the influence factors of Weibomarketing effectiveness has not been precisely defined, and marketingeffectiveness is difficult to scientific assessment.Therefore, the majorityof firms develop the Weibo marketing are blind, and Weibo marketing isstill at the exploratory stage.How much benefit Weibo marketing canbring for enterprises, which is the enterprise most concern.However, thescientific studies about the influence factors and evaluation of Weibomarketing effect are in a state of scarcity.This paper takes the hotel's Weibo as the research object, and deeplystudies the influence factors and evaluation of the Weibo marketingeffect:On the basis of summarizing those existing research on Weibomarketing, it is assumed that the decision-makers fromdifferent hotelshold tiie same degree of attention on Weibo marketing.Then, this paperexplores the influence factors of hotels' Weibo marketing effect from theWeibo users' perspective, analyzes the Weibo users' behavior guided byAISAS mode , tiirough the questionnaire survey to build the hotel Weibomarketing effect model with statistical software such as Excel and SPSS19.0.On this basis, this paper puts forward tiie Weibo marketing effectevaluation index hypothetical model, and then use AHP to build acomplete evaluation system , this system takes the hotels' Weibomarketing comprehensive effect as the goal layer, influence effect,communication effect and transformation effect as the criterion layer,takes Weibo influence, brand influence , interaction effect, fans value,actual trading volume and customer satisfaction as the sub-criterion layer,and takes 14 indexes such as Weibo influence index, brand hot degreesand brand search as the index layer.Finally, this evaluation index system is applied to Ningbo HowardJohnson Plaza Hotel and Ningbo Riviera Hotel.Through the observationand data collection of the hotels' Weibo, measure the hotel Weibomarketing effect index with the comprehensive index method.The resultsshow that these two hotels have little effect about Weibo marketing:1.Both hotels did not make full use of Weibo to launch various marketingactivities, Weibo marketing is still at a low level, and Weibo marketingdid not make the hotel brand awareness has obvious improvement;2.Those hotels are not ideal about the number oftransmission, commentand praise by Weibo users.Among their fans, the ratio of certified fans islow, while the ratio of active fans proportion is relatively substantial, andfew interactive activities are organized.So, how to attract a large numberof fans, and enhance the fans value is an urgent problem;3.The actualtrading volume is not optimistic.Although there is a higher satisfaction,customers release very few consumption experiences by Weibo during theinvestigation period.To some extent, both hotels reflect the problemsexisting in the hotel industry to carry out the Weibo marketing, thus, fortheir marketing situation, this article also brings up some suggestions andcountermeasures: 1.Accurate positioning, step by step;2.Grasp thefrequency and the best time on releasing information; 3.Showpersonalized content;4.Online and offline marketing activities arecombined together;5.Increase effective fans, pay attention to interactwith fans.KEYWORDS: Weibo marketing; Influencing factors; Effect evaluation;Indicator system毕业论文英文摘要[2]AbstractAs the information technology develops and the social network platform prospers,moreand more information are spreading and shared through the Internet.According to the uniqueadvantage that social network platform owns, many marketers also see the businessandpotential market there.They are also considering spreading the marketing information throughthis platform in a more efficient way.The research aims at find out those factors that influence people's online sharing behaviorabout marketing Information on social network sites.In the literature review, there are studiesanalyzing people's online shopping behavior, or online knowledge sharing behavior.But thereare few analyzing online marketing information sharing behavior.This study uses theoriesfrom sociology, ethology, economics and psychology to study the influential factors of onlinesharing behavior.It's based on the three main variances: Expected Reward from sociology andethology, Cost from economics, and Trust from the psychology but always mentioned underthe internet condition.These three variances were divided into more dimensions and differentcharacters of the marketing information were matched to them.We used factor analysis andregression analysis to find out which factors have more influence.The data was collectedthrough Sina Weibo platform and sample was based on marketing information of rewardingrepost.It turns out that Trust has the most obvious influence on the online sharing behavior,including dimensions of trust in information source, trust in information content andinstitutional mechanisms (Seal Programs)。
毕业论文英语作文万能模板
毕业论文英语作文万能模板Title: A General Template for Graduation Thesis in English。
Abstract:The graduation thesis is an essential part of the academic journey for students in higher education. Writing a thesis in English requires careful planning, organization, and attention to detail. This article provides a general template for writing a graduation thesis in English, covering key sections and tips for successful completion.Introduction:The introduction sets the stage for the thesis by providing background information on the topic, stating the research question or problem, and outlining the structure of the thesis. It should be concise and engaging, capturing the reader's interest and motivating them to continue reading.Literature Review:The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of existing research and scholarship related to the topic of the thesis. It should critically evaluate and synthesize the literature, identifying gaps, contradictions, and areas for further investigation. The literature review is essential for establishing the context and significance of the research and demonstrating the student's understanding of the relevant literature.Methodology:The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study. It should be detailed and precise, allowing the reader to understand how the research was conducted and how the results were obtained. The methodology should be aligned with the research question and objectives, ensuring the validity and reliability of the study.Results:The results section presents the findings of the research in a clear and organized manner. It should include tables, figures, and other visual aids to support the presentation of data. The results should be reported accurately and objectively, without interpretation or speculation. The results section is crucial for demonstrating the student's ability to analyze and interpret data and draw meaningful conclusions.Discussion:The discussion section interprets the results in relation to the research question and objectives, addressing their implications, limitations, and potential applications. It should also compare the findings with previous research and theory, highlighting their significance and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the field. The discussion should be logical, coherent, and persuasive, providing a compelling argument for the conclusions drawn from the research.Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the key findings and insights of the thesis, emphasizing their significance and relevance. It should restate the research question and objectives, review the main points of the thesis, and offer suggestions for future research. The conclusion should leave a lasting impression on the reader, reinforcing the value and impact of the research.References:The references section lists all the sources cited in the thesis, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). It should be accurate and consistent, providing the necessary information for readers to locate and verify the sources.Tips for Successful Completion:Start early and plan ahead to allow sufficient time for research, writing, and revision.Seek feedback from professors, advisors, and peers to improve the quality of the thesis.Use clear and concise language, avoiding jargon and excessive technical details.Follow the guidelines and formatting requirements of the institution for the thesis.Proofread and edit the thesis carefully to eliminate errors and improve readability.Conclusion:Writing a graduation thesis in English is a challenging but rewarding endeavor that showcases students' knowledge, skills, and creativity. By following the general template and tips provided in this article, students can effectively structure and complete their theses, contributing to their academic and professional development.。
摘要是顶格还是空两格
摘要是顶格还是空两格中文摘要及关键词：“摘要”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“摘”与“要”之间空两格，内容采用小四号宋体。
“关键词”三字采用小四号字黑体，顶格书写，一般为3—5个。
英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应，字体为小四号times new roman。
1、摘要论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。
说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。
尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。
而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。
摘要以300字左右为宜。
摘要是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
2、关键词关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“摘要”的左下方。
摘要写作的注意事项：（1）不得简单重复题名中已有的信息，忌讳把引言中出现的内容写入摘要，不要照搬论文正文中的小标题或论文结论部分的文字，也不要诠释论文内容。
（2）尽量采用文字叙述，不要将文中的数据罗列在摘要中；文字要简洁，应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容，应删除无意义的或不必要的字眼；内容不宜展开论证说明，不要列举例证，不介绍研究过程；（3）摘要的内容必须完整，不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容（或观点）遗漏，应写成一篇可以独立使用的短文。
（4）摘要一般不分段，切忌以条列式书写法。
陈述要客观，对研究过程、方法和成果等不宜作主观评价，也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。
论文注意事项:1、毕业论文一律打印，采取a4纸张，页边距一律采取:上2. 8cm、下2. 5cm, 左3cm,右2.5cm,行间距取多倍行距(设置值为1. 25) ;字符间距为默认值(缩放100%，间距:标准)，封面采用教务处统-规定的封面。
英文标题、摘要写法
英文标题、摘要写法第一篇：英文标题、摘要写法英文标题首字母大写（1）一般实词（名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词等）首字母大写，虚词（介词、冠词、连词、感叹词）首字母小写。
（2）标题第一个单词、最后一个单词，无论是实词还是虚词，首字母都要大写。
（3）5个及5个字母以上的虚词,如between、without、alongside、underneath等，都应该大写。
（4）如果是重要的提示性标题，或专有名称标题，可以全部字母都用大写，但应慎用。
学术论文英语标题和摘要的撰写方法一、英文题名题名的结构英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。
各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。
少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。
题名的字数题名不应过长。
国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。
例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。
总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。
中英文题名的一致性同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
题名中的冠词科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
题名中的大小写题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式：全部字母大写；每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。
题名中的缩略词语已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。
封面说明信和摘要英语作文
封面说明信和摘要英语作文Cover Letter and Abstract Writing。
Dear Sir/Madam,。
I am writing to express my strong interest in the position of Marketing Manager at your esteemed organization. As a highly motivated and results-driven individual, I am confident that my extensive experience and skills make me a perfect fit for this role.With over 8 years of experience in marketing, I have developed a deep understanding of the industry and a strong ability to create and implement successful marketing strategies. My expertise includes market research, product development, branding, and digital marketing. I have a proven track record of delivering exceptional results, including increasing sales revenue by 25% and launching successful marketing campaigns that have resulted in a significant increase in brand awareness.In addition to my professional experience, I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Marketing and a Master’s degree in Business Administration. I am a creative thinker, an excellent communicator, and a natural leader. I thrive in fast-paced environments and am able to manage multiple projects simultaneously while maintaining a high level of attention to detail.I am excited about the opportunity to join your teamand contribute to your continued success. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to theopportunity to discuss my qualifications further.Sincerely,。
本科毕业设计（论文）格式规范的基本要求_论文格式_
本科毕业设计（论文）格式规范的基本要求本科毕业设计(论文)的内容千差万别，文科与理工科的要求也明显不同，特别是毕业设计的撰写与的撰写在格式规范方面也有较大的差别。
但是，就本科毕业设计(论文)写作的基本格式规范而言，却仍然是类似的。
因此，可以对各类不同本科专业毕业设计(论文)写作作出统一的格式规范。
(一)本科毕业设计(论文)的项用格式当前，高等学校中本科毕业设计(论文)文本的通用格式一般应按以下项目依次编排：题目中文摘要、关键词英文摘要、关键词目录文本主体(包括引言、正文与结论)致谢参考文献附录(必要时)(二)本科毕业设计(论文)通用格式的写作规范根据上述本科毕业设计(论文)的通用格式，其写作规范有如下一些要求。
1.题目。
题目是毕业设计(论文)的眉目，要做到眉目传神。
也就是说，题目应该用极为精练的文字把论文的主题或总体内容表达出来。
题目应该简短、明确，字数一般不宜超20个汉字。
有特殊要求的，如为了给题目加以补充说明，或为了强调论文所研究的某一侧面等，则可加注副标题。
2.摘要。
本科毕业设计(论文)摘要包含中文摘要与英文摘要两种。
毕业设计(论文)摘要也称为论文提要，这是因为摘要一般可分为报道性摘要与提示性摘要，而毕业设计(论文)摘要乃是一种提示性摘要的缘故。
提示性摘要只简单地叙述研究的成果，即研究的目的、观点、方法和结论等。
所以，论文摘要是以浓缩的形式概括研究课题的内容。
在论文摘要中，要突出本课题的创造性成果或创新见解。
毕业设计(论文)的中文摘要一般不超过300个汉字，英文摘要的内容则要与中文摘要相一致。
摘要的排序虽然列于文本主体之前，但由于它要介绍文本主体的内容，因此实际上完成于文本主体之后。
论文摘要采用第三人称的写法，要学会把它写成一篇文字精悍的短文，以便他人引用。
3.关键词。
本科毕业设计(论文)关键词包括中文与英文两种。
关键词也称为主题词，是用以表示毕业论文正文主题内容信息的单词、词组和术语。
关键词应为公用公知的词和学术术语，其数量一般为3一6个。
中英文摘要写作要求及格式
中、英文摘要写作要求及格式1．摘要写作要求摘要的内容要包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。
计量单位一律换算成国际标准计量单位。
除特殊情况外，数字一律用阿拉伯数字。
中、英文摘要的内容应严格一致。
2．中文摘要中文摘要前打印毕业论文（毕业设计）的标题。
主标题一般不超过20个汉字。
如有副标题，应另起一行（副标题前加破折号），副标题（包括破折号在内）同样不得超过20个汉字。
中文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文中文主标题”，或手动设置（黑体，三号，居中，段前1行、段后0行，单倍行距）。
中文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文中文副标题”，或手动设置（楷体_GB2312，四号，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距）。
中文标题下空一行为摘要。
“摘要：”格式：首行缩进2字符，黑体，小四。
“摘要：”后紧接摘要正文。
字数在200字左右。
中文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“中文摘要正文”，或手动设置（楷体_GB2312，小四，行距为固定值20磅）。
中文摘要正文后空一行，另起一行列出3－5个关键词。
“关键词：”格式：首行缩进2字符，黑体，小四。
“关键词：”后紧接关键词。
关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个关键词末尾不加标点。
中文关键词格式：楷体_GB2312，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
3．英文摘要中文关键词下空两行打印毕业论文（毕业设计）的英文标题。
英文主标题首字母大写，标题中其他单词实词首字母大写，其他均为小写。
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置（Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距）。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置（Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距）。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。
“Abstract：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。
英文摘要写法
SCI结构式摘要案例 结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
大连理工大学本科生毕业设计论文文本格式要求
大连理工大学本科毕业设计（论文）大连理工大学本科毕业设计（论文）题目师：评阅教师：完成日期：大连理工大学Dalian University of Technology摘要“摘要”是摘要部分的标题，不可省略。
标题“摘要”选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，再居中；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居中，字号：小三，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为0。
摘要是毕业设计（论文）的缩影，文字要简练、明确。
内容要包括目的、方法、结果和结论。
单位采用国际标准计量单位制，除特别情况外，数字一律用阿拉伯数码。
文中不允许出现插图。
重要的表格可以写入。
摘要正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2个汉字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2个汉字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
摘要篇幅以一页为限，字数为400-500字。
摘要正文后，列出3-5个关键词。
“关键词：”是关键词部分的引导，不可省略。
关键词请尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。
关键词与摘要之间空一行。
关键词词间用分号间隔，末尾不加标点，3-5个；黑体，小四，加粗。
The Subject of Undergraduate Graduation Project (Thesis) of DUTAbstract外文摘要要求用英文书写，内容应与“中文摘要”对应。
使用第三人称，最好采用现在时态编写。
“Abstract”不可省略。
标题“Abstract”选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，再居中；或者手动设置成字体：Times New Roman，居中，字号：小三，多倍行距1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为0行。
标题“Abstract”上方是论文的英文题目，字体：Times New Roman，居中，字号：小三，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
Abstract正文选用设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为0行，取消网格对齐选项。
毕业设计英文摘要
毕业设计英文摘要Title: A Comprehensive Overview of Graduation Design Abstracts Introduction:The graduation design abstract serves as a concise summary of a student's final project, providing a glimpse into the objectives, methodologies, and outcomes of their research. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key elements that should be included in an English graduation design abstract, highlighting its significance and offering practical tips for crafting an effective abstract.1. Purpose and Objectives:The abstract should clearly state the purpose and objectives of the graduation design project. It should succinctly explain the problem or issue being addressed and highlight the significance of the research. By clearly defining the purpose, readers can quickly grasp the context and relevance of the study.2. Methodology:The methodology section outlines the research methods employed during the graduation design project. This includes a brief description of the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. It is important to provide enough detail to allow readers to understand the approach taken, but avoid excessive technical jargon that may alienate non-expert readers.3. Results and Findings:In this section, the abstract should summarize the key findings and results of thegraduation design project. It should highlight the most important outcomes and any significant trends or patterns that emerged from the analysis. It is crucial to present the results in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate statistical or qualitative indicators to support the findings.4. Implications and Applications:The abstract should also discuss the implications and potential applications of the research findings. This section should highlight how the results contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field and discuss any potential practical implications. By emphasizing the real-world significance of the research, the abstract can captivate readers and generate interest in the full graduation design report.5. Conclusion:The conclusion section of the abstract should provide a concise summary of the overall project. It should restate the main objectives, briefly summarize the methodology, highlight the key findings, and emphasize the significance of the research. The conclusion should leave readers with a clear understanding of the project's contributions and potential impact.6. Language and Style:An effective graduation design abstract should be written in clear, concise, and accessible language. Avoid using excessive technical terminology that may confuse or deter readers. Instead, strive for simplicity and clarity, ensuring that the abstract can be easily understood by both experts and non-experts in thefield.7. Length and Formatting:The length of a graduation design abstract may vary, but it is generally recommended to keep it within 250-300 words. Ensure that the abstract adheres to any specific formatting guidelines provided by the institution or journal. Pay attention to word limits, font size, and spacing requirements to ensure compliance.Conclusion:Crafting an effective graduation design abstract is crucial for conveying the essence of a research project concisely. By following the guidelines outlined in this article, students can ensure that their abstracts effectively communicate the purpose, methodology, results, and implications of their graduation design projects. Remember, the abstract is the first impression readers will have of the research, so make it engaging and informative.。
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二,中英文摘要的区别
中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,目 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,
前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区: 前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区:
一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行",因此在英 文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补 中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心 转移,甚至偏离主题; 二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘 要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词 累赘,重复,显得拖沓,冗长.英文摘要应严格,全 面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不 意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文 语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英 文的表达习惯.
三,基本要素
1. 基本特性 2. 时态 3. 语态 4. 语法修辞
1,基本特性 ,
报道性 指示性 独立性
注意摘要与前言的区别,有关背景资料 注意摘要与前言的区别, information)放前言中 (background information)放前言中
2,时态 ,
说法一: 说法一:从理论上讲 一般现在时:通过科学实验取得的研究结果, 一般现在时:通过科学实验取得的研究结果, 结论,揭示自然界的客观规律; 结论,揭示自然界的客观规律; 一般过去时: 一般过去时:在一定范围内所观察到的自然 现象的规律性认识, 现象的规律性认识,这种认识也许有一定的局限 性现在完成时表明过程的延续性,虽某事件( 性现在完成时表明过程的延续性,虽某事件(或 过程)发生在过去, 过程)发生在过去,但强调对现实所产生的影响 以一般现在时为主, 以一般现在时为主,也使用一般过去时和现在完 成时; 成时;
例:This was first known in 1930.
许多论文,虽然是作者过去做的工作和得到的 许多论文, 结论,然而这些工作和结论并不是达到" 结论,然而这些工作和结论并不是达到"完结 了"的阶段,而是还会有人,也可能是作者本 的阶段,而是还会有人, 继续研究下去, 人,继续研究下去,从而产生进一步的改进和 完善.从这一角度出发, 完善.从这一角度出发,可以用现在完成时来 描述已做过的工作,以表达这种延续性. 描述已做过的工作,以表达这种延续性.
How to write an abstract for a technological article
Summarized by Chuguohong
授课内容
结构及特点 中英文摘要的区别 基本要素 典型示例 化学常用句式 撰写要求 练习
一,结构及特点
1,英文摘要包括目的,方法,结果和结论四部分 ,英文摘要包括目的,方法, 2,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短 ,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了, 的篇幅 提供最主要的信息. 提供最主要的信息.
(2) 能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语,能 能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语, 用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语 measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy experiment results →experimental results
(3) 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下,要少 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下, of句型 句型 accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy structure of crystal → crystal structure (4) 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made → Thickness of plastic sheet was measured
Example 1 一般现在时及其被动语态 PET films uniaxially(单轴地) drawn in hot water are studied by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC (MDSC). …… Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials. The increments(增量) of Cp at Tg are also interpreted using a three phases model.
(5) 一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰,可改用 一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰, 复合词, 复合词,兼用后置定语 thermal oxidation apparent activation energy → apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation
说法二:EI 数据库建议 说法二: 用过去时态叙述作者工作; 用过去时态叙述作者工作; 用现在时态叙述作者结论. 用现在时态叙述作者结论.
说法三 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理. 论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理.所 取得的结果,无论是过去, 取得的结果,无论是过去,还是现在或将来都 是如此.故常用现在时表达. 是如此.故常用现在时表达. 过去时"表达一件过去发生过的事, 过去时"表达一件过去发生过的事,而 且现在已经完结了" 且现在已经完结了" .如文中指出发生的日 期和时间是写文章之前,必须用过去时. 期和时间是写文章之前,必须用过去时.
第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选, 第一,对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选,不属于 上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要. 上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要. 第二,对属于"四部分 的内容,也应适当取舍, 四部分"的内容 第二,对属于 四部分 的内容,也应适当取舍, 做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象.比如"目的 目的", 做到简明扼要,不能包罗万象.比如 目的 ,在多数标 题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的, 题中就已初步阐明,若无更深一层的目的,摘要完全不 必重复叙述;再如"方法 ,有些在国外可能早已成为常 必重复叙述;再如 方法", 方法 规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称, 规的方法,在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称,而 不必一一描述其操作步骤. 不必一一描述其操作步骤.
Example 3 现在完成时及其被动语态
The partial molar enthalpies(偏摩尔焓) of mixing of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 have been measured at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures (熔融混合物) of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 in Calvet calorimeter (热量计). From these values the molar enthalpy of mixing has been deduced. The phase diagram of this system has been confirmed by conductometric(导电) and thermal analysis methods. By an optimization method the excess entropy(过剩熵) of the liquid mixtures was also calculated.
Example 2 一般过去时及其被动语态
An analysis of the cure(硫化,固化) kinetics of several different formulations composed of bifunctional epoxy resins and aromatic diamines was performed. …… All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction were calculated and reported. Dynamic and isothermal(等温的) DSC yielded different results. An explanation was offered in terms of different curing mechanism which prevail under different curing conditions. A mechanism scheme was proposed to account for various possible reactions during cure.
例:Man has not yet discovered an effective
( cure for the common cold.(人类至今尚未发现一 种有效治疗感冒的方法.)句中隐含着估计一段时间 种有效治疗感冒的方法.)句中隐含着估计一段时间 .) 后也不会发现,但是将耒能否会有,尚有待事实来说 后也不会发现,但是将耒能否会有, 明.
四,一个典型示例
A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (差示扫描量热 差示扫描量热 法,DSC). The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding(挤压 it in solid phase. At 挤压) 挤压 extrusion ratio (挤压比 挤压比,ER ) greater four, two melting 挤压比 peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less. It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block(立构嵌段 character. 立构嵌段) 立构嵌段