大学英语写作教程复习重点

英语作文复习备考重点总结

英语作文复习备考重点总结在英语学习中，作文是一个非常重要的方面。

无论是应试考试还是日常写作，良好的写作能力都是必不可少的。

因此，在复习备考阶段，正确把握英语作文的重点是非常关键的。

下面我将总结英语作文复习备考的重点，希望能够帮助大家提高写作水平。

首先，要重点关注作文题目。

作文的题目是整篇文章的灵魂，它决定了文章的主题和内容。

在复习备考时，要仔细研读题目，确保自己理解准确，明白要求。

有时候题目会包含一些关键词或者指示词，需要注意解读，并在文章中体现。

只有理解透彻题目，才能写出符合要求的作文。

其次，要注重写作结构。

英语作文的结构一般分为引言、正文和结论三部分。

引言部分一般用来引出主题，概括性地介绍文章内容；正文部分是文章的重点，要展开论述、提供论据、论证观点；结论部分则是对整篇文章进行总结，强调主题，深化主题思想。

在写作过程中，要注意合理安排这三个部分的内容，使整篇文章层次清晰，逻辑严谨。

另外，要注意语言运用。

在英语作文中，语言的运用是至关重要的。

要注意使用正确的语法、拼写和标点符号，避免因为这些小错误而影响整篇文章的质量。

此外，要丰富自己的词汇量，避免重复使用相同的词汇，这样可以使文章更具表达力和吸引力。

同时，要注意句子结构的多样性，避免单调和呆板的句式，让文章更加生动有趣。

最后，要注重细节和篇章连接。

在写作中，细节往往决定了文章的质量。

要注意细致入微地描写事物，让读者能够清晰地感受到作者的观点和情感。

此外，篇章之间的连接也是很重要的，要注意使用连接词和过渡词，使文章各部分之间衔接自然，互相呼应，整篇文章才能读起来流畅。

综上所述，英语作文复习备考的重点包括理解题目、把握结构、运用语言、注重细节和篇章连接等方面。

只有在这些方面下功夫，才能写出高质量的英语作文，提升自己的写作水平。

希望以上总结对大家有所帮助，祝大家在英语作文中取得好成绩！。

英语写作知识点

英语写作知识点英语写作是学习英语的重要组成部分，掌握一些基本的写作知识点可以帮助我们提高写作水平。

本文将介绍一些常用的英语写作知识点，包括语法、词汇、句型和段落结构等方面。

一、语法知识点1. 时态：英语中有多种时态，如一般现在时、过去时、将来时等。

在写作中，要根据具体的语境和需要选择合适的时态。

2. 主谓一致：主语和谓语动词在人称和数上要保持一致。

例如，主语是单数第三人称，谓语动词要用单数形式。

3. 从句：从句是句子中的一个部分，可以作为名词、形容词或副词使用。

在写作中，要注意从句的引导词和从句的语序。

二、词汇知识点1. 同义词替换：在写作中，为了避免重复使用某个词，可以使用同义词进行替换。

但要注意同义词的准确性和适用性。

2. 词汇搭配：不同的词汇之间有一定的搭配规律，掌握一些常用的词汇搭配可以使文章更加地道和流畅。

三、句型知识点1. 倒装句：在某些情况下，为了强调某个部分或改变语序，可以使用倒装句。

例如，将句子的谓语动词放在主语之前。

2. 强调句：为了强调句子中的某个成分，可以使用强调句。

例如，将强调的部分放在句子的开头或结尾，并使用特殊的语气词。

四、段落结构知识点1. 开头段落：开头段落应该引起读者的兴趣，概括文章的主题，并提出论点。

2. 主体段落：主体段落是文章的核心部分，应该围绕论点展开，提供支持和论证。

3. 结尾段落：结尾段落要对文章的内容进行总结，并给读者留下深刻的印象。

以上是一些常用的英语写作知识点，掌握这些知识点可以帮助我们写出更加准确、流畅和有逻辑性的英语文章。

在写作过程中，还需要多读多写，不断积累经验，提高自己的写作水平。

希望本文对您有所帮助！。

英语写作知识要点

英语写作知识要点1 写作教与学入手的四个方面●Mechanics of writing（标点符号、大小写、页面格式及基本的语法问题（如主谓一致问题等：课本的第1、10部分）；●From words to sentences (遣词造句：分别为课本的第2、3部分);●From paragraphs to whole compositions（段落及全文谋篇布局：分别为课本的第4、5部分）；●Academic and practical writing（学术论文写作和应用文写作：分别为课本的第8、9部分）根据英语写作课程组的统一协调：大二写作教学内容涵盖课本的1、2、3、4部分和第10部分（学生自学）；大三写作教学涵盖第5部分和第6、7部分；大四写作涵盖第8、9部分（需要大量的相关补充内容）。

2 英语段落的三个基本特质：（课本P81 Three basic qualities ofeffective paragraphs）（很好的英文论述见课本81页一二三段）全段围绕一个中心思想展开（Unity 一致/统一性）；句与句之间的联系与过渡要紧密、自然、合乎逻辑（Coherence 连贯性）；发展充分（Well-developedness 论证要完整、充分）。

也就是说，一个好的段落只有一个主题，所有句子在意义上始终保持统一，紧紧围绕这一主题展开；段落结构组织合理，句与句之间的衔接过渡紧密自然、合乎逻辑；整个段落能够充分地表达这一主题思想，内容上没有任何残缺。

3 段落的结构与发展3.1 段落的结构段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。

因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是遵循一定段落发展方法的。

当然, 这并不是说，所有的段落都遵循着相同的、固定的模式。

在读、写实践中，我们会遇到一些段落，只有一两句话，在文中起承前启后的过渡作用或扮演导言或结束语的角色。

大学生英语写作必备知识

1.记叙文的展开(1) Considering purpose and audience: keep in mind that your story should deal with an event ora topic that will appeal to your audience.(2) Development through prewriting: freewriting is a helpful prewriting technique. As you think about the story you want to relate, many ideas will crowd into your mind.(3) Development through revising.——摘自《美国大学英语写作》2.描写性文章的展开：选准话题，考虑读者The main purpose of a descriptive essay is to make readers see or hear, taste, smell or feel—what you are writing about. Vivid details are the key to descriptive essays, enabling your audience to picture and experience what you describe. As you start to think about your own descriptive essay, choose a topic that appeals to at least one of your senses. When selecting your topic, consider how much your audience already knows about it. Once you have selected your topic, focus on the goal or purpose of your essay.——摘自《美国大学英语写作》3.写作前的准备工作，应该考虑的一些问题(1)Understanding the nature and length of an assignment;(2)Knowing your subject;(3)Knowing your purpose and audience;(4)Determining your point of view;(5)Using peer review;(6)Doing a personal review.——摘自《美国大学英语写作》4.修改短文遵循四个原则(1)Unity;(2)Support;(3)Coherence;(4)Sentence skills.If you advance a single point and stick to that point, your paper will have unity; if you support the point with specific evidence, your paper will have support; if you organize and connect the specific evidence, your paper will have coherence; if you write clear, error-free sentences, your paper will demonstrate effective sentence skills.——摘自《美国大学英语写作》5.写作时要评估读者已有知识When writing an essay, try to remember that your instructor is not the only member of your audience. Although the instructor is often the only person who will read the finished product, customizing a paper to his or her level of knowledge can run the risk of leaving out importantinformation, since many instructors know more about your topic than the average reader would. In addition, omitting information that your instructor already knows can result in a weak or unbalanced paper. However, if you assume that your reader is less knowledgeable than you, you are likely to provide more details and better explanations, which usually results in a much stronger paper.——摘自《英语写作教程—从创新思维到批判思维》6.任务描写的两个目的Generally speaking, the objective of describing a person is twofold: to portray the person vividly so that readers can imagine what he or she looks like, and to show how the person is significant in your life. Although your writing will reveal something about yourself and your relationship with the person, the focus should remain fixed on the person you are describing—physical appearance, typical behavior, way of speaking, specific anecdotes, etc. For example, suppose that you want to write a descriptive essay about your grandfather. You decide to write about his physical appearance and ways of living. To achieve this, you might describe his rough and gnarled4 hands, a result of his lifelong labor, but you might also describe how he would hold your hands so gently with his rough hands when having a conversation or taking a walk with you.——摘自《英语写作教程—从创新思维到批判思维》7.倒着读，检查文章Proofreading means checking the final, edited draft of your paper closely for typos and other careless errors. A helpful strategy is to read your paper backward, from the last sentence to the first. This helps keep you from getting caught up in the flow of the paper and missing small mistakes.——摘自《美国大学英语写作》8.写记叙文时要注意事件时长When you write a personal narrative, the duration of the event about which you’re writing becomes a raw resource; you can use it, alter it, and control it. Of course, you could write a “straight” narrative that sticks closely to chronological time, but very few narrative topics work well this way. Think about it: you can read the body paragraphs of a 600-word essay in less than five minutes. Do you want to write your essay about a five-minute life experience? Perhaps, but searching for such a topic would truly restrict your opportunities.——摘自《英语写作教程—从创新思维到批判思维》9.描述过往经验的意义Why do we write about our past experiences? Perhaps out of nostalgia for the past, or perhaps to make sense of the past. When we write about significant events in our lives, we come to know ourselves better, bringing into focus what’s truly important to us and clarifying our beliefs and values. We also examine the forces—within ourselves and in our social structures—that have shaped our lives. In a word, a personal experience essay can help us explore, deepen, and complicate our perceptions of the world.——摘自《英语写作教程—从创新思维到批判思维》10.名言引用法国思想家、散文家Montaigne 曾说：“I quote others in order the better to express my own self.”。

所有英语作文知识点归纳

所有英语作文知识点归纳英语作文是教育中重要的一门学科，也是培养学生综合语言运用能力的重要途径。

掌握英语作文的基本知识点对学生的英语学习和提高英语写作能力非常重要。

下面将详细介绍英语作文的各个知识点。

1. 文章结构一个完整的英语作文通常由三部分组成：引言、正文和结论。

引言部分主要是为了引入话题并吸引读者的注意；正文部分是文章的核心内容，包括主要观点和论据；结论部分是对文章的总结和结束。

2. 表达清晰的主题句每段文章都应该有一个明确的主题句，它可以帮助读者理解段落的内容，并确保文章的逻辑连贯。

3. 使用恰当的连词和过渡词连接词和过渡词可以使文章的结构更加完整，段落之间的逻辑关系更加清晰。

例如：and （和）、but（但是）、however（然而）、therefore（因此）等。

4. 正确使用时态和语态时态和语态是英语作文中非常重要的要素。

正确使用时态可以使文章的时间序列清晰明了，正确使用语态可以准确表达句子的主体动作。

例如：一般现在时、进行时、过去时、将来时、被动语态等。

5. 使用恰当的句式和句型多样化的句式和句型可以丰富文章的表达方式，使文章语言更加生动有力。

例如：倒装句、强调句、条件句、比较句、虚拟语气等。

6. 使用适当的修辞手法修辞手法能够使文笔更加优美，同时也能够增强文章的说服力。

例如：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、反问等。

7. 用例子来支持论点通过提供具体的例子和事实来支持自己的论点是写作中常用的技巧之一。

例子的使用可以使文章更加具体，并增加可信度。

8. 清楚明了的段落结构一个好的段落应该包括一个主题句、支持细节和例子，并且它们之间应该有清晰的逻辑关系。

9. 注意标点符号的使用适当的标点符号能够帮助读者理解句子的含义和强调句子的重要部分。

例如：句号、逗号、冒号、感叹号等。

10. 合理组织文章一个合理组织的文章可以使读者更好地理解作者的意图和论点。

例如：时间顺序、因果关系、对比和分析等。

11. 避免重复和废话重复和废话会使文章显得啰嗦和冗长，需要避免在写作中频繁使用相同的词汇和表达方式。

大学英语作文备考的关键要点

大学英语作文备考的关键要点大学英语作文备考是一场严肃的旅程，每一个细节都需要精心雕琢。

无论你是英语高手还是初学者，掌握关键要点都能帮助你在考试中脱颖而出。

让我们一起深入探讨这些关键要点，帮助你在写作上取得最终成功。

首先，明确主题是成功的起点。

每一篇英语作文都围绕一个主题展开，这个主题可以是社会问题、个人经历或学术讨论。

了解题目要求，准确把握主题的核心是至关重要的。

如果题目要求讨论某一观点，确保你能够全面理解这一观点，并将其融入到你的写作中。

接下来，结构安排是提高写作质量的核心。

大学英语作文通常包括引言、主体段落和结论三部分。

引言部分需要简洁明了，介绍主题并引出你的观点。

主体段落应详细阐述你的论点，每个段落都应围绕一个主要思想展开，并用充分的例证和论据支持。

结论部分则要总结全文，重申你的观点，并提出你的最终看法或建议。

语言的准确性和丰富性也是关键。

在备考过程中，积累丰富的词汇和掌握各种句型是提升写作能力的重要途径。

使用多样化的词汇和复杂的句子结构可以使你的文章更加生动、具有说服力。

同时，注意语法和拼写的准确性也是至关重要的，这些细节往往决定了你的作文能否获得高分。

练习写作是提高写作能力的有效方法。

定期进行写作练习，并尝试不同类型的题目，可以帮助你熟悉考试形式和要求。

写作练习不仅可以提高你的写作技巧，还可以帮助你在考试时更好地组织思路、表达观点。

记得在练习后进行自我审阅，找出错误并加以改正，以不断提高写作水平。

在备考过程中，阅读优秀范文是另一种有效的学习方法。

通过阅读高质量的范文，你可以了解优秀作文的结构、语言使用和论证方式。

这不仅可以帮助你掌握写作技巧，还可以激发你的创作灵感，让你在写作中更具自信。

时间管理也是考试成功的关键。

在写作考试中，合理安排时间，确保每一部分都有足够的时间完成，是提高写作质量的重要因素。

建议在考试前进行模拟测试，培养自己在有限时间内完成高质量作文的能力。

总之，大学英语作文备考需要综合运用主题理解、结构安排、语言运用、练习写作、阅读范文和时间管理等多方面的技巧。

最全面英语写作技巧知识点归纳总结(精华版)

最全面英语写作技巧知识点归纳总结(精
华版)
1. 提纲法
- 在写作前，先制定一个清晰的提纲，确定文章的结构和内容。

- 确保提纲包含一个引人入胜的开头，清晰的观点陈述以及有
力的结尾。

2. 文章结构
- 保持文章结构的一致性，包括引言、正文和结论部分。

- 每个段落只讨论一个主题，并确保段落之间的逻辑连贯。

3. 合理使用连接词
- 使用适当的连接词来引导读者，例如：首先(Firstly)、其次(Secondly)、另外(Additionally)等。

- 这些连接词能够帮助文章的连贯性，使读者更容易跟随你的
思路。

4. 选择恰当的词汇和语法
- 避免使用复杂的词汇和语法，尽量使用简单明了的表达方式。

- 使用正确的时态和人称，并确保语法正确。

5. 使用例证和引用
- 使用例证和引用来支持你的观点，增加你的文章的可信度。

- 确保使用的例证和引用是可靠的，并标明出处。

6. 重点句式和表达
- 研究一些常用的句式和表达方式，使你的文章更有说服力。

- 例如：It is widely believed that... (广泛认为...)、As a result, ...(因此...)等。

7. 编辑和校对
- 在完成文章后，仔细检查和编辑文章。

- 检查拼写、语法和标点符号错误，并确保文章流畅。

以上是最全面英语写作技巧知识点归纳总结的精华版，希望对您的写作有所帮助。

大一英语语法与写作知识点

大一英语语法与写作知识点一、句子结构在英语写作中，良好的句子结构是至关重要的。

以下是一些大一英语语法与写作的常见知识点，帮助您掌握句子结构。

主谓宾结构：句子通常由主语、谓语和宾语构成。

主语是动作的执行者，谓语表示动作或状态，而宾语则是动作的接受者。

主系表结构：有些句子中，谓语动词与主语之间有一个链接动词，而不是实际的动作动词。

这时，主语通过链接动词与表语（通常是形容词或名词）相关联。

并列结构：这种结构使用连词（如and、or、but）将两个或多个并列的元素连接在一起。

在写作中，要注意平衡和并列元素之间的连贯性。

从句结构：从句是句子中的一个部分，可以作为名词、形容词或副词。

常见的从句包括名词性从句（作主语、宾语或表语）、定语从句（修饰名词）和副词从句（修饰动词、形容词或副词）。

二、时态和语态时态和语态是英语写作中另外两个重要的知识点。

时态：在表达动作的时间时，需要选择适当的时态。

过去时态、现在时态和将来时态是最常用的几种时态。

同时要注意时态的一致性和正确的使用。

语态：英语中有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。

在写作中，根据需要选择正确的语态。

被动语态通常用于强调动作的接受者，或者当不知道动作的执行者是谁时。

三、冠词和名词冠词和名词也是英语写作中需要注意的重要知识点。

冠词：冠词分为不定冠词（a或an）和定冠词（the）。

正确使用冠词可以帮助限定名词的范围或表达特定的概念。

名词：名词可以是单数或复数形式，根据具体情况选择正确的形式。

同时，还需注意名词所有格的使用，以表达所属关系。

四、句型和连接词句型和连接词对于写作句子的流畅和连贯至关重要。

简单句：由一个主谓结构构成的句子称为简单句。

简单句通常直接表达一个完整的想法。

并列句：由两个或多个简单句并列构成的句子称为并列句。

可以使用逗号和连词（如and、but、or）来连接这些简单句。

复合句：包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子称为复合句。

从句通常使用连词（如that、which、who）引导。

大学英语期末写作专题复习

大学英语期末写作专题复习by郭翊明PART 1一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入)As the proverb says…Many people believe that…It is generally believed that…It is well known that…No one can deny the fact thatThere are many arguments/opinions/views about二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。

1．表示“首先”first, firstly, first of all, to begin with2．表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“况且”second, secondly, and, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, besides+名词短语，in addition to+名词短语3．表示“最后”finally, last, lastly4．表示“最重要的是” above all, most important of all，在跌降法里用last but not least 最后但并非最不重要的是。

5.表示“更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是” more serious, even worse, to make matter worse6. 表示“最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是”most serious of all, worst of all⏹例如：⏹1）First of all, 论据1. More importantly,论据2. Most important of all,论据3. In summary,总结观点.⏹2)The advantages can be listed as follows：First,好处1. Besides,好处2.Most important of all, 好处3.⏹But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. Tobegin with,坏处1. To make matter worse,坏处2. Worst of all,坏处3.⏹3）For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least,论据3. To conclude, 总结观点或From above, we can predict that 预测.⏹4）First of all,论据1。

(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点

1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

《大学英语B》写作复习资料

《大学英语B》写作复习资料Instructions:要求你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的题目用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。

（里面有部分文章内容重复，目的是为了告诉你一篇文章可以套用在多种场合。

相同的文章，记忆时只记忆一篇即可。

）学习类1) Why I study English?（我为什么学习英语?）/ 或者:Why do students like learning English? (为什么学生喜欢学习英语？)Why do I study English? / (Why do students like learning English?) Firstly, English is very useful. English is the most widely used language in the world. If we make a visit to foreign countries or do business with foreigners, we need to communicate with them in English. Secondly, with China becoming stronger and stronger, we have more chances to go abroad. We can know the English-speaking countries much better if we know English. Both China and English-speaking countries have realized the importance of the culture exchange. Above all, English is useful and important, we must master English.2) How to learn English well?（如何学好英语？）English is always my favorite subject and I am good at English. I would like to share four good studying habits with you. First, remember 20 new words a day, and never give up. Second, go over grammar points I have learnt in English class regularly. Third, read an English article in China Daily every day. Fourth, write an English composition every week and ask teacher to revise that for me to improve the writing level. If you do things above, I am sure your English will also be improved.（译文：英语是远程教育中我最喜欢的课，我英语学的很好。

写作教程知识点英语总结

写作教程知识点英语总结IntroductionWriting a tutorial is a great way to share your expertise, knowledge, and experiences with others. Whether you are an expert in a particular field or have a passion for a specific topic, a well-written tutorial can help others to learn and improve their skills. In this comprehensive guide, we will cover all the essential knowledge points and tips you need to know to write a successful tutorial.1. Choosing a TopicThe first step in writing a tutorial is to choose a topic that you are knowledgeable and passionate about. Consider your audience and their interests, and choose a topic that will be useful and relevant to them. Research and gather information to ensure you have a thorough understanding of the topic.2. Defining Your AudienceTo create an effective tutorial, it is essential to define your target audience. Consider their skill level, prior knowledge, and specific needs. Tailor your tutorial to meet the needs of your audience, using language and examples that are appropriate and understandable to them.3. Setting Clear ObjectivesClearly define the objectives of your tutorial. What do you want your audience to learn or accomplish after completing the tutorial? Setting clear objectives will help you to structure and organize your content effectively.4. Planning and OutliningBefore you start writing, it is important to plan and outline the structure of your tutorial. Consider the key points you want to cover, as well as the order in which you will present them. Creating an outline will help you to stay organized and ensure that your tutorial flows logically.5. Writing a Clear and Concise IntroductionThe introduction is the first opportunity to engage your audience and set the tone for your tutorial. Clearly state the purpose of the tutorial, grab the reader's attention, and provide an overview of what they can expect to learn.6. Providing Detailed and Comprehensive InformationWhen writing the main content of your tutorial, be thorough and provide detailed information. Use clear and concise language, and explain complex concepts or processes in away that is easy for the audience to understand. Use examples, illustrations, and diagrams to support your explanations.7. Using Visual AidsVisual aids, such as images, diagrams, charts, and videos, can enhance the learning experience for your audience. They can help to clarify complex concepts, provide examples, and make the tutorial more engaging and enjoyable. Ensure that any visual aids you use are relevant and support the content of the tutorial.8. Organizing and Structuring ContentOrganize your content in a logical and coherent manner, following the outline you created. Use headings, subheadings, and bullet points to break up the text and make it easier for your audience to follow. Provide transitions between sections to help the tutorial flow smoothly.9. Writing Step-by-Step InstructionsIf your tutorial involves a process or set of instructions, be sure to provide clear and organized step-by-step guidance. Use numbered lists or bullet points to break down the process into manageable steps, and provide clear instructions for each step.10. Using Examples and Case StudiesTo make your tutorial more relatable and practical, use real-life examples and case studies to illustrate key points or demonstrate the application of concepts. This can help your audience to better understand the material and see its relevance in real-world situations.11. Incorporating Interactive ElementsConsider incorporating interactive elements into your tutorial, such as quizzes, exercises, or interactive simulations. This can help to engage your audience and reinforce their learning. Allow your audience to apply the knowledge they have gained and receive feedback on their progress.12. Writing a ConclusionConclude your tutorial by summarizing the key points and reiterating the objectives. Provide a brief overview of what the audience has learned and encourage them to continue exploring the topic further. End with a call to action, such as applying the knowledge they have gained or seeking additional resources.13. Proofreading and EditingOnce you have completed the initial draft of your tutorial, it is essential to proofread and edit your work. Check for spelling and grammar errors, ensure that the content is clear and coherent, and make any necessary revisions to improve the overall quality of the tutorial.14. Formatting and PresentationConsider the formatting and presentation of your tutorial, including the use of fonts, colors, and layout. Ensure that your tutorial is visually appealing and easy to read. Use consistent formatting throughout the tutorial to maintain a professional appearance.15. Seeking FeedbackBefore publishing your tutorial, consider seeking feedback from peers or other experts in the field. Their input can help you to identify any areas for improvement and ensure that your tutorial is clear, accurate, and valuable to your audience.16. Publishing and SharingOnce your tutorial is complete, consider the best platform or medium for publishing and sharing it with your audience. This could be a blog, website, social media, or a specialized tutorial platform. Consider the most effective ways to reach and engage your target audience.ConclusionWriting a tutorial is a valuable way to share your knowledge and expertise with others. By following the tips and knowledge points outlined in this comprehensive guide, you can create a successful tutorial that is informative, engaging, and practical for your audience. Whether you are teaching a specific skill, sharing expertise in a particular field, or providing guidance on a complex topic, writing a tutorial can have a lasting impact on your audience and help them to learn and grow.。

大学英语基础写作复习资料

大学英语基础写作复习资料在大学英语学习的过程中，写作作为英语技能的重要部分，必然需要掌握。

然而，由于学习压力和英语水平的差异，有些同学在写作方面可能存在困难。

因此，本文将介绍一些大学英语基础写作复习资料，帮助同学们提高写作技能。

一、语法知识语法是写作的基础，同学们需要熟悉一些基础的语法知识。

例如，英语的主谓宾结构、时态、比较级和最高级等。

在写作中要注意主语与谓语的一致性、时态的正确使用、形容词和副词比较级最高级的运用等。

了解并遵守这些语法规则可以使句子更加精确和规范。

二、写作技巧写作技巧是指在撰写文章过程中避免一些常见错误和注意事项。

同学们需要了解一些基本的写作技巧，例如如何避免用词重复、避免语言表达的简单和单调、如何使用适当的转折词和连词等。

此外，需要注意文章的整体结构，例如标题、开头、中间和结尾等。

三、常用词汇词汇是写作中不可避免的重要内容。

同学们需要熟悉一些常用的词汇，如写作中常见的动词、形容词和副词等。

这些词汇可以有效地提高写作的表达能力和写作的精度。

四、阅读技能阅读是写作中提高自己语言和思维能力的必要手段。

同学们需要大量阅读英语文章，提高自己对于不同类型文章的理解和表达能力。

同时要注意摘要文章主要思想和对于文章重点的了解，有助于提高自己的阅读能力和写作能力。

五、写作练习除了掌握相关基础知识，实践也是提高写作能力的必要手段。

同学们要通过大量的写作练习，提高自己的表达能力和思维能力。

可以利用大学的写作课程或者英语学习群体进行交流和学习。

另外，自己也可以多写一些日常生活或习惯内容，以巩固其所学习到的知识，提高自己的写作能力。

六、总结大学英语基础写作的复习资料包含语法、写作技巧、常用词汇，或者阅读技能等方面，对同学们提高自己的写作能力可以有非常大的帮助。

然而，更重要的是在学习语言时多加练习，不断提升自己阅读和写作能力，以达到熟练运用英语能力的水平。

英语写作重要基础知识点

英语写作重要基础知识点
1. 词汇量的积累：在英语写作中，拥有丰富的词汇量是非常重要的基
础知识点之一。

通过阅读、背诵和实践，积极扩充自己的词汇量可以
帮助你更准确地表达自己的思想和意见。

2. 语法规则的掌握：良好的英语写作需要准确运用语法规则。

了解基
本的句子结构、主谓一致、时态、语态等语法知识，可以使你的写作
更加流畅、准确。

3. 语言风格和篇章结构：英语写作还需要了解不同的语言风格和篇章
结构。

掌握正式和非正式语言的差别，在不同场景中运用合适的语气
和措辞，能够让你的文章更具魅力。

此外，合理的篇章结构能使你的
写作逻辑清晰，条理分明。

4. 句子连接词的运用：使用恰当的连接词能够使文章的各个句子和段
落之间更加紧密地联系在一起。

通过运用转折、因果、对比等连接词，可以使你的文章更具连贯性和逻辑性。

5. 写作技巧和修辞手法：掌握一些写作技巧和修辞手法能够使你的文
章更具吸引力和表现力。

例如，使用排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，
可以使你的写作更加生动有趣，让读者留下深刻的印象。

总之，英语写作的重要基础知识点包括词汇量的积累、语法规则的掌握、语言风格和篇章结构的了解、句子连接词的运用，以及写作技巧
和修辞手法的运用。

通过不断的学习和实践，提升这些基础知识点，
你将能够写出更加流畅、准确和有吸引力的英语文章。

英语四级写作备考重点内容

英语四级写作备考重点内容一、考试概述英语四级写作是大学英语四级考试中的一项重要组成部分，旨在考察考生的写作能力和表达能力。

本文将重点介绍英语四级写作备考的重点内容。

二、写作类型1. 说明性写作：就某一事物或现象进行简要描述和解释，例如介绍一种新技术、一种现象或一种观点。

2. 议论性写作：针对某一问题或观点，提出自己的观点并进行论证，例如讨论教育制度、环境保护等。

3. 图表作文：根据提供的图表或数据，进行分析和解释，并提出自己的观点和结论。

三、备考重点1. 词汇与短语：备考时需扎实掌握常用词汇和短语，包括形容词、副词、动词和名词等，并学会灵活运用。

2. 语法与句型：熟悉常用的语法规则和基本句型，例如时态、被动语态、条件句、比较级和最高级等。

3. 写作技巧：了解写作技巧能够提高写作表达的准确性和流畅性。

例如使用恰当的过渡词、合理的段落划分等。

4. 阅读和写作的结合：积累阅读素材，并将阅读中学到的观点和知识用于写作中，提升写作的内容和逻辑。

四、备考策略1. 频繁练习：通过大量的写作练习提高写作速度和准确性。

例如每天写一篇作文，可以辅以模拟题目。

2. 学习范文：阅读优秀范文，学习范文的写作结构和表达方式，提高自己的写作水平和能力。

3. 写作构思：在写作之前，可以先进行构思和提纲的制定，确定写作内容和论点的主次关系。

4. 语言积累：平时多读英文报纸、杂志和文章，积累写作所需的词汇和短语，并注意它们的搭配和用法。

五、注意事项1. 时间安排：注意合理安排每个写作环节的时间，包括构思、写作和校对。

2. 文章结构：写作时要明确文章的开头、主体和结尾，并通过合理的过渡句进行衔接。

3. 语言准确性：注意句子结构和语法的准确性，避免拼写和标点错误，同时要注意使用合适的表达方式和词汇。

4. 表达清晰：写作时要注意表达清晰明确，避免模棱两可和歧义。

六、总结英语四级写作备考的重点内容包括词汇与短语的掌握、语法与句型的熟悉、写作技巧的运用以及阅读和写作的结合。

大学英语写作教程重点

1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。

英语写作知识点和技巧总结

英语写作知识点和技巧总结1. Grammar and Sentence StructureOne of the most important aspects of writing in English is grammar and sentence structure. Proper grammar is essential for clear and effective communication, so it is important to have a good grasp of the basic rules of English grammar. This includes understanding the different parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as how to use them correctly in sentences.In addition to grammar, it is also important to pay attention to sentence structure. Sentences should be clear and concise, with a subject, verb, and object that make logical sense. It is also important to vary the length and structure of your sentences to keep your writing interesting and engaging.2. Vocabulary and Word ChoiceA strong vocabulary is another key component of good writing. Using a wide range of vocabulary can help you express yourself more clearly and precisely, and make your writing more engaging for the reader. It is important to choose the right words for the tone and purpose of your writing, and to avoid using overly complex or obscure words that may confuse the reader.One way to improve your vocabulary is to read widely and regularly, exposing yourself to different styles and registers of writing. You can also keep a list of new words and their meanings, and try to use them in your own writing. It is also helpful to pay attention to word choice and connotations, and to consider the impact of different words on the reader.3. Punctuation and MechanicsPunctuation and other mechanical aspects of writing, such as spelling and capitalization, are also important for clear and effective communication. It is essential to use punctuation correctly to indicate the structure and meaning of your sentences, and to avoid common mistakes such as run-on sentences and comma splices.Spelling and capitalization are also important to ensure that your writing is clear and professional. It is important to proofread your writing carefully for errors, and to use tools such as spell checkers to catch any mistakes that you may have missed.4. Organization and CoherenceGood writing is well organized and coherent, with a clear structure and flow that guides the reader through the text. This includes having a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, as well as using transitions and signposts to connect different parts of the text.One way to improve organization and coherence in your writing is to create an outline or plan before you start writing. This can help you to organize your ideas and ensure that yourwriting follows a logical and coherent structure. It is also important to use clear and logical transitions between different ideas, and to avoid jumping around or repeating the same points.5. Audience and PurposeOne of the most important considerations when writing in English is the audience and purpose of your writing. Different audiences will have different expectations and levels of knowledge, so it is important to consider who you are writing for and what you want to achieve with your writing.For example, if you are writing an academic essay, you will need to use a formal tone and support your arguments with evidence and references. If you are writing a letter to a friend, you can use a more informal tone and include personal details and references to your relationship. It is important to consider the needs and expectations of your audience, and to tailor your writing to suit their needs.6. Revision and EditingFinally, revision and editing are essential steps in the writing process. No piece of writing is perfect on the first draft, so it is important to take the time to revise and edit your writing to improve its clarity, coherence, and effectiveness. This includes checking for errors in grammar, punctuation, and mechanics, as well as reorganizing and clarifying your ideas.One way to revise your writing is to read it aloud, which can help you to identify awkward or unclear phrasing, as well as errors in punctuation and mechanics. It can also be helpful to have someone else read your writing and provide feedback, as they may be able to spot errors or areas for improvement that you may have missed.In conclusion, writing in English requires a combination of knowledge and skills, including grammar and sentence structure, vocabulary and word choice, punctuation and mechanics, organization and coherence, and consideration of audience and purpose. By paying attention to these key points and techniques, you can improve your writing and communicate more effectively in English. I hope this article has been helpful in providing some guidance on how to become a better English writer. Thank you for reading!。

英语写作教程知识点总结

英语写作教程知识点总结IntroductionWriting is an essential skill in the modern world. Whether you are a student, a professional, or just someone who wants to express their thoughts and ideas, being able to write effectively is a valuable skill. In this tutorial, we will cover the key components of writing in English, including grammar, vocabulary, structure, and style. By the end of this tutorial, you will have a better understanding of how to write clear, coherent, and engaging English text.1. GrammarGrammar is the foundation of good writing. It provides the structure and framework for your sentences, ensuring that your meaning is clear and your writing is easy to understand. Here are some key points to keep in mind when it comes to English grammar:- Subject-Verb Agreement: The subject and verb in a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural). For example, "The cat jumps" is correct, while "The cat jump" is incorrect.- Tense: Use the correct tense to indicate the time of an action. For example, "I am writing" (present continuous) is different from "I wrote" (past simple).- Articles: Use "a" or "an" before singular, countable nouns and "the" before nouns that are specific or known to the reader.- Pronouns: Use pronouns to avoid repetition of nouns. For example, "The boy is happy. He is playing in the park."- Punctuation: Use commas, periods, and other punctuation marks to indicate the structure and flow of your sentences.2. VocabularyA strong vocabulary is key to effective writing. It allows you to choose the right words to convey your meaning and create a specific tone or mood. Here are some tips for improving your vocabulary:- Read Widely: Reading books, newspapers, magazines, and online articles can expose you to a wide range of words and phrases.- Use a Thesaurus: A thesaurus is a valuable tool for finding synonyms and expanding your vocabulary.- Keep a Vocabulary Journal: Write down new words and their meanings, and try to use them in your own writing.- Practice Word Games: Crossword puzzles, word searches, and other word games can help you learn new words and reinforce your existing vocabulary.3. StructureThe structure of your writing determines how well your ideas are organized and how easily they can be understood. Here are some key structural elements to consider:- Introduction: Start with an engaging hook that grabs the reader's attention and introduces the main topic or argument of your writing.- Body: The body of your writing should present your main points or arguments in a logical and coherent manner. Use paragraphs to break up your writing and make it easier to follow.- Conclusion: End with a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.- Transitions: Use transitional words and phrases to connect your ideas and create a smooth flow between sentences and paragraphs.4. StyleWriting style is a reflection of your individual voice and personality. It can shape the tone, mood, and overall impact of your writing. Here are some tips for developing your own writing style:- Be Clear and Concise: Use clear and simple language to convey your ideas, and avoid unnecessary words or jargon.- Use Active Voice: Active voice makes your writing more direct and engaging. For example, "The dog chased the cat" is in active voice, while "The cat was chased by the dog" is in passive voice.- Show, Don't Tell: Instead of simply stating facts, use descriptive language and vivid imagery to show your reader what you mean.- Vary Sentence Structure: Use a mix of short, long, simple, and complex sentences to create rhythm and variety in your writing.ConclusionWriting is a skill that can be learned and improved with practice. By paying attention to grammar, vocabulary, structure, and style, you can become a more effective and engaging writer. Remember to read widely, write regularly, and seek feedback from others to continue developing your writing skills. With time and dedication, you can become a confident and articulate English writer.。

大学英语写作教程复习重点

Sentence fragments：句子碎片：sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主题有完整的主语和谓语，而且并不需要成分来补充它的意思。

When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop （period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.当任何一个非独立成分被句首大写字母强调并且末尾有一个停顿（句号，感叹号，问号），他被称为句子片段A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：句子碎片可以用多种不同的方法修正a. by joining it to another sentence 把它加入进另一个句子b. by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一个主语和谓语c. by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改变句意的范围内重写Any verbless or subjectless fragment of a sentence ，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何没有主语或谓语的句子碎片，不管是否分类，都不应该当做句子。

大学英语写作教程重点

大学英语写作教程重点As a person, we must have independent thoughts and personality.1.段落解释：is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single divisions serve two very useful functionsgood paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it haseach sentence relates to a main idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicthe sentences are tied each other it explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.第一个写作常识has sound internal qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the topic used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence is an emphatically placed,explicit statement of the central idea in a paragraph6.第二个写作常识sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop topic sentence that is too narrowleaves little to be said in the rest of the paragraph. one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step 8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understandwhat we have to we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected—that lack can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition,and transitional words and phrasestopic is adequately developed bydetails,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means ofinductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.5第五个写作常识：Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular,particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items arelisted in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story.8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式：Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail,comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法)：Dividing and classifying information is central tothe writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many smallobservations and sort them into categories on the basis of their similarities.13第七个写作常识：Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory. 14第八个写作常识：Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formaldefinition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class. 15第九个写作常识：As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识：The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。