托福听力TPO34文本+题目
TPO 31-34 综合原文
托福TPO31综合写作题目 Reading Part:A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic as h, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists int erpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing se veral reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functiona l structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after th e animal’s death. After the animal died and was burie d in volcanic ash, its ski n may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropter yx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures gr owing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lin es surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of f rills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are t o help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structure s represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located alo ng the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structu res quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This s uggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作题目 Listening Part:The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is v ery strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dino saur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of ot her animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have bee n beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the oth er fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserve d functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important che mical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contai n beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills. Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful fe athers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a di stinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the str uctures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were co lorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.托福TPO32综合写作题目Reading Part:Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they cal led the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female ocra whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are gaint marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from so me military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectableby sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.托福TPO32综合写作题目Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Female professor: Quackers are certainly a very strange phenomenon. Experts still debate what the source of the sound was. No one can be sure exactly what caused them. But these experts cite certain problems with all of the theories that you just read about. Here are a few of the arguments that they made.First, the idea that the sounds were caused by Orca whales seems plausible at first but is ultimately highly unlikely. It’s that there are Orca populations in the general areas that the Russian submarines were patrolling. But Orca whales mostly live near the surface of the water. The submarines typically remain deep in the ocean and should not have been able to hear the whale sounds from near the surface. Also the Orca whales would have been detected by the Russian sonar if they were nearby.Giant squid may be a better candidate but one critical fact speaks against this squid theory as well. Russian submarines first detected quacker sound in the 1960s and reports of them continued for about two decades. But the sounds disappeared entirely by the 1980s. However, as far as we know, squid have always lived in the ocean where the submarines were patrolling and continue to live there today. If these were squid sound, there would be no reason to suddenly start hearing them in one decade and then suddenly stop hearing them twenty years later.Third, the idea that the quackers were caused by a secret submarine from another country does not hold up. The sources of the sound appear to move around and change direction very quickly. Submarines cannot move or change direction that quickly. Also all submarines make some engine noise. But no such noise accompanied the quackers. Even today, we don’t have the technology to build submarines that are that fast and have engines that are that silent.托福TPO32综合写作题目Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.TPO 33 Writing - Integrated WritingReading PartCarved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size - at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.Listening PartNone of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker. A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.Sample answerThe author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.大家好，下面对今天的写作课做出反馈。
托福TPO34听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO34听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34听力Conversation1文本Narrator: Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the university library.Librarian: Ready to check out?Student: Just about. Before I do though, this book on early navigation…I have been using this book quite a bit for a research project. And I'd like to own it actually. And well…it’s an old book, and there were two copies on the shelf just now, so I was wondering if I could buy one. I was talking to this guy the other day, and he said the library sold books on occasion. Is that right?Librarian: He is probably talking about our annual book sale. We have one every spring.Student: OK. How do you decide which books to sell? Are they duplicates?Librarian: A lot are duplicates. If we have more than one copy of a title and it hasn’t been checked out in a few years, in that case it might end up at the sale.Student: I’ve actually tried to find this book online but no luck so far. I was really hoping to buy it.Librarian: Well, that particular book…well, it probably won’t be up for sale this year. Most books in the sale come from off-site storage.Student: Off-site storage?Librarian: That’s where we keep books that haven’t been used for several years. They are still in the catalog, which means they can be checked out if you fill out a form. It takes maybe aday or two to retrieve one of them.Student: I see.Librarian: And then before we decide to include a book in the sale, we review its circulation history again, which can take a while. We’ve got a lot of books in storage.Student: So it’s basically the unpopular books that get put up for sale then?Librarian: Well, that…plus the main thing is to make sure students have access to the information in the books. A lot of them are available in electronic format these days, even the really old ones. You know, they have been preserved that way.Student: So most of the books for sale are older books.Librarian: Well, we get book donations too. And lots of those are new. Again, a librarian reviews them and decides whether to catalogue them or put them up for sale.Student: Is this sale open to the public?Librarian: On the second day. It’s a two-day sale. The first day is for students, faculty and staff though, which is great. We usually need about twenty volunteers for the sale. And well, if you volunteer, you get first shot at everything in advance.Student: Really? What do volunteers have to do?Librarian: You help sort the books and set up the tables. But keep in mind those positions fill up quickly. Now, about this particular book, it wouldn’t hurt to send a formal request to the collection department. They might be able to let you know if it would be up for sale.Student: I’ll do that. Thanks.托福TPO34听力Conversation1题目1.What is the conversation mainly about?A. The library’s policies for its annual book saleB. The man’s search for material for his rese arch projectC. How the library attempts to preserve old booksD. How students can access library books in storage2.What does the woman say about books in storage?A. They will be put back on the shelves at some point in the future.B. They are mostly older books that were donated to the library.C. They can be checked out by written request.。
托福TPO阅读34文本及答案解析
托福TPO阅读34文本+答案解析Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turnallowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.Para.1 The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.1. Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:A) Books were an important form of artistic expression.B) A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.C) They were sold primarily near mosques.D) Most books were intended for sale on the open market.2. The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) visitedB) ownedC) praisedD) supported3. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) majorB) nearbyC) ancientD) well-known4. According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic worldA) included a wide range of subjectsB) did not contain any calligraphy or decorationC) used rounded scriptsD) were usually written on parchment5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ MosqueA) To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common peopleB) To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular princeC) To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets wereD) To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic landsPara.2 Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.6. The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is clos est in meaning toA) taken out ofB) produced usingC) discovered inD) combined with7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.Para.3 The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginningof the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.8. In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?A) It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.B) More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.C) Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.D) More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.9. Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available.”?A) To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slowB) To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become todayC) To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complexD) To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets10. According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representationA) encourage more people to make their own drawingsB) made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easierC) made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to readD) allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scalePara.4 Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.11. According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?A) He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.B) He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.C) He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.D) He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles instead of more angular scripts in their documents.12. The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) made up ofB) developed fromC) in addition toD) similar to13. Look at the four squares 【】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This change occurred for good reason.Where does the sentence best fit?Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – butit was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.14. Prose SummaryIslamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.Answer Choices:A) Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.B) The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.C) After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique of papermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.D) The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made books extremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.E) The popularity of books led to major advances in the development and transfer of new artistic ideas.F) Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.Protection of Plants by InsectsMany plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants andother insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders ofplants. ¢Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. ¢To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. ¢Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. ¢Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.Para.1 Many plants – one or more species of at least 68 different families – can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.1. According to paragraph 1, floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in thatA) they are likely to be produced by the same plantsB) they basically consist of the same chemical componentsC) they attract only insects that will defend the plantD) they are produced by the same parts of the plantPara.2 Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.2. To say that ants are “persistent” defenders of plants means thatA) they defend plants against a wide variety of threatsB) they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatenedC) they are successful defenders of plantsD) they are easily observable defenders of plants3. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to the extrafloral nectaries?A) They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B) They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C) They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D) They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.Para.3 Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical WilliamMorton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perishor fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.4. According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the “protectionist” hypothesis?A) Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B) Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C) The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D) Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5. The word “skeptical” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) curiousB) doubtfulC) open-mindedD) practical6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B) Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C) In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D) Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.Para.4 One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.7. According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have on plants?A) It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B) It prevents the stigma from developing.C) It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D) It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8. The word “devour” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) attackB) eatC) damageD) preferPara.5 Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.9. What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A) It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B) It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C) It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D) It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10. The word “vulnerable” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) numerousB) harmfulC) open to attackD) difficult to locate11. According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?A) Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where they were absent.B) The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C) The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupied by ants.D) The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those that grew in places where ants were present.12. According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following ways EXCEPTA) driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feetB) catching and eating adult beetlesC) eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruitsD) making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits13. Look at the four squares 【】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Where does the sentence best fit?Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. 【】Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. 【】To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. 【】Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. 【】14. Prose SummaryMany plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods in which the plant is not flowering. Answer ChoicesA) Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in the tropics.B) Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is more attractive to ants and other insects.C) The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nextar attracts ants, and that the ants, in order to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D) Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significant benefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E) Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants produce significantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F) Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species as well as their eggs and larvae.The Development of Steam PowerBy the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain hadlong ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.。
托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本： Program to Provide Free Tutoring The university has announced that starting with the fall semester, free tutoring will be available to all new students for their entire first year. The academic dean, James Maxwell, commented, “The university is aware of the academic problems that many first-year students face when making the transition from high school to college.”The new tutoring program, he said, is designed to assist first-year students who want or need additional support with their academic course work. The program will also be organized so that individual students can arrange to work with tutors majoring in their own chosen field of study. 托福TPO34口语Task3听力文本： (man) Hey, did you read about this plan? (woman) Yeah, and I think it's really a great idea. (man) Why's that? (woman) Well, a lot of new students really need this, I mean, it's not just about getting extra help with the course material, they'll probably also get information about things like taking notes or the best way to study for exams.(man) Yeah, I barely even knew how to do those things when I first came here.(woman) Neither did I. So these are things most students wind up having to learn on their own at first. That's why so many of them have a hard time.(man) And it's probably good that they can work with somebody who has the same interests. (woman) Right, that will be a real advantage: to get information about the classes you're gonna need to take from somebody who's already taken those classes. And they could recommend professors and tell you who the best advisers in the department are, things like that.(man) I see what you mean, so new students could get access to information about the program from another student’s point of view. (woman) Exactly! 托福TPO34口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she givesfor holding that opinion. 托福TPO34口语Task3满分范文： Well, according to the plan, the university is offering free tutoring to all new students for the entire first year to help the students who need additional support for their academic course work, and help from tutors in the same major. Accordingly, the woman agrees with the plan for two main reasons. Firstly, she believes that the students will not only get extra help with the course material, but also information like ideas or strategies for cracking exams. Therefore it'll be a lot easier for the freshmen to get their study started. Secondly, the woman thinks it will be a real advantage for the freshmen because they could receive information from the tutors who have already taken the classes, about past learning experience, such as recommended professors or best advisers and things like that. All in all, the woman agrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (146 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Development of Steam Power蒸汽机的发展By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remained tremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material.Processed wood(charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.在18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。
托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】摘要：托福TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】!为帮助大家更好的使用托福听力TPO资料，小编今天特给出最新修订版内容，让大家了解最新的考试内容，这是完整的托福TPO1-31听力原文文本还有音频资料哦!托福 TPO1-31听力原文文本【最新修订版】!为帮助大家更好的使用托福听力 TPO资料，小编今天特给出最新修订版内容，让大家了解最新的考试内容，这是完整的托福TPO1-31听力原文文本还有音频资料哦!TPO1Conversation 1NarratorListen to part of a conversation between a student and a librarian.StudentHi, um…, I really hope you can help me.LibrarianThat’s why I’m here. What can I do for you?StudentI’m supposed to do a literature review for my psychology course, but I’m… having a hard time finding articles. I don’t even know where to start looking.LibrarianYou said this is for your psychology course, right? So your focus is on …StudentDream Interpretation.LibrarianWell, you have a focus, so that’s already a good start. Hmmm… well, there’re a few things… oh wait… have you checked to see if your professor put any materials for you to look at on reserve?Studentifferent journals.Librarian针对大家托福听力提分困难的复习处境，小马有开发出模拟托福听力考场环境的托福听力APP,小马托福听力APP中涵盖了TPO1-34听力真题全部内容的，答案解析应有尽有。
【威学教育】托福听力TPO1-34分类整理及难度汇总
TPO33 L4 art the goal of the Renaissance garden designers
TPO34 L1 art how the Dadaist style is presented in theater
TPO30 L3 astronomy discoveries about whether life existed on Mars
TPO30 L4 art history the evolution of electric guitar
TPO31 L1 art history the ancient Greek's attitude towards music
TPO27 L2 art history factorsresponsbilefor the beautiful tone ofCremoneseviolins
TPO27 L3 biologycomparionsbetween an extinct animal species and modern animals
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TPO32 L1 archeology implications brought about by thedisvoeryof bananas
TPO32 L2 biology relationships among species
托福tpo口语听力文本1—34译文
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福tpo口语听力文本1—34译文摘要：托福口语的备考是离不开TPO的，TPO是托福考试最实用的备考资料，但是TPO还是有一定难度的，今天小编为大家准备的资料是托福tpo口语听力文本1—34译文，我们一起来看看精彩内容吧。
今天小编给大家准备的资料是托福 tpo口语听力文本1—34译文，相信很多考生都对托福口语的TPO不是很了解，下面小编截取部分内容，我们来看看吧。
男同学：他们犯了一个错误。
女同学：你的意思是?男同学：你看，他们正试图废止一些消遣活动，好让我们更好地学习。
但是这么一改变，图书馆里就没有能聚在一起做团队项目的地方了。
女同学：对，团队项目工作目前很普遍。
男同学：所以他们不该购买这些新设备，而应该用这笔钱建会议室。
这样的话就能减弱图书馆主要区域内的任何噪音。
女同学：是啊，这才是我们真正能用到的。
没有那么多必要非得隔开工作。
男同学：就是这样。
另一件事是关于过度拥挤的问题?今年的确是大学扩招，但我们真的面临着过度拥挤的问题吗?女同学：我不这么觉得。
我总是一个人用一整张桌子。
男同学：对!在那我一直都能看见空桌子。
替换掉我们有的资源纯属浪费钱，因为我们现在拥有的资源就使用图书馆的学生数量来看足够了。
17—4听力文本译文：教授我们从大家可能熟悉的例子开始。
当狗感到它们受到威胁，想要保护自己的时候通常做的一件事是什么?对，它们会露出牙齿，当我们看到(狗露出牙齿)，我们就知道这个行为基本上意味着我们得离它远点。
现在，讲一下这种行为是怎么成为可辨别的警告的。
很久很久之前，觉察到危险的狗时刻准备着去咬任何威胁到它的动物。
它首先把牙齿露出来。
但是这么做的目的很简单——这只狗本能地要确保它在咬其他动物时不会咬到自己的嘴唇。
知道了吗?但后来发生了什么?其他狗，其他的动物，随着时间的推移，都知道了狗在准备咬其他动物之前总是先露出牙齿。
所以它们才开始把这看做一个要小心的信号，要么远离狗，要么就要面临被咬的危险。
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Development of Steam Power 蒸汽机的发展 By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remained tremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material.Processed wood(charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back. 在18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。
托福TPO34口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class. Professor：So, OK, we've been talking about frogs, and like all amphibians, frog has thin skin, which means they lose moisture through their skin easily. Now, typically, we think of frogs as living in wet environments. But for frogs who live in dry places, with desert-like conditions, this can be a problem. Frogs have been able to survive in such areas by havingdifferent physical features, special dry-climate features that help them maintain an adequate level of moisture in their cells and avoid drying out. Some frogs do this by preventing water loss through their skin. By creating a sort of covering over their skin, they greatly reduce their skin's exposure to the dry air. The covering acts like a barrier that locks in moisture. For example, some frogs secrete a substance through their skin, a fatty substance that they rub off over their skin using their hands and feet, which creates a waxy layer all around their bodies that’s almost completely water-tight.Other frogs maintain an adequate level of moisture through a different physical feature, one that allows them to store water inside their bodies for later use. A specially modified internal organ inside their bodies enables them to have a high water-storage capacity. So the frogs are able to absorb and store moisture during wet rainy times which they can rely on to get through dry periods. The aptly named water-holding frog, for example, has a bladder that is highly elastic and stretchable. When it does rain, the frog absorbs water through its skin and its bladder stretches to hold this extra water. The water is then slowly released from the special bladder into the frog’s internal tissues until the next rain which might not be for several months." 托福TPO34口语Task6题目： Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two dry-climate features of frogs. 托福TPO34口语Task6满分范文： There are two ways for frogs to keep moisture in their cells despite their thin skin. The first way is to create certain covering that works as a natural barrier to lock in the moisture to reduce its exposure to the dry air. For example, some frogs would secret a kind of fatty substance through their skin and they rub it off all over their body with hands and feet so that the waxy covering can keep the frog from dehydrating. Another way is a specially modified organ to allow water storage in theirbody for use during dry days. For example, the water-holding frog has a unique bladder that is stretchable. When it rains, it soaks in water and holds it in its body so that the water can then be released into its internal tissues before the next rain, which will probably be quite a while. (147 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO34IslamicArtandtheBook
Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wantedto read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Bookse llers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets –slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdadwas using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually,six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.Para.1The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books aresome of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced inthis period. This came about from two major developments: paperbecame common, replacing parchment as the major medium forwriting, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so thatthey replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, whichbecause of their angularity were uneven in height. Books becamemajor vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who producedthem, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, andtheir workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts.Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing theteachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the mostcommon type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons.These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran,which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories,romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in finehandwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most weremade for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks(markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque ofMarrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxuriousbooks were specific commissions made at the order of a particularprince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.1. Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:A) Books were an important form of artistic expression.B) A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.C) They were sold primarily near mosques.D) Most books were intended for sale on the open market.2. The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) visitedB) ownedC) praisedD) supported3. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) majorB) nearbyC) ancientD) well-known4. According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic worldA) included a wide range of subjectsB) did not contain any calligraphy or decorationC) used rounded scriptsD) were usually written on parchment5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ MosqueA) To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common peopleB) To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular princeC) To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets wereD) To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic landsPara.2Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinesepapermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle foughtnear Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, andthe technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extractedfrom any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on afine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spreadwestward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad wasusing paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlikeparchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had theadvantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily andSpain – but it was several centuries before paper supplantedparchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In westernIslamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.6. The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) taken out ofB) produced usingC) discovered inD) combined with7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. 托福备考QQ群小伙伴根据网络材料整理：306612832Para.3The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books,Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosedwithin a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively smallsheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of thefourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers andartists had more space on which to work. Paintings became morecomplicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250,encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such asarchitectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easytransfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from onemedium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had beendifficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.8. In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?A)It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.B) More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.C) Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights andthicknesses.D) More people could buy books made of paper because it wascheaper.9. Why does the author include the following information: “At first,paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available.”?A) To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slowB) To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become todayC) To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complexD) To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets 10. According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representationA) encourage more people to make their own drawingsB) made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easierC) made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to readD) allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scale Para.4Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. Hestandardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other lettersshould be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms ofhandwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.11. According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around theyear 900?A) He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens intorounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.B) He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional tothe size of the first letter of the alphabet.C) He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the useof rounded letters in religious texts.D) He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles insteadof more angular scripts in their documents.12. The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) made up ofB) developed fromC) in addition toD) similar to13. Look at the four squares 【】 that indicate where the followingsentence could be added to the passage.This change occurred for good reason.Where does the sentence best fit?Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking –in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexiblesheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain –but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.14. Prose SummaryIslamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.Answer Choices:A) Books became major vehicle of artistic expression forcalligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded toinclude more and more kinds of works.B) The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market forthem was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.C) After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique ofpapermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.D) The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made booksextremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.E) The popularity of books led to major advances in thedevelopment and transfer of new artistic ideas.F) Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabichandwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.。
TPO34+听力题
TPO 34 Listening QuestionsConversation11. What is the conversation mainly about?A) The library’s policies for its annual book saleB) The man’s search for material for his research projectC) How the library attempts to preserve old booksD) How students can access library books in storage2. What does the woman say about books in storage?A) They will be put back on the shelves at some point in the future.B) They are mostly older books that were donated to the library.C) They can be checked out by written request.D) They are not available for student use.3. What are the criteria for deciding whether a book is put up for sale? [Choose two answers]A) It contains outdated information.B) The information in the book is available in other formats.C) It has not been checked out for a number of years.D) It has been in the collection for more than ten years.4. Why does the woman mention that volunteer positions fill up quickly?A) She is surprised that so many students are interested in volunteering.B) She wants to emphasize that the sale will be held soon.C) She wants to assure the man that there will be enough people working at the sale.D) She thinks the man may want to apply for one of the positions.5. What advice does the woman give to the man about the book he wants to buy?A) He should try to buy it from an online bookseller.B) He should find out if there is an electronic version of it.C) He should inform the collection department of his interest in it.D) He should look for it in a local bookstore.Lecture16. What is the main purpose of the lecture?A) To explain the historical conditions that inspired Dada artistsB) To discuss examples of Dada paintings and sculpturesC) To describe how Dada was presented theatricallyD) To show the influence of Dada on today’s performing artists7. Why does the professor mention a stool with a bicycle wheel mounted on top?A) To give an example of what Dadaists were reacting againstB) To show something that Dadaists would consider beautifulC) To illustrate how Dadaists rejected the traditional definition of artD) To explain the Dadaists’ practice of creating sculptures from everyday objects8. According to the professor, why did some Dadaist write poetry by pulling words out of a hat?A) To reflect the randomness they saw in the worldB) To illustrate the connection between poetry performances and magic showsC) To indicate that Dada should not be taken too seriouslyD) To demonstrate that Dadaists did not need much formal training9. What does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play?[Choose two answers]A) Characters each have their own motivation.B) A plot is developed.C) The play consists of several acts.D) Actors ignore the audience.10. According to the professor, what contributed to the chaotic nature of the performances at the Cabaret Voltaire? [Choose two answers]A) There were no professional actors.B) The script was torn up and allowed to fall to the floor during the performance.C) Different art forms shared the same stage.D) The performances varied from night to night.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Then answer the question.11. Why does the professor say this?A) He does not approve of all the aspects of the shows.B) He does not think the events can be easily defined.C) He does not consider the shows to be authentic Dada.D) He does not know enough about the events to categorize them.Lecture212. What is the lecture mainly about?A) A new use for methane gas produced in landfillsB) Environmental regulations regarding the management of organic wastesC) Removing bacteria from landfills and wastewater treatment plantsD) A potentially useful technology for managing organic wastes13. What is the professor’s opinion about the us e of landfills to manage solid organic waste?A) Landfills should be expanded to accommodate more types of waste.B) Landfills are not a suitable long-term solution for solid organic waste disposal.C) Landfills should be built farther away from population centers.D) Landfills would be an effective means of recycling solid organic waste from farms.14. What does the professor imply about processing solid organic waste in equipment designed for processing wastewater?A) It is an economical way to process solid waste.B) It is practical only for treating large amounts of solid waste.C) It is not an efficient way to process solid waste.D) It could reduce the cost of treating wastewater.15. What does the professor suggest about methane and hydrogen gas?A)They have beneficial uses if harnessed and contained.B) They are destroyed in a later stage of APS processing.C) They are both extracted during the first phase of APS digestion.D) They are necessary to activate the anaerobic digestion process.16. According to the professor, what are two advantages of APS digestion systems? [Choose two answers]A) They can eliminate the need to transport the waste material.B) They can handle both organic and nonorganic waste.C) They can turn waste into fuel for electrical power generation.D) They can be monitored efficiently from one central location.17. What does the professor say is a promising focus for future research into APS digestion systems?A) Trying to find a way to reduce the size of the APS containersB) Trying to set up a demonstration project with a universityC) Determining whether food scraps from restaurants can be used in the systemD) Determining the most efficient combination of anaerobic bacteriaConversation21. What are the speakers mainly discussing?A) A short story the woman has writtenB) A short story that was discussed in classC) The autobiography of Eudora WeltyD) Features of short stories written by famous authors2. Why does the professor mention O. Henry’s story, “The Gift of the Magi,” and William Faulkner’s story, “The Bear”?A) To suggest that the woman read these stories before writing her own storyB) To remind the woman to listen to recordings of these storiesC) To contrast Welty’s story with other types of storiesD) To point out that Welty particularly liked these stories3. Why does the woman mention walking in the woods?A) It is the possible topic of a story she will write.B) It is what she does to get inspiration for writing.C) It is an activity that she enjoys very much.D) It is the setting of her favorite short story.4. What point does the professor make when he mentions the interview with Welty and her autobiography?A) Welty tells some stories in the interview that are confirmed in the autobiography.B) Welty believed that the element of surprise was essential to a good story.C) Welty’s best stories are set in Mississippi.D) Welty thought life in Mississippi was not very exciting.5. What was the student’s reaction to Welty’s story after first reading it?A) She was surprised by some of the main character’s me mories.B) She was annoyed that the story was so short.C) She found the thoughts of the main character to be uninteresting.D) She had expected more action in the story.Lecture36. What is the lecture mainly about?A) The effect of agriculture on pollinatorsB) Threats to the pollination cycle in tropical rain forestsC) The relationship between plants and their pollinatorsD) Various plant species in tropical rain forests that attract pollinators7. What does the professor say is the ideal pollinator for a plant?A) A pollinator that pollinates the plant during the pollinator’s migrationB) A pollinator that is hungry and moves quicklyC) A pollinator that feeds on a variety of plantsD) A pollinator that moves slowly from flower to flower8. According to the professor, what are some features of a flowering plant that can affect how attractive it is to pollinators? [Choose two answers]A) The distance between the plants that have open flowersB) The duration of the plant’s flowering cycleC) The amount of water the plant recently receivedD) The number of flowers that bloom at the same time9. Why does the professor mention bats?A) To emphasize that mammals can also be pollinatorsB) To help explain the role of flower color in attracting pollinatorsC) To suggest that bats are not efficient pollinatorsD) To explain why some bats do not benefit from flowers that bloom only at night10. According to the lecture, what can be inferred about a royal water lily whose flowers are red?A) Its flowers have already been pollinated.B) Beetles are trapped inside of its flowers.C) Its flowers will soon increase in temperature.D) Its flowers have just closed.11. What is the professor’s opinion about the effect of agriculture on pollination ecology?A) She fears the effect may be more widespread than previously believed.B) She believes the effect will ultimately prove to be beneficial.C) She thinks the harmfulness of agriculture may be overstated.D) She is surprised there is so little research on the subject.Lecture4托福备考QQ群小伙伴根据网络材料整理：30661283212. What are the main topics that the class discusses?[Choose two answers]A) New and innovative ways to market jazz recordingsB) The successful introduction of a major product changeC) An organizational model for managers to considerD) Appropriate standards for evaluating a musical performance13. What do the speakers indicate can be represented by the S-curve graph?A) The typical pattern of sales for a productB) The flow of a music compositionC) The general popularity of jazz in the 1950sD) The recent increase in sales for a classic jazz album14. How did jazz fans react to Miles Davis’ album Kind of Blue?[Choose two answers]A) Most did not notice that his style had changed.B) Some were disappointed about how his style had changed.C) Many were inspired to try to become jazz musicians.D) Many bought the album, making it a huge commercial success.15. Based on Miles Davis’ approach to recording Kind of Blue, what doesthe professor imply managers should do in running a business?A) Master the complexities of each task before asking anyone else to perform itB) Hire very capable people and give them the freedom to make their own decisionsC) Try to sense what the public is comfortable with and then provide itD) Plan all details carefully and make sure that the plan is followed.16. What lesson can be learned from the example about a mistake duringa musical performance?A) Performances of the highest quality require extensive practice.B) Making mistakes hurts not just the individual, but the entire group.C) When people work well together, mistakes can result in positive outcomes.D) Leaders need to ensure that group members do not make mistakes.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.17. What is the professor encouraging the student to do when she says this?A) Continue the discussion with her after classB) Remain seated in the front of the classroomC) Wait patiently to see how the professor’s question relates to the lessonD) Remain open-minded while listening to another point of view。
TPO-34 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：定位到原文Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay，“因为人口的增长，很多的森林早已被农田替代”。
B选项的表述是对定位句的同义改写，fileds of gray and hay=land for farming。
A选项的木材出口与原文意思相反，因为原文说的是俄国出口铁到英国；C选项的大家庭要求大房子的内容在第一段中没有出现；D选项的英国木材出口是错误的，原文中提到的出口的是俄国向英国出口的铁。
Q2正确答案：BD解析：B选项的表述可以定位到原文Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world's leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain, D选项的表述可以定位到原文But Russia's potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back。
选项A 错误，原文信息为by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron，即在英国的钢铁业已停滞的时候，俄罗斯当时是生产铁矿的领头羊，但是俄罗斯是不是reached its maximum production of iron并不明确。
托福TPO34综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡A huge marine mammal known as Steller¡¯s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction. First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction. Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on. Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow¡¯s extinction.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The truth is we don¡¯t know what the main cause of extinction of Steller¡¯s sea cow was. There are problems with each of the theories that you read about.First, the sea cows were massive creatures. They were up to nine meters long and could weigh over ten tons, just enormous. A couple of sea cows could feed a small Siberian village for months. And the population of the native Siberian people wasn¡¯t very large. So while the Siberians certainly did hunt the sea cows, they didn¡¯t need to hunt a lot of them. So it¡¯s unlikely they were the ones who brought the sea cows to the point of extinction.Second, about a hypothetical decrease in kelp caused by ecological disturbances, well, if something severe really happened in the ecosystem near Bering Island sometime before 1768, it would have affected not just the kelp but also other parts of the ecosystem. For example, it would have caused the decline in other marine animals like whales. But fishing ships in the area did not report a whale decline. Since there is no indication of broader ecosystem problems, the kelp was probably growing just fine and the sea cows did not experience food shortage.Third, it might seem like the European traders were responsible because the sea cows became extinct soon after the Europeans arrived. But, actually, by the time that the Europeans arrived, the sea cow population was already quite small. We have evidence that thesea cow population was at its largest hundreds of years before the 1700s. So something was causing a serious and on-going decrease in the sea cow population long before the Europeans arrived in the Bering Island area. Whatever this something was, it shouldbe considered the main cause of the extinction, not the European traders who were just the last to arrive.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡According to the reading passage, the author claims that there are three theories elaborating the reasons for declineof sea cows. However, the lecturer entirely challenges these theories. First of all, in the reading passage theauthor believes that overhunting by Sibrian for food is the major factor forthe decrease of sea cows.In contrast, the lecturer opposes this view and maintains that sea cows, a kind of animal with approximately ten tons, are tooenormous for people to eat, and another contributor refuting the view in thereading is that the population of people was not substantial at that time,which do not have the capacity to kill the majority of sea cows. Furthermore, contrary to the statement inthe reading passage that the extinction of sea cows is due to the fact that it is the quantity of Kelp, regardedas the food resource of sea cows, decreased by the destruction of ecosystem, the lecturer asserts that Kelp also is thefood resource for whales, which means if the population of Kelp decreases, thenumber of whales will decline as sea cows do. But there is no report about the decline of them. Eventually, the lecturer casts doubton thepoint made by the author that the extinction of sea cows may be caused by Europeanfur traders, and he proposes that actually when European fur traders firstly arrived there, the population of sea cows had already been small;therefore, there must be other fatal events causing the decrease in the population of sea cows before fur traders being there.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage proposes three possible theories about why the gigantic Steller's sea cow became extinct. However, the professor in the listening states thatall of the theories have problems, and he has proposes sufficient evidence to refute these three hypotheses. First of all, the first theory stated in the reading article claims that these sea cows became extinct because of the hunting by the native peoplein the Siberia since they were a good source of food in a harsh environment. However, the lecturer in the listening contradicts the theory by contending that these animals were extremely massive: nine meters in length and ten tons in weight. Therefore, even though the Siberian people did really hunt them for food, these people only neededa few of them, which could provide the food for months. This negates the first theory. Next, the second theory in the passage maintains that they became extinct becauseof the ecology disturbances, which led to the main source of food, Kelp, for the sea cows diminished. On the contrary, the speaker in the listening seriously challenges the theory by pointing out that if the ecosystem really had some disturbances, there。
TPO34听力题目
TPO341 what is the conversation mainly about?A the library’s policies for its annual book saleB the man’s search for material for his research projectC how the library attempts to preserve old booksD how students can access library books in storage2 what does the woman say about books in storage?A they will be put back on the shelves at some point in the futureB they are mostly older books that were donated to the libraryC they can be checked out by written requestD they are not available for student use3 what are the criteria for deciding whether a book is put up for sale? Clicking on 2 answers.A it contains outdated informationB the information in the book is available in other formatsC it has not been checked out for a number of yearsD it has been in the collection for more than ten years4 why does the woman mention that volunteer positions fill up quickly?A she is surprised that so many students are interested in volunteeringB she wants to emphasize that the sale will be held soonC she wants to assure the man that there will be enough people working at the saleD she thinks the man may want to apply for one of the positions5 what advice does the woman give to the man about the book he wants to buy?A he should try to buy it from an online booksellerB he should find out if there is an electronic version of itC he should inform the collection department of his interest in itD he should look for it in a local bookstore6 what is the main purpose of the lecture?A to explain the historical conditions that inspired Dada artistsB to discuss examples of Dada paintings and sculpturesC to describe how Dada was presented theatricallyD to show the influence of Dada on today’s performing artists7 why does the professor mention a stool with a bicycle wheel mounted on top?A to give an example of what Dadaists were reacting againstB to show something that Dadaists would consider beautifulC to illustrate how Dadaists rejected the traditional definition of artD to explain the Dadaists’ practice of creating sculptures from everyday objects8 according to the professor, why did some Dadaists write poetry by pulling words out of a hat?A to reflect the randomness they saw in the worldB to illustrate the connection between poetry performancesand magic showsC to indicate that Dada should not be taken too seriouslyD to demonstrate that Dadaists did not need much formal training9 what does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play?A characters each have their own motivationB a plot is developedC the play consists of several actsD actors ignore the audience10 according to the professor, what contributed to the chaotic nature of the performances at the Cabaret Voltaire?A there were no professional actorsB the script was torn up and allowed to fall to the floor during the performanceC different art forms shared the same stageD the performances varied from night to night11 why does the professor say this?A he does not approve of all the aspects of the showsB he does not think the events can be easily definedC he does not consider the shows to be authentic DadaD he does not know enough about the events categorize them12 what is the lecture mainly about?A a new use for methane gas produced in landfillsB environmental regulations regarding the management of organic wastesC removing bacteria from landfills and waste water treatmentplantsD a potentially useful technology for managing organic wastes13 what is the professor’s opinion about the use of landfills to manage solid organic waste?A landfills should not be expanded to accommodate more types of wasteB landfills are not a suitable long-term solution for solid organic waste disposalC landfills should be built farther away from population centersD landfills should be an effective means o recycling solid organic waste from farms14 what does the professor imply about processing solid organic waste in equipment designed for processing waste water?A it is an economical way to process solid wasteB it is practical only for treating large amounts of solid wasteC it is not an efficient way to process solid wasteD it could reduce the cost of treating waste water15 what does the professor suggest methane and hydrate gas?A they have beneficial uses if harnessed and containedB they are destroyed in a later stage of APS processingC they are both extracted during the first phase of APS digestionD they are necessary to activate the anaerobic digestion process16 according to the professor, what are two advantages of APS digestions systems? Clicking on 2 answers.A they can eliminate the need to transport the waste materialB they can handle both organic and non-organic wasteC they can turn waste into fuel for electrical power generationD they can be monitored efficiently from one central location17.what does the professor say is a promising focus for future research into APS digestion systems?A trying to find a way to reduce the size of the PA containersB trying to set up a demonstration project with a universityC determining whether food scrapes from restaurants can be used in the systemD determining the most efficient combination of anaerobic bacteria1 what are the speakers mainly discussing?A a short story the woman has writtenB a short story that was discussed in classC the autobiography of Eudora WeltyD features of short stories written by famous authors2 why does the professor mention O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi” and William Faulkner’s story “The Bear”?A to suggest that the woman read these stories before writing her own storyB to remind the woman to listen to recordings of these storiesC to contrast Welty’s story with other types of storiesD to point out that Welty particularly liked these stories3 why does the woman mention walking in the woods?A it is the opposite topic of a story she will writeB it is what she does to get inspiration for writingC it is an activity that she enjoys very muchD it is the setting of her favorite short story4 what point does the professor make when he mentions the interview with Welty and her autobiography?A Welty tells some stories in the interview that are confirmed in the autobiographyB Welty believed that the element of surprise was essential to a good storyC Welty’s best stories are set in MississippiD Welty thought life in Mississippi was not very exciting5 what was the student’s reaction to Welty’s story after first reading it?A she was surprised by some of the main characters memoriesB she was annoyed that the story was so shortC she found the thoughts of the main character to be uninterestingD she had expected more action in the story6.what is the lecture mainly about?A the effect of agriculture on pollinatorsB threats to the pollination cycle in tropical rain forestsC the relationship between plants and their pollinatorsD various plant species in tropical rain forests that attract pollinators7 what does the professor say is the ideal pollinator for a plant?A a pollinator that pollinates the plant during the pollinator’s migrationB a pollinator that is hungry and moves quicklyC a pollinator that feeds on a variety of plantsD a pollinator that moves slowly from flower to flower8 according to the professor, what are some features of a flowering plantthat can affect how attractive it is to pollinators? Clicking on 2 answers.A the distance between the plants that have open flowersB the duration of the plant’s flowering cycleC the amount of water the plant recently receivedD the number of flowers that bloom at the same time9 why does the professor mention bats?A to emphasize that mammals can also be pollinatorsB to help explain the role of flower color in attracting pollinatorsC to suggest that bats are not efficient pollinatorsD to explain why some bats do not benefit from flowers that bloom only at night10 according to the lecture, what can be inferred about a royal lily whose flowers are red?A its flowers have already been pollinatedB beetles are trapped inside of its flowersC its flowers will soon increase in temperatureD its flowers have just closed11 what is the professor’s opinion about the effect of agriculture on pollination ecology?A she fears the effect may be more widespread than previously believedB she believes the effect will ultimately prove to be beneficialC she thinks the harmfulness of agriculture may be overstatedD she is surprised there is so little research on the subject12 what are the main topics that the class discusses? Clicking on 2 answers.A new and innovative ways to market jazz recordingsB the successful introduction of a major product changeC an organizational model for managers to considerD appropriate standards for evaluating a musical performance13 what do the speakers indicate can be represented by S-curve graph?A the typical pattern of sales for a productB the flow of a music compositionC the general popularity of jazz in the 1950sD the recent increase in sales for a classic jazz album14 how did jazz fans react to Miles Davis’s album Kind of Blue?A most did not notice that his style had changedB some were disappointed about how his style had changedC many were inspired to try to become jazz musiciansD many bought the album, making it a huge commercial success15 based on Miles Davis’s approach to recording Kind of Blue, what does the professor imply managers should do in running a business?A master the complexities of each task before asking anyone else to preform itB hire very capable people and give them the freedom to make their own decisionsC try to sense what the public is comfortable with and then provide itD plan all details carefully and make sure that the plan is followed16 what lesson can be learned from the example about a mistake during a musical performance?A performances of the highest quality require extensive practiceB making mistakes hurts not just the individuals, but the entire groupC when people work well together, mistakes can result in positive outcomesD leaders need to ensure that group members do not make mistakes17 what is the professor encouraging the student to do when she says this?A continue the discussion with her after classB remain seated in the front of the classroomC wait patiently to see how the professor’s question relates to the lessonD remain open-minded while listening to another point of view。
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得听力者得天下，托福听力对于考生来说至关重要!如何攻克托福听力，除了要多听，托福TPO听力也是托儿必刷的真题.小编托福考生们带来了TPO听力34文本，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。
Conversation1
Narrator
Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the
university library.
Librarian
Ready to check out?
Student
Just about. Before I do though, this book on early navigation…I have been
using this book quite a bit for a research project. And I would like to own it
actually. And well…it’s an old book, and there were two copies on the shelf just
now, so I was wondering if I could buy one. I was talking to this guy the other
day, and he said the library sold books on occasion. Is that right?
Librarian
He is probably talking about our annual book sale. We have one every
spring.
Student
OK. How do you decide which books to sell? Are they duplicates?
Librarian
A lot are duplicates. If we have more than one copy of a title and it
hasn’t been checked out in a few years, in that case it might end up at the
sale.
Student
I’ve actually tried to find this book online but no luck so far. I was
really hoping to buy it.
Librarian
Well, that particular book…well, it probably won’t be up for sale this year. Most books in the sale come from off-site storage.
Student
Off-site storage?
Librarian
That’s where we keep books that haven’t been used for several years. They are still in the catalog, which means they can be checked out if you fill out a form. It takes maybe a day or two to retrieve one of them.
Student
I see.
Librarian
And then before we decide to include a book in the sale, we review its circulation history again, which can take a while. We’ve got a lot of books in storage.
Student
So it’s basically the unpopular books that get put up for sale then?
Librarian
Well, that…plus the main thing is to make sure students have access to the information in the books. A lot of them are available in electronic format these days, even the really old ones. You know, they have been preserved that way.。