替代与重复 -

1 .名词性省略 1) Old (men) and young men were invited. 老人和年轻人都被邀请了。 2) He has workers from Ireland and (workers) from France in his . 在他的工厂里，有来自爱尔兰的工人，也有来 自法国的工人
二、省略(Elipsis)
省略和替代一一样，也是避免重复的一一 种常用手段。两者常常互相替换使用，有 的语言学家甚至把省略称为“零位替 代”(zero-substitution)。英语省略的类型很 多，有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性 省略;有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的 省略。在并列结构中，英语常常省略前面 已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些 词语，如:
1.5名词 （enough, the same,
the kind, the former, the latter）
I don‘t want any more coffee. I ’ve had enough.
我不想再要咖啡了，我的咖啡够了。 I wish to have a cup of milk with sugar .Won't you have the same? 我想要一杯加糖的牛奶。你不想要一样的吗? American food is not the same as the English kind. 美国的食物和英国的食物不完全一样。
1.2指示代词(that, those)

The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子的语言不同于家长的语言。
Men's work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues. 男性的工作经历在很多方面都和女性同事的工作经 历不同。
3)他走了， 但是没人知道他去哪了。 He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).
4.句法方面的省略: 英语中的由when、while、 until等引 导的时间状语从句、if、 unless等引导的条件状语从句、although、 though等引 导的让步 状语从句中都有大量的省略句。如: 1) When (he was) at college, he often went to the library. （他)在大学的时候，他经常去图书馆。 2) While (you are) crossing the street, look out for cars. (你)过马路时， 注意车辆。 3) Don't leave unless\until (you are) told to. 不要离开，除非\直到有人告诉(你)。 4) The prospects for cure, though (they're ) still distant, are brighter. 治愈的前景尽管仍然遥远，但已经明朗些了。 5)虽然他懂法语，但是他还是用英语写他的论文。 Although knowing French, he wrote his essay in English. (Although he knew French...) 6)每个贡献无论(它是)多 么小一可以有助于产 生影响。 ... each contribution---no matter how (it is) small---can help make a difference.
1.名词性替代(nominal substitution)
名词性替代是以名词性替代词替代一个名词词组或它的中心 词，这种替代现象叫做名词性替代。
这类词如:第三(非)人称代词、指示代词(this, that, these, those)、关系代词(who, whom, whose, that, which)、 连接代词(who, where, what, which)、不定代词 (both, either, one / ones, much, other, another, some, any)以及名词enough, the same, the kind, the former, the latter 等。英语常用这类替代词来避免重复，汉语 则较常重复其所代替的名词(词组)。
2.动词性替代(verbal substitution)
替代词主要有: 代动词do, 复合代动词do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same,以及替代句 型so+do+主语，so+主+do, so+be+主语，so+ 主语+be等 汉语也有替代的方式，但也常常重复其所代 替的动词(词组)。
A chemical change is one in which the structure of parti cles is changed and a new substance is formed. 化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。 Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. 英译汉不如英译法容易。
3) You should help him since you have promised to do so. 你答应了要帮助他就应当帮助他
4) You do not want to go to the cinema tonight, neither do I. 你晚上不想去电影院，我也不想去。 5) I like reading novels, so does he. 我喜欢读小说，他也喜欢读小说。
替换
Substitutive
替代
替 换
省略
变换
一、 替代(Substitution )
用替代的形式(pro-form)来代替句中或上文已 出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content),这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原 则。 英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词性替代，动 词性替代和分句性替代
3.分句性替代(clausal substitution)
用替代词so或not来取代充当宾语的 that从句，用if so或if not来取代条 件从句等等。汉语也有替代的方式， 但为了使表达正确、清楚，也常常重 复其所代替的词语，如:
1 ) People believe that the American team will win the football game. Peter thinks so, but I believe not. 人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球赛，彼得也是这样想的， 我却认为并非如此。 2)I will probably see you on Sunday; if not, it will be Monday. 我可能周日见你，如果周日见不了，那就周一见面。 3)Does the President intend to go to Moscow? And if so, when? 总理打算去莫斯科吗?如果去的话，那是在什么时候。
5)Bill had a card up his sleeve, so when his first plan failed he tried another. 比尔心里早有计划，所以当第一个计划失败后。他就试了另一个计划。 6) He has lived in Hongkong and Macao, but he doesn't like either. 他在香港和澳门]都住过，但他对这两个地方都不喜欢。 7) There are 2 basic ways to see growth : one as a product, the other as a process. 看发展有两种基本方式:一个方式是看结果，另一个方式是看过程。 8) I won't pay $ 20 for the coat; it's not worth all that much. 我不会花20美元买这件上衣，她不值20美元。 9) English and French are the official languages in Canada and federal documents are published in both languages. 英语和法语是加拿大的官方语言，联邦发布的文件都是使用这两种语言。
3)这是他最新的书， 我这希望不是他最后一本。 This is his latest book; I hope it is not his last (book).
2.动词性省略 1 ) The picture was not finished. If it had been (finished)，I would have brought it. 这幅画还没有完成。一旦(完成) 我将会把它买下。
英语的代词在汉译时常常采用还原、复说或省略的办法加以处理， 如:
Exchange of ideas is necessary. For without it, it is possible to achieve mutual understanding. 思想交流是必要的，没有思想交流，便不可能达成互相理解。 There were once 3000 people in our village. In the old days, some died, some fled . 我们村过去有3000人口。旧社会里死的死，逃的逃。
1.3关系代词(whom, where,
that, which)
He, a typical Kaifenger, grew up in Kf where he was born. 他生在开封，长在开封，是个典型的开封人。 In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林， 他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟那个女人结了 婚。
1.4不定代词 (both, either, one/ ones,
much, other, another, some, any)
1) The gray horse is stronger than the black one. 灰色的马比黑色的马强壮 2) The new design is much better than the old ones. 新的设计方案比旧的方案好。 3) Can you give me a few nails? I need some . 你能给我几个钉子吗?我需要一些钉子。 4) We offered the old begger some food, but he didn't want any. 我们给老乞丐一些食物，但是他一点食物都不想要。
1.1第三(非)人称代词: she, he, it, they
The more we practice a foreign language, the easier it is. 我们练习一门外语越多，这门外语就变得越容易。 The country needs new leadership if she(he) is to play a role in future development. 如果该国要在未来的发展中发挥作用的话，该国就 需要新的领导班子。
Halliday put his pipe down, crossed his hands behind his neck,and turned his face towards the window. (“The Apple Tree”) 哈利德放下烟斗，两手交叉着放在脖子后面，转过头去看窗子。
2) 可能下雨， 但我认为它不会(下雨)
It might rain, but I don't think it will (rain).
3.分句性省略 1) --Do you think it will rain? --No, I think not.(I don't think it will rain. ) --你认为会下雨吗? --不， 我认为不会下雨。 2) I don't know when (to meet him) and where to meet him. 我不知道什么时候去见他，在哪儿见他。
1) However, we actually learn a foreign language much faster than we do our mother tongue. 然而， 事实上我们学习一门外语比学习母语快得多。 2) ..in other words, you were studying the language all day long! You did this for five years,... 换句话说，你整天在学习语言，你这样学习已经五年了。