2019最新地基处理与基础工程英语
2019精品精华03水利工程地基处理强夯英语
第一节 概述
2、强夯置换(Dynamic Replacenlent) 强夯置换法是采用在夯坑内回填块石、碎石等粗颗粒材料，
设计计算 （六）垫层铺设 1、作用：
支撑设备、能量扩散、保证地下水位 2、材料：
砂、砂砾、碎石等，不含粘土 3、厚度：
0.5~2m
第三节 强夯法加固设计
设计计算 （七）间歇时间
考虑孔压消散 设置排水
第四节 强夯施工
施工方法 （一）施工机械
起重机 自动脱钩
第四节 强夯施工
施工方法 （二）施工步骤
对于位于或接近地面的地基土，瑞利波起到松动作用。
第二节 强夯法加固的一般机理
（四） 、强夯加固机理 三种不同机理：动力密实、动力固结、动力置换，取决于
地基土的类别和强夯施工工艺。 共同特点：破坏土的天然结构，达到新的稳定状态。
第二节 强夯法加固的一般机理
（五） 、动力密实机理 1）适用情况：采用强夯加固多孔隙、粗颗粒、非饱和的土，即 基于动力密实机理。 2）机理描述：即用冲击性动力荷载，使土中的孔隙减少，土体 密实，从而提高强度。非饱和土的夯击过程中，气相被挤出， 土颗粒发生位移。
用夯锤夯击形成连续的强夯置换墩，也即砂石桩与软土的复合 地基。
也称为动力置换、强夯挤淤。具有加固效果显著、施工工期 短和施工费用低等优点。
第一节 概述
3、适用范围(《建筑地基处理技术规范JGJ79-2002》) 强夯法适用于处理碎石土、砂土、低饱和度的粉土与粘性
土、湿陷性黄土、素填土和杂填土等地基。 强夯置换法适用于高饱和度的粉土与软塑～流塑的粘性土
2019最新《地基与基础工程》课件第6章英语
常采用临时支护结构，安全储备小，风险高：
很强的地域性及个案性；
属综合性很强的系统工程；
涉及结构、岩土、工程地质及环境等多门学科，且 与勘察、设计、施工、检测等工作环环相扣，紧密 联系。
较强的时空效应；
支护结构荷载及其效应的时空变异性
对周边环境会产生较大影响；
2019/8/19
定义：在泥浆护壁条件下，利用专门的成槽机械， 在地面开挖狭长的深槽，槽内设置钢筋笼，浇注 混凝土，形成的地下钢筋混凝土连续墙。
注：按支护机理，应属悬臂式支护结构，但支护 深度大。
工程应用：
基坑围护结构：挡土、防渗、截水、抗滑；
建筑物基础：承受上部结构荷载；
用作地下结构边墙。
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《地基与基础工程》
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§6.2 基坑支护方法
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《地基与基础工程》
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§6.2 基坑支护方法
6.2.5土钉墙支护结构
方法：由被加固土体、土钉(细长金属杆)和喷射 混凝土面板组成的支护结构。
原理：利用被加固土体、土钉和喷砼面板组合成 类似重力挡土墙的结构，提供支护力。
特点：施工简便、适应性强、应用范围广。
适用条件：适合于地下水位以上的粘性土、砂土 和碎石土地层，不宜用于淤泥或淤泥质土。基坑 深度不宜大于12m。坑壁安全等级宜为二、三级.
提示：注意锚杆、土钉在支护机理方面的异同！
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见周景星教材《P地2基6与5基~础2工6程6》!
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《地基与基础工程》
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钢板桩的几种形式:
槽钢 钢管
基础工程100个英文单词
“基础工程”100个英文单词1.foundation n.基础,地基2.foundation engineering n.基础工程3.foundation pile n.基桩4.foundation pressure n.基底压力5.foundation settlement n.基础沉降6.foundation elastic modulus n.地基弹性模数7.stability of foundation soil n.地基稳定性8.bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基承载力9.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基极限承载力10.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil n.地基允许承载力11.Hansen's ultimate bearing capacity formula n.汉森地基承载力公式12.state of limit equilibrium n.极限平衡状态13.California Bearing Ratio n.加州承载比14.depth of foundation n.基础(埋置)深度15.coffered foundation n.围堰基础16.caisson foundation n.沉井基础17.deep foundation n.深基础18.elastic foundation n.弹性基础19.spread foundation n.扩大基础20.sunk shaft foundation n.沉井基础21.yielding of foundation n.基础沉陷22.pile n.桩23.pile cofferdam n.桩围堰24.pile cluster n.桩群25.pile driver n.打桩机26.pile loading test n..基桩载荷试验27.buoyant pile n.摩擦桩28.drain pile n.排水砂桩，砂井29.dynamic load test of pile n.桩的动载荷试验30.dry drilled pile n.干成孔灌注桩31.jacked pile n.压入桩32.slurry drilled pile n.泥浆钻孔桩33.pile bottom n.桩基34.bearing bottom n.承重桩35.pile for reinforcing n.加固桩36.blow pile n.爆破桩paction pile n.加密桩，挤密桩38.filling pile n.灌注桩39.precast concrete pile n.预制混凝土桩40.quincuncial pile n.梅花桩41.vibro pile n.振动灌注桩42.dispced foundation n.换土地基43.displacement of soil n.换土paction method n.挤密法45.foundation treatment n.地基处理46.bearing stratum n.持力层47.substratum n. 次层（台）48.individual footing n. 单独基础49.inverted beam method n. 倒梁法50.rigid foundation n. 刚性基础51.embeded depth of foundation n. 基础埋置深度52.coefficient of subgrade reaction n. 基床系数 foundation pressure n. 基底附加应力54.cross strip footing n. 交叉条形基础55.contact pressure n. 接触压力56.static analysis (shallow foundation) n. 静定分析法（浅基础）57.shell foundation n. 壳体基础58.spread footing n. 扩展基础59.mat foundation n. 片筏基础60.shallow foundation n. 浅基础61.flexible foundation n. 柔性基础62.structure- foundation-soil interaction analysis n. 上部结构－基础－土共同作用分析63.analysis of beams and slabs on elastic foundation n. 弹性地基梁（板）分析64.strip footing n. 条形基础65.substratum n. 下卧层66.box foundation n. 箱形基础67.Benoto cast-in-place pile n. 贝诺托灌注桩68.Wave equation analysis n. 波动方程分析69.diving casting cast-in-place pile n. 沉管灌注桩70.open-end caisson foundation n. 沉井基础71.box caisson foundation n. 沉箱基础72.synchronous pile n. 成孔灌注同步桩73.pile caps n. 承台74.bearing capacity of single pile n. 单桩承载力75.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile n. 单桩横向极限承载力76.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗拔极限承载力77.vertical ultimate carrying capacity of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗压容许承载力78.vertical allowable load capacity of single pile n. 单桩竖向抗压极限承载力79.low pile cap n. 低桩承台80.diaphgram wall n. 地下连续墙81.dynamic pile driving formula n. 动力打桩公式82.end-bearing pile n. 端承桩83.Franki pile n. 法兰基灌注桩84.negative skin friction of pile n. 负摩擦力85.precast reinforced concrete piles n. 钢筋混凝土预制桩86.steel pile n. 钢桩87.high-rise pile cap n. 高桩承台88.cast-in-place pile n. 灌注桩terally loaded vertical piles n. 横向载荷桩90.slurry coat method n. 护壁泥浆91.rotatory boring cast-in-place pile n. 回转钻孔灌注桩92.silent piling n. 静力压桩93.uplift pile n. 抗拔桩94.anti-slide pile n. 抗滑桩95.dynamic compaction n. 强夯法96.artificial foundation n. 人工地基97.soft clay ground n. 软土地基98.collapsible loess treatment n. 湿陷性黄土地基处理99.cushion n. 换填法100.reinforcement method n. 加筋法101.displacement method n. 挤淤法。
岩土工程中英文词汇对照
岩土工程中英文词汇对照来源：刘燚龙[Jet]的日志一. 综合类1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals粘土矿物4.secondary minerals次生矿物ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess黄土33.frozen soil冻土三. 土的基本物理力学性质 compression index2.cu undrained shear strength3.cu/p0 ratio of undrained strength cu to effective overburden stress p0(cu/p0)NC ,(cu/p0)oc subscripts NC and OC designated normally consolidated and overco nsolidated, respectively4.cvane cohesive strength from vane test5.e0 natural void ratio6.Ip plasticity index7.K0 coefficient of “at-rest ”pressure ,for total stressesσ1andσ28.K0’ domain for effective stressesσ1‘andσ2’9.K0n K0 for normally consolidated state10.K0u K0 coefficient under rapid continuous loading ,simulating instantaneous loading o r an undrained condition11.K0d K0 coefficient under cyclic loading(frequency less than 1Hz),as a pseudo- dynamic test for K0 coefficient12.kh ,kv permeability in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively13.N blow count, standard penetration test14.OCR over-consolidation ratio15.pc preconsolidation pressure ,from oedemeter test16.p0 effective overburden pressure17.p s specific cone penetration resistance, from static cone test18.qu unconfined compressive strength19.U, Um degree of consolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen20.u ,ub ,um pore (water) pressure, subscripts b and m denote bottom of specimen and mean value, respectively21.w0 wL wp natural water content, liquid and plastic limits, respectively22.σ1,σ2 principal stresses, σ1‘andσ2’ denote effective principal stresses23.Atterberg limits阿太堡界限24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度27.saturated unit weight饱和重度28.effective unit weight有效重度29.density密度pactness密实度31.maximum dry density最大干密度32.optimum water content最优含水量33.three phase diagram三相图34.tri-phase soil三相土35.soil fraction粒组36.sieve analysis筛分37.hydrometer analysis比重计分析38.uniformity coefficient不均匀系数39.coefficient of gradation级配系数40.fine-grained soil(silty and clayey)细粒土41.coarse- grained soil(gravelly and sandy)粗粒土42.Unified soil classification system土的统一分类系统43.ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineer美国土木工程师学会44.AASHTO= American Association State Highway Officials美国州公路官员协会45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水1 excavation开挖（挖方）2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机八. 地基处理--ground treatment1.technical code for ground treatment of building建筑地基处理技术规范2.cushion垫层法3.preloading预压法4.dynamic compaction强夯法5.dynamic compaction replacement强夯置换法6.vibroflotation method振冲法7.sand-gravel pile砂石桩8.gravel pile(stone column)碎石桩9.cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩10.cement mixing method水泥土搅拌桩11.cement column水泥桩12.lime pile (lime column)石灰桩13.jet grouting高压喷射注浆法14.rammed-cement-soil pile夯实水泥土桩法15.lime-soil compaction pile 灰土挤密桩lime-soil compacted column灰土挤密桩lime soil pile灰土挤密桩16.chemical stabilization化学加固法17.surface compaction表层压实法18.surcharge preloading超载预压法19.vacuum preloading真空预压法20.sand wick袋装砂井21.geofabric ,geotextile土工织物posite foundation复合地基23.reinforcement method加筋法24.dewatering method降低地下水固结法25.freezing and heating冷热处理法26.expansive ground treatment膨胀土地基处理27.ground treatment in mountain area山区地基处理28.collapsible loess treatment湿陷性黄土地基处理29.artificial foundation人工地基30.natural foundation天然地基31.pillow褥垫32.soft clay ground软土地基33.sand drain砂井34.root pile树根桩35.plastic drain塑料排水带36.replacement ratio（复合地基）置换率九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation1.box foundation箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础3.strip foundation条形基础4.spread footing扩展基础pensated foundation补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic magnification factor动力放大因素10.liquefaction strength抗液化强度11.dimensionless frequency无量纲频率12.evaluation of liquefaction液化势评价13.stress wave in soils土中应力波14.dynamic settlement振陷（动沉降）十九. 动力机器基础1.equivalent lumped parameter method等效集总参数法2.dynamic subgrade reaction method动基床反力法3.vibration isolation隔振4.foundation vibration基础振动5.elastic half-space theory of foundation vibration基础振动弹性半空间理论6.allowable amplitude of foundation基础振动容许振幅7.natural frequency of foundation基础自振频率二十. 地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition。
基础及基础工程外文翻译
基础及基础工程外文翻译河北建筑工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系别：土木工程专业：土木工程班级： ********* 姓名： ********** 学号： ************** 外文出处：GEOLOGLCAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。
指导教师评语：签字：年月日1、外文原文（复印件）Foundation And Foundation EngineeringStrucures or other constructed works are supported on the earth by foundation. The word “foundation” may mean the earth itself, something placed in or on the earth to provide support, or a combinnation of the earth and the elements placed on it. The foundation for a multistory office building could be a combination for an earth-fill dam would be the natural soil or rock on which the dam is placed. Concrete footings or which or in which they are placed. The installed elements and the natural soil or rock of the earth form a foundation system; the soil and rock provide the ultimate support of the system. Foundation that are installed may be either soil-bearing or rock –bearing. The reactions of the soil or rock to the imposed loads generally determined how well the foundation system functions. In designing the installed portions, the designer must determine the safe pressue which can be used on the soil or rock and the amount of total settlement and differential settlement which the structure can withstand.The installed parts of the foundation system may be footings, mat foundations, slab foundations, and caissons or piles, all of which are used to transfer load from a supersteucture into the earth. These parts, which transmit load from the superstructure to the earth, are called the substructure.Footing Footing or spread foundations are used to spread the loads from columns or walls to the underlying soil or rock. Normally, footings are constructed of reinfored concrete. However, under some circumstances they may be constructed of plain concrete or masonary, when each footing supports only one column, it is square. Footings supporting two coumns are called combined footings and may be either rectangular or trapezoidal. Cantilever footings are used to building line or exterior wall. Footings supportsing walls are continuous footings.The sizes of footings are determined by dividing the loads to be imposed at the base of the footings by the allowable bearing pressure which can be imposed on the soil or rock of the earth. Most building codes and textbooks on foundations contain tables listing allowable bearing pressures for various types of soil and rock; however , these tables give only general classifications and descriptions of the soil or rock must be used with caution. More specific information about the soil or rock is normally obtained by drilling test borings, extracting soil or rock samples, performing laboratory tests on the samples, and making engineering must be given to the amount of settlement which may occur and the capability of the structure to withstand such settement. If settlement is problem it may be necessary to use an alternatefoundation type rather than footings or to enlarge the footings and decrease the bearing pressure.Grade beams may be used between exterior column footings to support walls, with the beams transferring the weight of the walls to the column footings. Beams are also used between interior column footings to act as braces or to support interior walls. Retaining walls are those walls subject to horizontal earth pressures due to the retention of earth behind them. The foundation for these will not slide when subjected to the horizontal earth pressure. In addition,retaining walls must be designed so they will not overturn. In frost-susceptible areas, footings must be placed below the frost line.Mat foundations Mat or raft foundations are large, thick, and usually heavily reinforced concrete mats which transfer loads from a number or colums and walls to the underlying soil or rock. Mats are also combined footings.,but are much larger than a footing uniform pressure to the underlying soil or rock. Mats are rigid and will act as a bridge over discontinuities in the soil or rock on which they are founded. Mats founded several meters below the ground surface, when combined with external walls, are termed floating foundations. The weight of the soil excavated from the ground surface to the bottom of the mat may be equal to approach the total weight of the structure. In this case, little or no new load is applied to the underlying supporting soil, and settlements of a structure may be minimal after construction.Slab foundations Slab foundations are used for light structures wherein the columns and walls are supportes directly on the floor slab. The floor slab is thickened and more heavily reinforced at the places where the column and wall loads are imposed.Special problems Groundwater is a major problem in connection with the design and installation of foundations where a substructure is to be placed below the groundwater level. Well points, pumping from deep wells, or pumping from sumps are methods used to dewater construction sites during foundation installation. Other methods which are less often used are freezing of the water in the soul, removal of water by electroosmosis, and the installation of cutoff walls made of pilling or grout around the periphery from within the excavation. If dewatering operations are perfromed in an area surrounded by existing structures, precautions must be taken to project them, as the lowering of the geoundwater may cause the soil on which they are supported to subside.If a basement is partially or totally below the groundwater level, its walls must be designed to withstand the hydrostatic pressure of the water on the outside in addition to the pressure from the soil backfill. An alternate procedure is to install a permanent system to remove watet outside the walls. Some substructure below groundwater level may at times besubjected to hydrostaic uplift forces which are greater than the downward forces imposed by the structures. In these cases, provisions must be to anchor the structures to prevent them from floating upward.Groundwater also causes problems by infiltrating though basement walls., slabs, and joints into the basement itself. This can be prevented or reduced by providing an external permanent drainage system that carries water away from the basenment, by encasing the walls and slabs in an permeability. Combinations of the foregoing are also used. Retaining walls and abutments ofen abutments can escape. The water pressure behind the walls is relieved as the water flows though the walls into an open external drainage system.Foundations placed on expansive soil are often subjected to distressing movement unless special precautions are taken. Expansive soil are those which swell and contract excessively with varying amounts of moissture. Problems can be overcome by installing foundations below the zone of significant change in moisture content and backfilling with nonexpansive materials, by altering the soil with an admixture such as lime or cement so that volumn changes do not occur, or by providing flexibility in the structure to accommodate movements.Underpinning of foundation is often necessary, and it may be either remedial or precautionary. Remedial underpinning is used to correct defects in existing froundations which may have settled excessively. If the structure is to be saved or returned to its original state, additional foundation support must be provided. Precautionary underpinning is used when new structure are to be installed adjacent to or beneath existing structures, as in the construction of city subways. Underpinning of foundation is a specialized construction technique. The work is generally performed in a confined space, such as the basement of a building, or in small pits excavated outside a building area. It is necessary to provide support for the loads of the existing structure while new foundations are installed. The new foundations may be footings which are placed deeper in the ground than the original foundations, or they may be piles or caissons.Underpinning of a wall footing may be performed by excavating pits adjacent to and beneath existing foundations. The pits are small, some 0.9m wide by 1.2m long. Horizontal sheeting is placed in the pits as excavation proceeds to prevent caving of the walls and undermining of the structure being underpinned. When the new bearing stratum is reached, forms are placed in the pit, and concrete is poured from the new bearing stratum up to within 76mm of the bottom of the old footing. After the new concrete has hardened, the 76mm space is packed by hand with a mixture of sand, cement, and a small amount of water. Called grout, themixture is packed very tightly into the space between the top of the new footing and the underside of the old footing. The pit underpinning process is repeated throughout the entirelength of the wall footing. The resulting new foundation may be a continuous wall or intermittent piers.One indisputable face is this: whatever the shape of a building or structure and whatever the nature and number of its supports, the whole weight of the building must come down to, and be supported by the ground. It is therefore essential that, for any propose structure, sufficient knowledge be obtained of the nature of the supporting soil and its load-bearing capacity.The purpose of a foundation is to convey the weight of a building to the soil in such a manner:(1)That excessive settlement will not occur;(2)That differential settlement of various sections of the building, which causescracks in the structure, will not occur;(3)That the soil will not fail under its load, thus causing no collapse of thebuilding.Compared with structural materials, such as steel and timber, soil is difficult to investigate scientifically. It can vary considerably in its properties on one building site both in horizontal and vertical directions.Until the 20th century, foundations were constucted mainly on the basis of experience. For important structures, deep trial pits were dug so that the soil could be examined for some distance below the surface, and sometimes loading tests on small area at the botton of the pits, were made to estimate the safe-bearing capacity of the soil.Some time about 1920 there began a more scientific approach to the behavior of soil. One of the earliest names, and a most important one, connected with this new science, is Dr. Karl Terzaghi, who made an extensive study of the properties of soils. Since 1920 much research has been carried out in many countries; many tests (site and laboratory) have been devised, and there is now a considerable literature on the subject of soil mechanics. Modern site investigations for important structures are carried out by specialist firms who have trained persomnel, equipment for drilling and boring and for extracting samples of soil, and facilities for making site and laboratory tests.All the material foeming the crust of the earth likely to be affected by the pressure of strutures is dicided by engineers into two major geoups: rocks and soils. The term “rock” is reserved for hard , rigid, and strongly cemented material, while “soil” is applied to the comparatively soft and loose materials.Soils without of organic deposits such as peat are broadly divided into two groups: cohesive and non-cohesive. Silts and clays are cohesive, while granular materials such assands and gravels are non-cohesive.Owing to the weight of a building or other structure, there is bound to be a certain amount of settlement. It was stated previously that force cannot be applied to any material without causing deformation. The total settlement of a building takes place in two stages:(1)Immediate settlement, as the building is being erected, due to elastic and plasticdeformation of the soil.(2)Consolidation settlement caused by the sequeezing-out of water contained in thepores of the soil and thus compressing the soil to a smaller volume.From the settlement point of view, non-cohesive soils such as sands and geavels are not very troublesome since they are only moderately compressible and are evey permeable (a permeable material is one which allows water through it easily). Consolidation settlement due to sequeezing-out of pore water therefore occurs very quickly during and soon after the erection of the strycture, and is comparatively small. Special attention, however, must be given to loose sands, which can show appreciable settlement if subjected to vibration.Cohesive soils such as clay have very low permeability, which means that squeezing of water from the pores due to consoildation settlement of the building is a slow process. Furthermore, the compressibility of most calys and silts is appreciable and there is a compressibility volume reduction under pressure. The final settlement of a structure founded on clay may therefore not occur until some years after erection and must be allowed for in design calculations.Clay is aslo a troublesome material when encounterd in shallow foundations (for houses and other small buildings). Cohesive soils dry out in the summer and spring; surface cracks can occur which may extend to about 0.3m in britain.Precast Piles Precast piles, which are usually square or octagonal in cross-section, are driven into the soil by repeated blows from a falling weighted or from a steam hammer. The piles are driven in until a certain number of blows produce only a small further penetration which has been predetermined by zalculations in accordance with the loads , and the piles will be called upon to supports .A simple illustation is that of knocking a timber stake into soil. The deeper the stake is driven into the geound, the greater is the frictional resistance and the harder it is to drive the stake downwards. When a pile is driven a sufficient distance, the resultant load it has to carry is usually supported partly by frictional force on the sides of the pile and partly by the bearing resistance of the soil under the foot of the pile.If the strata are of such a nature that the soil can offer negligible frictional resistance, the pile must be drien until it meets a hard strtum such as rock capable of supporting the full load.Alternatively the soil may be of such a nature that most of the trsistance to the downward artion of the weight of the building is provided by frictional resistance.Inspporting their loads, piles act as columns, except that the soil provides lateral restraint.Another method, as used by the Franki Compressed Pile Co, consists in driving a steel tube to the required depth and filling it with in-situ concrete. First, the bottom of the tube is sealed by a temporary gravel plug. The tube is then driven to the required depth by blows on this plug from a long heavy cylindrical hammer. Concrete is then placed in the tube and rammed so that a bulbous foot is produced (thus increasing bearing resistance). As the rammed concrete approaches the ground surface, the tube is geadually withdrawn.Bored Piles Driven piles displace and compress the soil. Then piles are bored in situ, the soil is removed by special boring tools to form cylindrial holes equal to the depths of the prepared piles. Steel reinforcenment is then inserted and concreted rammed in to form the pile, which frequently has a bulbous base due to heary ramming of the frist batch of concrete. In addition, bored piles are useful where headroom is restricted so that it is impossible to have long lengths of precast piles projecting above ground level.Cylinder Piles Cylinder foundations, 2m or more in diameter, have been employed for many years, the holes being made by excavating soil with hand or mechanically operated geabs. During the last few years new methods have developed for forming these large diameter holes. In one system, first used in the United States, angles(drills), varying from 1m to 2.3m in diameter, are used for boring holes which may be as much as 25m deep or more. The bottoms of the 2.3m diameter cylinders, and 2.3m for the 1m diameter cylinders. Large bearing areas are thus obtained; one of these piles in the London clay was designed to supporting a load of 2000 tones. One advantage of a large-diameter cylinder pile is that cap, which is required when the column has to be supported by a number of small-diameter piles.Piles Caps When small-diameter driven or bored piles are used, the number of piles required to suppore one column must be transferred to the piles by means of a foundation called a pile cap. Reinforcement is required in the cap to resist bending stresses, etc.2、外文资料翻译译文基础及基础工程建筑物或是已建成的工程是由基础下的地基土支撑着的。
建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4)
建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4)建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4)建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4)综合分析判断comprehensive analysis and judgement 变压器transformer抽芯loose core过道aisle三相电容three phase capacitance芯棒core rod都市规划与土地开发urban g and land development社区开发及工业区开发community development and industry park development 开发许可申请development permit土地使用变更计划land use rezoning plan主要计划及细部计划master plan and detail plan都市计划更新计划urban renewal plan都市设施urban design建筑设施architecture design大地工程geotechnical engineering工址调查site investigation现地试验与室内试验in-situ and laboratory test基础工程foundation design深开挖工程及建物保护deep excavation and building protection新生地及软弱地层改良reclamation and soft ground improvement山坡地开发与水土保持slope land development, soil and water conservation潜盾隧道与岩石隧道shield tunnel and rock tunnel大地工程施工顾问geotechnical construction consultant土壤材料试验soil and material结构工程structural engineering各类钢筋混凝土、预力混凝土、钢结构及钢骨钢筋混凝土结构structures of r.c., prestressed concrete, steel, and src 桥梁、高层建筑、地下结构物、隧道、深开挖挡土结构bridges, high-rise buildings, underground structures, tunnels, retaining structures for deep excavations桥梁安全检测、评估及维修补强bridge inspection, assessment, and rehabilitation钢结构细部设计及制造图steel structural detail design and shop drawings厂房工程industrial plant工业厂房-石化工厂、钢厂、电厂、气体厂、科技工业厂房、一般性厂房industrial plants--petroleum and chemical, steel, power, gas, high-technical and general plants环保设施工厂-垃圾焚化厂、垃圾掩埋场、污水处理厂及相关管线environment protecting plants--incineration plants, garbage disposal plants, waste water treatment plants and piping system设备支撑结构、管架、操作平台equipment supporting structures, pipe racks, operating platforms设备基础equipment foundations厂区一般土木及公共设施general civil works and utilities of plants运输工程transportation engineering运输规划transportation planning停车场设施工程规划、设计engineering planning design for parking facilities建筑交通维持计划traffic control management during construction水利及港湾工程hydraulic and harbor engineering营建管理construction management估价及工程预算制作estimates and engineering budget works营建管理construction management工程监造construction supervision施工计划construction plan工程进度控管schedule control during construction施工规划construction specifications环境工程environmental engineering环境影响评估environment impact assessment环境监测environmental monitoring地下水监测系统groundwater monitoring污水处理厂wastewater treatment plant污水下水道sewage system噪音振动防治noise and vibration垃圾焚化厂兴建工程waste incinerator废弃物处理系统工程waste treatment disposal共同管道common ducts管道及附属设施之规划设计planning and design of common ducts structures and subsidiary facilities经济效益分析economic and efficiency analysis财务评估financial evaluation管理维护办法及组织订定regulation for the management, maintenance and organization建筑工程专业英语词汇翻译(4) 相关内容:。
土木工程专业英语常用词汇
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineeringdevelopment organization 建设单位design organization 设计单位construction organization 施工单位reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土pile 桩steel structure 钢结构aluminium alloy 铝合金masonry 砌体工程 reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体 unreinforced ~非配筋砌体permissible stress allowable stress 容许应力plywood 胶合板retaining wall 挡土墙finish 装修finishing material装修材料ventilation 通风natural ~ 自然通风mechanical ~ 机械通风diaphragm wall continuous concrete wall 地下连续墙villa 别墅moment of inertia 惯性矩torque 扭矩stress 应力 normal ~ 法向应力 shear ~ 剪应力strain 应变age hardening 时效硬化air-conditioning system空调系统air void ration土空隙比albery壁厨,壁龛a l mery壁厨,贮藏室anchorage length锚固长度antiseismic joint 防震缝architectural appearance 建筑外观architectural area 建筑面积architectural design 建筑设计fiashing 泛水workability placeability 和易性safety glass安全玻璃tempered glass reinforced glass 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃asphalt沥青felt malthoid 油毡riveted connection 铆接welding焊接screwed connection 螺栓连接oakum 麻刀,麻丝tee三通管tap存水弯esthetics美学formwork 模板工程shoring 支撑batching 配料slipform construction slipforming 滑模施工lfit-slab construction 升板法施工mass concrete 大体积混凝土terrazzo水磨石construction joint 施工缝honeycomb蜂窝,空洞,麻面piled foundation桩基deep foundation 深基础shallow foundation浅基础foundation depth基础埋深pad foundation独立基础strip foundation 条形基础raft foundation筏基box foundation箱形基础BSMT=basement 地下室lift 电梯 electric elevatorlift well电梯井escalator 自动扶梯Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μYoung’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量,弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数fatigue failure 疲劳破坏bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板single way slab单向板window blind 窗帘sun blindwind load 风荷载curing 养护watertight concrete 防水混凝土white cement白水泥separating of concrete混凝土离折 segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆 ~ joint 灰缝pilaster 壁柱fire rating耐火等级fire brick 耐火砖standard brick标准砖terra cotta 琉璃瓦mosaic 马赛克ceramic mosaic陶瓷锦砖,马赛克, ceramic mosaic tileceramic tile 瓷砖rubble wall毛石墙marble 大理石,大理岩granite 花岗石,花岗岩ready-mixed concrete 商品混凝土,预拌混凝土real estate房地产reinforcement bar 钢筋 veinforcement meal, reinforcing bar, reinforcing steelreinforcement cover混凝土保护层reinforcement mat 钢筋网, reinforcing meshreinforcing ratio 配筋率 reinforcement percentagereinforcing work钢筋工程residential building居住建筑rigid foundation刚性基础roof 屋顶,屋盖,屋面; roof board 屋面板; roof garden屋顶花园roof live load 屋面活荷载rustic terrazzo粗面水磨石,水刷石sand cushion砂垫层saw-tooth skylight锯齿形天窗scaffold 脚手架sill窗台silty soil粉质土single door单扇门double door双扇门single reinforcemen单筋tsliding door推拉门sliding window水平推拉窗staircase楼梯间stair railing 楼梯栏杆,楼梯扶手stair step楼梯踏步stair string er楼梯梁stair clearance 楼梯净空高度stair headroomsteel forms钢模板store room贮藏室structural drawings结构图soft substratum软弱下卧层sun louver 遮阳板supporting block 支座supporting layer持力层tensile reinforcement 受拉钢筋 tensile steel, tension reinforcementterrace roof 平屋顶thermal insulation隔热through ventilation穿堂风timber structure 木结构wood structuretoilet 盥洗间,浴室,厕所,便池tracing paper描图纸lawn 草坪treatment of elevation立面处理drawing board 绘图板triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验tubular steel scaffolding钢管脚手架uniformly distributed load均布荷载unnotched bar 光面钢; threadbar螺纹钢筋urinal 小便池,小便斗,小便槽valley天沟ventilating skylight 通风天窗waterproof barrier 防水层aquatardTerzaghi bearing capacity theory太沙基承载力理论Terzaghi consolidation theory 太沙基固结理论foundation treatment 地基处理foundation pressure 基底压力span 跨度specific gravity比重quicklime生石灰,氧化钙hydrated lime 熟石灰,消石灰hydration 水化作用plaster of Paris熟石膏portland cement 波特兰水泥,硅酸盐水泥,普通水泥portland blastfurnace slag cement矿渣水泥portland fly-ash cement粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥portland-pozzolana cement火山灰质硅酸盐水泥gas-foaming admixture发泡剂retarding admixture缓凝剂water-reducing agent减水剂air-entrained agent 加气剂slump坍落度water-cement ratio水灰比w/carchitectural lighting 建筑采光,建筑照明architectural perspective建筑透视图architectural section 建筑剖面图architectural specifications建筑规范architectural working drawing 建筑施工图architecture sketch建筑草图arc welding 电弧焊stress concentration 应力集中multi storied building 多层建筑settlement of foundation 地基沉降tensile strength抗拉强度compressive strength抗压强度bending strength抗弯强度construction material 建筑材料building material continuous beam连续梁tower crane 塔式起重机,塔吊SPT=standard penetration test 标准贯入度试验wall between two windows窗间墙stability稳定性stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram应力-应变图damp-proof coating防潮层osmosis渗透osmotic co-efficient渗透系数osmotic pressure渗透压力finite element method 有限单无法finite-difference method有限差分法finite slice method 条分法deformation 变形displacement位移allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力total and differential settlement 总沉降量和沉降差Mohr’s circle of stress 摩尔应力圆snow laod雪荷载bent reinforcement bar 弯起钢筋bent steel 弯起钢筋bent-up bar 弯起钢筋bid 投标,标书bid call招标bid opening开标bidding sheet 标价单bid price 出价,投标价格binding reinforcement 绑扎钢筋blocking course檐口墙,女儿墙 parapet wall bloodwood 红木redwoodbrick lintel 砖砌过梁brick masonry structure 砖石结构BRKT =bracket 牛腿building height 建筑高度building industrialization建筑工业化building-in fitting 预埋件building law 建筑法building line 建筑红线building module 建筑模数building orientation 建筑物朝向building permits for construction建筑施工执照building equipment 建筑设备building physics建筑物理building rubble 建筑垃圾building storm sewer 房屋雨水管built –in cupboard 壁厨cable structure 悬索结构cable-supported construction悬索结构canopy雨篷cast-in-place concrete 现浇混凝土cast-in-situ concrete 现浇混凝土caterpillar crane 履带式起重机cavity brick空心砖cavity wall空心墙ceiling 顶棚,吊顶,天花板cement floor水泥地面cement mortar水泥砂浆center-to-center中心距中到中间距chain-pull switch拉线开关cromatics色彩学city planning城市规划civil architecture民用建筑civil building民用建筑civil engineering土木工程clay brick粘土砖clerestory天窗clerestory windows高侧窗closet 盥洗室,厕所,卫生间coated glass 玻璃幕墙glass curtain wall collapsible loess 湿陷性黄土slumping loess collar tie beam 圈梁combination beam 组合梁combination construction 混合结构shear wall 剪力墙shear strength 抗剪强度transom 门上的亮子bar 棒,条,杆件,粗钢筋beam 梁framework 框架truss桁架statically determinate ~ 静定桁架statically indeterminate ~ 超静定桁架elasticity弹性plasticity塑性stiffness刚度fiexibility挠度bending moment弯矩 ~ diagram 弯矩图 ~ envelope弯矩包络线influence line 影响线aggregate 骨料coarse ~ 粗骨料fine ~ 细骨料admixture外加剂concrete mixer混凝土搅拌机paint 油漆density密度viscosity粘度,粘滞性geology地质earth pressure 土压力 active ~ 主动土压力coarse sand 粗砂; medium sand中砂; fine sand细砂artificial daylight人工采光artificial illumination人工照明art of architecture建筑艺术seismatic design 抗震设计back view 背立面balcony阳台balustrade 栏杆,扶手bamboo scaffolding竹脚手架band iron扁铁,扁钢bar cutter钢筋切断机bar list钢筋表bar spacing钢筋间距base board踢脚板basic module基本模数BC=building code建筑法规beam-and-column construction梁柱结构框架结构beam-and-girder construction主次梁梁格结构beam-and-slab construction梁板结构beam with one overhanging end 悬臂梁cantilever beam, overhanging beam beam with simply supported ends 简支梁simple beam, simple-supported beam, simply supported beambeam with fixed ends 固端梁bending stiffness弯曲刚度bending strength抗弯强度bending stress弯曲应力bend bar 弯起钢筋,弯筋commemorative architecture 纪念性建筑commercial buildings商业建筑物,商业房屋compacted fill 压实填土,夯实填土compacted soil压实土compaction by layers分层填土夯实compaction by rolling 碾压compaction by vibration振动压实compartmentation隔断completion acceptance竣工验收completion date 竣工日期compression bar 受压钢筋compression steel受压钢筋concealed work 隐蔽工程conductor 水落管construction administration 施工管理constructional drawing 施工图,构造图construction and installation work 建筑安装工程construction company 建筑公司construction economics建筑经济construction industry建筑工业construction in process 在建工程construction management plan 施工组织设计construction period施工工期construction site 施工现场creep 徐变,蠕变cross wall横墙dark room暗室design development phase 技术设计阶段design scheme设计方案detail drawing 详图,大样图,细部图development area 开发区digestion tank 化粪池septic tank, sewage tankdistributed load分布荷载distributing bars 分布钢筋distribution reinforcement分布钢筋BL=dead load 恒载,自重dogleg stair 双折楼梯half turndomestic building居住房屋,住宅door window落地窗dormitory宿舍downspout 雨水管,落水管drain spout, fall pipe, leader pipe, rain conductor, rain leader, rain-water leaderdrip line 滴水线dunny厕所,盥洗室earthquake intensity地震烈度earthquake load 地震荷载earthquake resistant design抗震设计earthwork土石方工程earthwork quantity土方工程量eave 屋檐effective depth 有效高度,有效深度,有效厚度enameled tile 琉璃瓦,釉面砖engineering geological prospecting工程地质勘探expanded joint 伸缩缝,温度缝shrinkage joint, temperature joint factory building厂房figured glass 图案玻璃,压花玻璃patterned glassfixed window固定窗flat skylight平天窗flexible foundation 柔性基础floor load楼面荷载floor plan楼屋平面图floor-to-ceiling height楼面至顶棚高度,室内净高floor-to-floor height楼面至楼面高度story height层高farmed steel 型钢shaped steelfoundation beam 基础梁foundation bed 基础垫层gable 出墙 ~ wallgalvanized iron 镀锌铁皮,白铁皮general arrangement drawing总体布置图,总平面图general layout 总平面图,总体布置glass fiber reinforced plastics玻璃纤维增强塑料,玻璃钢glued board 胶合板gravel 砾石; ~ cobble 卵石pebble gravel, pebble stoneground engineering地基工程ground floor plan底层平面图groundwater surface 地下水位phreatic water surfacegutter明沟,天沟rain-gutter檐沟,天沟hair 麻刀hempmixed sand 混合砂mechanics of materials 材料力学theoretical mechanics 理论力学elastic mechanics弹性力学structural mechanics结构力学architectural mechanics建筑力学fracture mechanics断裂力学soil mechanics土力学rock mechanics岩石力学fluid mechanics流体力学abrasive floor防滑地板accelerated cement 快凝水泥accelerator促凝剂,速凝剂acceptance of hidden subsurface work 隐蔽工程验收acceptance of tender得标acceptance of work subelements分项工程验收access eye 清扫孔,检查孔access hole 检修孔access plate 检修孔盖板accordion shades 折叠式活动隔断,屏风acid 酸alkali碱acoustical insulation 隔声red cray 红粘土adamic earthadhesive bitumen primer冷底子油administration of the construction contract 施工合同管理aerial ledder消防梯non-bearing wall 非承重墙non-load bearing wallnorm for detailed estimates 预算定额norm for preliminary estimates 概算定额norm for estimating labor requirements劳动定额norm for estimating material requirements材料定额open ditch 明沟open trenchoutside finish 外装修partion 隔壁, ~ screen 隔断pea shingle 豆砾石,绿豆砂pipeline gas 管道煤气plastic hinge 塑性铰plinth wall勒脚pointing joints勾缝pointing masonry勾缝砌体,清水墙porch 门廊,走廊pore water 孔隙水post-tensioning method后张法precast concrete lintel 预制混凝土过梁precast reinforced concrete building预制钢筋混凝土房屋monolithic reinforced concrete building整体式钢筋混凝土房屋prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土pretensioning method先张法protecting cap 安全帽protective cap, safety helmetprotecting net 安全网public building公共建筑public comfort station 公共厕所public conveniencepump concrete 泵送混凝土pumping concretehalfpace landing楼梯平台landing platform, stair landing, stair platform hallway门厅,过道hemp thread麻丝high-rise hotel高层旅馆,高层饭店hip 屋脊线hoop reinforcement环筋,箍筋hull core structure筒体结构inside finish内装修jalousie window 百叶窗, louver windowjunior beam 次梁secondary beam, secondary girder main beam 主梁primary beam, primary girderkick strip 踢脚step踏步L & CM=lime and cement mortar石灰水泥砂浆lintol 门窗过梁lintellongitudinal bar纵向钢筋low-rise building低层建筑LR = living room 起居室,客厅sitting room, parlour mastic 玛碲脂,树脂,嵌缝料membrane curing薄膜养护metallic tape钢卷尺metal window钢窗mid-span moment跨中弯矩mixing proportion 配合比,混合比mixing ratio mopboard踢脚板mosquito screen 纱窗, screen window。
土木工程专业英语词汇（整理版）
土木工程专业英语词汇（整理版）第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding-精品90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals 粘土矿物4.secondary minerals次生矿物/doc/5e6518297.html,ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.siltyclay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt 粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess黄土33.frozen soil冻土24.degree of saturation 饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physicalproperties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主-精品平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数/doc/5e6518297.html,pression index 压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line 滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水1 excavation开挖（挖方）2 dewatering （基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile 钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile 摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力/doc/5e6518297.html,teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线-精品16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础3.strip foundation条形基础4.spread footing扩展基础/doc/5e6518297.html,pensated foundation补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度/doc/5e6518297.html, foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximumacceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)/doc/5e6518297.html,paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪16.direct shear test直剪试验17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验4.static cone penetration-精品(SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验/doc/5e6518297.html,teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load testof pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test 原位试验-精品。
土木项目工程博士英语必备
⼟⽊项⽬⼯程博⼠英语必备.-⼟⽊⼯程博⼠研究⽣专业英语必备第⼀部分必须掌握，第⼆部分尽量掌握第⼀部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 ⽔利⼯程Hydraulic Engineering4 ⼟⽊⼯程Civil Engineering5 地下⼯程Underground Engineering6 岩⼟⼯程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路⼯程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁⼯程Bridge Engineering9 隧道⼯程Tunnel Engineering10 ⼯程⼒学Engineering Mechanics11 交通⼯程Traffic Engineering12 港⼝⼯程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17⽊结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝⼟结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝⼟复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝⼟plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝⼟reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应⼒混凝⼟pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间⽹架结构spatial grid structure30 近海⼯程offshore engineering31 静⼒学statics32运动学kinematics33 动⼒学dynamics34 简⽀梁simply supported beam35 固定⽀座fixed bearing36弹性⼒学elasticity37 塑性⼒学plasticity38 弹塑性⼒学elaso-plasticity39 断裂⼒学fracture Mechanics40 ⼟⼒学soil mechanics41 ⽔⼒学hydraulics42 流体⼒学fluid mechanics43 固体⼒学solid mechanics44 集中⼒concentrated force45 压⼒pressure46 静⽔压⼒hydrostatic pressure .-47 均布压⼒uniform pressure48 体⼒body force49 重⼒gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应⼒stress54 应变stain55 正应⼒normal stress56 剪应⼒shearing stress57 主应⼒principal stress58 变形deformation59 内⼒internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴⼒axial force64 允许应⼒allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动⼟压⼒active earth pressure72 被动⼟压⼒passive earth pressure 73 承载⼒load-bearing capacity74 ⽔位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构⼒学structural mechanics77 材料⼒学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 ⽔准仪level80 学科discipline81 ⼦学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83⽂献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论⽂集Proceeding90 学位论⽂thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论⽂答辩defense of thesis96 博⼠研究⽣doctorate student97 研究⽣postgraduate99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引⽂索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论⽂集索引101 题⽬title102 摘要abstract103 全⽂full-text104 参考⽂献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国⼟⽊⼯程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析⽅法analytical method112 数值⽅法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第⼆部分：岩⼟⼯程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩⼟⼯程2.foundation engineering基础⼯程3.soil, earth⼟ cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics⼟动⼒学6.stress path应⼒路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩⼟⼒学⼆. ⼟的分类 1.residual soil残积⼟ groundwater level地下⽔位 2.groundwater 地下⽔ groundwater table地下⽔位 3.clay minerals粘⼟矿物 4.secondary minerals次⽣矿物/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation⼯程地质勘察 8.boulder漂⽯ 9.cobble卵⽯ 10.gravel砂⽯ 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉⼟ 16.clayey soil粘性⼟ 17.clay粘⼟ 18.silty clay粉质粘⼟ 19.silt粉⼟ 20.sandy silt砂质粉⼟ 21.clayey silt粘质粉⼟ 22.saturated soil饱和⼟ 23.unsaturated soil⾮饱和⼟24.fill (soil)填⼟ 25.overconsolidated soil超固结⼟ 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结⼟ 27.underconsolidated soil⽋固结⼟ 28.zonal soil区域性⼟ 29.soft clay软粘⼟ 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀⼟ 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄⼟ 33.frozen soil冻⼟ 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight⼲重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Ge otechnical Engineering 国际⼟⼒学与岩⼟⼯程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流⼟4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流⽹6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压⼒9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透⼒11.hydraulic gradient⽔⼒梯度 12.coefficient of permeability 渗透系数五. 地基应⼒和变形1.soft soil软⼟2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打⼊桩（负）摩阻⼒3.effective stress有效应⼒4.total stress总应⼒5.field vane shear strength⼗字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载⼒ 12.soil mass⼟体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应⼒（压⼒）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid 半⽆限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing⽅形独⽴基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（⼟）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好⼟ 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良⼟ 35.normal stresses正应⼒ 36.shear stresses剪应⼒ 37.principal plane主平⾯38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最⼤（中、最⼩）主应⼒ 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙⽔压⼒43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压⼒44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index 回弹指数 48.geostatic stress⾃重应⼒ 49.additional stress附加应⼒ 50.total stress总应⼒ 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降⽔ 1 excavation开挖（挖⽅） 2 dewatering （基坑）降⽔ 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡⼟墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下⽔位法9 well point system 井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point真空井点 12 braced cuts⽀撑围护 13 braced excavation⽀撑开挖 14 braced sheeting⽀撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation 钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝⼟桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应⼒混凝⼟桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应⼒混凝⼟管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截⽔墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩⾝ 7.wave equation analysis波动⽅程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile 单桩承载⼒/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载⼒ 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载⼒ 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap⾼桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载⼒ 17.silent piling静⼒压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing 桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯⼊度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout 桩的布置32.group action群桩作⽤ 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise打桩噪⾳ 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory⽐奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结⽐5.overconsolidation soil超固结⼟6.excess pore water pressure超孔压⼒7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation⼀维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因⼦15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压⼒17.principle of effective stress有效应⼒原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结⼗. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排⽔抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应⼒法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应⼒法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦⾓ 11.cohesion粘聚⼒ 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength⼗字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression⽆侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应⼒破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应⼒强度参数⼗⼀. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model⾮线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界⾯模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加⼯软化 10.work hardening加⼯硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服⾯15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model ⽂克尔地基模型⼗⼆. 地基承载⼒--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏 2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载⼒ 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载⼒⼗三. ⼟压⼒--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动⼟压⼒2.passive earth pressure被动⼟压⼒3.earth pressure at rest静⽌⼟压⼒4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑⼟压⼒理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗⾦⼟压⼒理论⼗四. ⼟坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休⽌⾓2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法⼗五. 挡⼟墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡⼟墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡⼟墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡⼟墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重⼒式挡⼟墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡⼟墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙⼗六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure1.steel sheet pile钢板桩2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝⼟板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile⽊板桩5.timber piles⽊桩⼗七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation⽚筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础4.spread footing扩展基础 /doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持⼒层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html foundation pressure基底附加应⼒11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作⽤分析⼗⼋. ⼟的动⼒性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method 波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping ⼏何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼⽐6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma ⼆⼗. 地基基础抗震1.earthquake engineering地震⼯程2.soil dynamics⼟动⼒学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最⼤加速度⼆⼗⼀. 室内⼟⼯实验1.high pressure consolidation test⾼压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变⽔头试验4.constant head permeability常⽔头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排⽔试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排⽔试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排⽔试验(CD)/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test⼟⼯模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离⼼模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test⾃(共)振柱试验⼆⼗⼆. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯⼊试验2.surface wave test (SWT)表⾯波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动⼒触探试验4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静⼒触探试验5.plate loading test静⼒荷载试验/doc/6dd42ba0f4335a8102d276a20029bd64793e6290.html teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test⼗字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙⽔压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
2019最新《地基与基础工程》课件第2章天然地基上浅基础设计英语
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§2.2 浅基础的设计方法及步骤
地基基础设计重要规定 ——此部分内容参阅GB50007-2002之3.0.1~3.0.5。
❖ 1）各等级地基设计均要满足承载力要求。 ➢ 荷载组合按正常使用极限状态下的标准组合； ➢ 抗力采用地基承载力特征值。
❖ 2）甲、乙级应按地基变形设计。 ➢ 基底荷载组合按按正常使用极限状态下的准永久组合， 不计入风载与地震作用； ➢ 地基变形极限按地基变形允许值取值。
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§2.1 概述
2.1.1基本概念
地基 ❖ 天然地基：未经处理的天然土层 ❖ 人工地基：人工加固处理的土层
基础 ❖ 浅基础：埋置深度小于5m，小于基础宽度 ❖ 深基础：考虑侧面摩擦力
2.1.2地基基础类型选择依据 建筑物的重要性、结构形式、荷载性质及大小； 地基的工程与水文地质状况。
❖ 可靠指标：β ➢ β的意义：
Pf
✓ 表征失效概率；
pf [ pf ] []
✓ β越大，失效概率
0
β
Pf
Z Z Zm Z
越低，可靠度越高。
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§2.2 浅基础的设计方法及步骤
概率极限状态设计的实用方法： 极限状态表达式写成分项系数形式
结永 构久 重荷 要载 性标 系准 数值
第2章 天然地基上浅基础的设计
本章学习要求
理解： ❖ 概率极限状态设计法的原理； ❖ 荷载及代表值、荷载组合值及组合系数、荷载效应及 效应系数、分项系数等概念。
掌握： ❖ 浅基础的类型及相关概念； ❖ 浅基础设计的基本步骤； ❖ 地基承载力的确定方法； ❖ 浅基础的设计计算或验算内容与方法； ❖ 减轻建筑物不均匀沉降危害的措施。
2019精品建筑地基处理技术规范英语
地基的剪切破坏反映在地基土的抗剪强度不足，因此，为了防止剪切 破坏，就需要采取一定措施以增加地基土的抗剪强度。
二、地基基础设计应满足 的基本条件
地基－强度：足够的安全储备 －变形：满足上部结构的要求 －稳定性：
基础－强度、刚度、耐久性
1. 承载力及稳定性 （1）地基失稳 （2）边坡失稳 （3）基坑坍塌
2. 变形 （1）沉降量 （2）不均匀沉降 （3）倾斜
3. 渗流 （1）流砂 （2）管涌 （3）渗流量
单 向 土
工 格 栅 加 筋 土 路 堤
2、预压法－堆载预压、真空预压、联合预压
真空泵 循环水箱 围堰 回填粘土
膜上覆水密封 真空膜 排水抽真空管路系统 砂＋砂砾垫层围堰
围堰 原地面标高
回填粘土
塑料排水板
真空预压剖面示意图
真空预压剖面示意图
真空预压（铺设真空管）
封闭膜的铺设
3、压实、夯实、挤密地基
灰土挤密法和土挤密法
复合地基：振冲碎石桩和沉管砂石桩复合地基 水泥土搅拌桩复合地基、 旋喷桩复合地基、 灰土挤密桩和土挤密桩复合地基、 夯实水泥土桩复合地基、 水泥粉煤灰碎石桩复合地基、 柱锤冲扩桩复合地基、 多桩型复合地基
一、地基破坏及不均匀沉降事故案例
加拿大特朗斯康谷仓（Transcona Grain Elevator）
加拿大 Transcona 谷仓，长 59.44m ，宽 23.47 m ,高 31.00m 。基础为钢筋砼筏板基础，厚 61cm ，埋深 3.66m 。1913 年秋完成。谷仓自重 20000 t ，相当于装满谷物后总 重的 42.5% 。 1913 年 9 月装谷物，至 31822m 3 时，发现 谷仓 1 小时内沉降达 30.5cm ，并向西倾斜， 24 小时后倾倒 ，西侧下陷 7.32m ，东侧抬高 1.52m ，倾斜 27 度 。地基虽 破坏，但钢筋混凝土筒仓却安然无恙，后用 388 个 50t 千斤 顶纠正后继续使用，但位置较原先下降 4m 。
土木工程英语(全面完整版)
专业英语的结构特点及其翻译
① 顺译法：依照英语原文顺序依次译出 In the course of designing a structure, you have to take into consideration what kind of load the above mentioned structure will be subjected to, where on the structure the said load will do what is expected and whether the load on the structure is put into position all of a sudden or applied by degree. 结构设计时，你必须考虑到设计的结构受到什么样 的荷载，这一荷载在结构的什么位置起（预计 的）作用，以及这一荷载是突然施加，还是逐 渐加到结构指定位置的。
glossary
• 100 major words
• 土木工程专业常用英语词汇
第一节 一般术语
• 1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures 房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分 的总称。 2. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering 一般称建筑工程。 3. 土木工程 civil engineering 除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、 构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施 工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。 4. 公路工程 highway engineering 5. 铁路工程 railway engineering 6. 港口与航道工程 port ( harbor ) and waterway engineering 7. 建筑物（构筑物） construction works 房屋建筑或土木工程中的单项工程实体。 8. 地基 foundation soil • 9. 木结构 timber structure 10. 工业建筑 industrial building；民用建筑 civil building; civil architecture
2019最新版课件建筑地基基础设计规范宣讲课件英语
9.9.2 地下水控制设计应满足下列要求： 1 地下工程施工期间，地下水位控制在基坑面以下 0.5m~1.5m； 2 满足坑底突涌验算要求； 3 满足坑底和侧壁抗渗流稳定的要求； 4 控制坑外地面沉降量及沉降差，保证临近建、构筑物及 地下管线的正常使用。 9.9.3 基坑降水设计应包括下列内容： 1 基坑降水系统设计应包括下列内容： 1） 确定降水井的布置、井数、井深、井距、井径、单井 出水量； 2） 疏干井和减压井过滤管的构造设计； 3） 人工滤层的设置要求；
除此之外，原“岩溶与土洞”6.5.2—9皆有变化，变化为 如下条款： 6.6.3 地基基础设计等级为甲级、乙级的建筑物主体宜避开 岩溶强发育地段。 6.6.4 存在下列情况之一且未经处理的场地，不应作为建筑 物地基： 1 浅层溶洞成群分布，洞径大，且不稳定的地段； 2 漏斗、溶槽等埋藏浅，其中充填物为软弱土体； 3 土洞或塌陷等岩溶强发育的地段； 4 岩溶水排泄不畅，有可能造成场地暂时淹没的地段。 6.6.5 对于完整、较完整的坚硬岩、较硬岩地基，且符合下 列条件之一时，可不考虑岩溶对地基稳定性的影响： 1 洞体较小，基础底面尺寸大于洞的平面尺寸，并有足够 的支承长度； 2 顶板岩石厚度大于或等于洞的跨度。
1 本次修订的主要技术内容 1.1增加地基基础设计等级中基坑工程的相关内容：
3.0.1：
1.2 将原表3.0.2列为3.0.3条款，再加上一条：“ 地基基 础设计使用年限不应小于建筑结构的设计使用年限”，第 3章由原来的5条变为7条款； 1.3 增加泥炭、泥炭质土的工程定义；
4．1．12 淤泥为在静水或缓慢的流水环境中沉积， 并经生物化学作用形成，其天然含水量大于液限、天然孔 隙比大于或等于 1.5的粘性土。当天然含水量大于液限而 天然孔隙比小于1.5但大于或等于1.0的粘性土或粉土为淤 泥质土。含有大量未分解的腐殖质，有机质含量大于60% 的土为泥炭，有机质含量大于等于10%且小于等于60%的 土为泥炭质土。
2019最新11地基处理(总论)英语
4）确定桩长。
5）根据建筑物基础对加固土层的强度与变形要 求，按有关公式试算复合地基承载力标准值及压 缩模量预估值，从而确定碎石桩的直径、桩间距、 置换率、布桩方式、加固范围、加固效果，形成 初步加固方案。
6）按照初步方案，结合地基条件、机械条件、场 地条件进行试桩。试桩组数不少于两组6根。根据 试桩的结果对初步方案进行修改调整，最终确定 施工方案。
假设: 1桩体破坏长度
h 2r0 tan p
2 桩周土与桩体间摩擦力为0 (环向应力为0)
3 不计地基土和桩体自重
根据力的平衡条件可得出桩周土上的极限应力
r0
(q
2Cu
sin 2
)( tan p tan
1)
根据桩体极限平衡可得出桩的极限承载力
f pu r0 tan 2 p
进行聚能，使喷射浆液对土体的作用半径 增大，即最终形成的桩体增大。通常，浆 液压力为20MPa，气体压力为0.7MPa 三(重)管——采用高压气体环绕高压水进 行同轴喷射，冲切土体。水压29MPa，气 压0.7MPa，浆液压力为2～5MPa
单射流虽然具有巨大的能量，但由于压 力在土中急剧衰减，因此破坏上的有效 射程较短，致使旋喷固结体的直径较小。
<基础工程施工技术>
地基处理技术 地 基 处 理
概述
地基是承受建筑物的荷载，并产生变形影响的那 一部分地层。
在选择建筑物场地时，要选地质条件良好的场地 进行建设。但是有时不得不在地质条件不良的地 基上进行修建。因此需要对天然的软弱地基进行 加固处理。
软弱地基系指主要由淤泥、淤泥质土、冲填土、 杂填土或其它高压缩性土层构成的地基。实际上 还包括可液化的饱和松砂和粉土地基以及湿陷性 黄土和膨胀性软土地基等。
基础工程施工双语
基础工程施工是建筑工程中至关重要的环节，它涉及到将建筑物的荷载传递到地下，确保整个建筑的稳定性和安全性。
基础工程施工的双语介绍如下：Title: Foundation Construction in Civil EngineeringAbstract: Foundation construction is a crucial step in building construction, involving the transmission of building loads to the ground to ensure the stability and safety of the entire structure. This article provides a bilingual introduction to foundation construction.1. Importance of Foundation ConstructionThe foundation is the lower part of a building that transfers the loads from the superstructure to the ground. It plays a vital role in distributing the weight of the building evenly across the ground, preventing excessive settlement, rotation, or overturning. The quality and durability of the foundation directly affect the safety, stability, and service life of the entire building.1.1 Functions of Foundation- Bearing Loads: The foundation supports the loads from the superstructure, including the weight of the walls, columns, beams, and floors.- Distribution of Loads: The foundation evenly distributes the loads to the ground, minimizing settlement and ensuring the stability of the building.- Transferring Loads: The foundation transfers the loads to the soil or rock layers below, utilizing the bearing capacity of the ground.2. Types of FoundationsFoundations can be classified into two main types: shallow foundations and deep foundations, depending on the depth of burial and the method of construction.2.1 Shallow FoundationsShallow foundations, also known as spread footings, are used when the soil has sufficient bearing capacity. They include types such as strip foundations, isolated foundations, and raft foundations. Shallow foundations are relatively easy to construct and are cost-effective for light to medium-duty structures.2.2 Deep FoundationsDeep foundations are used in areas with weak soil conditions or when the structure requires a higher load-bearing capacity. They include types such as pile foundations, drilled shafts, and caissons. Deep foundations are constructed using specialized techniques and are suitable for heavy-duty structures or structures with significant vertical loads.3. Foundation Construction ProcessThe foundation construction process involves several key steps:3.1 Site PreparationBefore commencing foundation construction, the site needs to be cleared of debris, leveled, and prepared for excavation. This may involve grading, drainage installation, and temporary soil support systems.3.2 ExcavationThe next step is excavating the foundation trenches or holes to the required depth and dimensions. Excavation must be carefully executed to avoid damaging adjacent structures or utility lines.3.3 Foundation ReinforcementIn many cases, foundation reinforcement is necessary to improve thesoil's bearing capacity or to prevent settlement. This may include methods such as soil improvement, geotechnical grouting, or the installation of reinforcing materials.3.4 Formwork and Reinforcement InstallationOnce the excavation is complete, formwork is constructed to define the shape and size of the foundation. Reinforcement, such as steel bars or mesh, is then installed according to the design specifications.3.5 Concrete PouringThe concrete mix is prepared according to the project specifications and poured into the excavated trench or hole. Care is taken to ensure that the concrete fully encases the reinforcement and fills all voids.3.6 Curing and BackfillingAfter pouring the concrete, it requires curing to achieve the desired strength and durability. Backfilling, the process of filling the excavation with soil or other materials, is then carried out to restore the ground level and provide additional support to the foundation.4. Construction ConsiderationsSeveral factors should be considered during foundation construction to ensure its quality and performance:- Soil Investigation: A thorough soil investigation should be conducted to determine the soil's bearing capacity, compressibility, and other properties.- Design Specifications: The foundation design should be based on the load requirements of the superstructure and the soil conditions at the site.- Construction Sequence: The construction sequence should be carefully planned to ensure proper excavation, reinforcement installation, concrete pouring, and backfilling.- Quality Control: Strict quality control measures should be implemented to ensure that the foundation meets the design specifications and construction standards.In conclusion, foundation construction is a critical step in building construction that requires careful planning, execution, and quality control. By understanding the types of foundations, constructionprocesses, and important considerations, engineers and construction professionals can ensure the stability and safety of the entire structure.。
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（3）打（沉）桩的质量控制
桩端持力层作为定性控制（标高）；最后贯入度（最后10击 桩的入土深度）或最后1m沉桩锤击数作为定量控制。
摩擦桩以控制桩端设计标高为主，贯入度可作参考；端承桩 以贯入度控制为主，桩端标高可作参考。当贯入度已达到， 而桩端标高未达到时，应继续锤击3阵，按每阵10击的贯入度 不大于设计规定的数值加以确认。
满足设计要求的最后贯入度，最好为20~40mm/10 击，每根桩的总锤击不宜超过：
2500（PHC）；2000(PC)；1500击(PTC) 最后1m的锤击数分别不宜超过300、250、200。
（2）成桩工艺（动画）
就位桩机 接桩
起吊预制桩
稳桩
打桩
送桩
中间检查验收
移桩机至下一个桩位
1）吊装就位——移桩架于桩位处→用卷扬机提升桩→将桩 送入龙门导管内，安放桩尖→桩顶放置弹性垫层（草袋、 麻袋）、放下桩帽和垫木（在桩帽上）→试打检查（桩 身、桩帽、桩锤是否在同一轴线上）；
自动化程度高，结构紧凑，行走方便快速，施压部分不在桩 顶面，而在桩身侧面，它是当前国内较广泛采用的一种新型 压桩机械。
1．压桩机具设备
1）机械式：顶压 桩架、卷扬机、加压钢丝绳、滑轮组和活动压梁等部件组成，
施压部分在桩顶端面，施加静压力约为600~2000kN，这种 桩机设备高大笨重，行走移动不便，压桩速度较慢，但装配 费用较低，只少数还有这种设备的地区还在应用；
2）液压式：抱压 由压拔装置、行走机构及起吊装置等组成，采用液压操作，
对于密集群桩（桩距大于或等于4倍桩直径），自 中间向两个方向或向四周对称施打
由毗邻建筑物处向另一方向施打。 避免自外向内，或从周边向中间进行 宜先深后浅，先大后小，先长后短。
（a）逐排打桩 （b）从中部向边缘打桩 （c）分段打桩
2.2.3锤击沉桩
（1）桩锤选择
多采用爆发力强、锤击能量大、工效高的筒式柴油 锤沉桩。
边支座至柱边（非基础边）起锚入la
JCL单跨
3.2.2 基础钢筋施工
基础垫层完→弹底板钢筋位置线→按线布 放钢筋→绑 扎
要点： 绑扎钢筋：四周两行每点；中间交错扎牢
，但必须保证受力钢筋不位移。 双向主筋的钢筋网，全部。 相邻绑扎点的钢丝扣成八字形，以免网片
歪斜变形。
钢筋撑脚：应垫在下片钢筋网上。 钢筋的弯钩应朝上，不要倒向一边；双层钢筋网的
3.2 浅基础
独立基础；条形基础； 筏板基础；箱形基础
平法
03G101-1（现浇混凝土框架、剪力墙、框支剪力 墙结构）
03G101-2（现浇混凝土板式楼梯） 04G101-3（筏板基础） 04G101-4（现浇混凝土楼面和屋面板） 06G101-6（独立基础、条形基础、桩基承台）
2.原因分析
(1)条形基础模板拼接处的上口不在同一条直线上。模板上 口未设定位支撑，支撑围檩刚度不足，在混凝土侧压力下 向外位移 (俗称胀模)。
(2)杯形基础中心线弹线不规方，芯模的拼装或外表面处理 不当，芯模底板不透气，芯模四周混凝土浇捣不同步，造 成芯模上浮或侧移。拆模时间超过混凝土终凝时间，造成 芯模难拆除，
3.1 地基处理
建筑物对地基的要求： 稳定性；承载力；变形。 天然地基－不满足－地基处理 原理：将土质由松变实，将水的含水量由高变低
。 方法：换填法、重锤夯实法、机械碾压法、挤密
桩法（灰土桩）、深层搅拌法、化学加固法等
3.1.1 换填法
适用浅层（3M内）软弱土的处理。 1. 砂和砂石地基（垫层） 施工要点 材料：中砂、粗砂、石屑和碎石、卵石 清理；台阶 ；分层压实 质量检验：环刀取样法；贯入测定法 2.灰土垫层施工要点 材料：3︰7或2︰8 含水量控制：手握灰土成团，两指轻捏即碎
力层的强度、桩的承载力等；
抄平放线——在打桩现场设置水准点（至少2个）， 用做抄平场地标高和检查桩的入土深度；按设计 图纸要求定出桩基础轴线和每个桩位；
定桩位——用小木桩或白灰点法标出桩位，或用 设置龙门板拉线法定出桩位（此法可以避免挤土 使白灰点或小木桩发生位移而产生的误差）；
确定打桩顺序——影响打桩工程的速度和桩基质 量（挤土效应）
3.1.2 灰土桩地基
处理深度可达12～15m ，与换填法比优点 ？
打孔：300～600mm ；5～15m ；等边三角 形布置
分层回填：回填厚度为250～400mm 质量检验：前－中－后
3.1.3 局部地基处理
1.松土坑的处理 －5种情况
2.局部软硬地基的处理
补充：基础选型思路
锤击沉桩施工过程资料：记录桩顶状况、总锤击数和最后1m 锤击数、最后三阵贯入度、垂直度、桩顶标高、桩端持力层 情况等。
2.2.4 静力压桩
概念：
用静力压桩机将预制的预应力管桩压入土层成桩的 方法。 适用范围： 管桩适用坚硬的土层，如强风化岩层、全风化岩层、 坚硬的粘土层或密实的砂层（或卵石层）等。管桩 一般可打入强风化岩层1~3m，但很难打入中风化岩 层，更不能打入微风化岩层。
2）管桩
外径：300～1000mm 壁厚：60～130mm 长度：8m～12m。
桩的接头不宜超过4个。
补充：预应力管桩
1）代号 PHC：预应力高强混凝土管桩(C80)； PC： 预应力混凝土管桩(C60) PTC：预应力混凝土薄壁管桩(C60) 2）分类：按桩身混凝土有效预压应力值或抗弯性能
质量问题：沿基础通长方向模板上口不直，宽度不够， 下口陷入混凝土内；拆模时上段混凝土缺损，底部钉模 不牢的现象。
预防措施
1）模板应有足够的强度、刚度和稳定性，支模时垂直度 要准确。
2）模板上口应钉木带，以控制带形基础上口宽度，并通 长拉线，保证上口平直。
3）隔一定间距，将上段模板下口支承在钢筋支架上。 4）支撑直接在土坑边时，下面应垫以木板，以扩大其承
梁，分为贯通和不贯通[逐跨标注:JLLxx（1），端部纵筋
从基础边缘开始锚固]基础两种形式。 基础梁（JL）：指承受上部荷载的梁。例如：筏形基础的
基础梁和条形基础的基础梁。
基础粱（JL）、基础圈粱（JQL）和条形基 础底板（TJBP、 TJBJ ）
条形基础JL纵向钢筋和箍筋的构造
JCL连续
2.2 预制桩基础
锤击沉桩
3：38
静压沉桩
注：预制桩的混凝土强度等级不应低于C30；预应 力桩不应低于C40。
2.2.1预制桩的制作、运输和堆放 2.2.2打桩准备 2.2.3锤击沉桩 2.2.4静力压桩
2.2.1预制桩的制作、运输和堆放
（1）类型
1）方桩： 截面边长：250～550mm， 长度：12m～30m。 桩的接头不宜超过2个。
垂直度偏差不得大于0.5%
2）打桩——开始宜低锤轻打，随沉桩加深，慢慢高锤重打； 桩锤经常回弹，更换重锤；
——桩锤回弹，贯入度突减，说明桩尖遇上硬物，应减小锤 距，加快锤击频率；
——贯）接桩 管桩一般采用电焊连接或机械快速连接接头。 露出地面0.5～1.0m时接桩。 清理—扣接桩夹具（导向箍） —就位，先用电焊在
分为A、AB、B、C四种类型。 3）桩尖：十字型a，开口型b
十字型a 开口型b
×××-× ×××（××）-L×
各类型桩代号 管桩型号
桩尖类型 桩长
管 桩 外 径 （ 璧 厚 ，mm ）
单载承载力可从600kN到4500kN 可穿透5~6m厚的密实砂夹层 单位承载力价格仅为钢桩的1/3~2/3,并节省钢材
特点
桩机全部采用液压装置驱动，压力大（4000~7500kN ），自 动化程度高，纵横移动方便，运转灵活；
桩定位精确，不易产生偏心，可提高桩基施工质量； 施工无噪声、无振动、无污染； 沉桩采用全液压夹持桩身向下施加压力，可避免锤击应力，打
碎桩头，桩截面可以减小，混凝土强度等级可降低1~2级，配 筋比锤击法可省40%； 效率高，施工速度快，压桩速度每分钟可达2m，正常情况下 每台班可完15根，比锤击法可缩短工期1/3；
块上。从侧模下口溢出来的混凝土应及时铲平至侧模下口 。 （4）侧模中部应设置斜撑，下部应用台楞固定。支承在 土坑边上的支撑应垫木板，扩大接触面。
桩基础选用表
3.3 桩基础 2.1桩基础概述 2.2预制桩基础 2.3灌注桩基础
2.1桩基础概述
建筑物对地基的要求： 0：17 承载力和变形。 浅层的土质不能满足时，就需要考虑以下
3.2.1 识图和构造要点
1、独立基础
左至右为x向，从下至上为Y向
独立基础底扳底部双向配筋示意
DJJ DJP BJJ BJP
独立基础底板钢筋的构造
长向钢筋放置于下部，短向钢筋放置于上部
对称独立基础
非对称独立基础
独立基础底板配筋减少10％的构造
≥ 1/3 Hn ≥ 0.5laE,a=12d且 ≥ 150mm ≥ 0.6laE,a=10d且 ≥ 150mm ≥ 0.7laE,a=8d且 ≥ 150mm ≥ 0.8laE,a=6d且 ≥ 150mm ≥ 20d,弯 35d减 竖 直 长 度
(3)上阶侧模未撑牢，下口未设置钢筋支架或混凝土垫块， 脚手板直接搁置在模板上，造成上阶侧模下口陷入混凝土 内，拆模后上台
3．防治措施
(1) 通长拉线找准，上口应定位； (2) 复查地基垫层标高及中心线位置。木芯模底板应钻孔
以便排气，芯模外壳应涂刷脱模剂，上口要临时遮盖。 (3)上阶侧模应支承在预先设置的钢筋支架或预制混凝土垫
注 ： 阴 影 部 分 为 非连