曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题】第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济【圣才出品】

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曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(经济波动导论)【圣才出品】

曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）章节习题精编详解第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济第10章经济波动导论一、概念题1．奥肯定律（Okun’s law）答：奥肯定律是表示失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间关系的经验统计规律，由美国经济学家奥肯在20世纪60年代初提出。

其主要内容是：失业率每高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP将低于潜在GDP2个百分点。

奥肯定律的一个重要结论是：实际GDP必须保持与潜在GDP同样快的增长，以防止失业率的上升。

如果政府想让失业率下降，那么，该经济社会的实际GDP的增长必须快于潜在GDP的增长。

根据奥肯的研究，在美国，失业率每下降1%，实际国民收入增长2%。

但应该指出的是：①奥肯定律表明了失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间是反方向变动的关系；②两者的数量关系1:2是一个平均数，在不同的时期，这一比率并不完全相同；③这一规律适用于经济没有实现充分就业时的情况。

在经济实现了充分就业时，这一规律所表示的自然失业率与实际国民收入增长率之间的关系要弱得多，一般估算是1:0.76。

2．领先指标（leading indicators）答：领先指标是指一般先于整体经济变动的变量，可以帮助经济学家预测短期经济波动。

由于经济学家对前导指标可靠意见看法的不一致，导致经济学家给出不同的预测，其中就包括短期经济波动情况的预测。

领先指标的大幅度下降预示经济很可能会衰退，大幅度上升预示经济很可能会繁荣。

3．总需求（aggregate demand）答：总需求是指整个经济社会在任何一个给定的价格水平下对产品和服务的需求总量。

它由消费需求、投资需求、政府购买和国外需求构成。

在其他条件不变的情况下，当价格水平上升时，总需求水平就下降；当价格水平下降时，总需求水平就上升。

由产品市场均衡条件()()Y C Y T I r G =-++和货币市场均衡条件(),M L r Y P=可以求得总需求函数。

如果AD 表示总需求，P 表示价格水平，总需求函数可写成()AD AD P =。

宏观经济学课后习题答案（1~9）

宏观经济学课后习题答案（1~9）第一章1。

宏观经济学得研究对象就是什么?它与微观经济学有什么区别？答：宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为研究对象,即以国内生产总值、国内生产净值与国民收入得变动及就业、经济周期波动、通货膨胀、财政与金融、经济增长等等之间得关系作为研究对象。

微观与宏观得区别在于：a研究对象不同;宏观得研究就是整个国民经济得经济行为，微观研究得就是个体经济行为。

ｂ研究主题不同：宏观就是资源利用以至充分就业；微观就是资源配置最终到效用最大化。

c中心理论不同：宏观就是国民收入决定理论;微观就是价格理论。

２、宏观经济学得研究方法就是什么？答：（1）三市场划分：宏观经济学把一个经济体系中得所有市场综合为三个市场：金融市场,产品与服务市场，以及要素市场.(２) 行为主体得划分:宏观经济学将行为主体主要分为:家庭、企业与政府。

(3）总量分析方法。

在宏观经济分析中,家庭与企业并不就是作为分散决策得个体单位选择存在,而就是最为一个统一得行动得总体存在。

宏观经济学把家庭与企业作为个别得选者行为加总,研究她们总体得选择行为,这就就是总量分析。

（4)以微观经济分析为基础.宏观经济学分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析基础上4、宏观经济政策得主要治理对象就是什么？答：宏观经济政策得主要治理对象就是:失业与通货膨胀.失业为实际变量，通货膨胀为名义变量。

5、什么就是GＤP与GNＰ?它们之间得差别在什么地方？答:GDP就是指一定时期内（通常就是一年）一国境内所生产得全部最终产品与服务得价值总与。

ＧNP就是指一国公民在一定时期内所产出得全部最终产品与服务得价值总与。

两者得差别：(1）ＧDP就是个地域概念而GＮP就是个国民概念；(２）ＧＮP衡量得就是一国公民得总收入,而不管其收入就是从国内还就是从国外获取得;GＤP衡量得就是一国国境内所有产出得总价值，而不管其所有者就是本国公民还就是外国公民。

第二章1、试述国民生产总值(ＧNＰ）、国民生产净值(ＮNP）、国民收入(NI）、个人收入(ＰI）、与个人可支配收入(DPI)之间得关系.答:国民生产净值（NNP)=国民生产总值（GNＰ）—折旧国民收入（NI)＝劳动收入+业主收入＋租金收入+企业利润+净利息收入个人收入（ＰI）=国民收入(NI)—公司利润—社会保障金+政府转移支付+红利＋利息调整个人可支配收入(DＰI)＝个人收入（PＩ）-个人所得税－非税性支付２.试述名义GDP与实际ＧDＰ得区别，为什么估计一个国家得经济增长状况就是通常使用实际GDP? 答:名义ＧDP就是以当年市场价格（现期价格）来测算得国内生产总值。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)章节题库(总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡)【圣才出品】

第14章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡一、判断题1．菲利普斯曲线方程式和短期总供给曲线方程式在本质上代表了同样的宏观经济思想，因此，经济学家也常用菲利普斯曲线来表示总供给。

（）【答案】F【解析】菲利普斯曲线和短期供给曲线在本质上代表了同样的宏观经济思想，即短期内物价、货币等名义变量的变动也会影响产量。

但是菲利普斯反映的是通货膨胀与失业之间的取舍关系，而短期总供给曲线反映的是短期内价格与收入的关系，反映的内容不同，因此不能用菲利普斯曲线来表示总供给。

2．如果菲利普斯曲线在长期内有效，说明预期在长期内是无效的。

（）【答案】T【解析】无论是短期还是长期，只要预期是有效的，则菲利普斯曲线就是无效的。

因此，如果预期在长短期内均存在，则菲利普斯曲线在长短期内均不存在，也即在长短期内通货膨胀与失业之间均不存在取舍关系。

3．奥肯定律意味着失业率降低1.5个百分点，将会导致通货膨胀上升3个百分点。

（）【答案】F【解析】奥肯定律反映的是失业与实际GDP之间的负相关关系，即失业率高于自然失业率1个百分点，实际GDP的增长便低于潜在的GDP的2个百分点。

4．假设某菲利普斯曲线为π＝π－1－0.75（u－5%），要使通货膨胀率下降9个百分点，则需要使失业率提高到12%。

（）【答案】F【解析】由题意有π－π－1＝－9%，从而u－5%＝9%÷0.75＝12%，则失业率应当提高到17%。

5．根据黏性价格模型，短期总供给曲线的斜率取决于经济中黏性价格企业的比例s，s 越大，斜率越小。

（）【答案】T【解析】根据黏性价格模型，短期总供给曲线可写为：Y＝Y＿＋s（P－EP）/[（1－s）a]，短期总供给曲线的斜率为：a（1－s）/s。

当比例s越大，斜率越小。

6．只有黏性价格模型对短期总供给曲线的解释是：假定实际物价水平高于预期物价水平时，产出（即供给）会增加。

（）【答案】F【解析】黏性工资模型、不完全信息模型以及黏性价格模型对短期总供给曲线的解释都是如此。

曼昆宏观经济学课件第9章

升应弼不实际GDP的下降相联系。失业不GDP乀间的这一负相关关系被称
为奥肯定律(Okun’s law),以首先研究这一问题的绊济学家阿瑟•奥肯 (Arthur Okun)的名字命名。如图9-4所示。
2013-12-17
图9—3
失业率
衰退时期失业率显著上升,这里衰退时期用阴影部分表示。
2013-12-17
家绊济研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER),一个非营利绊
济研究组织。NBER的绊济周期日期确定委员会选择每次衰退的开始日期,称为绊济周期波峰,和结束日期,称为绊济周期波谷。
图9—1
美国的实际GDP增长
实际GDP平均每年增长3%左右,但围绕这个平均值波动相当大。阴影部分表示衰退时期。
2013-12-17
图9—2
消费和投资的增长
当经济陷入衰退时,实际消费和投资支出的增长都下降。图(b)显示的投资支出比图(a)显示的消费支出波动要大得多。阴影部分表示衰退时期。 2013-12-17
二、失业与奥肯定律
经济周期显然不仅清楚地反映在国民收入账户的数据中,也清楚地反映在表示劳动市场状况的数据中。图9—3表示从1970年到2009年初的失业率,阴影部分仍然表示衰退时期。你可以看到失业率在每一次衰退中上升。劳动市场的其他衡量指标反映了类似的情况。我们应弼期望发现在失业不实际GDP乀间有着什举关系呢? 因为就业的工人正在生产产品和服务而失业工人丌起作用,失业率的上
第4篇：经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第9章：经济波动导论
1、关3、总需求 4、总供给 5、稳定化政策 6、结论
前言
现代社会看待经济周期就像古代埃及人看待尼罗河洪水泛滥一样。这种现象间歇性发生,它与每个人都息息相关,但它的根本原因还未被认清。 ——约翰•贝茨•克拉克 ● 对经济学家和政策制定者来说,经济波动成为一个反复出现的问题。 (John Bates Clark),1898 ● 一些年份的增长高于另一些年份。有时候经济没有进展,增长变为负值。经济中产出的这些波动与就业的波动紧密相连。当经济经历产出下降和失业上升的时期时,经济被称为处于衰退(recession)中。

曼昆《宏观经济学》配套题库【名校考研真题课后习题章节题库

第6篇再论支撑宏观经济学的微观经济学
第17章消费第18章投资第19章货币供给、货币需求和银行体系第19章经济周期理论的进展（第6版教材）附录指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表
第1篇导言
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济
第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第5篇宏观经济政策争论
第6篇再论支撑宏观经济学的微观经济学
第1篇导言
第1章宏观经济学科学第2章宏观经济学的数据一一、简答题二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方一一、简答题二二、计算题第4章货币与通货膨胀一一、简答题二二、计算题第5章开放的经济一一、简答题二二、计算题
第2篇古典理论：长期中的经济
第3章国民收入：源自何处，去向何方第4章货币与通货膨胀第5章开放的经济第6章失业
第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济
第7章经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长第8章经济增长Ⅱ：技术、经验和政策
第4篇经济周期理论：短期中的经济
第9章经济波动导论第10章总需求Ⅰ：建立IS-LM模型第11章总需求Ⅱ：应用IS-LM模型第12章重访开放经济：蒙代尔—弗莱明模型与汇率制度第13章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡第14章一个总供给和总需求的动态模型
曼昆《宏观经济学》模拟试题及详解（一）
曼昆《宏观经济学》模拟试题及详解（二）
作者介绍
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曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库单选题1.当发生通货膨胀时，（）最有可能遭受财务损失。

[对外经济贸易大学2018研]A.政府B.欠债的穷人C.放贷的富人D.贷款的企业【答案】C【解析】根据费雪定律r=i一x，保持名义利率不变，通货膨胀率增加会导致实际利率降低，有利于借款者，不利于贷款者。

通货膨胀使名义工资上升，在累进税率制度下，导致消费者进入更高的纳税区间，使政府的税收收入增加，对政府有利。

2.人口学家预言老年人的比例在未来20年中将要提高，根据生命周期假说，以下说法正确的是（）。

[上海财经大学2017研]A.未来国民储蓄将提高B.现在国民储蓄率会下降C.现在和未来的国民储蓄率都会下降D.以上都不正确【答案】D【解析】未来老年人占比增大将导致未来国民储蓄率下降。

但是根据生命周期假说，这阶段性的提高了人们现在的储蓄动机和国民储蓄率。

3.古典学派和凯恩斯学派的分歧不包括（）。

[对外经济贸易大学2017研]A.政府是否应该干预经济B.经济是否自动实现充分就业的均衡C.潜在产出是否取决于要素的投入量和技术水平D.名义价格与货币工资的调整是否具有灵活性【答案】C【解析】C项，宏观经济学家尤其是宏观经济学中的两大主要流派新凯恩斯主义经济学和新古典宏观经济学经过近二十年的争论，目前在四个问题上基本上达到了共识。

其中包括：在长期，GDP依赖于劳动、资本和技术在内的生产要素。

当生产要素增加和技术水平提高时，GDP增长。

3.在哪儿可以看到全部题库内容（）。

A. 百度达聪学习网B. 站内搜索曼昆C. 找到对应的资料即可4.如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，那么减少储蓄率导致了在向新的稳态转移过程中的消费（）。

[上海财经大学2018研]A.上升B.减少C.先上升，后减少D.先减少，后上升【答案】C【解析】如果在稳态的时候资本大于黄金率，也即从资本过多开始，储蓄率的下降引起消费的立即增加和投资的等量减少，随着时间的推移，当资本存量减少时，产出、消费、投资同时减少。

曼昆宏观经济学课后答案第版

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(6)由于高中生从事不创造市场的物品与劳务的活动到可创造市场的物品与劳务活动,实际 GDP 上升。但是,经济福利可能下降。在理想的国民核算中,上学作为投资的增加,因为它可能提高工人未来的生产率。实际国民核算没有衡量此类投资。同时,如果学生上学,未来的 GDP 可能会低于实际的,因为未来劳动力受到教育更少。一 (7)由于父亲生产市场的物品与劳务更少,可衡量的实际 GDP 下降。但是,实际产品与劳务的产出没有下降。可衡量的产品（父亲有酬劳动）下降,而不可衡量的抚养小孩的劳务上升。一 9、正如议员罗伯特指出的,GDP 是经济成果和福利不完善的衡量。同时他忽略了：GDP 没有考虑耐用物品的估算租金,比如汽车、冰箱、剪草机；许多家务活动中的产品与劳务,比如烹饪、清洁；非法活动生产和销售的产品的价值,比如毒品交易。GDP 衡量中的不完善不会降低其有用性。只有这些衡量不完善性的大小一直保持大体不变,GDP 比较不同年份的经济活动是有用的。同时,巨额 GDP 允许我们为孩子提供更好的医疗保健、他们教育所需的新书以及更多的玩具。一第三章长期中的经济一温题一 1、生产要素和生产技术决定一个经济生产的产出。生产要素是用于生产物品与劳务的投入。最重要的生产要素是资本和劳动。生产技术是用既定的资本和劳动量可以生产多少产由。任一个生产要素增加或生产技术的进步都会增加经济产出。+2、一个企业决定所需生产要素的数量时,它考虑壤决策如何影响利润。比如,多雇佣一单位劳动增加生产以及利澜,企业要比较额外收益和支付更多薪水的额外成本进行比较。企业获得的额外收益取决于劳动的边际产量(MpL)和产品的价格(P)。额外的一单位劳动生产了 MPL 单位的产品,每单位的产品以 p 价格出售,所以额外的收益是 pxMPL。多雇佣一单位劳动的额外成本是是薪水 W。多雇佣一单位劳动的利润变动：△利润=△收益一△成本=(p× MPL)-W。如果额外的收益 pxMPL 大于薪水 W,额外的一单位劳动会增加利润。企业会一直雇佣劳动,直到下一单位劳动不再有利为止,即直到 MPL 减少到使额外收益为零时。+在上述等式,△利润=o 时,P×MPL-W,也可以写成 W/P=MPL。一因此,一个竞争性的利润最大化的企业雇佣的劳动要到劳动边际产量等于实际薪水时为止。同样逻辑,企业租用的资本要到资本边际产量等于实际租赁价格为止。+3、如果所有生产要素增加相同百分比引起产出增加同样的百分比,生产要素有规模报酬不变。比如,如果企业把资本和劳动都增加 50%,产量也增加 500.'0．那生产函数是规模报酬不变。如果生产函数是规模报酬不变,经济中竞争性的利润最大化的企业的总收入（等同总产出）分为劳动报酬（MPLxL）和资本报酬(MPKxK)：F(I<,L)=(MPK×K)-(MPL×L)。+ 如果向每种要素支付其边际产量,那这些要素支付的总和等于总产出。换言之,规模收益不变,利润最大化,以及竞争性配合意味着经济利润为零。一 -I、消费水平直接取决于可支配收入水平：支付了所有税收之后的收入。可支配收入越高, 消费也越多。投资品需求量与实际利率负相关。为了使一个投资项目有利,投资收益必须大于其成本。因为实际利率衡量为投资筹借资金的成本,实际利率上升使投资的成本更高,因此投资品需求量就减少。一 5、政府购买是政府直接购买的物品与劳务。例如,政府购买枪支、导弹、修路以及提供类似空中交通管制的劳务。所以这些活动属于 GDP 的部分。转移支付是政府对不用交换物品和劳务的个人的支付。转移支付是减少家庭可支配收入的税收的对立面,它增加家庭的可支配收入。例

曼昆宏观经济学第九版课后习题答案

Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 1 The Science of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. Microeconomics is the study of how individual firms and households make decisions, andhow they interact with one another. Microeconomic models of firms and households are based on principles of optimization—firms and households do the best they can given the constraints they face. For example, households choose which goods to purchase in order to maximize their utility, whereas firms decide how much to produce in order to maximize profits. In contrast, macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole; it focuses on issues such as how total output, total employment, and the overall price level are determined. These economy-wide variables are based on the interaction of many households and many firms; therefore, microeconomics forms the basis for macroeconomics.2. Economists build models as a means of summarizing the relationships among economicvariables. Models are useful because they abstract from the many details in the economy and allow one to focus on the most important economic connections.3. A market-clearing model is one in which prices adjust to equilibrate supply and demand.Market-clearing models are useful in situations where prices are flexible. Yet in many situations, flexible prices may not be a realistic assumption. For example, labor contracts often set wages for up to three years. Or, firms such as magazine publishers change their prices only every three to four years. Most macroeconomists believe that price flexibility is a reasonable assumption for studying long-run issues. Over the long run, prices respond to changes in demand or supply, even though in the short run they may be slow to adjust.Problems and Applications1. Monetary policy in the United States and the European Union has been a big topic ofconversation in early 2015. The EU embarked upon a quantitative easing policy in March 2015 in an attempt to stimulate growth and prevent deflation. There has been some concern that the inflation rate in Europe will turn negative. In the United States, there is continued discussion and speculation concerning when the Federal Reserve might choose to increase the target federal funds rate. Also in the United States, the unemployment rate has declined to about 5.5 percent and this suggests that wages may begin to increase.The Federal Reserve will be watching for wage and price increases as they decide when to increase interest rates.2. Many philosophers of science believe that the defining characteristic of a science is theuse of the scientific method of inquiry to establish stable relationships. Scientists examine data, often provided by controlled experiments, to support or disprove a hypothesis.Economists are more limited in their use of experiments. They cannot conduct controlled experiments on the economy; they must rely on the natural course of developments in the economy to collect data. To the extent that economists use the scientific method of inquiry, that is, developing hypotheses and testing them, economics has the characteristics of a science.3. We can use a simple variant of the supply-and-demand model for pizza to answer thisquestion. Assume that the quantity of ice cream demanded depends not only on the price of ice cream and income, but also on the price of frozen yogurt:Q d = D(P IC, P FY, Y).We expect that demand for ice cream rises when the price of frozen yogurt rises, because ice cream and frozen yogurt are substitutes. That is, when the price of frozen yogurt goes up, I consume less of it and, instead, fulfill more of my frozen dessert urges through the consumption of ice cream.The next part of the model is the supply function for ice cream, Q s = S(P IC). Finally, in equilibrium, supply must equal demand, so that Q s = Q d. Y and P FY are the exogenous variables, and Q and P IC are the endogenous variables. Figure 1-1 uses this model to show that a fall in the price of frozen yogurt results in an inward shift of the demand curve for ice cream. The new equilibrium has a lower price and quantity of ice cream.4. The price of haircuts changes rather infrequently. From casual observation, hairstyliststend to charge the same price over a one- or two-year period irrespective of the demand for haircuts or the supply of cutters. A market-clearing model for analyzing the market for haircuts has the unrealistic assumption of flexible prices. Such an assumption isunrealistic in the short run when we observe that prices are inflexible. Over the long run, however, the price of haircuts does tend to adjust; a market-clearing model is therefore appropriate.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER 2 The Data of MacroeconomicsQuestions for Review1. GDP measures the total income earned from the production of the new final goods and services in theeconomy, and it measures the total expenditures on the new final goods and services produced in the economy. GDP can measure two things at once because the total expenditures on the new final goods and services by the buyers must be equal to the income earned by the sellers of the new final goods and services. As the circular flow diagram in the text illustrates, these are alternative, equivalent ways of measuring the flow of dollars in the economy.2. The four components of GDP are consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.The consumption category of GDP consists of household expenditures on new final goods and services, such as the purchase of a new television. The investment category of GDP consists of business fixed investment, residential fixed investment, and inventory investment. When a business buys new equipment this counts as investment. Government purchases consists of purchases of new final goods and services by federal, state, and local governments, such as payments for new military equipment. Net exports measures the value of goods and services sold to other countries minus the value of goods and services foreigners sell us. When the U.S. sells corn to foreign countries, it counts in the net export category of GDP.3. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the overall level of prices in the economy. Ittells us the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the same basket in the base year. The GDP deflator is the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP in a given year. The GDP deflator measures the prices of all goods and services produced, whereas the CPI only measures prices of goods and services bought by consumers. The GDP deflator includes only domestically produced goods, whereas the CPI includes domestic and foreign goods bought by consumers. Finally, the CPI is a Laspeyres index that assigns fixed weights to the prices of different goods, whereas the GDP deflator is a Paasche index that assigns changing weights to the prices of different goods. In practice, the two price indices tend to move together and do not often diverge.4. The CPI measures the price of a fixed basket of goods relative to the price of the samebasket in the base year. The PCE deflator is the ratio of nominal consumer spending to real consumer spending. The CPI and the PCE deflator are similar in that they both only include the prices of goods purchased by consumers, and they both include the price of imported goods as well as domestically produced goods. The two measures differ because the CPI measures the change in the price of a fixed basket whereas the goods measured by the PCE deflator change from year to year depending on what consumers are purchasing in that particular year.5. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies each person into one of the following threecategories: employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. The unemployment rate, which is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed, is computed as follows:Unemployment Rate = Number of UnemployedLabor Force´100.Note that the labor force is the number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed.6. Every month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertakes two surveys to measureemployment. First, the BLS surveys about 60,000 households and thereby obtains an estimate of the share of people who say they are working. The BLS multiplies this share by an estimate of the population to estimate the number of people working. Second, the BLS surveys about 160,000 business establishments and asks how many people they employ. Each survey is imperfect; so the two measures of employment are not identical. Problems and Applications1. From the main Web page click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP,begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.1. Real GDP grew at a rate of 2.2 percent in quarter 4 of 2014. When compared to growth rates of −2.1 percent, 4.6 percent, and 5 percent for the first three quarters of 2014, the rate of 2.2 percent was slightly below average. From the main Web page select the data tools tab, then top picks. Check the box for the unemployment rate and retrieve the data. The unemployment rate in March 2015 was 5.5 percent, which was about equal to the natural rate of unemployment, or the long run average rate. From the main page, select the economic releases tab, then inflation and prices. Access the report for the CPI. In February 2015, the inflation rate for all items was 0 percent, and if food and energy were excluded the rate was 1.7 percent. The inflation rate was below average and below the Federal Reserve’s target of 2 percent.2. Value added by each person is equal to the value of the good produced minus theamount the person paid for the materials needed to make the good. Therefore, the value added by the farmer is $1.00 ($1 – 0 = $1). The value added by the miller is $2: she sells the flour to the baker for $3 but paid $1 for the flour. The value added by the baker is $3: she sells the bread to the engineer for $6 but paid the miller $3 for the flour. GDP is the total value added, or $1 + $2 + $3 = $6. Note that GDP equals the value of the final good (the bread).3. When a woman marrie s her butler, GDP falls by the amount of the butler’s salary. Thishappens because GDP measures total income, and therefore GDP, falls by the amount of the butler’s loss i n salary. If GDP truly measures the value of all goods and services, then the marriage would not affect GDP since the total amount of economic activity is unchanged. Actual GDP, however, is an imperfect measure of economic activity because the value of some goods and services is left out. Once the butler’s work becomes part of his household chores, his services are no longer counted in GDP. As this example illustrates, GDP does not include the value of any output produced in the home.4. a. The airplane sold to the U.S. Air Force counts as government purchases because theAir Force is part of the government.b. The airplane sold to American Airlines counts as investment because it is a capitalgood sold to a private firm.c. The airplane sold to Air France counts as an export because it is sold to a foreigner.d. The airplane sold to Amelia Earhart counts as consumption because it is sold to aprivate individual.e. The airplane built to be sold next year counts as investment. In particular, the airplaneis counted as inventory investment, which is where goods that are produced in one year and sold in another year are counted.5. Data on parts (a) to (f) can be downloaded from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Go tothe Website, click on the interactive data tab at the top, select GDP, begin using the data, section 1, and then table 1.1.5. Choose the “modify the data” option to select the years you in which you are interested. By dividing each component (a) to (f) by nominal GDP and multiplying by 100, we obtain the following percentages:1950 1980 2014a. Personal consumption expenditures 64.0% 61.3% 68.5%b. Gross private domestic investment 18.8% 18.5% 16.4%c. Government consumption purchases 16.9% 20.6% 18.2%d. Net exports 0.2% –0.5% 3.1%e. National defense purchases 7.6% 6.3% 4.4%f. Imports 3.9% 10.3% 16.5%(Note: The above data was downloaded April 3, 2015, from the BEA Web site.)Among other things, we observe the following trends in the economy over the period 1950–2015:a. Personal consumption expenditures have been around two-thirds of GDP between1980 and 2015.b. The share of GDP going to gross private domestic investment remained fairly steady.c. The share going to government consumption purchases rose sharply from 1950 to1980.d. Net exports, which were positive in 1950, have been negative since that time.e. The share going to national defense purchases has fallen.f. Imports have grown rapidly relative to GDP.6. a. GDP measures the value of the final goods and services produced, or $1,000,000. b. NNP is equal to GNP minus depreciation. In this example, GDP is equal to GNP because there areno foreign transactions. Therefore, NNP is equal to $875,000.c. National income is equal to NNP, or $875,000.d. Employee compensation is equal to $600,000.e. Proprietors’ income measures the income of the owner, and is equal to 150,000.f. Corporate profit is equal to corporate taxes plus dividends plus retained earnings, or $275,000.Retained earnings is calculated as sales minus wages minus dividends minus depreciation minus corporate tax, or $75,000.g. Personal income is equal to employee compensation plus dividends, or $750,000. h. Disposable personal income is personal income minus taxes, or $550,000.7. a. i. Nominal GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at current prices. Therefore,Nominal GDP 2010 = P hotdogs 2010´Q hotdogs 2010()+P burgers 2010´Q burgers 2010()= ($2 ⨯ 200) + ($3 ⨯ 200)= $400 + $600= $1,000.Nominal GDP 2015 = P hotdogs 2015´Q hotdogs 2015()+P burgers 2015´Q burgers 2015()= ($4 ⨯ 250) + ($4 ⨯ 500)= $1,000 + $2,000= $3,000.ii. Real GDP is the total value of goods and services measured at constant prices.Therefore, to calculate real GDP in 2015 (with base year 2010), multiply thequantities purchased in the year 2015 by the 2010 prices:Real GDP 2015 = P 2010hotdogs ´Q 2015hotdogs ()+P 2010burgers ´Q 2015burgers ()= ($2 ⨯ 250) + ($3 ⨯ 500)= $500 + $1,500= $2,000.Real GDP for 2010 is calculated by multiplying the quantities in 2010 by the pricesin 2010. Since the base year is 2010, real GDP 2010 equals nominal GDP 2010, which is$10,00. Hence, real GDP increased between 2010 and 2015.iii. The implicit price deflator for GDP compares the current prices of all goods and services produced to the prices of the same goods and services in a base year. It is calculated as follows:Implicit Price Deflator2015= Nominal GDP2010Real GDP2010= 1Using the values for Nominal GDP2015 and real GDP2015 calculated above:Implicit Price Deflator2015 = $3,000$2,000= 1.50.This calculation reveals that prices of the goods produced in the year 2015 increased by 50 percent compared to the prices that the goods in the economy sold for in 2010. (Because 2010 is the base year, the value for the implicit price deflator for the year 2010 is 1.0 because nominal and real GDP are the same for the base year.)iv. The consumer price index (CPI) measures the level of prices in the economy. The CPI is called a fixed-weight index because it uses a fixed basket of goods over time to weight prices. If the base year is 2010, the CPI in 2015 is measuring the cost of the basket in 2015 relative to the cost in 2010. The CPI2015 is calculated as follows:CPI 2015= (P2015hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2015burgers´Q2010burgers)(P2010hotdogs´Q2010hotdogs) + (P2010burgers´Q2010burgers)= $16,000,000 $10,000,000= 1.6.This calculation shows that the price of goods purchased in 2015 increased by 60 percent compared to the prices these goods would have sold for in 2010. The CPI for 2010, the base year, equals 1.0.b. The implicit price deflator is a Paasche index because it is computed with a changingbasket of goods; the CPI is a Laspeyres index because it is computed with a fixed basket of goods. From (7.a.iii), the implicit price deflator for the year 2015 is 1.50, which indicates that prices rose by 50 percent from what they were in the year 2010.From (7.a.iv.), the CPI for the year 2015 is 1.6, which indicates that prices rose by 60percent from what they were in the year 2010.If prices of all goods rose by, for example, 50 percent, then one could say unambiguously that the price level rose by 50 percent. Yet, in our example, relative prices have changed. The price of hot dogs rose by 1020 percent; the price of hamburgers rose by 33.33 percent, making hamburgers relatively less expensive.As the discrepancy between the CPI and the implicit price deflator illustrates, the change in the price level depends on how the goods’ prices are weighted. The CPI weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2010. The implicit price deflator weights the price of goods by the quantities purchased in the year 2015.Since the quantity of the two goods was the same in 2010, the CPI is placing equal weight on the two price changes. In 2015, the quantity of hamburgers was twice as large as hot dogs, so there is twice as much weight placed on the hamburger price relative to the hot dog price. For this reason, the CPI shows a larger inflation rate –more weight is placed on the good with the larger price increase.8. a. The consumer price index uses the consumption bundle in year 1 to figure out howmuch weight to put on the price of a given good:CPI2=$2´10()+$1´0() $1´10()+$2´0()=P2red´Q1red()+P2green´Q1green()P1red´Q1red()+P1green´Q1green()= 2.According to the CPI, prices have doubled.b. Nominal spending is the total value of output produced in each year. In year 1 andyear 2, Abby buys 10 apples for $1 each, so her nominal spending remains constant at $10. For example,Nominal Spending2 = P2red ´Q2red()+P2green´Q2green()= ($2 ⨯ 0) + ($1 ⨯ 10)= $10.c. Real spending is the total value of output produced in each year valued at the pricesprevailing in year 1. In year 1, the base year, her real spending equals her nominal spending of $10. In year 2, she consumes 10 green apples that are each valued at their year 1 price of $2, so her real spending is $20. That is,Real Spending2= P1red ´Q2red()+P1green´Q2green()= ($1 ⨯ 0) + ($2 ⨯ 10)= $20.Hence, Abby’s real spending rises from $10 to $20.d. The implicit price deflator is calculated by dividing Abby’s nominal spending in year2 by her real spending that year:Implicit Price Deflator2= Nominal Spending2 Real Spending2= $10 $20= 0.5.Thus, the implicit price deflator suggests that prices have fallen by half. The reason for this is that the deflator estimates how much Abby values her apples using prices prevailing in year 1. From this perspective green apples appear very valuable. In year 2, when Abby consumes 10 green apples, it appears that her consumption has increased because the deflator values green apples more highly than red apples. The only way she could still be spending $10 on a higher consumption bundle is if the price of the good she was consuming fell.e. If Abby thinks of red apples and green apples as perfect substitutes, then the cost ofliving in this economy has not changed—in either year it costs $10 to consume 10 apples. According to the CPI, however, the cost of living has doubled. This is because the CPI only takes into account the fact that the red apple price has doubled; the CPI ignores the fall in the price of green apples because they were not in the consumption bundle in year 1. In contrast to the CPI, the implicit price deflator estimates the cost of living has been cut in half. Thus, the CPI, a Laspeyres index, overstates the increase in the cost of living and the deflator, a Paasche index, understates it.9. a. The labor force includes full time workers, part time workers, those who run their ownbusiness,and those who do not have a job but are looking for a job. The labor force consists of 70 people. The working age population consists of the labor force plus those not in the labor force. The 10 discouraged workers and the 10 retired people are not in the labor force, but assuming they are capable of working, they are part of the adult population. The adult population consists of 90 people, so the labor force participation rate is equal to 70/90 or 77.8 percent.b. The number of unemployed workers is equal to 10, so the unemployment rate is10/70 or 14.3 percent.c. The household survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of householdsabout their employment status. The household survey would report 60 people employed. The establishment survey estimates total employment by asking a sample of businesses to report how many workers they are employing. In this case the establishment survey would report 55 people employed. The 5 people with 2 jobs would be counted twice, and the 10 people who run their own business would not be counted.10. As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economicperformance or well-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP also ignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking and cleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drug trade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do not necessarily reduce its usefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDP is useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDP allows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education, and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to have higher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higher levels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level of growth and development across countries.11. a. Real GDP falls because Disney World does not produce any services while it is closed.This corresponds to a decrease in economic well-being because the income of workers and shareholders of Disney World falls (the income side of the national accounts), and people’s consumption of Disney World falls (the expenditure side of the national accounts).b. Real GDP rises because the original capital and labor in farm production now producemore wheat. This corresponds to an increase in the economic well-being of society, since people can now consume more wheat. (If people do not want to consume more wheat, then farmers and farmland can be shifted to producing other goods that society values.)c. Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. Thisaccurately reflects a fall in economic well-being.d. Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreaseseconomic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the income side), and there are fewer goods for people to buy (the expenditure side).e. Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that produce fewergoods but emit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economynow produces less measured output but more clean air. Clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is nevertheless a good that people value.f. Real GDP rises because the high school students go from an activity in which they arenot producing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however, may decrease. In ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future productivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do not measure this type of investment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if the students stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g. Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goodsand services. The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen because but unmeasured production of child-rearing services rises. The well-being of the average person may very well rise if we assume the fathers and the children enjoy the extra time they are spending together.Answers to Textbook Questions and ProblemsCHAPTER3 National Income: Where It Comes From and Where It GoesQuestions for Review1. The factors of production and the production technology determine the amount ofoutput an economy can produce. The factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services: the most important factors are capital and labor. The production technology determines how much output can be produced from any given amounts of these inputs. An increase in one of the factors of production or an improvement in technology leads to an increase in the economy’s output.2. When a firm decides how much of a factor of production to hire or demand, it considershow this decision affects profits. For example, hiring an extra unit of labor increases output and therefore increases revenue; the firm compares this additional revenue to the additional cost from the higher wage bill. The additional revenue the firm receives depends on the marginal product of labor (MPL) and the price of the good produced (P).An additional unit of labor produces MPL units of additional output, which sells for P dollars per unit. Therefore, the additional revenue to the firm is P ⨯MPL. The cost of hiring the additional unit of labor is the wage W. Thus, this hiring decision has the following effect on profits:ΔProfit= ΔRevenue –ΔCost= (P ⨯MPL) –W.If the additional revenue, P ⨯MPL, exceeds the cost (W) of hiring the additional unit of labor, then profit increases. The firm will hire labor until it is no longer profitable to do so—that is, until the MPL falls to the point where the change in profit is zero. In the equation abov e, the firm hires labor until ΔP rofit = 0, which is when (P ⨯MPL) = W.This condition can be rewritten as:MPL = W/P.Therefore, a competitive profit-maximizing firm hires labor until the marginal product of labor equals the real wage. The same logic applies to the firm’s decision regarding how much capital to hire: the firm will hire capital until the marginal product of capital equals the real rental price.3. A production function has constant returns to scale if an equal percentage increase in allfactors of production causes an increase in output of the same percentage. For example, if a firm increases its use of capital and labor by 50 percent, and output increases by 50 percent, then the production function has constant returns to scale.If the production function has constant returns to scale, then total income (or equivalently, total output) in an economy of competitive profit-maximizing firms is divided between the return to labor, MPL ⨯L, and the return to capital, MPK ⨯K. That is, under constant returns to scale, economic profit is zero.4. A Cobb–Douglas production function has the form F(K,L) = AKαL1–α. The text showed thatthe parameter αgives capital’s share of income. So if capital earns one-fourth of total income, then α= 0.25. Hence, F(K,L) = AK0.25L0.75.5. Consumption depends positively on disposable income—i.e. the amount of income afterall taxes have been paid. Higher disposable income means higher consumption.The quantity of investment goods demanded depends negatively on the real interest rate. For an investment to be profitable, its return must be greater than its cost. Because the real interest rate measures the cost of funds, a higher real interest rate makes it more costly to invest, so the demand for investment goods falls.6. Government purchases are a measure of the value of goods and services purchaseddirectly by the government. For example, the government buys missiles and tanks, builds roads, and provides services such as air traffic control. All of these activities are part of GDP. Transfer payments are government payments to individuals that are not in exchange for goods or services. They are the opposite of taxes: taxes reduce household disposable income, whereas transfer payments increase it. Examples of transfer payments include Social Security payments to the elderly, unemployment insurance, and veterans’ benefits.7. Consumption, investment, and government purchases determine demand for theeconomy’s output, whereas the factors of production and the production function determine the supply of output. The real interest rate adjusts to ensure that the demand for the econo my’s goods equals the supply. At the equilibrium interest rate, the demand。

曼昆经济学Ch9习题答案

第九章复习题1．在短期中工资是刚性的，即在短期中，工资难以随着市场供求情况进行波动；但是，从长期来看，工资也是具有伸缩性的。

因为，从长期来看，工人的实际工资必须与工人劳动的边际产出相等。

因此，工资在长期必然会随着供求情况进行波动。

2．总需求曲线是描述价格与总需求量之间关系的曲线。

从常识来看，价格越高，购买量越少，而价格越低，购买量越多。

一般的，这个常识对单个产品似乎是正确的，但是，当考虑整个经济的情况时，由于我们知道，产品间具有替代性，如果有的产品降价而有的不降，那么，这个常识还是正确的吗？因此，我们必须从经济学理论来分析这个问题。

从货币数量论的观点来看，MV=PY，Y=MV/P，如果在一个经济体系中，在某一特定时期，M与V基本固定，那么Y与P就成反比关系，即：P增大，Y减小；而P减小，Y 增大。

由于，在货币数量论公式中，YP分别被定义成为交易总价值，而Y被定义为实际交易量，因此，用货币数量论来分析总需求与价格之间的关系是恰当。

而他们的关系就是一种反向关系。

3．首先，无论是短期还是长期，增加货币供给都是对经济的一个冲击。

其次，增加货币供给将增加总需求，使总需求曲线向右移动（见书221面的图）。

但是，由于总需求增加，将会使总需求与总供给曲线的加点发生改变。

典型的变化就是在短期内，均衡产出可能超过潜在产出水平；但是，随着物价水平的逐渐升高，总供给将逐步向潜在产出水平回落，最后达到新的均衡点，回到潜在产出水平。

这个过程类似于书227面图。

4．当发生需求冲击时，如同3题中所描述，需求曲线将向右上移动，在短期内导致产出高于潜在产出，在长期内回到潜在产出水平，但价格上升。

此时，FED可以通过缩减货币供给量来使价格水平下降。

而控制货币供给量对于FED来说是非常容易做到的。

因此，FED应对需求冲击比较容易。

相对的，当发生供给冲击时，我们首先假设需求曲线不变，则短期供给曲线将向上移动。

如同书第228面的图所示。

此时，均衡产出将下降，而且均衡价格水平将上升。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题】第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济【圣才出品】

第3篇增长理论：超长期中的经济第8章经济增长Ⅰ：资本积累与人口增长一、概念题1．索洛增长模型（Solow growth model）答：索洛增长模型是表明储蓄、人口增长和技术进步如何影响一个经济的产出水平及其随着时间推移而实现增长的一种经济增长模型。

它的基本假定有：①社会储蓄函数为S＝sY，式中，s是作为参数的储蓄率；②劳动力按照一个不变的比例增长；③生产的规模报酬不变。

其主要思想是：人均投资用于资本扩展化和资本深化，当人均投资大于资本扩展化时，人均产出就会增长；当人均投资等于资本扩展化时，经济达到稳定状态，人均产出不再增长，但总产出会继续增长，增长率等于人口增长率。

2．稳定状态（稳态）（steady state）答：索洛模型的稳定状态是指长期中经济增长达到的一种均衡状态，在这种状态下，投资等于资本扩展化水平，人均资本存量维持不变，即∆k＝sf（k）－δk＝0。

这个维持不变的人均资本存量k*被称为稳定状态人均资本存量。

在稳定状态下，不论经济初始位于哪一点，随着时间的推移，经济总是会收敛于该人均资本水平k*。

在稳定状态，由于人均资本存量保持不变，所以人均产出也保持不变，即人均产出增长率为零。

3．资本的黄金律水平（golden rule level of capital）答：资本的黄金律水平是指在稳定状态人均消费最大化时所对应的人均资本水平，由经济学家费尔普斯于1961年提出。

他认为如果一个经济的发展目标是使稳态人均消费最大化，稳态人均资本量的选择应使资本的边际产出等于劳动力的增长率。

黄金律具有如下的性质：①在稳态时如果一个经济中人均资本量高于黄金律的水平，则可以通过消费掉一部分资本使每个人的平均资本下降到黄金律的水平，就能够提高人均消费水平；②如果一个经济拥有的人均资本低于黄金律的数量，则该经济能够提高人均消费的途径是在目前缩减消费，增加储蓄，直到人均资本达到黄金律的水平。

二、复习题1．在索洛模型中，储蓄率是如何影响稳态收入水平的？它是如何影响稳态增长率的？答：在索洛模型中，如果储蓄率高，经济的资本存量就会大，相应的稳态的产出水平就会高；如果储蓄率低，经济的资本存量就会少，相应的稳态的产出水平就会低。

(2021年整理)宏观经济学习题4答案

（完整）宏观经济学习题4答案编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（（完整）宏观经济学习题4答案）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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宏观经济学习题4答案一、选择题1-5：D；B；D；C;C6—10：B；D；B；D;B11-16：A;A；A；A;A；B二、分析讨论题：1．政府购买和转移支付哪一项随经济周期波动的更厉害些?朝哪个方向波动？答：政府为减少经济波动，往往运用财政政策作总需求管理.政府购买和转移支付都会对经济周期作出反应其中转移支付随经济波动更厉害些，并朝反周期方向波动.因为经济衰退时，失业津贴、贫困救济、农产品价格补贴等支出会自动增加；而经济繁荣时，这些支出会自动减少，而政府购买则变动较少，因为国防费、教育经费以及政府行政性开支等有一定刚性，不可能随经济周期波动很大。

2．是否边际税率越高，税收作为自动稳定器的作用越大？答：在混合经济中投资变动所引起的国民收入变动比私人部门的变动小，原因是当总需求由于意愿投资增加而增加时，会导致国民收入和可支配收入增加,但可支配收入的增加小于国民收入的增加，因为在国民收入增加时，税收也在增加，增加的数量等于边际税率乘以国民收入，结果混合经济中消费支出增加额要比私人经济中小，从而通过乘数作用使国民收入累积增加也小一些.同样,总需求下降时,混合经济中收入下降也比私人部门经济中要小一些。

这说明税收制度是一种对国民收入波动的自动稳定器。

混合经济中支出乘数值与私人经济中支出乘数值的差额决定了税收制度的自动稳定程度，其差额越大,自动稳定作用越大，这是因为，在边际消费倾向一定条件下，混合经济中支出乘数越小，说明边际税率越高，从而自动稳定量越大。

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版考研题库单选题1.当发生通货膨胀时，（）最有可能遭受财务损失。

通货膨胀使名义工资上升，在累进税率制度下，导致消费者进入更高的纳税区间，使政府的税收收入增加，对政府有利。

2.人口学家预言老年人的比例在未来20年中将要提高，根据生命周期假说，以下说法正确的是（）。

但是根据生命周期假说，这阶段性的提高了人们现在的储蓄动机和国民储蓄率。

3.古典学派和凯恩斯学派的分歧不包括（）。

其中包括：在长期，GDP依赖于劳动、资本和技术在内的生产要素。

当生产要素增加和技术水平提高时，GDP增长。

3.在哪儿可以看到全部题库内容（）。

(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案

第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。

微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。

而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。

应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。

因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。

2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。

经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。

这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。

另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。

3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。

市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。

但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。

比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。

因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。

现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。

因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。

曼昆宏观经济学__课后作业习题_部分答案（免费）

曼昆宏观经济学__课后作业习题_部分答案（免费）疾风知劲草，岁寒见后凋。

天若有情天亦老，人间正道是沧桑。

横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。

嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。

博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之。

宏观经济学课后习题作业 11．经济学的创始人是，现代宏观经济学是建立的。

2．亚当斯密在年出版了《》。

3．凯恩斯在年出版了《》。

4．当代经济学最主要流派有、和。

5．名词解释：经济学、宏观经济学。

6．简述宏观经济学的内容。

作业 21．名词解释：国内生产总值（GDP）、GDP平减指数、中间产品2．GDP与GNP的差别？P1092.生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP的贡献更大？为什么？答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献大。

因为GDP是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP的贡献更大。

3.农民以2美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。

面包师用小麦制成面包，以3美元的价格出售。

这些交易对GDP的贡献是多少呢？答：对GDP的贡献是3美元。

GDP只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了。

4.许多年以前，佩吉为了收集唱片而花了500美元。

今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100美元。

这种销售如何影响现期GDP？答：现期GDP只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期GDP。

P1101.下列每一种交易会影响GDP的哪一部分（如果有影响的话）？试解释之。

A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。

答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。

曼昆宏观经济学第9版章节习题详解

曼昆宏观经济学第9版章节习题详解本书是曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）教材的学习辅导书，严格按照曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）教材内容进⾏编写，共分20章。

每⼀章（除了第15章，因为各⾼校考试很少涉及到这章内容）都精⼼挑选经典常见考题，并予以详细解答。

熟练掌握本书考题的解答，有助于学员理解和掌握有关概念、原理，并提⾼解题能⼒。

编者温馨提⽰：考虑到本书部分考题有⼀定的难度，建议学员在考研考博复习过程中强化阶段使⽤，效果最佳。

另外，学员千万不要觉得⾃⼰所报院校不考判断题和单项选择题，⽽忽视这两种题型的练习。

事实上，很多⾼校研究⽣⼊学考试主观考题就是本书判断题和单项选择题适当修改⽽成。

本书提供电⼦书及打印版，⽅便对照复习。

第1篇导⾔第1章宏观经济学科学⼀、判断题1．作为基本分析⼯具的供给和需求分析正如在微观经济学中⼀样，在宏观经济学中也处于核⼼地位。

（）【答案】T查看答案【解析】宏观经济学和微观经济学都是研究市场经济中经济活动参与者的⾏为及其后果的，⽽市场经济中所有经济活动参与者的⾏为都是⼀定意义上的供给和需求⾏为，宏观经济学与微观经济学的主要相同之处就在于都是通过需求曲线和供给曲线决定价格和产量。

2．宏观经济模型中的“外⽣”变量包含政策变量，如政府防务采购。

（）【答案】T查看答案【解析】政策性变量，如军事⽀出，是已知变量，因此根据定义，它在模型中没有⾏为⽅程。

同样地，考虑经济条件对军事经济的影响，这个考虑要求将军事⽀出的⾏为“模型化”，以使这个变量由外⽣变为内⽣。

⼆、单项选择题1．⼤多数经济学家相信，价格（）。

A．在长短期中都是黏性的B．在短期中是灵活的，长期中⼤部分是黏性的C．在长短期中都是灵活的D．在长期中是灵活的，短期中⼤部分是黏性的【答案】D查看答案【解析】弹性价格是指可以对供求变动作出即时调整的价格，反之，调整⽐较缓慢的价格被称为黏性价格。

古典经济学派认为商品或劳务的价格是有弹性的，但凯恩斯学派则认为短期内价格是黏性的，长期内才是完全伸缩的。

宏观经济学_第四章习题答案

第四章习题参考答案一、资本边际效率：是一种贴现率<又称投资的预期利润率>,这种贴现率使一项资本品的使用期各个预期收益的现值之和正好等于该资本品的供给价格或重置成本。

流动偏好陷阱：当利率已经极低,人们预期利率不会再降或者说有价证券市场价格只会跌落,人们不管有多少货币都愿意持有在手中,因此即使增加货币供给量,也不会再使利率下降。

IS 曲线的含义：IS 曲线是描述产品市场均衡时,利率与国民收入之间关系的曲线,由于在两部门经济中产品市场均衡时I=S,因此该曲线被称为IS 曲线。

LM 曲线：描述货币市场达到均衡,即 L=m 时,总产出y 与利率r 之间关系的曲线。

产品市场均衡：指的是产品市场上总需求等于总供给的状态。

货币需求动机：人们的货币需求行为由三种动机决定：分别为交易动机、预防动机和投机动机二、BADBC CBDB1.B ．由()()321200012000120005700r r r +++++=,解得r=2.61%<年利率4%。

2.A ．投资决定的条件是投资的资本边际效率大于利率3.D ．4.B ．同下一题分析思路一样。

但要注意税收乘数是个负数。

5.C ．根据m hr ky L =-=,有LM 曲线为：⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-=k m y h k h m y h k r ,当货币供给增加20亿元时,有20+='m L 则LM 曲线为：⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=+-=k k m y h k h m y h k r 2020,即：LM 曲线向右平移了20亿元除以k 。

6.C ．要使LM 曲线变得陡峭,即是使其斜率hk 变大。

若"k 变小,h 变大",则斜率变小,曲线变平缓；若"k 和h 同比例变小或变大",则斜率不变；只有当"k 变大,h 变小"时,斜率才变大,曲线变平缓。

7.B ．由IS 曲线和LM 曲线的定义可知,IS 曲线上的点是在产品均衡的情况下成立,LM 曲线是在货币均衡的情况下成立。

曼昆9--宏观经济学课件

第一节产品市场与IS曲线
IS曲线描绘了产品与服务市场上产生的利率与收入水平之间的关系。凯恩斯交叉模型是对凯恩斯的国民收入决定理论的最简单解释，是构成IS-LM模型的基石。
一、凯恩斯交叉凯恩斯提出，在短期中经济的总收入主要由家庭、企业和政府的计划支出决定。人们希望支出的越多，企业可以卖出的产品与服务就越多。企业可以卖出去的越多，他们选择生产的产出就越多，它们选择雇佣的工人也就越多。因此，凯恩斯相信，衰退和萧条期间的问题是支出不足。凯恩斯交叉是把这种简洁模型化的一种尝试。
二、领先经济指标政府的经济学家对预测感兴趣的原因：第一，经济环境影响政府；第二，政府通过使用货币政策和财政政策可以影响经济。经济学家得到预测的一种方法是观察领先指标。这些变量的波动往往先于整个经济。书228页
第二节宏观经济学的时间范围
一、短期和长期长期，价格有灵活性，能对需求的变动做出反应。短期，许多价格是有粘性的，固定在某个前定水平上。
SRAS
AD1
收入，产出，Y
价格水平，P
LRAS
Y
AD2
A
B
1….总需求的上升…
2….提高了短期中产出水平…
3….但在长期中只影响价格水平
总需求的增加
C
二、对总供给的冲击对总供给的冲击也会引起经济波动。供给冲击：它改变生产产品与服务的成本，从而改变企业收取的价格。由于供给冲击直接影响价格水平，所以它们有时被称为价格冲击。不利的供给冲击会推动成本和价格的上升，有利的供给冲击降低了成本和价格。
三、总需求曲线的移动总需求曲线实在货币供给数值固定的条件下做出来的，所以货币供给变动，总需求曲线移动。减少货币供给，总需求曲线向内移动；增加货币供给，总供给曲线向外移动。货币供给的波动并不是总需求波动的唯一来源。后面会讲。

曼昆《宏观经济学》第9版章节习题精编详解(总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡)【圣才出品】

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圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

的变动。这种混淆影响了供给多少的决策，并导致价格水平与产出之间在短期的正相关关系。当价格水平发生了未预期到的上升时，经济中所有供给者都观察到了自己所生产的产品价格的上升。他们都错误地推断，他们生产的产品的相对价格上升了。他们更努力地工作，并生产得更多。
新古典综合派经济学家把菲利普斯曲线作为调节经济的依据，即当失业率高时，实行扩张性财政政策与货币政策，以承受一定通货膨胀率为代价换取较低的失业率；当通货膨胀率高时，实行紧缩性的财政政策与货币政策，借助提高失业率以降低通货膨胀率。
货币主义者对菲利普斯曲线所表示的通货膨胀率与失业率之间的交替关系提出了质疑，并进一步论述了短期菲利普斯曲线、长期菲利普斯曲线和附加预期的菲利普斯曲线，以进一步解释在不同条件下，通货膨胀率与失业率之间的关系。
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圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

古典宏观经济学的批判，认为它缺乏微观经济学基础。适应性预期的权数分布是既定的几何级数，没有利用与被测变量相关的其他变量，对经济预期方程的确定基本上是随意的，没有合理的经济解释。因此，新古典宏观经济学派的“理性预期”逐渐取代了“适应性预期”。
5．需求拉动型通货膨胀（demand-pull inflation）答：需求拉动型通货膨胀，又称为超额需求通货膨胀，指总需求超过总供给所引起的一般价格水平的持续显著上涨，可解释为“过多货币追求过少的商品”。需求拉动型通货膨胀的原因是：在总产量达到一定水平后，当需求增加时，供给会增加一部分，但供给的增加会遇到生产过程中的瓶颈现象，即由于劳动、原料、生产设备的不足使成本提高，从而引起价格上升；或者在产量达到最大时，即为充分就业的产量时，当需求增加，供给也不会增加，总需求增加只会引起价格的上涨。消费需求、投资需求或来自政府的需求、国外需求都会导致需求拉动型通货膨胀，需求方面的原因或冲击主要包括财政政策、货币政策、消费习惯的改变和国际市场的需求变动等。引起需求扩大的因素有两大类：一类是实际因素，即消费需求、投资需求的扩大，政府支出的增加、减税，净出口增加等（通过 IS 曲线右移），它们都会导致总需求的增加，需求曲线右移；另一类是货币因素，即货币供给量的增加或实际货币需求量的减少即实际货币余额增加（通过 LM 曲线右移），导致总需求增加。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第9版)配套题库【课后习题】第4篇 经济周期理论：短期中的经济【圣才出品】

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