现代企业法律风险防范(中英文)
安全生产法 英文版
安全生产法英文版In today's fast-paced and increasingly complex industrial environment, the Safety Production Law plays a pivotal role in ensuring the well-being of workers and the sustainability of businesses. The enactment of this law, both in its native language and in English, underscores the global commitment to safety and the prevention of workplace accidents.The Safety Production Law, in its English version, serves as a universal guideline for businesses operating in international settings. It outlines clear regulations and standards that must be adhered to in order to minimize the risks associated with various industrial processes. By providing a common language and framework, the law facilitates cross-border collaboration and ensures that safety measures are uniformly implemented regardless of location.One of the key aspects of the Safety Production Law is its emphasis on prevention. It requires businesses to identify potential hazards and implement measures to eliminate or mitigate them. This proactive approach iscrucial in preventing accidents before they occur, thereby safeguarding the lives and livelihoods of workers.Moreover, the law also mandates regular inspections and audits to ensure compliance with safety regulations. This ensures that businesses are continuously improving their safety practices and addressing any new or emerging hazards. By holding businesses accountable for their safety performance, the law creates a culture of safety that permeates throughout all levels of the organization.The English version of the Safety Production Law also serves as a tool for education and awareness. It allows international workers and stakeholders to understand the safety requirements and responsibilities that they have, thereby enabling them to contribute to a safer working environment. By making the law accessible in English, it bridges the language barrier and encourages global participation in safety efforts.In addition to its practical applications, the Safety Production Law also reflects the ethical and moral imperative of protecting human life. It sends a strong message that safety should always be a top priority, andthat businesses have a responsibility to create a safe and healthy working environment for their employees.However, the mere existence of the Safety Production Law is not enough. Its effectiveness lies in its implementation and enforcement. Businesses must make a concerted effort to comply with the law, and governmentsand regulatory bodies must ensure that violations areswiftly and appropriately addressed.Furthermore, continuous improvement and innovation in safety practices are essential for keeping up with the changing nature of industrial hazards. Businesses should invest in research and development to identify new safety technologies and methods that can further enhance worker safety.In conclusion, the Safety Production Law, in itsEnglish version, serves as a vital tool in promoting safety and preventing workplace accidents. It establishes clear regulations and standards, encourages proactive safety measures, and creates a culture of safety within businesses. By implementing and enforcing this law, businesses cancontribute to a safer and more sustainable industrial landscape.**安全生产法英文版的重要性**在当今快节奏且日益复杂的工业环境中，安全生产法在确保工人福祉和企业可持续性方面发挥着关键作用。
企业合同常见的法律风险防范
企业合同常见的法律风险防范在现代商业环境中，企业间的合同签订是日常运营中不可或缺的一环。
随着商业活动的复杂化和法律环境的变化，合同中存在的法律风险也日益显现。
有效地识别和防范这些风险，对于企业来说至关重要。
本文将就企业合同中常见的法律风险进行分析，并提出相应的防范策略，以帮助企业在合同签订和执行过程中规避法律纠纷和潜在的损失。
合同解析与条款明确性合同的明确性和清晰度是避免法律纠纷的关键因素之一。
合同应当明确阐明各方的权利和义务，避免使用模糊的术语或不明确的表述。
一旦合同条款存在歧义，就可能导致争议的发生。
为了减少风险，建议在起草合同时使用具体、详细的语言，尽可能排除各种解释的余地。
应当避免使用法律术语或复杂的句式结构，以确保合同条款的普适性和易读性。
法律遵从与合规性合同必须符合当地和国际法律的规定和要求。
不同国家和地区的法律体系各有不同，合同的有效性和执行力受到当地法律的制约。
在跨境交易或跨国合作中，必须进行详尽的法律尽职调查，确保合同的所有条款符合相应的法律要求。
合同中的任何条款如果违反公共政策或法律法规，可能被法院判定为无效或不可执行，从而造成合同失效或损失。
权利和责任的明确界定第三，合同中的权利和责任必须明确定义和界定。
这包括合同各方的义务、违约责任、赔偿责任等内容。
在合同中应当明确约定违约行为的后果和解决方式，以及赔偿责任的限制和范围。
在商业合同中，特别是关键合同如供应商合同或合资协议中，应当特别关注责任条款的精确性和合理性，以确保在可能的争议中保护自身权益。
不可抗力和解除合同的条件第四，合同中通常会包含不可抗力条款，用以规定在不可抗力事件发生时的应对措施。
不可抗力是指不可预见且无法避免的外部事件，如自然灾害、战争、政府行为等。
合同中的不可抗力条款应当详细列出何种情况下可以触发不可抗力条款，以及在此类情况下合同如何暂时中止或终止。
不可抗力的定义必须清晰明了，以避免争议和不必要的法律纠纷。
企业环境保护合规与法律风险防范手册
企业环境保护合规与法律风险防范手册1. 引言企业环境保护合规是现代企业不可或缺的责任和义务。
在全球范围内，各国法律法规对企业的环保要求越来越严格，同时，错失环保合规可能导致企业面临巨大的法律风险和声誉损失。
因此，本手册旨在为企业提供有关环境保护合规和法律风险防范的指导，帮助企业建立健全的环保管理体系。
2. 环境保护合规的意义环境保护合规是企业履行社会责任的重要方面，也是维护生态环境的必然要求。
通过遵守环境法律法规，企业可以减少环境污染和资源浪费，同时提升企业的可持续发展能力和竞争力。
3. 建立环境保护合规框架3.1 确定法律法规依据：企业应认真研究所在国家和地区的环境保护法规，明确自身应当遵守的法律法规要求，并建立相应的内部规章制度。
3.2 制定环境政策：企业应制定明确的环境政策，并将其传达给所有员工和合作伙伴，确保每个人都理解并遵守环保政策。
3.3 确保资源投入：企业应保证充足的资源支持环保合规，包括人力、物力和财力，以满足合规要求的落实和维护。
3.4 设立责任部门：企业应明确环境保护合规的主责部门，建立并维护环境监督管理机构，监测、评估、改进企业环境表现。
3.5 进行定期培训：企业应定期组织环保培训，提高员工对环境保护合规的认识和意识，确保每个员工都能履行环保责任。
4. 环境保护合规的具体要求4.1 废物管理：企业应建立科学合理的废物管理制度，包括废物的分类、收集、储存、运输和处置等环节。
同时，企业还应积极推广资源回收利用和循环经济模式。
4.2 环境影响评估：企业在进行新项目开发、改扩建或重大工程时，应进行全面的环境影响评估，确保项目对环境的影响控制在合理范围内。
4.3 污染物排放控制：企业应严格遵守国家和地方对污染物排放的限制要求，通过先进的污染物处理技术和设备，减少对环境的污染和破坏。
4.4 节能减排：企业应加强能源管理，推广节能技术和设备，减少温室气体和其他有害气体的排放。
4.5 生态保护：企业应积极参与生态保护活动，维护和恢复自然生态环境，保护珍稀濒危物种和自然资源。
安全标语(中英文对比 )
1.安全来于警惕事故出于麻痹Safety results from vigilance;Accident arises from negligence.2.安全促进生产生产必须安全Safety promotes production; Production is based on safety. 3.多防一步、少出事故多看一眼、安全保险The more precaution, the less accident;The more you watch, the more guarantee safety has.4.员工是安全的负责人安全是员工的生命线Staff is the director of safety; Safety is the lifeline of staff.5.事故隐患处处防安全生产人人管Potential accident should be prevented everywhere;Everyone should be involved in safe production supervision.6.促进安全文明生产树立企业安全形象.Promote safe and civilized production;Set a secure enterprise image.7.不绷紧安全的弦就弹不出生产的调Without strong safety awareness,No security production achievement.8.同创安全工地，共享美好生活。
Establish safe construction site jointly;Enjoy happy life time together.9.创建文明工地、塑造企业形象.Found civilized construction site;Build favorable enterprise image.10.加强质量意识，端正质量态度，规范质量行为，树立质量风气. Strength quality consciousness, correct quality attitude; Specify quality behaviors, build quality culture.12.安全第一预防为主科学发展安全发展Safety first， precaution crucialTo develop scientifically, to proceed safely.13.精心组织、科学施工、争创一流。
现代企业法律风险防范
分支 ， 它要求企业把法律作为 一种企业管理手段来 防范 、 化解 企业危机 ， 实现法律和管理 融合 。
２ 建 立企业 法律风 险防 范机 制
如何防范法律风险 ，每个企业要采取 的具 体措施取决于 公司特定的法律风险环 境 ， 但是通 常来讲 ， 中国企业 应该针对 以下方面采取措施 ： 司治理 、 同管理 、 公 合 知识 产权管理 。现在 越来越多的公司企业 开始重视合 规经 营 ， 谓“ 所 合规 ” 是指 ， 能 够确保企业的各项经 营管理 活动符合法律 、规 则和准则的一 系列行为。此处 的法律 、 规则和准则 ， 包括适用 于企业 经营活
观念 ， 到有法 必依 、 做 执法必严 ， 努力 把法律 、 法规落 到实处 。
要 严格坚持 分工负责 、 相互 协助 、 相监督 、 相制约 的依 法 互 互 经营 管理 原则 ， 坚决杜绝经营活动 中的违规 乃至违法行为 ， 确 保依法合规经营 。 ２２ 强化 法律事务工作 ， ． 改革传统法律顾 问制度 要想有效 的防范法律风 险，企业 的法律顾 问或法务人 员
自然风险 、 商业风险等其他风险不 同 ， 法律风 险可 控可防。企 业法律风险防范机制 ，是指企业 建立的对法律风 险进行评 估 识别 、 控制 、 监控与化解 的系统 工程 。建立完善 的企业 法律 风 险防范机制 ， 是对企业的生产 、 营 、 经 管理等 环节进行全面 、 综 合法律监控 的机制 ，并通过对监控过 程 中发现和反馈 的实 际
使各项 制度失去 其严肃性 、 权威性 ， 起不 到威慑 作用 ， 达不 到
规 范 员 ＇ 行 为 的 目的 。要 想有 效 地 防 范 法 律 风 险 ， 需 荫先加 ｊ
强员工的 队伍建设 ， 提高他们 的风险防范意识 和法律 水平 ， 帮
企业技术秘密法律风险防范
企业技术秘密法律风险防范企业法律风险防范——技术秘密篇企业技术秘密管理随着中国市场经济的不断完善、知识经济的初露端倪和中国加⼊ＷＴＯ的⽇益临近，国⼈对知识产权及其对企业的重要性的了解也越来越多。
但相对⽽⾔，⼈们更熟悉有具体法律加以明确规范的专利、商标和著作权，作为知识产权第四维空间的商业秘密还往往容易被忽视或难以弄清其内涵，尤其是商业秘密中的技术秘密。
下⾯将就企业的技术秘密及其管理等问题进⾏阐述。
⼀、关于技术秘密技术秘密⼜有⼈称为专有技术，英⽂写法为ＫＮＯＷ－ＨＯＷ，⾄今各类法律对其⽆明确定义。
我国《反不正当竞争法》第⼗条规定，“本条所称商业秘密，是指不为公众所知悉、能为权利⼈带来经济利益、具有实⽤性并经权利⼈采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息。
”⼀般知识产权界⼈⼠将上述的技术信息称为技术秘密。
既然《反不正当竞争法》对商业秘密做了规范，⽽技术秘密⼜属于商业秘密的范畴，那么对⼀项技术是否可以构成为技术秘密，就有其相应的标准。
⾸先是秘密性，这是技术秘密的本质特征。
所谓秘密性是指技术秘密的权利⼈法⼈或⾃然⼈在主观上有保密的愿望，并采取了相应的保密措施；秘密性还要求在客观上对同⾏业⼀般技术⼈员来讲，不是共知和难以获得的。
其次是价值性，企业之所以要保护⾃⼰的技术秘密且国家也有相关的法律予以保护，根本原因在于其有商业价值，是企业的⽆形资产，可以⽤它取得经济上的回报。
第三是难知性，技术秘密的难知性表现为技术⾓度上的新颖性和创造性，即⾮是显⽽易见的，不能是本⾏业内普通⽔平的技术信息。
当然，技术秘密还应有实⽤性、可传授性和可复制性等。
⼆、技术秘密的秘密性前已述及，技术秘密的本质特征就是其必须具有秘密性，那么如何判定其是否属于秘密状态呢？这关系到对“不为公众所知悉”这⼀判断要件该如何理解。
笔者认为，除了在国内外出版物上公开发表的以外，对⼀些情况应酌情加以判定。
１、公众知悉的主体范围是否任何⼀位⾮技术秘密的权利⼈或法⼈单位的员⼯知悉了技术秘密的内容，就应视为公众所知悉了呢？从商业秘密保护的⽴法⽬的分析，答案显然是否定的。
中小企业的法律风险防范
中小企业的法律风险防范一、企业法律风险的产生因素首先，从企业外部环境来看.当前，社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善,企业面临的市场竞争环境变得更为复杂，市场竞争规则越来越规范和透明.作为市场经济主体的企业依法经营管理、依法开展各种经济活动是市场经济条件下对企业提出的根本要求，只有严格按照市场经济的规则和要求办事,才能符合整个社会经济的发展形势，才能不被市场所淘汰。
中小企业在追求自身发展壮大和经营业务拓展的进程中，企业的各种行为如改制、并购、对外投资、契约合同和产销行为等都存在不同程度的法律风险，而中小企业因为自身条件的限制,抗风险能力较弱,防范法律风险不可避免地成为企业必须重点考虑的课题，不断提高自身的法律风险防范能力也理应成为企业的自觉追求.我国加入世贸组织后,国内企业已被置于与国外企业同等的法律环境，法律工作已成为提高企业综合竞争力的重要方面。
同时，企业需要处理的法律事务大量增加,防范和化解法律风险的任务日趋艰巨.其次,从企业内部情况来看。
中小企业作为法律主体，经营管理中的一切事务和法律责任都必须相应承担，但是由于企业成立的时间较短，从决策、项目承揽、业务设计到计划、财务、人事、合同等，很多缺少严谨的制度，必然有一个积累、完善和不断进步的过程.在此进程中，企业的实力还不强,抗风险能力也还很弱，任何闪失都可能导致经营成本异常增加、资金难以回收或者失去商机或商业优势,甚至会给企业的生存发展带来带来灾难性后果.因此，只有尽快提高企业防范法律风险的意识和能力,将一切经营风险主动控制在事前状态，才能保证企业的健康有序发展。
然而，根据有关调查数据显示以及本人对当地很多企业的了解，我国中小企业法律风险现状十分令人担忧,法律风险控制并未引起足够的重视。
大部分企业基本不做或很少做法律培训，2/3以上的企业存在防范法律风险的制度漏洞.法务费用的支出及法务人员的配置方面与国外公司也存在巨大的差距,例如壳牌公司每20名雇员中就有1名律师3380亿元收入中法务管理费就有3。
企业法律风险防范宣讲PPT
行政责任
2
《民法通则》第49条
刑事责任
3
①限制出境：《民事诉讼法》第255条
②限制离开住所地：《企业破产法》
第15条
③单位犯罪中其他刑事责任
（二）股东的权利与义务
股东的权利
1 收益分配请求权 2 有限责任公司股东的优先认购权 3 知情权 4 选举权 5 表决权 6 提议、召集、主持股东会临时会议权 7 股份有限公司的提案权 8 有限责任公司股东的股权回购请求权 9 决议撤销权 10 股东代表诉讼权 11 股东直接诉讼权 12 提起公司解散诉讼权 13 剩余财产分配请求权
1 工伤保险基金 2 工伤认定 3 劳动能力鉴定 4 工伤保险待遇 5
特殊规定
（五）商业限制与商业秘密
保密义务 竞业限制
①什么是商业秘密 ②竞业限制—商业秘 密的保险柜
竞业限制 范围期限
约定不明 以及终止
①竞业限制的范围适用于用 人单位的高级管理人员、高 级技术人员及其他 ②范围限制可约定但不得违 法
股东的义务
1 出资义务 2 禁止抽逃出资义务 3 禁止关联交易
（三）股东会、董事会、监事会
【案情简介】王某、徐某、梁某、王某共同签订
合作协议，建立了以合作研发航爆弹制导系统为核心
的技术开发合作合同关系，五人共同设立的华源数通
公司承担研发费用，身为股东、董事的梁某在华源数 通公司中直接负责研发工作。根据华源数通公司董事 会的决议，梁某担任法定代表人的安德讯公司，受托
一审认定梁某违反合同约定与《公司法》第147 条规定的公司董事的忠实义务，判决梁某赔偿华源 数通公司人民币20万元。二审法院驳回双方上诉， 维持原判。
求赔偿公司损失及相应利息。
1 挪用公司资金
法律风险防范
法律风险防范法律风险防范法律风险防范对于企业而言，法律风险防范最主要的工作是事前预警，而不是“事后灭火”随着信息时代与全球化经济模式的兴起，使我们的企业置身于瞬息万变、日趋激烈的市场竞争中。
竞争与风险是并存的，市场竞争越激烈，企业所面临的风险就越复杂。
综观与企业共存的各种风险，其最终往往表现为法律风险。
从宏观上看，现代市场经济是法治经济，法律是规范企业一切经营活动的最低行为准则。
从微观上看，企业发生各种风险的后果是一方面会给企业造成重大损失，另一方面往往体现在法律责任的承担上。
因此，法律风险防范已成为企业运营和发展过程中所面临的重大课题，企业风险管理中最重要、最基本的要求，就是企业法律风险防范。
兵法云“杀敌一千，自损八百”。
对于企业而言，法律风险防范最主要的工作是事前预警，而不是“事后灭火”。
中国古代关于扁鹊医术的故事也印证了这个道理。
魏文王问扁鹊：“你们家兄弟三人，都精于医术，到底哪一位最好呢？”扁鹊答：“长兄最好，中兄次之，我最差。
”文王再问：“那为什么你最出名呢？”扁鹊答：“我长兄治病，是治病于病情发作之前。
由于一般人不知道他事先能铲除病因，所以他的名气无法传出去。
我中兄治病，是治病于病情初起之时。
一般人以为他只能治轻微的小病，所以他的名气只及于本乡里。
而我扁鹊治病，是治病于严重之时。
一般人看到我做的是在经脉上穿针管来放血，在皮肤上敷药等大手术，因此才会以为我的医术高明。
”所以，对于法律风险管理工作而言，事后控制不如事中控制，事中控制不如事前控制。
事前控制就是企业自身的免疫系统，能够使企业法律风险防范于未然。
在稳健经营中树立风险防范理念法律风险控制的最终目标并不是单纯地追求所有法律风险的最小化。
现代企业是一个风险的集合体。
对于企业来说，风险与收益往往是相互矛盾和对立的，高收益必然带来高风险，风险承受度与预期利益之间的矛盾是企业发展过程中经常需要解决的问题。
对风险的过度控制将带来商业机会的丧失和管理成本的增加，企业需要正确处理好业务发展和公司风险承受能力之间的关系，在法律风险可承受的范围内，使企业利益最大化的同时，实现风险程度和风险控制成本最小化。
企业法律风险防范倡议书
企业法律风险防范倡议书为促进中国企业加强法制建设，建立健全法律风险防范机制，进一步完善企业法律顾问制度，依法维护所有者和企业的合法权益，提高中国国有重点企业的核心竞争力，保障国有资产安全和保值增值，本次论坛全体会议代表向全国国有重点企业提出倡议如下：一、增强国有重点企业法律风险防范意识。
国有重点企业是中国国民经济的支柱，国有企业改革仍是中国经济体制改革的中心环节。
当前，国有重点企业进一步深化改革，加快现代企业制度建设步伐，完善企业法人治理结构，提高国有资本运营效率，保障国有资产的安全，必须相应地加强企业法制建设，增强法律风险意识，切实提高防范和化解法律风险的能力和水平。
二、建立健全国有重点企业内部法律监督机制。
国有企业改革和发展的形势迫切要求我们必须从事前防范、事中控制和事后补救的不同层次全面构建企业法律风险管理体系，特别要加快建立企业在涉及重大投资决策、重要经营活动、资产处置、改制改组、规章制度建设等方面的法律风险监控机制。
三、进一步落实和完善以企业总法律顾问制度为核心的企业法律顾问制度。
全面提升企业法律事务工作层次，充分发挥企业法律顾问在参与重大经营决策方面的参谋与助手作用，提高企业法律顾问在合同管理、资产重组、境内外上市、知识产权保护和诉讼仲裁等事项中的法律管理水平，使企业法律顾问能够为企业提供优质专业服务，为企业的改革与发展保驾护航。
四、不断提高国有重点企业法律顾问整体素质。
广大企业法律顾问应自觉遵守国家法律、法规，加强自我修养，恪守职业道德，敬业爱岗，不断提高专业水平，依法履行职责，对企业经营管理相关的法律风险提出防范意见，避免和减少企业损失，切实维护企业合法利益。
五、加强中外企业间的交流与合作。
建立国有重点企业与外国企业法律顾问间的信息沟通渠道，加强中国企业法律顾问的专业培训，促进国有重点企业与国外企业在法律风险防范方面的交流和合作。
发展壮大国有经济，提高国有企业活力和竞争力，实现国有资产保值增值，是国资委和国有企业的共同使命、共同责任。
企业风险管理(中英文)
• At each payment date, only the net value of cash flows is exchanged 只在每个交割日交易净现金流
• The cash flows are based on a notional principal or notional amount 现金流基于名义本金交易量进行计算
– Gibson Greetings – Barings Bank 巴林银行 – Orange County, California 橙县，加州
• Model failure 金融模型失败
– Long Term Capital Management 长期资本管理
• Accounting improprieties 不适当做账
不恰当地管理金融衍生物
• Financial model failures 金融模型失败 • Improper accounting for derivatives
对于衍生物的不适当的会计记账手段
Mismanagement of Financial Risk
金融风险的不妥当管理 • Mismanagement of derivatives 衍生物的不善管理
最初致力于避免衍生工具带来的灾难
– Developing into optimizing firm value
发展到最优化公司价值
• Chief Risk Officer 设立首席风险执行官 • Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the U. S. – 2002 SOX法案 • Increased focus on risk models
出售者有义务应购买者要求履行期权合约
企业常见的法律风险及防范PPT课件
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企业作为法律规范的主体之一，只要其行为涉及法律规定，就有 可能存在法律风险。可以说在市场经济中，企业的所有经营活动 都离不开法律范的调整，企业实施任何行为都需要按照法律规定， 在法律的整体框架下进行。因此，企业需要对经营管理的全过程 进行法律风险监控，实施法律风险控制措施，建立高效的法律风 险防范体 系，从而保障企业持续健康发展。
企业与政府、企业与企业、企业与消费者、企业内部的关系，都 要通过相应的法律来调整和规范。
政府对企业的指导和监管，已经从以前的行政手段转变为以经济和 法 律的手段为主；
企业与企业是平等的市场主体，只能依靠合同等民商法律进行调整 和规范；
企业内部各种关系，包括劳动关系、质量管理、安全生产管理、 财务管理 等，都要依靠劳动法、产品质量法、安全生产法、会计 法等法律来调整和规范。
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二、设立协议中保密条款缺失。
对于一些具有特定专利技术、技术秘密、或者具有特 殊经营方法或者服务理念的公司，保密问题更显重要， 这些信息一旦被他人恶意利用，对未来公司的损害可 能难以估量的。同时，公司成立以后。一方面，要避 免公司股东利用股东身份损害成立后的公司利益，另 一方面，也要避免股东利用该公司的信息“另起炉 灶”，与公司形成直接的竞争关系，在设立协议当中 设置恰当的保密条款，可以降低公司可能面临的法律 风险。
企业风险管理(中英文)
风险转移 (Risk Transfer)
总结词
风险转移是通过将风险暴露转移给其他实体 或第三方来降低潜在损失的管理策略。
详细描述
风险转移通常涉及保险、外包或与其他企业 合作等手段。通过将这些风险转移给更能够 应对和管理风险的实体，企业可以降低自身
风险敞口。
风险容忍 (Risk Tolerance)
• Enterprise Risk Management Organization and Processes
目录
• Corporate risk management culture and awareness
• Case Analysis of Enterprise Risk Management
Case Three: Credit Risk Management Practice of a Certain Enterprise
某企业的信用风险管理实践
This case study examines how a certain enterprise manages credit risks through effective credit policies and procedures.
风险管理信息系统
数据收集
收集内外部数据，包括 财务、市场、行业等数
据。
数据处理
对收集的数据进行清洗、 整合和加工，生成风险
管理所需的信息。
数据分析
运用统计分析、机器学 习等技术，对数据进行 深入分析，发现潜在风
险。
数据展示
将分析结果以图表、报 告等形式展示给管理层 和业务部门，支持决策
制定。
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制定风险管理政策和流程，明 确各部门在风险管理中的职责 和角色。
论现代企业广告宣传中的法律风险与防范
产 品 的成功 印证 了广 告 的神 奇作 用 ， 而化 妆 品行 业
对 于广 告 的依赖 程 度相 较 过 去 则有 过之 而 无 不 及 。
这 些事 例充 分说 明 了广 告在 推广企 业产 品或 服务 中 所 发挥 的重 要作 用 。正 因为 如 此 ， 一 些企 业 难 以抵 御 打虚 假 广告 的 “ 诱惑” 。欺诈 宣 传 是 当下 企 业 惯 用 的 自我推 销伎 俩 ， 在 市 场 经济 条 件 下 颇有 急 速 蔓 延 的趋 势 。由于 虚假 宣传能 够在 短期 内为企 业带 来
宣传 。这 些行 为虽有 可 能为企 业带 来短 期 的经济 效 益， 但也会 给企 业 带来 极 大 的法 律 风 险 ， 因此 ， 从 长 期来 讲 ， 企业 必须规 范 自身 的行 为 ， 坚决 不做 虚假 宣 传， 同时也 要 采取积 极措 施 ， 防止被 不 良的广 告企 业 所利 用 ， 以免使 企业 自身形象 受损 。 第二 ， 由于“ 代言人” （ 多 为 电影 电视 “ 明星 ” 等
风险， 将 会 给企 业 造成 不 必 要 的 损失 。为 了有 效 规 避 现代 企业 在广 告 宣传 中 的法 律 风 险 ， 本 文 拟就 现 代 企业 在广告 宣 传 中存 在 的法律 风 险与 防范技 巧进 行 探讨 ， 以期 对 现代 企 业 防 范广 告 宣 传 中的法 律 风
论 现 代 企 业 广 告 宣 传 中 的 法 律 风 险 与 防 范
范 文圣 ，潘 渊
（ 河 南高 速公 路发 展有 限责任 公 司法务 部 河南 郑 州 ４ ７ ５ ０ ０ １ ）
摘 要 ： 建 立 健 全 现 代 企 业 在 广 告 宣 传 中 的法 律 风 险 防 范 体 系 是 一 项 系 统 工 程 。预 防 、 控 制 现 代 企 业 在 广 告 宣 传
企业风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
企业风险管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Risk ManagementThis chapter reviews and discusses the basic issues and principles of risk management, including: risk acceptability (tolerability); risk reduction and the ALARP principle; cautionary and precautionary principles. And presents a case study showing the importance of these issues and principles in a practical management context. Before we take a closer look, let us briefly address some basic features of risk management.The purpose of risk management is to ensure that adequate measures are taken to protect people, the environment, and assets from possible harmful consequences of the activities being undertaken, as well as to balance different concerns, in particular risks and costs. Risk management includes measures both to avoid the hazards and toreduce their potential harm. Traditionally, in industries such as nuclear, oil, and gas, risk management was based on a prescriptive regulating regime, in which detailed requirements were set with regard to the design and operation of the arrangements. This regime has gradually been replaced by a more goal-oriented regime, putting emphasis on what to achieve rather than on the means of achieving it.Risk management is an integral aspect of a goal-oriented regime. It is acknowledged that risk cannot be eliminated but must be managed. There is nowadays an enormous drive and enthusiasm in various industries and in society as a whole to implement risk management in organizations. There are high expectations that risk management is the proper framework through which to achieve high levels of performance.Risk management involves achieving an appropriate balance between realizing opportunities for gain and minimizing losses. It is an integral part of good management practice and an essential element of good corporate governance. It is an iterative process consisting of steps that, when undertaken in sequence, can lead to a continuous improvement in decision-making and facilitate a continuous improvement in performance.To support decision-making regarding design and operation, risk analyses are carried out. They include the identification of hazards and threats, cause analyses, consequence analyses, and risk descriptions. The results are then evaluated. The totality of the analyses and the evaluations are referred to as risk assessments. Risk assessment is followed by risk treatment, which is a process involving the development and implementation of measures to modify the risk, including measures designed to avoid, reduce (“optimize”), transfer, or retain the risk. Risk transfer means sharing with another party the benefit or loss associated with a risk. It is typically affected through insurance. Risk management covers all coordinated activities in the direction and control of an organization with regard to risk.In many enterprises, the risk management tasks are divided into three main categories: strategic risk, financial risk, and operational risk. Strategic risk includes aspects and factors that are important for the e nterprise’s long-term strategy and plans,for example mergers and acquisitions, technology, competition, political conditions, legislation and regulations, and labor market. Financial risk includes the enterprise’s financial situation, and includes: Market risk, associated with the costs of goods and services, foreign exchange rates and securities (shares, bonds, etc.). Credit risk, associated with a debtor’s failure to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. Liquidity risk, reflecting lack of access to cash; the difficulty of selling an asset in a timely manner. Operational risk is related to conditions affecting the normal operating situation: Accidental events, including failures and defects, quality deviations, natural disasters. Intended acts; sabotage, disgruntled employees, etc. Loss of competence, key personnel. Legal circumstances, associated for instance, with defective contracts and liability insurance.For an enterprise to become successful in its implementation of risk management, top management needs to be involved, and activities must be put into effect on many levels. Some important points to ensure success are: the establishment of a strategy for risk management, i.e., the principles of how the enterprise defines and implements risk management. Should one simply follow the regulatory requirements (minimal requirements), or should one be the “best in the class”? The establishment of a risk management process for the enterprise, i.e. formal processes and routines that the enterprise is to follow. The establishment of management structures, with roles and responsibilities, such that the risk analysis process becomes integrated into the organization. The implementation of analyses and support systems, such as risk analysis tools, recording systems for occurrences of various types of events, etc. The communication, training, and development of a risk management culture, so that the competence, understanding, and motivation level within the organization is enhanced. Given the above fundamentals of risk management, the next step is to develop principles and a methodology that can be used in practical decision-making. This is not, however, straightforward. There are a number of challenges and here we address some of these: establishing an informative risk picture for the various decision alternatives, using this risk picture in a decision-making context. Establishing an informative risk picture means identifying appropriate risk indices and assessments ofuncertainties. Using the risk picture in a decision making context means the definition and application of risk acceptance criteria, cost benefit analyses and the ALARP principle, which states that risk should be reduced to a level which is as low as is reasonably practicable.It is common to define and describe risks in terms of probabilities and expected values. This has, however, been challenged, since the probabilities and expected values can camouflage uncertainties; the assigned probabilities are conditional on a number of assumptions and suppositions, and they depend on the background knowledge. Uncertainties are often hidden in this background knowledge, and restricting attention to the assigned probabilities can camouflage factors that could produce surprising outcomes. By jumping directly into probabilities, important uncertainty aspects are easily truncated, and potential surprises may be left unconsidered.Let us, as an example, consider the risks, seen through the eyes of a risk analyst in the 1970s, associated with future health problems for divers working on offshore petroleum projects. The analyst assigns a value to the probability that a diver would experience health problems (properly defined) during the coming 30 years due to the diving activities. Let us assume that a value of 1 % was assigned, a number based on the knowledge available at that time. There are no strong indications that the divers will experience health problems, but we know today that these probabilities led to poor predictions. Many divers have experienced severe health problems (Avon and Vine, 2007). By restricting risk to the probability assignments alone, important aspects of uncertainty and risk are hidden. There is a lack of understanding about the underlying phenomena, but the probability assignments alone are not able to fully describe this status.Several risk perspectives and definitions have been proposed in line with this realization. For example, Avon (2007a, 2008a) defines risk as the two-dimensional combination of events/consequences and associated uncertainties (will the events occur, what the consequences will be). A closely related perspective is suggested by Avon and Renan (2008a), who define risk associated with an activity as uncertaintyabout and severity of the consequences of the activity, where severity refers to intensity, size, extension, scope and other potential measures of magnitude with respect to something that humans value (lives, the environment, money, etc.). Losses and gains, expressed for example in monetary terms or as the number of fatalities, are ways of defining the severity of the consequences. See also Avon and Christensen (2005).In the case of large uncertainties, risk assessments can support decision-making, but other principles, measures, and instruments are also required, such as the cautionary/precautionary principles as well as robustness and resilience strategies. An informative decision basis is needed, but it should be far more nuanced than can be obtained by a probabilistic analysis alone. This has been stressed by many researchers, e.g. Apostolicism (1990) and Apostolicism and Lemon (2005): qualitative risk analysis (QRA) results are never the sole basis for decision-making. Safety- and security-related decision-making is risk-informed, not risk-based. This conclusion is not, however, justified merely by referring to the need for addressing uncertainties beyond probabilities and expected values. The main issue here is the fact that risks need to be balanced with other concerns.When various solutions and measures are to be compared and a decision is to be made, the analysis and assessments that have been conducted provide a basis for such a decision. In many cases, established design principles and standards provide clear guidance. Compliance with such principles and standards must be among the first reference points when assessing risks. It is common thinking that risk management processes, and especially ALARP processes, require formal guidelines or criteria (e.g., risk acceptance criteria and cost-effectiveness indices) to simplify the decision-making. Care must; however, be shown when using this type of formal decision-making criteria, as they easily result in a mechanization of the decision-making process. Such mechanization is unfortunate because: Decision-making criteria based on risk-related numbers alone (probabilities and expected values) do not capture all the aspects of risk, costs, and benefits, no method has a precision that justifies a mechanical decision based on whether the result is overor below a numerical criterion. It is a managerial responsibility to make decisions under uncertainty, and management should be aware of the relevant risks and uncertainties.Apostolicism and Lemon (2005) adopt a pragmatic approach to risk analysis and risk management, acknowledging the difficulties of determining the probabilities of an attack. Ideally, they would like to implement a risk-informed procedure, based on expected values. However, since such an approach would require the use of probabilities that have not b een “rigorously derived”, they see themselves forced to resort to a more pragmatic approach.This is one possible approach when facing problems of large uncertainties. The risk analyses simply do not provide a sufficiently solid basis for the decision-making process. We argue along the same lines. There is a need for a management review and judgment process. It is necessary to see beyond the computed risk picture in the form of the probabilities and expected values. Traditional quantitative risk analyses fail in this respect. We acknowledge the need for analyzing risk, but question the value added by performing traditional quantitative risk analyses in the case of large uncertainties. The arbitrariness in the numbers produced can be significant, due to the uncertainties in the estimates or as a result of the uncertainty assessments being strongly dependent on the analysts.It should be acknowledged that risk cannot be accurately expressed using probabilities and expected values. A quantitative risk analysis is in many cases better replaced by a more qualitative approach, as shown in the examples above; an approach which may be referred to as a semi-quantitative approach. Quantifying risk using risk indices such as the expected number of fatalities gives an impression that risk can be expressed in a very precise way. However, in most cases, the arbitrariness is large. In a semi-quantitative approach this is acknowledged by providing a more nuanced risk picture, which includes factors that can cause “surprises” r elative to the probabilities and the expected values. Quantification often requires strong simplifications and assumptions and, as a result, important factors could be ignored or given too little (or too much) weight. In a qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis, amore comprehensive risk picture can be established, taking into account underlying factors influencing risk. In contrast to the prevailing use of quantitative risk analyses, the precision level of the risk description is in line with the accuracy of the risk analysis tools. In addition, risk quantification is very resource demanding. One needs to ask whether the resources are used in the best way. We conclude that in many cases more is gained by opening up the way to a broader, more qualitative approach, which allows for considerations beyond the probabilities and expected values.The traditional quantitative risk assessments as seen for example in the nuclear and the oil & gas industries provide a rather narrow risk picture, through calculated probabilities and expected values, and we conclude that this approach should be used with care for problems with large uncertainties. Alternative approaches highlighting the qualitative aspects are more appropriate in such cases. A broad risk description is required. This is also the case in the normative ambiguity situations, as the risk characterizations provide a basis for the risk evaluation processes. The main concern is the value judgments, but they should be supported by solid scientific assessments, showing a broad risk picture. If one tries to demonstrate that it is rational to accept risk, on a scientific basis, too narrow an approach to risk has been adopted. Recognizing uncertainty as a main component of risk is essential to successfully implement risk management, for cases of large uncertainties and normative ambiguity.A risk description should cover computed probabilities and expected values, as well as: Sensitivities showing how the risk indices depend on the background knowledge (assumptions and suppositions); Uncertainty assessments; Description of the background knowledge, including models and data used.The uncertainty assessments should not be restricted to standard probabilistic analysis, as this analysis could hide important uncertainty factors. The search for quantitative, explicit approaches for expressing the uncertainties, even beyond the subjective probabilities, may seem to be a possible way forward. However, such an approach is not recommended. Trying to be precise and to accurately express what is extremely uncertain does not make sense. Instead we recommend a more openqualitative approach to reveal such uncertainties. Some might consider this to be less attractive from a methodological and scientific point of view. Perhaps it is, but it would be more suited for solving the problem at hand, which is about the analysis and management of risk and uncertainties.Source: Terje Aven. 2010. “Risk Management”. Risk in Technological Systems, Oct, p175-198.译文：风险管理本章回顾和讨论风险管理的基本问题和原则，包括：风险可接受性（耐受性）、风险削减和安全风险管理原则、警示和预防原则，并提出了一个研究案例，说明在实际管理环境中这些问题和原则的重要性。
企业的法律文化—企业经营中的法律风险及其防范(金融联)PPT课件
股东的购买条件优 于或等同于第三人
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公司内部转让
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（二）股权转让中的纠纷及解决思路
1、股东间转让真的可以不受限制吗？ 2、对第三人转让出资时，该怎么通知其他股东？ 3、对外转让出资需要开股东会讨论吗？ 4、股东与第三人恶意串通怎么办？ 5、优先购买权如何实现？ 6、强制执行股权时，优先购买权在什么阶段行使？ 7、死亡股东的继承人当然地可以成为股东吗？ ……
（1）出资额占公司资本总额50%的股东；
（2）虽然出资额所占比例不足50%，但足以对 股东会的决议产生重大影响的股东。
2、为什么控股股东要承担诚信义务
第一，股东表决权的本质
第二，控制股东的强大表决权
第三，股东平等的原则
第四，诚实信用原则。
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三、股东权及其保护
（一）股东权保护的意义
3、表决权行使规则可以由公司自己决定
4、灵活的股份回购制度会从期待转为现实
5、减少矛盾的重要措施是有合理的分权与制衡
6、可以成为“驱鲨剂”——防范恶意收购
【案例】
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四、关注因公司章程给企业带来的潜 在风险
1、“蛇吞象”的【案例】 2、可能会导致无效的章程规定 （1）违反强制法 （2）违反公序良俗 （3）侵害债权人利益 （4）侵害股东个人利益 3、章程条款无效的救济——公司法里找答案
公司为公司股东或者实际控制人提供担保的，必须经股东会 或者股东大会决议。
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关于公司超经营范围的风险？
超越经营范围所产生的法律后果 学界的观点
放宽对公司经营范围的解释，即只要董事认为
某项业务有利于公司，而且法律上并无明文规 定禁止，从事该业务就不被认为是越权行为。
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现代企业法律风险防范来源：作者：常明理发布时间：2007-10-24A modern enterprise legal risk prevention Source: Author: often sensible Published: 2007-10-24改革开放以来，中国经济的持续高速增长，造就了大批明星企业和知名企业家。
曾几何时，鲜花、掌声和福布斯排行榜的荣耀，使他们成为国人的骄傲。
令人沉重的是，以国企老总褚时健、私企首富牟其中、乡企大佬禹作敏为典型的中国知名企业家纷纷身陷囹圄，以“央视标王”爱多、“目标宏伟”的三株集团、“股市明星”德隆集团等为代表的辉煌企业纷纷破产。
然而，悲剧不但没有结束的迹象，而且还有愈演愈烈的苗头：唐万新、黄宏生、顾雏军、张海、涂景新、周正毅、袁宝璟……锒铛入狱，郑州亚细亚、马胜利造纸集团，上海冠生园、金华有毒火腿……相继垮台。
Since reform and opening up, China's sustained economic growth, creating a large number of well-known star enterprises and entrepreneurs. Not long ago, flowers, applause and the glory of the Forbes list, so that they will become the pride of Chinese people. It is heavy, the state-owned enterprises to veterans Chu Shijian, Mu Qizhong, the richest man in private businesses, veteran Yu Zuomin Xiangqi is a typical well-known Chinese entrepreneurs have Shenxianlingyu,"CCTV-standard" love, "the grand objective of "The three groups," the stock market star, "Drilon Group as the representative of the glorious enterprise went bankrupt. However, the tragedy did not end in sight, but there are growing signs: Tang Wanxin, Huang Hongsheng, Gu Chujun, Zhang Hai, the new King Tu, Zhou Zhengyi, YUAN Bao-Jing…… jailed, Zhengzhou Asia, Ma victory Paper Group, Shanghai Guansheng Yuan, Jinhua ham toxic…… have collapsed.发生在这些知名企业和企业家身上的悲剧，留给我们更多的是思想的启迪。
俗话说：幸福的家庭各有相似，不幸的家庭各有各的不同，从细节看，每个企业或企业家的悲剧各有不同，但从本质上看，可以找到一个共同的原因，那就是：缺乏法律风险管理意识，在资本原始积累过程或完成以后，不了解法律风险在于何处，更不知道规避风险的必要技巧。
In these well-known enterprises and entrepreneurs on the tragedy, leaving more of our thinking is the inspiration. As the saying goes: the well-being of families have similar unfortunate families each have their own different, the details, each of the tragedy of enterprises or entrepreneurs are different from the essence, can find a common cause, that is: Lack of legal awareness of risk management, in the process of primitive accumulation of capital or completed, the law does not understand where the risk is that, do not know the necessary skills to avoid risks.殊不知，企业在追求自身利益最大化的活动中，风险如影随行，风险与利润是成正比的，成功的经营者即要获得利润，又要规避风险。
而对于企业而言，法律风险无疑是最大的风险，也往往是最致命的风险，如前文所述，多少富豪、多少企业，由于一个小小的法律风险而倒闭、破产。
As everyone knows, the enterprises in the pursuit of maximizing their own interests in the activities, such as video accompanying risks, the risks and profits are directly proportional to the success of the operators is to obtain profits, but also to avoid risks. For business, legal risk is the greatest risk, are often the most lethal risk, as previously mentioned, the number of Regal, the number of enterprises, a small legal risk because of the closure and bankruptcy.诚然，有人将部分知名企业家的个人遭遇归结于“原罪”，认为是当时的机制存在问题，而不是企业家个人的错。
的确，在相当长的一个时期，因法制不健全，外部干扰严重、游戏规则不平等，企业和企业家的财产权缺乏合理的保障，为争取生存发展空间，不得不“打擦边球”，那都是无奈之举。
然而，随着中国市场经济体系的建立，法制化、规范化的加深，社会已认可“市场经济是有序经济，有序经济是法治经济”。
如果还想着靠钻法律空子来发财，就十分危险了。
可喜的是，企业经营管理和发展中存在法律风险已被企业家所认识，但认识深度还远远不够，也尚未采取必要的防范措施。
因为对于风险，需要进一步地识别、评估、防范、进而选择和获取增加企业经济价值的机会，才能达到保障企业及企业家财产和人身权的安全。
Indeed, it was well-known entrepreneurs will be part of the personal experience summed up in the "original sin" that was the mechanism, rather than the fault of individual entrepreneurs. Indeed, in a fairly long period, the legal system is not perfect, serious external interference, the rules of the game inequality, the property rights of enterprises and entrepreneurs lack of reasonable protection, to fight for survival and development of space, had to "fight Cabian Qiu," it is Wunaizhiju. However, as China's market economy system of the legal system and regulation of deepening community has recognized the "market economy is an economic and orderly, and orderly economy is the rule of law economy."And, as China's market economic system established, the rule of law and regulation of deepening community has recognized the "market economy is an economic and orderly, and orderly economy is the rule of law economy." If you think about drilling on legal loopholes to make a fortune, it is very dangerous. Fortunately, business management and development in the legal risks have been recognized by entrepreneurs, but also depth of understanding is far from enough, has not yet taken the necessary preventive measures. Because of the risks, the need for further identification, assessment, prevention, thereby increasing choice and access to economic value of the business opportunities to enterprises and entrepreneurs to protect property and personal rights of the security.谈到法律风险防范，依然要涉及到三个问题：1、企业及企业家存在那些法律风险；2、由谁来完成法律风险防范；3、如何防范法律风险。