英联邦(The Commonwealth)
英美国家概况名词解释
英国部分1.The Thames RiverThe Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly,which is very favorable for water transportation.2.The High LandersThey are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlandsin Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy peoplewho maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live byfarming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。
国际组织名称缩写
欧盟European Union -- EU 欧元(euro)阿盟阿拉伯国家联盟League of Arab States -- LAS非洲联盟（African Union -- AU，简称“非盟”）东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟，Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- ASEAN北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO ），简称北约1949年4月4日，美国、加拿大、英国、法国、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡、丹麦、挪威、冰岛、葡萄牙和意大利等12国在美国首都华盛顿签订了北大西洋公约，宣布成立北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO ），简称北约。
大赦国际(Amnesty International -- AI)英联邦(The Commonwealth)不结盟运动（Non-Aligned Movement -- NAM）巴黎俱乐部(Paris Club) 也称“十国集团” (Group-10)南方中心（South Centre）是以促进南南合作为宗旨的国际著名政府间组织和智库，其前身是南方委员会。
南方委员会为第三世界国家政界、外交界、经济界和学术界著名人士组成的国际性组织。
1985年由委内瑞拉前总统佩雷斯建议，1986年5月在吉隆坡第二次南南会议决定建立，同年9月宣布正式成立，1994年9月正式改名为南方中心。
总部设在日内瓦，现有包括中国在内的51个成员。
独联体是独立国家联合体(Commonwealth of Independent States -- CIS) 的简称上海合作组织(Shanghai Cooperation Organization -- SCO)阿拉伯各国议会联盟(Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union -- AIPU)阿拉伯国家联盟(League of Arab States -- LAS，简称“阿盟”)西欧联盟(Western European Union -- WEU) 1955年5月6日成立，前身为布鲁塞尔条约组织，拥有比利时、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙和英国10个正式成员国。
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦
英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup”fogs伦敦雾10.British isles11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵12.Thomas becket:托马斯13.Geoffrey Chaucer14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国21.Witan 贤人会议22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.The Black Death黑死病29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽35.rotten boroughs衰败选区36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
37.the league of nations国际联盟38.the blitz闪电战39.the beatles甲克虫乐队40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义41.balance of payments收支平衡42.john Maynard Keynes43.visible trade and invisible trade44.European union欧盟45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法47.Agribusiness农业产业48.British disease英国病49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制50.Privy Council枢密院mon law公共法52.the state opening of parliament53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)54.the civil service公务员(考过)55.life peer终身贵族56.acquittal无罪裁决57.cross-examination58.The Crown Court刑事法庭59.probation缓刑60.capital punishment死刑61.the metropolitan police force62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度63.national insurance 社会保险64.general practitioner(GP)65.social worker66.the salvation armyprehensive schools68.Reuters 路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校70.eleven-plus(升学考试)71.BBC72.Rupert murdoch73.the british museum74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving DayIreland(爱尔兰)美国部分1.Amerigo Vespucci2.the Mississippi3.Hispanics4.W ASPS5.baby boom6.the great lakes7.Ellis island8."the great compromise"9.the Emancipation Proclamation10.no taxtation without representation11.the Chinese Exclution Act12.Indentured servants13.boston tea party(考过)14.continental divide15.federalists16.the gettysburg address17.the ku klux klan18.muckrakers黑幕揭发者19.intolerant nationalism20.the red scare21.the progressive movement22.overload23.The New Deal24.the truman doctrine25.the marshall plan26.the smith act27.the civil rights act of 196428.the poverty line29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32 checks and balances33.winner-take-all34. the free enterprise system35. the federal system36.separation of powers37. private school38.school district39. global education40. poor richard's almanac41.transcendentalism42. jazz43.knickerbockers era44. father's day45.mother's day46. congressional medal of honor47.UNICEF48. Great Canyon49. New England50.Hispanic Americans51. Chicanos52.Puerto Ricans53.Federalist Papers54.The First Continental Congress55.Manifest Destiny56.The Black Thursday57.New Frontier58.Port Huron Statement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.American Corn Belt62。
英国概况
英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。
我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英联邦的由来和演变
英联邦的由来和演变英联邦(The Commonwealth)由英国及其前自治领、殖民地和附属国组成，现有54个成员国，其中绝大多数为发展中国家，总人口约占世界人口30％。
英是英联邦名义上的盟主，16个成员国承认英女王为其国家元首，33个实行共和制，5个实行本国君主制。
英联邦成员国间互派高级专员（High Commissioner），代表大使级外交关系。
英联邦定期召开政府首脑会议、部长会议和运动会等，设有英联邦秘书处等机构。
英联邦的孕育、形成和演变，经历了长期、复杂的过程，是英帝国兴衰的写照。
一、孕育和形成16世纪末，英开始对外扩张。
19世纪初，英率先完成了工业革命，国力强盛，加剧了海外侵略和掠夺。
在此后的近一个世纪里，英成为世界第一强国，统治着世界人口和陆地面积的四分之一，其殖民地比本土面积大111倍，号称“日不落帝国”。
19世纪后期，德、意等新兴帝国主义崛起，殖民地民族自主意识增强，对英的霸主地位构成挑战。
为避免各殖民地脱离英帝国，英被迫允许殖民地实行自治。
1867年加拿大首建自治政府，此后，澳大利亚、新西兰、南非和爱尔兰等亦成为自治领。
1884年，英政治家罗斯贝里勋爵为大英帝国这种无可奈何的变化而深为感叹，首次使用了“国家联邦”（Commonwealth of Nations）一词。
在第一次世界大战中，英的实力受到严重削弱，开始走向衰落，而各自治领由于参战和战后参与签署“凡尔赛和约”并成为“国联”成员而提高了独立国际地位，英愈感难以控制。
1926年，英帝国会议发表了以英枢密大臣贝尔福勋爵为首的帝国内部关系委员会起草的报告，宣布各自治领与英“地位平等，以对英王的效忠和英联邦成员的身份自由结合在一起，但在内政和外交事务方面无任何隶属关系。
”1931年，英议会通过“威斯敏斯特法案”，以法律形式确认了“贝尔福报告”，宣布各自治领承认英王为国家元首，英王任命总督为驻自治领的代表，但各自治领享有独立立法权。
英联邦包括哪些国家
该回答在2006年10月9日由回答者修改过
·特立尼达和多巴哥共和国
★大洋洲11国
·澳大利亚联邦
·新西兰
·斐济群岛共和国
·基里巴斯共和国
·瑙鲁共和国
·巴布亚新几内亚独立国
·萨摩亚独立国
·所罗门群岛
·汤加王国
·图瓦卢
·瓦努阿图共和国
★欧洲2国
·大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
·马耳他共和国
怎么样，对这题的回答满意吗?另外敬赠今年英联邦运动会开幕式盛况彩图一张，希望你能喜欢。同时也谢谢你的提问。
英联邦包括哪些国家
提问于2008-08-19 18:46:07问题已经过期
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·纳米比亚共和国
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英国部分名词解释
英国部分名词解释英国部分名词解释1.The British Commonwealth 英联邦07年考It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth2.Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. He formulated a legal system. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".3.William the Conqueror 威廉征服William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. Heptarchy 七王国During the Anglo-Saxon's time ,Britain was divided into many kingdoms, These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name of Heptarchy.5. Witan 贤人会议Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king .It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.6. Domesday BookWilliam sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.7. the Great CharterThe Great Charter has been also known as Magna Carta which king John was forced to sign in 1215. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the church, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers.8. .The Black DeathIt was a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas. It spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.9. the Hundred Years’ WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.10. The Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former wassymbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king’s power became supreme.11. The Glorious Revolution光荣革命,William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.12. the Bill of RightsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses.13.Blood Mary血腥玛丽Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.14. Whigs and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Noncomformists. The T ories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories and became the Liberal Party. The T ories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.15. ThatcherismMrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularlyreferred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private owner-ship ofstate-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. 撒切尔主义包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序16. the Reform Act of 1832It’s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832,it was passed by Parliament in1832 .According to the Act, rotten boroughs were abolished, and parliamentary seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the value of their property.17. Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制08年考A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen .In practice ,the Sovereign reigns ,but does not rule18. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Consti t ution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions.19. the House of Commons 10年考The House of Commons is a part of Parliament ,a nd it’s members are elected by universal adult suffrage. It consists of 651members of Parliament. It has the ultimate authority in making laws.20 . The speaker 09年考The speaker of the House of Commons in Britain is electedat the beginning of each new Parliament to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order,and he is acceptable to all shades of opinion in the House of Commons.21. The Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive pow er. It gave the Sovereign private (“privy”) advice on the government of the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.22. The NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 .This Service provides for every residenta full range of medical services. It is now a largely free service.23. Christmas DayDecember 25th ,the greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the birth of Christ. It’s also a time for the family to get together .24.Bank holiday 07，11年考Official public holiday are also called “bank holidays” The term “bank owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified”25. Comprehensive schoolsComprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.26. The Open University 09年考It refers to a non-residential university which is “ open” to all to become students. Founding in 1969, it offers degrees and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union.27. The House of LordsThe House of lLords is a part of parliam ent. It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. It has a special judicial function and leader is the Lord Chancellor.28. BeatlesIn the early 1960s, four Liverpool boys who joined together in a group called themselves the Beatles. They represented a new pop culture who writes their own music. The Beatles won the affection and admiration of people of all ages and social backgrounds.29. English feudal system 10年考In this system ,the king owned all the land personally, who gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military and a proportion of the land’s produce30. the welfare stateThe welfare state id a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities .This system if founded out of nation insurance contribution and taxation.。
英国早期的历史背景
英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。
我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦
英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦英国部分1.The Thames River2.The High Landers3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候7.The English Channel 8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“pea soup” fogs伦敦雾 10.British isles 11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵 12.Thomas becket:托马斯 13.Geoffrey Chaucer 14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德 15.lollards:罗拉德派 16.The Puritans清教徒17.Julius Caesar18.The Hardrian's Wall 哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国 20.St.Augustine 21.Witan 贤人会议 22.Alfred the Great 豆瓣 23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服24.The battle of Hastings 25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区26.Norman Conquest 诺曼征服 27.Domesday Book 英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册 28.The Black Death黑死病 29.the divine rights of kings君权神授30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽 35.rotten boroughs衰败选区 36.Mrs Pankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。
英国早期的历史背景
英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。
我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
England是英国吗？
England是英国吗？同学们在英语学习中往往把England与英国相联系，并大量使用England指代英国。
实际上，按地缘政治角度划分，England只是英国的组成部分之一，即英格兰。
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland即大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，是英国的正式名称，简称the United Kingdom，即U．K．，包括大不列颠和北爱尔兰；Great Britain即大不列颠，是英格兰(England)，苏格兰(Scotland)及威尔士(Wales)的总称，也称为Britain；the British Isles即大不列颠群岛，包括大不列颠、整个爱尔兰以及该地的其它岛屿；the British commonwealth或the commonwealth则指由昔日一些殖民地组成的英联邦国家。
在概念上应区别的类似地缘政治名称还有：1．America，North America／South America，the United States我们习惯上称America为美国，American为美国人，然而我们要清楚，America指美洲或美国时，需根据上下文确定。
美国的正式表达方式为美利坚合众国the United States of America，缩略为U．S．A．，通常我们也可以使用the United States即U．S．指代美国，有时我们还称呼美国的绰号Uncle Sam(US)。
North America用来指包括美国、加拿大和墨西哥在内的北美洲。
South America和Latin America分别代表南美洲和拉丁美洲。
2．China，the People’s Republic of China对于我们的祖国China，大家都很熟悉。
正式场合时，我们要使用全称the People’s Republic of China．简称P.R.C.。
翻硕中会遇到的各种国际组织的英文及其缩写
欧盟European Union -- EU 欧元(euro)阿盟阿拉伯国家联盟League of Arab States -- LAS非洲联盟（African Union -- AU，简称“非盟”）东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟，Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- ASEAN北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO ），简称北约1949年4月4日，美国、加拿大、英国、法国、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡、丹麦、挪威、冰岛、葡萄牙和意大利等12国在美国首都华盛顿签订了北大西洋公约，宣布成立北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO ），简称北约。
大赦国际(Amnesty International -- AI)英联邦(The Commonwealth)不结盟运动（Non-Aligned Movement -- NAM）巴黎俱乐部(Paris Club) 也称“十国集团”(Group-10)南方中心（South Centre）是以促进南南合作为宗旨的国际著名政府间组织和智库，其前身是南方委员会。
南方委员会为第三世界国家政界、外交界、经济界和学术界著名人士组成的国际性组织。
1985年由委内瑞拉前总统佩雷斯建议，1986年5月在吉隆坡第二次南南会议决定建立，同年9月宣布正式成立，1994年9月正式改名为南方中心。
总部设在日内瓦，现有包括中国在内的51个成员。
独联体是独立国家联合体(Commonwealth of Independent States -- CIS) 的简称上海合作组织(Shanghai Cooperation Organization -- SCO)阿拉伯各国议会联盟(Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union -- AIPU)阿拉伯国家联盟(League of Arab States -- LAS，简称“阿盟”)这些资料都是爱考的老师帮我整理出来的，刚看到的时候吓了一跳，这得下很大功夫花很多时间来整理，省了我很多时间和精力啊。
The Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formerly known as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 54 independent member states. All but 2 of these countries (Mozambique and Rwanda) were formerly part of the British Empire, out of which it developed.The member states cooperate within a framework of common values and goals as outlined in the Singapore Declaration. These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace. The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organisation through which countries with diverse social, political, and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status.英联邦（Commonwealth of Nations ）是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织。
英语国家概况名词解释汇总
英语国家概况名词解释汇总英国部分1.The Thames RiverThe Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowingthrough England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly,which is very favorable for water transportation.2.The High LandersThey are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlandsin Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live byfarming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties within the commonwealth(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。
常见国际组织的中英文及缩写
常见国际组织的中英文及缩写欧盟 European Union — EU 欧元 (euro)阿盟阿拉伯国家联盟 League of Arab States — LAS非洲联盟（African Union — AU，简称“非盟”）东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟，Association of Southeast Asian Nations —ASEAN 北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization — NATO ），简称北约1949年4月4日，美国、加拿大、英国、法国、比利时、荷兰、卢森堡、丹麦、挪威、冰岛、葡萄牙和意大利等12国在美国首都华盛顿签订了北大西洋公约，宣布成立北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization —NATO ），简称北约。
大赦国际 (Amnesty International — AI)英联邦 (The Commonwealth)不结盟运动（Non-Aligned Movement — NAM）巴黎俱乐部 (Paris Club) 也称“十国集团” (Group-10)南方中心（South Centre）是以促进南南合作为宗旨的国际著名政府间组织和智库，其前身是南方委员会。
南方委员会为第三世界国家政界、外交界、经济界和学术界著名人士组成的国际性组织。
1985年由委内瑞拉前总统佩雷斯建议，1986年5月在吉隆坡第二次南南会议决定建立，同年9月宣布正式成立，1994年9月正式改名为南方中心。
总部设在日内瓦，现有包括中国在内的51个成员。
独联体是独立国家联合体 (Commonwealth of Independent States — CIS) 的简称上海合作组织 (Shanghai Cooperation Organization — SCO)阿拉伯各国议会联盟 (Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union — AIPU)阿拉伯国家联盟 (League of Arab States — LAS，简称“阿盟”)西欧联盟 (Western European Union — WEU) 1955年5月6日成立，前身为布鲁塞尔条约组织，拥有比利时、法国、德国、希腊、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙和英国10个正式成员国。
英联邦国家
安提瓜和巴布达
巴哈马国
巴巴多斯
伯利兹
多米尼克国
格林纳达
圭亚那合作共和国
牙买加共和国
圣基茨和尼维斯联邦
圣卢西亚
圣文森特和格林纳丁斯
特立尼达和多巴哥共和国
★大洋洲11国
澳大利亚联邦
新西兰
斐济群岛共和国
目前在北美，有2000多所大学要求外国学生申请入学学习时必须提供TOEFL考试成绩，各大学对新生入学的录取分数线没有统一的规定，约75％的院校要求新生的TOEFL成绩应在550分以上。
GRE（Graduate Record Examination）考试是美国教育考试服务处负责主办的研究生申请入学资格考试。考试的测试内容主要包括词汇、数理问题、分析和逻辑推理等，满分2400分。
1950年，印度成为共和国，并选举了自己的国家元首。从此英联邦成员由以前对英王效忠的原则演变为英联邦成员“接受英王为独立成员国自由联合体的象征”，英王成为“英联邦的元首”，有16个国家现在仍将英王作为自己的国家元首。
自英联邦成立至今，先后有4个国家退出了英联邦，即缅甸、爱尔兰、原也门民主人民共和国和津巴布韦。截至2006年9月，英联邦共有53个成员国，其中亚洲9个，非洲18个，美洲13个，大洋洲11个，欧洲2个。他们分别是：
英联邦国家 英联邦（The Commonwealth）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。第一次世界大战后，英国慑于日益高涨的殖民地民族解放运动，调整了同原英帝国其他成员之间的关系。1926年“英帝国会议”的帝国内部关系委员会提出，英国和已经由殖民地变为自治共和国的一些国家是“自由结合的英联邦的成员”，“地位平等，在内政和外交方面互不隶属，唯有依靠对英王的共同效忠精神统一在一起”。1931年，《威斯敏斯特法案》从法律上对此予以确认，英联邦正式形成。
英美国家概况名词解释等
1. The civil rights movementIt is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America. Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King. Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US.2.A federal system【联邦制】It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each.3.King ArthurIt is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.4. The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5. Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance. Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture. It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle. The music usually sounds fast and furious. Most of the actionis from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6. The House of CommonsIt is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(members of parliament)make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7. The Commonwealth【英联邦】In the author’s opinion, the Commowealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia,Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8. MaoritangaIt is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions,9. The “Washminster” form polityIt is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is base on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.10. Yellowstone National ParkIt is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US. It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area. It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.11 counterculture[反主流文化]In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture”. The counterculture rejected capitalism and other Americans principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents. Some group of youth tried to construct different ways of life,. Among the most famous were the hippies. They thought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking. But it was music,rock music particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society. The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.12 Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movements of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “ I Have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard NixonRichard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the elction in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While hewas in office, he contributed to the establishment ofdiplomatic relations between the US and China and visited Chinain 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected ,he was involved in theWatergate scandal,for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.1.Explain your understanding of how the United States isgoverned according to its constitution, including itspolity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.if Congress proposes a law that the president think is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not became law. Congress can enact t he law despite the president’s views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a low which is the challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions,including the position, of Supreme Court justice. The Senate,however,must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2. How do you understand the saying: ”British history has beena history of invasion.” ?Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people:a powerful cultural originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by Roman Empire, and England and Wales became part of the Roman Empire for nearly400 years. As the Roman Empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again divided into small kindoms, andagain it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader-King Arthur appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur,drove the Saxons back.whatever Arthur’s success,legend or not,it did not last,for the Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain,and either absorbed the Celtic people,or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores. Their settlements in England grew until large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control.1066, the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings. Under William of Normandy they cross the English Channel and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold. This marks the last time .that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functionsFirst of all, American with different religions live together under the same law. The Bill of Rights in the US Constitutioninsists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people’s religious affairs.The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church guaranted in the Constitution is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution.Secondly,the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. Every Sunday morning, all over America people pour into the churches. Half of American Protestants are active church members, and there are few who habitually stay away. Not only the Catholic churches,but the Protestant ones too,are flourishing,and new ever-growing suburbs. Through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly,in the united states every church is a completeluy independent organization,and concerned with its own finance and its own building.if one goes to a Protestant church,he or she will hear morality preached,but not a word of doctrine. Churches and religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than of rigid adherence to doctrine.。
英联邦运动会
英联邦运动会英联邦运动会（英语：The Commonwealth Games），是英联邦国家每四年举办一次的运动会。
这运动会首次举办于1930年，当时它被称为大英帝国运动会（The British Empire Games）。
运动会的名称在1954年被改为大英帝国和联邦运动会（British Empire and Commonwealth Games），又于1970年改作不列颠联邦运动会（British Commonwealth Games），然后在1978年换成现在的英联邦运动会（The Commonwealth Games）。
2002年起，英联邦运动会增设残疾人项目，使得更多残疾选手多了一个展示的舞台。
除了奥林匹克运动会的热门运动项目，英联邦运动会的运动项目方面也包含了一些流行于英联邦国家的项目如草地滚球、七人制橄榄球和无网篮球。
目前，一共有53个英联邦国家和71个队伍参与此运动会。
英联邦运动会的运动员人数通常高达5,000人。
这使到英联邦运动会为其中最为多运动员参与的国际运动盛会之一。
以一个运动竞赛的方式团结大英帝国的各个成员，这个构思最初是由阿斯特利·库柏（Astley Cooper）先生在1891年首先形成的，他在《泰晤士报》上发表了一篇文章，内容建议说“如果每四年举办一次泛大不列颠和泛安圭拉的竞赛和节日，便可以促进大英帝国成员之间的亲善友谊和相互理解”。
在1911年，大英帝国节在伦敦举办，节日是为了庆祝英王乔治五世加冕。
节日中也举办了一场帝国内的竞标赛，参赛的队伍包括了澳大利亚、加拿大、南非和英国，竞赛的项目包括了拳击、摔跤、游泳和田径。
在1928年，加拿大人梅尔维尔·马克斯·“鲍比”·罗宾逊（Melville Marks “Bobby”Robinson）邀请筹划了第一届的大英帝国运动会，两年后在加拿大安大略省的哈密尔顿正式举办了第一届赛事。
英联邦运动会和奥林匹克运动会一样，也曾受到政治抵制。
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英联邦（The Commonwealth）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
第一次世界大战后，英国慑于日益高涨的殖民地民族解放运动，调整了同原英帝国其他成员之间的关系。
1926年“英帝国会议”的帝国内部关系委员会提出，英国和已经由殖民地成为自治共和国的加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非是“自由结合的英联邦的成员”，“地位平等，在内政和外交的任何方面互不隶属，唯有依靠对英王的共同效忠精神统一在一起”。
1931年，《威斯敏斯特法案》从法律上对此予以确认，英联邦正式形成。
1947年，印度、巴基斯坦各自宣布独立并加入英联邦。
1949年，印度成为共和国，选举了自己的国家元首。
从此英联邦成员由需对英王效忠的原则演变为英联邦成员“接受英王为独立成员国自由联合体的象征”，英王是“英联邦的元首”。
英联邦不设权力机构，英国和各成员国互派高级专员代表大使级外交关系。
英联邦总部和常设机构均设在伦敦，其组织机构有：1．英联邦政府首脑会议；通常两年举行一次会议。
1966年以前在伦敦举行，自1966年起轮流在成员国中举行，由东道国政府首脑主持。
会议不通过决议，会议发表的总原则对与会国没有约束力。
2．亚太地区英联邦政府首脑会议；从1978年起每两年举行一次，讨论共同关心的地区性问题。
3．英联邦部长会议；包括每年举行的部长会议和不定期举行各类会议等。
4．英联邦秘书处；1965年成立，负责成员国间的协商和交流。
5．英联邦基金会；成立于1966年。
此外，英联邦还有一些专业性组织，如英联邦议会协会、英联邦新闻联盟、英联邦广播协会、英联邦青年交流理事会、英联邦体育运动联合会和英联邦艺术协会等。
每年4月27日为英联邦日。
出版物有《英联邦潮流》（双月刊）、《今日英联邦》和《英联邦手册》。
截至2006年4月19日，英联邦有53个成员国。
它们是：安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚联邦、巴哈马国、孟加拉人民共和国、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、博茨瓦纳共和国、文莱达鲁萨兰国、喀麦隆共和国、加拿大、塞浦路斯共和国、多米尼克国、斐济群岛共和国、冈比亚共和国、加纳共和国、格林纳达、圭亚那合作共和国、印度共和国、牙买加共和国、肯尼亚共和国、基里巴斯共和国、莱索托王国、马拉维共和国、马来西亚、马尔代夫共和国、马耳他共和国、毛里求斯共和国、莫桑比克共和国、纳米比亚共和国、瑙鲁共和国、新西兰、尼日利亚联邦共和国、巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国、巴布亚新几内亚独立国、圣基茨和尼维斯联邦、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚独立国、塞舌尔共和国、塞拉利昂共和国、新加坡共和国、所罗门群岛、南非共和国、斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国、斯威士兰王国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、汤加王国、特立尼达和多巴哥共和国、图瓦卢、乌干达共和国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、瓦努阿图共和国、赞比亚共和国。