(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 4
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson5课后习题答案
Background Information
1."Each volume of American Decades concentrates on the social aspects of a ten-year period in American history, providing insight into time periods that have defined the cultural identity of entire generations and helped shape the political and economic fabric of America" About the Book
2. Vary your reading. It is easy to tire of reading about a particular subject if you spend too long on it. To overcome this problem, work on several different assignments on an evening rather than finish one assignment completely. The variety of subject matters will provide a needed change and maintain your interest. Even when you are studying the same material, you can read it several times instead of going slowly sentence by sentence, paragraph after paragraph. Instead, try to read it several times, varying the speed and focus of each reading.
(新编研究生英语系列教程)研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版课件及课后答案lesson 10
② 在欧共体内，农业现在处于转折点。 Now farming is at a crossroads in the European Community.
2. Study in the same place. Once you have located a good place to study, try to study in this place regularly. You will find that you will become familiar with the surroundings and will begin to form associations between the place and the activity you perform there. Eventually, as soon as you enter the room or sit down at the desk, you will begin to feel as though you should study.
② 这所房子附带有5亩空地。 Five acres of land go with the house.
4. Stick to a routine, efficient study schedule. Studying at the same time each day will help you fall into the habit of studying more easily.
5. Do not study where you are too comfortable. If you study sitting in a lounge chair or lying across your bed, you may find it difficult to concentrate.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
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Course outline
Unit 4: Critical Thinking and Analysis
Identifying the author's purpose and perspective
Evaluating the credibility and reliability of the source
Graduate English Reading Course (Basic Level 2 Edi
目录
CONTENTS
introduction English reading skills English article types English reading comprehension exercises English Reading Practice English Reading Assessment and Feedback
Comprehend complex sentences
Improve reading speed
Regular practice of reading English texts can help improve reading speed and comprehension.
Speed reading techniques
Expository text
Argumentative essay is a genre that is designed to persuade or convince the reader of a particular point of view or argument. It typically includes a clear position statement, evidence or reasons to support the position, and a conclusion that summarizes the argument. Argumentative essays are written in an assertive and forceful style. They use language that is precise and accurate, and they present evidence or reasons that are relevant and reliable. Argumentative essays are often found in editorials, opinion columns, political speeches, and other public forums. They are also used in academic contexts, such as term papers and research papers.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课本01
READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism(a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means: ... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these deadand dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer(1986), and The English Languages(1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popular ly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of En glish as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situ ations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these pa ragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which isunlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson3课后习题答案
Language Points
3. *keep sth. to yourself not tell anyone else about something 对…秘而不宣，不把…讲出来 (line 3, para. 3)
① 有这类爱好不该让人知道。 One must keep such interests to oneself. ② 我要你保守这事的秘密。 I want you to keep this to yourself! ③ 别保守了，我们需要你的知识和经验。 Don’t keep it to yourself, we need your knowledge and experience.
Unit One Efficient Reading
Lesson Three Reading Rate
Varying Your Rate and Comprehension As we have learned in the previous lessons, a guiding principle of efficient and flexible reading is that not all materials should be read in the same way or with the same level of comprehension. You should select a level of comprehension appropriate for what you are reading. The level of comprehension and recall that you choose is largely determined by your purpose of reading. Throughout this unit you have seen how your purpose for reading shapes how you read. Even though you are now aware of the need to select a comprehension and recall level that is compatible with your purpose, it is not always easy to apply this knowledge and make decisions about how you will read material before you begin reading. Practice and frequent reminders to yourself are necessary to achieve this goal.
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson12课后习题答案
Practice of Reading Techniques Read the following paragraphs, broadening your eye span as much as possible while reading. 1. Since the second war, and particularly during the last few years, a rapidly growing amount of effort has been devoted to the use of high-power rockets to carry instruments up to great heights above the earth, to launch artificial satellites and deep space probes. 2. Without written language, we would be completely shut off from the great minds of the past, and it would be quite impossible for us to undertake such a study, since we would have no means of knowing anything about the language of the people who lived in this country five hundred or a thousand years ago, and still less should we be in a position to relate that language to the tongues spoken in other countries.
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译Lesson1II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. Constitute形成C. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily assimple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I.A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought andexpressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remainingCeltic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)PPT 04(待补)
Lesson 4
Reading Selection A
The Transformation of Marriage （待补）
T Reading:
1. identify the author’s purpose of writing 2. analyze the writer’s technique and language 3. evaluate the writer’s competence or authority 4. ask critical questions 5. evaluate the nature and type of supporting evidence
Research reveals that effective reading is not a singlestep process, but a complex set of skills involving activities before, during, and after reading. Here is a partial list of some of those skills.
Practice of Reading Techniques
Activities before，during and after reading.
1. Determine what is meant by the title of the reading 2. selection “A Whole Nation and a People.”
During Reading:
1. identify what is important 2. determine how key ideas are supported 3. identify patterns of thought 4. draw connections among ideas 5. anticipate what is to come next 6. relate ideas to what you already know
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级 第二版)lesson 4 墨慧强
READING SELECTION AThe Transformation of Marriage婚姻的变迁By Stephen Bertmantrans-: across; form: (1)n. fill in a form; (2)vt.[1] To be sure, ours is not the first time in modern history when efforts have been made to redefine traditional marriage. The communal "group marriages" of the 1960s and the individualistic "open marriages" of the 1970s each challenged the notion (concept) of a nonnegotiable contract between one woman and one man. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute (n./ vt.) for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined(weakened)the concept of wedlock(marriage)as a discrete(separate)and distinctive (different) state [marital status: (1)single; (2)married; (3)separate; (4) divorced]. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon(imitate/ copy)the Adam-and-Eve template. The most recent and radical challenge to traditional marriage, however, rejects this religious template.Same-Sex Marriage: Action and Reaction (Response)[2] Inspired(Encouraged)by the activism (women’s liberation movement/ civil right movement) in the 1960s that secured political and economic rights for blacks and women, American gays and lesbians mobilized to end(stop)what they viewed as the discriminatory practice of granting(giving) marriage licenses only to heterosexual couples. As law professor William N. Eskridge Jr. (junior-senior; junior high school)has stated(said)in his book,The Case for Same-Sex Marriage (Free Press, 1996): "Marriage is the most important right the state(the government of the US)has to offer,in part(partially)because being married entails dozens of associated rights, benefits, and obligations(responsibility)under state and federal law." These pertain to such matters as parenthood, property ownership, guardianship, and inheritance. [be obliged to do sth./ sth.pertain to sb.][3] Outside the United States, however, efforts to legitimize same-sex marriage have met with (achieve) more success. In 2001 the Netherlands(Dutch)became the first nation in the world to provide civil [<->military] marriage ceremonies for homosexual couples. In 2003, Belgium followed suit (imitated). And in 2002 and 2003, courts in three Canadian Provinces ruled(vt.)that the[deny: vt. ~ (deprive) sb.of sth.)denial of marriage to same-sex couples constituted a violation of Canada's Charter of Rights.Interspecies Marriage[4] The exploration of outer space may result in the colonization of planets—and the potential for the sexual union of human beings and aliens.While(Although)the reports of individual abductions(seduction)here on Earth for the purpose of reproductive experiments may rightly or wrongly be dismissed(denied)as delusional, the intent(intention)of the people of Earth to explore the universe in search of extraterrestrial life is a practical reality. Whether such extraterrestrial life exists, or whether explorers from Earth will ever encounter(meet with)it and mate(marry)with it, cannot be known at present, but the possibility surely exists. Under what jurisdiction(s), if any, such marriages will occur, and with what biological and social consequences, can also not be known.[5] Yet, the potential for interspecies marriage already exists on our own planet—not for sexual or reproductive purposes, but for valid emotional ones (purposes) similar to those(marriages)that have motivated human couples down through history.[6] It has been said that the dog is man's best friend. As evidence, pet cemeteries exist where the last remains of loyal and loving pets have been interred(buried)with a measure(some)of dignity and respect equal to that accorded to human relatives and friends. The licensing of pet ownership has long been a function of government, and some pet shops carefully screen the intentions and character of prospective(potential/ would-be)human applicants before granting (giving)them rights to pet adoption. Pets, moreover, have sometimes been named as beneficiaries in their masters' or mistresses'wills.[7] Why then, one (anybody) might ask,should not an individual choose (=decide) to affirm (confirm)the emotional attachment(connection/ attached school)he or she feels for a pet with the formality(procedure)of a documented ceremony in which the human particular(involved) / concerned)promises to love and honor the animal companion? Though the devoted(royal/ devote oneself to sth.)pet would be unable to verbally acknowledge its willingness(desire)to enter into such a relationship, affidavits could be obtained(got)from witnesses attesting(proving)to the caring and affectionate(loving)bond(connection)between pet and owner.[8] To propose the possibility of interspecies marriage is not to demean the desire of human couples, whether heterosexual or homosexual, to marry. Rather, it is meant(intended)to suggest that the concept of marriage as a socially and spiritually sanctioned(approved)partnership need not be restricted to(limited to)humans alone if the partners to the arrangement are bound by a clear sense of loving and lifelong commitment.Marriage of human Being and Inanimate Object[9] If the element of sexuality is removed from the definition of marriage, then the marriage of human beings to inanimate objects becomes theoretically possible.[10] Critics of American society have frequently observed how Americans are "wedded" (married)to their material possessions. Why might not such a relationship be validated(legalized) by ceremony?[11] Many men are in love with their cars, especially classic models, and expend (spend) significant(large)amounts of time and money to maintain them. Why not license both the right to drive and the commitment of the driver to the car that faithfully serves him? The relationship would terminate(end)in the event (in the case) of irreparable mechanical breakdown (equivalent to the death of a spouse) or the disposal of the car by sale (equivalent to divorce).[12]Many an individual, moreover, has formed an intimate (close) relationship with his or her computer, spending long hours in its close company, often to the exclusion of human contact. Though the computer could not express its desire for monogamous union (marriage), its acknowledgment of a secret password, its ability to keep secrets that it shares only with its operator, and its instantaneous compliance would signal its faithfulness and obedience.Is Marriage Necessary?[13] Naturally, some(people)would argue that a wedding ceremony between ourselves and our material possessions is unlikely (impossible) and unnecessary. Few legal benefits, after all, would accrue(increase/ add)to inanimate objects from such an arrangement. And whatever benefits wouldaccrue to us, we already have.[14] Someday, in fact, the original notion(concept)of marriage may seem a semantic artifact ofa lost world. (983 words) [The other day<->Someday]ABOUT THE AUTHORStephen Bertman is Professor of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Canada's University of Windsor. He is the author of Hyperculture, The Human Cost of Speed (Praeger, 1998), and many other books. [supermarket->Hypermarket]EXERCISESI . Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. According to the passage, the traditional marriage refers to _____.A. the religious template marriageB. the individualistic open marriageC. the wedlock of a discrete and distinctive stateD. the wedlock with a contract between a man and a woman2. According to the passage, what was it like in the 1960s?A. Group marriages were very popular.B. American blacks were no longer discriminated against.C. Feminist movement began to rise in American society.D. The same-sex marriage was considered abnormal.3. According to Professor William N. Eskridge Jr., _____.A. same-sex marriage should be made legal by American governmentB. without official marriage status, gays and lesbians may lose some rights and benefitsC. marriage licenses should only be granted to heterosexual couplesD. gays and lesbians have always been seriously discriminated against in the country4. The author believes that _____.A. some people have been abducted by aliens from outer spaceB. it is delusional to meet extraterrestrial lives in outer spaceC. it is quite possible that extraterrestrial lives exist in outer spaceD. the exploration of outer space has a practical meaning for the colonization of planets5. Down through history, the most important purpose of human marriage has been _____.A. financialB. sexualC. emotionalD. reproductive6. The author implies in the article that_____.A. some pets have been buried as honorably as peopleB. pets should not be interred into cemeteriesC. pets should not be beneficiaries in their masters' or mistresses' willsD. interspecies marriage has demeaned the desire of human marriage7. The author proposes the possibility of interspecies marriage based on the concept that marriage is a life partnership _____.A. sanctioned by the societyB. bound by love and lifelong commitmentC. providing spiritual and financial supportD. working as a basic unit of a society8. The author proposes the possibility of marriage with inanimate objects because he thinks _____.A. such a relationship should be validated by ceremonyB. many men are indulged in inanimate objectsC. many people have intimate relationship with inanimate objectsD. the definition of marriage can be extended to non-sexual relationship9. According to the author,_____.A. a wedding ceremony between human and inanimate objects is unnecessaryB. some people love inanimate objects more than they love peopleC. marriage with inanimate objects would accrue a lot of material possessions to usD. the computer has deprived many people of the opportunity to contact others10. According to the author, the notion of marriage will_____.A. be changed dramatically in the futureB. only be found in the dictionaries in the futureC. remain the same as its originalD. disappear in people's life in the futureII. VocabularyA Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. As the year progressed (passed), the war in Vietnam undermined national unity, compelling (forcing)the president and his advisers to spend much of their time explaining U. S. policy in Asia.A. weakenedB. stressedC. brokeD. split (video splitter/ a split second)2. The picture was different from all the others. It consisted of a lot of discrete spots of color. [A consists of B and C/ A is composed of B and C]A. mysteriousB. surprisingC. separateD. bright3. The preparation for the great military overseas operations entailed months of careful planning and preparation.A. entitledB. requiredC. provided (sb. with sth.)D. deprived (sb. of sth.)4. It was reported that a 19-year-old college student at Berkeley was taken from her apartment. And two days after the abduction a tape recording was sent to a local radio station.A. burglaryB. murder (n./ vt.)C. hijackD. kidnapping5. Mott suffers financially and emotionally as(when)his series of delusional get-rich-quick schemes(plans)goes bad (fail).A. expectedB. extravagantC. dreamedD.(brain)drained6. Then for a number of(a lot of)African Americans the strategy of the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to appear demeaning and even irrelevant.A. degradingB. destining (be destined to do sth.)C. deviatingD.(ascend<->)descending7. The member countries of the organization would act only with the sanction of United Nations. [act on sth.]A. punishmentB.(sustain->)sustenanceC. approvalD. authorization8. Miracles (->miraculous) are instantaneous they cannot be summoned, but come ofthemselves (independently), usually at unlikely(impossible)moments and to those who least expect them.A. evident (a.->evidence: n.)B. immediateC. inevitable(=unavoidable)D. hidden (camera)9. The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the cost to industry of compliance with the new rules could be as high as $ 1 billion a year.A. following (observe/obey)B. executionC. accomplishment (=achievement)D. agreeableness10. On the basis (base) of the law, the woman's right is absolute and that she is entitled to terminate her pregnancy at whatever time, in whatever way, and for whatever reason she alone chooses.A. pauseB. complete(a./ vt.)C. expireD. stopB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Ike each wordor expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.extraterrestrial jurisdiction to be sure pertain to follow suita measure of be bound by after all acknowledgment attest to1.In the U. S. the FBI has the broadest jurisdiction of all federal law enforcement agencies. It is authorized to investigate all federal criminal violations that the United States Congress has not specifically assigned to other federal agencies.2. Many Scandinavian words were introduced into Old English by the Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded Britain periodically from the late 8th century on. Introduced first were words pertaining to the sea and battle.3. At a conference on space exploration, a Moscow astronomer proposed that two intense radio sources might indicate attempts by extraterrestrial creatures to let their presence be known. [press/ academic conference]4. Little is known of the earliest inhabitants of England. A prehistoric temple found at Stanton Drew in 1997attest to the early presence of an able(intelligent)people.5.To be sure, some people may disagree, but that doesn't mean I'm wrong.6. The first player to the left plays any card, and the rest of the players,follow suit. [(1)Yunnan is in the south of China. (2)Vietnam is on the south of Yunnan; The Philippines is to the south of China.; on the left/ right]7. He has not become rich in business, but he has had a measure(degree)of success.8. The representative of the United Kingdom argued unsuccessfully that such interference would only make negotiations more difficult; he declined(refused)to accept them or be bound by them.9. I know he hasn't finished the work, but,after all, he is a very busy man.10. The Clinton administration, reversing the policy of the previous Bush administration, supported acknowledgment of the growing North-South division of the world into rich and poor countries.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the rightword or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary. involve resource spouse unconventional universally at the same time complicate furthermore committed illustrateMarriage is commonly defined as a partnership between two members of opposite sex known as husband and wife. However, scholars who study human culture and society disagree on whether marriage can be universally defined. The usual roles and responsibilities of the husband and wife include living together, having sexual relations only with one another, sharing economic2 resources and being recognized as the parents of their children. However,3unconventional (conventional=traditional)forms of marriage that do not include these elements do exist. For example, scholars have studied several cultural groups in Africa and India in which husbands and wives do not live together. Instead, each4spouse remains in his or her original home, and the husband is a "visitor" with sexual rights. 5Committed relationships between homosexuals (individuals with a sexual orientation toward people of the same sex) also challenge conventional definitions of marriage. [commit: ~suicide; ~crime;committed time]Debates over the definition of marriage6illustrate(show)its dual nature as both a public institution(structure/ relationship)and a private, personal relationship. On the one hand, marriage 7involves an emotional and sexual relationship between particular human beings.8At the same time marriage is an institution that transcends(surpass)the particular individuals involved in it and unites two families. In some cultures (countries), marriage connects two families in a9 complicated set of property exchanges involving land, labor, and other resources. The extended (<->nuclear)family and society also share an interest in any children the couple may have.10 Furthermore, the legal and religious definitions of marriage and the laws that surround it usually represent the symbolic expression of core cultural norms (standard/informal behavioral guidelines) and values. [normal university]IV.TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. The frequency of cohabitation, whether as a prelude to or as a substitute for a ceremony with legal force, has further undermined the concept of wedlock as a discrete and distinctive state. All of these challenges, however, were or are predicated upon a relationship that is heterosexual, fashioned upon the Adam-and-Eve template.无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。
研究生英语阅读教程(第二版基础级)lesson 1
READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse?Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually(actually)all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141) Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently (at the present/ at the moment) works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably (especially) the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism[a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism]. As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have[by design(=deliberately) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some (about)three centuries ago as (when) economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3]For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit.By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly (very) safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably (perhaps) too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately (objectively), as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment. [warn sb. of sth.][5] It certainly isn't hard(difficult) to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently(Obviously/ Apparently)no one atthe time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition (besides), in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless (from then on)—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced (substituted) by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat (a little) different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely (negatively) affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense (meaning) that any large language is likely(possible)to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see (consider/ regard) English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex (network), and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus (organization). Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue (problem) of politics, justice, and equality. My object (target) lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased (stopped) to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose (occurred) because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous (native) people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime (rule), and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained (obtained/ got) strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular(especially/specifically)theywant a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times(often) a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities (society), for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve(illustrate)well here: There is something of yang in every yin,of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance (case) within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests (shows) that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today:The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985—). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981),Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of(realize)the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the issue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, th ere has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe th at English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however”(paragraph4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time, however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably(especially)C. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty (property).A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusive(<->exclusive)D. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most___ of governments./ reward rewarding [a gifted / talented person]A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign (kind)4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times,one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticated (tamed)C. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (=i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again,taking in most of human life. [worn-out]7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was,by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on(focus on)manpower management. (relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: itwill not endanger the planet and its inhabitants. (habitat)10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [(criterion) criteria: (1)semantic/(2)grammatical]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and1by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and2as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea,4complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was5600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and_ 6), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in7use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created8by eliminating numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression“go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of=despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson2课后习题答案
Background Information
A PhD degree can take between three and six years to complete, depending on the course of study chosen, the ability of the student, and the thesis that the student has selected. The thesis is a very intensive research paper that must be completed prior to earning the degree. It is always required of students pursuing a PhD, and may sometimes be required of students pursuing a master’s degree (depending on the school). Certain courses of study are only available at the graduate school level in America. The most notable of these are law, dentistry, and medicine. Students who want to pursue a degree in one of these fields must first obtain a bachelor’s degree.
Background Information
5. Education, a local matter The United States does not have a national school system. Nor, with the exception of the military academies (for example, the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland), are there schools run by the federal government. But the government provides guidance and funding for federal educational programs in which both public and private schools take part, and the U.S. Department of Education oversees these programs. From Hawaii to Delaware, from Alaska to Louisiana, each of the 50 states has its own laws regulating education. From state to state, some laws are similar while others are not.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语阅读教程(第二版基础级)英语课后习题答案
Section A Guessing about Different OccupationsExercise 11. air hostess2. teacher3. dentists4.shop assistant5. tour guide6. salesman7. disc jockey8. traffic warden9. waiter 10. taxi driverExercise 21. airways, flight2. homework3. open up wide, filling, chipped4. larger size, fit, stock5. building, designed6. buys, products7. record, radio 8. yellow line, no-parking, traffic9. menu, chef 10. road, parkSection B Taking MessagesExercise 11. Meet Stacey at school at 4:30 .Stacey has told others.Bring volleyball and Stacey's money.2. Dinner with Tim on Thursday.Will meet at 7:00 instead of 6: 3 0.Will pick you up at your place.3. Dr White.Dental check-up.Thursday, 2 pm.Call if not convenient.4. Diane called.Ruth Lee needs a ride tomorrow.Can you take her?Call her 547-68925. Car ready next Tuesday.Car needed a lot of work.Replaced battery but still working on starter.Will cost around $ 350.You need new snow tires.Section C Leaving a MessageExercise 11. Petty.2. Jenny.3.4.Exercise 21. a hair-dryer2. ring3. the end of May4. shoeExercise 3 4.48 5 3 7 2 4 6 9 1Section D What's HappeningExercise 1A. 6B. 5C. 2D. 3E. 4F. 1Picture A: Yes, delicious, like to have some more.Picture B: Yes, good teacher.Picture C: Yes, great game. What a Play!Picture D: No, the service is so slow, expensive.Picture E: No, boring, terrible, bad.Picture F: No, awful, too crowded, too loud, terrible music.'Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. C3. A4. B5. D6. C7. B8. A9. C 10. CUnit TwoPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about the Situation and SpeakerExercise 11. football match2. law court3. church4. quiz show5. airport6. weather forecast7. car showroom8. driving lesson9. school 10. tour (of London) Exercise 21. football commentator2. judge3. priest4. TV presenter5. announcer6. weather forecaster7. car salesman8. driving instructor9. school principal 10. tour guide Section B Looking for a FlatExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. 34 New Street in Kanden2. $ 75 including gas and electricity3. one bedroom flat, central heating, small kitchen, bathroom, washing machine4. Mrs Green5. 4 o'clock this afternoonSection C Finding out the House RulesExercise 11. Landlord and tenant.2. The man is talking about house rules.3. She has agreed.Exercise 21. Don't allow the cat to go upstairs.2. No smoking in bedrooms.3. Don't stick pictures with sellotape on the wall.4. Close the window when you go out.5. Don't put the kettle on the chest of drawers.Section D Apartments for RentExercise 1Thomas Street University Avenue Taft Road Metcalf StreetExercise 21. Metcalf Street2. Thomas Street3. University Avenue4. Taft RoadPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. C4. B5. B6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. DPart I Listening PracticeSection A Listening for Specific. Information Exercise 11. Weight; 13 pounds2. A car; 6503. A cash-card; 89764. A fax; 593381; Code--4408655. A bank account; 609177186. A foreign exchange counter; 410 000 pesos; Exchange rate; 4 100 to 17. Weather; 83°F8. Waterloo; 1815Exercise 21. On a diet and doing a keep-fit class.2. Rusty, expensive.3. Yes.4. He'll contact him and talk about the new contract.5. Probably in a bank.6. For a holiday.7. Because Dave and Jane are there. 8. Quiz.Section B Describing Different People1. Sex: female Age: about 35 Height: about averageHair: long black Others: glasses, yellow flower2. Sex: male Age: an older man about seventyHeight: rather short, about five feet or five feet twoHair: grey, mustache Others: white flower in jacket3. Sex: female Age: quite young, about thirty.Height: really tall Hair: blond Others: carrying red flowers4. Sex: male Age: about forty-five Height: very tallHair: very long, dark Others: no flower; wearing a T-shirt saying "Bruce Springs Is the Boss!" Section C Taking a PhotoExercise 1A. 4B. 5C. 2D. 6E. 3F. 1Exercise 26 4 2 3 1 5 photos, coin, stool, dial, background, flashSection D Express Company1. Prepaid express bag servicemajor cities $ 10Buy a bag in advance.Call for a quick pick-up2. Same day serviceWithin the city $ 8They will go to you.3. Express road serviceAny townDepends on distance and weightFor larger packagesFor further details call: Tel: 33445656Ask: for the sales departmentPart III Listening Comprehension Test1.B2.D3.B4. B.5.B6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. CUnit FourPart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephoning about Jobs tonExercise 1Exercise 21. part-time, Saturday and Sunday, eight hours a day2. full-time, Tuesday through Sunday, from 5 to about 12. Pay is $3.35 an hour3. working nights; five or six days a week4. a weekend job; three evenings a week, hours are five to midnightSection B Talking about JobsExercise 1Diane--waitress Tracy—typist Gred--car salesman Joe--businessman Exercise 21. F2. T3. F4. F5. F6. F7. FSection C A Same Job or a New Job1. Liza new job2. Tom same job3. Brian new job4. Kay new job5. Janice new job Section D Interview about a JobAl Employment Agency1. Full Name: Jessica Richards2. Address: 33 Landseer Road, Newtown3. Tel: _______4. Date of Birth: March 19th, 19805. Education: Secondary6. Examinations passed: English, Chemistry, Maths, French, Physics, and Biology7. Interests (hobbies & sports): playing the piano, in a jazz band, water-skiing8. Experience? Previous posts: lab assistant9. Post or position required: lab assistant10. Any special requests: noPart Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. C5. D6. C7. A8. C9. A 10. BUnit FivePart I Listening PracticeSection A Gussing the MeaningExercise 11. a pair of trousers2. a return ticket3. a newspaper and mints/sweets4. ballet or theatre tickets5. drinks6. tickets for a coach trip7. haircut8. soup and fish9. a game of squash10. medicine for the throatExercise 21. in a clothes shop2. at the station3. at a newsagent's4. at a box-office5. at a pub6. in a travel agency7. at a barber's8. in a restaurant9. at a sports club 10. at a chemist'sSection B ShoppingExercise 1gold pen $ 135 bracelet $ 545 ring $ 1,259 watch $ 23.75 calculator $ 7.85 Exercise 21. watch2. ring3. pen4. bracelet5. They are too expensive for her. Section C Paying for the Things1. personal check2. credit card3. personal check4. cash5. traveler's check Section D Andrew's ComplaintEquipment: electric fanNo. : BE 42703-02 Size: medium Color: blue Made in/date: 1985Fault: It doesn't work.Purchaser: Andrew Emmett Address: 5 Rainbow Terrace West Old-Field SurreyPhone No.: 77480Part Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. C3. B4. D5. D6. D7. C8. C9. C 10. CUnit SixPart I Listening PracticeSection A Guessing about TopicsExercise 11. garden2. vending-machine3. microwave oven4. computer/word-processor/video game5. clothes6. hifi /music system7. art8. concert9. tennis10. holidaysExercise 21. lawn, flower beds, fence2. button, cold water, hot chocolate3. food, be cooked in no time, electricity4. switch, disc, programme5. fit, tight, shrink, suit6. compact, speaker, cassette player7. modern, abstract, colors and forms 8. singer, guitars, drums, records9. player, backhand, score 10. tan, beach, hotel, campingSection B Plans for Weekend1. Pat2. Jill3. Mary4. Sam5. Ted6. JaneSection C Discussing Plans for the Weekend1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. BSection D Making ArrangementsExercise 1A. 2B.4C. 3D. 1Exercise 21. bring: records meet: bus stop2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river3. bring: white wine meet: at Pat's house4. bring: dessert--chocolate cake and soda meet: in front of his housePart III Listening Comprehension Test1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. B7. D8. B9. D 10. BUnit SevenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Owning a CarExercise 1Reason for owning a car:1. allows a person to move around freely2. a comfortable way to travel3. safe at nightReasons against owning a car:1. very expensive2. cause worry and stressExercise 21. check a bus schedule, a train2. warm, dry, cold, wet3. walk down, a stop, dark corner4. maintain, repair5. urban, park .A6. on the street, get stolen, something elseSection B The Self Drive Car Hire CenterExercise 1July 7th, after 4 o'clock on the FridayBy 10 o'clock on the Monday￡29.25First 300 milesExercise 21. F2. F3. T4. F5. FSection C Car PoolExercise 11. In a car near New York.2. The main part of New York is Manhattan which is an island.3. At tunnels or bridges.4. In a car with only one person.5. Park their cars outside the city and pick up public transport.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. F8. TSection D Drunk DrivingExercise 11. A. 44 000 peopleB. drunk driversC. stricter laws2. a 30-year-old, CaliforniaA. 4 bottles of beerB. speedingC. ran through, crashed into3. A. justifiedB. too harshly, he had not planned the accidentC. not the first time he had been arrested for drunk drivingD. he had his driver's license suspended for 6 months his license has been revoked for life Exercise 21. Stricter laws have been passed.2. You will be considered a murderer.3. At the intersection.4. Five people.5. He was sentenced to 77 years in prison.Part Listening Comprehension Test1. A2. C3. A4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. AUnit EightPart I Listening PracticeSection A Safari ParkExercise 1Exercise 21. They can pet the rabbits, sheep, and other animals.2. There are items from many parts of the world.3. They believe in taking care of the environment.4. It is both educational and interesting.5. Bats, owls and other animals.Section B Safari TourExercise 11. You mustn't get off the land-rover without permission.2. You must all stay close to the guide.3. You all have to sign these insurance declarations.4. You mustn't disturb the animals.Exercise 21. land-rover, could be attacked2. company regulation, sign3. disturb, wild, tame, zoos4. 50 miles, 805. insect repellent, drinking water, rolls of 35mm film, packed lunchSection C The Afternoon TourExercise 1The cathedral was built in 1241. It was designed by Hugo De-rash, a French, so it's in Norman style. You can see part of the wall, a small statue beside a fountain. It's in the market place and a regular Tuesday market is held. There is a flower market every two weeks on Saturdays in Summer. The worn statue represents Venus, and the water comes from the springs in the hills and is very clear.Exercise 21. 12412. Hugo Derash, France, brother3. Norman4. wall5. modern6. Venus, Goddess of Love7. flower, two8. Tuesday9. clear 10. springs in the hills Section D Julie's VacationExercise 11. urban holiday, camping2. Stanley park, aquarium, Grouse Mountain, museums, galleries3. ride over, deck, sat inside, read magazinesExercise 21. It's cold and miserable.2. It's much an elegant city with a lot of British influence.3. A pin with a tiny totem pole on it.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AListening Test One1. C2. A3. D4. C5. B6. B7. C8. D9. A 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B16. Three stages: marriage by capture; marriage by contract or purchase; marriage based on mutual love.17. It symbolizes the period when the bridegroom hid his captured bride until her kinsmen grew tired of searching for her.18. The "wed" was the money, horses, or cattle which the groom gave as security and as a pledge to prove his purchase of the bride from her father.19. Blue was the color of purity, love and fidelity.20. Bridesmaids remind us of the days when there had to be ten witnesses at the solemn marriage ceremony.Listening Test Two1. B2. B3. D4. C5. A6. D7. C8. B9. A 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. B16. Primitive.17. Measure progress of students, show what they are lacking.18. Selection and promotion.19. Test results lack validity and reliability; Teacher and students work for high marks instead of learning.20. Some Asian students with very high TOEFL marks turn out to be poor in their communication skills in the US.Unit NinePart I Listening PracticeSection A Stress and Your HealthExercise 1Person 1: I can't sleep.Person 2: I eat mostly snack foods.Person 3: I can't stop smoking, drink more beer.Person 4: I can't eat.Exercise 21. fatigue2. listlessness3. sleeping problems4. loss of appetite or stomach disorder5. heart palpitationsSection B Student StressExercise 11. pressure, parents, myself, academically, exactly, track record2. quarter system, beginning, end, middle, screw up, messed up, well ordered, perfect3. eleventh week, ten-week, half-week, exams4. cumulative, incorporate, different problemsExercise 21. quiet, nervous, distracted, around, music, C’s2. library3. desk, room, straight, awake, comfortable4. night, quietSection C Techniques for Managing Stress (1)Exercise 11. What we can do with stress?2. Four points:a. Recognition of stress and welcome it.b. Be thankful, an attitude of gratitude to life for life. 0c. To set my body in position to take whatever comes along and to utilize it properly.d. To maintain the hormonal system in a proper state of balance.3. Because a thankful attitude maintains the hormonal system in a proper state of balance so that we are able to take whatever action necessary in a constructive way.Exercise 21. to become aware of potentially stressful situations and avoid them2. to reduce our workload and organize the work in a better way3. to get the proper rest and exercise4. to find a balance between work and playSection D Techniques for Managing Stress (2)Exercise 11. She can't lower her workload right now.2. Visualization or meditation, more positive outlook, mentally planning your day's activities in a less stressful way.3. How to deal with the stress.4. A sport called crew to achieve physical and mental balance.5. Do the emotions have a great deal to do with the disease and healing process?6. Dr Norman Cousins laughed himself back to health.Exercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5.F6. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. D4. A5. B 6B 7. A 8. A 9. D 10. CUnit TenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal HeroesExercise 1Dr Martin Luther Kingwon the Nobel Peace Prizeagainst racismwas peacefulMother Teresa of Calcuttahelped poor peoplewon the Nobel Peace Prizehelped sick peoplewas peacefulNavajo Code-Talkerssoldiersare well-known by native American peopleExercise 21. racism, discrimination, peaceful, guts2. send, receive messages, language, figured out3. poorest, Calcutta, India, feed, take care of,Section B Akio Morita (Mr Sony)Exercise 11. In Nagoya, Japan.2. A rice drink called sake.3. A very small radio.4. Walkman.5. Because of the high quality.6. In 1963.7. Mr Sony.Exercise 21. 1 22. 1 23. 2 14. 2 1Section C Discovery of Sigmund Freud (1)Exercise 11. hypnosis T2. long talks with patients3. study of dreams in order to learn the cause of mental and emotional problemsExercise 2young Greek man, sat by pool, looked down and saw his face in water, so pleased by his beautiful face, sat long, grew roots, became flower narcissusExercise 31. a. at birth, first, themselvesb. emotions, pass, there are other people around them2. a. warmth, security, loveb. attention, love, warmthSection D Discovery of Sigmund Freud (2)Exercise 1as a child, separated from parents; as an adult, killed his father, married his own mother without knowing, put out his eyes to punish himselfExercise 21. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. T7. TPart III Listening Comprehension Test1. B2. D3. A4. A5. A6. C7. D8. B9. B 10. DUnit ElevenPart I Listening PracticeExercise 2Section A Premonitions of the Sinking of the TitanicExercise 11. take the form of dreams or visions strong feelings, ideas, or guesses that come into people's minds for no apparent reason2. in the early morning of April 15, 1912 Titanic struck an iceberg and sank 150220 cases of premonitions3. FutilityFiction: Titan1898sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsFact: TitanicApril 15, 1912sank after hitting an iceberg unsinkable linerlifeboatsExercise 21. a passenger on the doomed ship, over 20 years earlier2. nine people, in which a ship like the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank3. Two clairvoyants4. Several other people, something would go wrong5. would-be passengers, they canceled their tickets at the last minuteSection B The Titanic and the Andrea DoriaExercise 1Similarities:1. Both ships were transatlantic ocean liners.2. They were both luxury liners.3. As each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy.4. Both of these ships were considered "unsinkableDifferences:Titanic1. on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic2. struck an iceberg and sank3. not equipped with radar, only a lookout4. more than 1 500 people died, over 700 survivedAndrea Doria1. on her 101st transatlantic crossing2. collided with another ship and sank3. had radar to warn of the approach of another ship4. 60 people died, about 1 650 were savedExercise 21. I can infer it.2. I heard it.3. I can infer it.4. I cannot infer it.5. I heard it.6. I cannot infer it.Section C Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (1)Exercise 1Reason 1: We had far better save what few we had in my boat. ReasonReason 2: Our boat would be swamped by the crowds that were there..Reason 3: The whole crowd in my boat discouraged me to do that.Reason 4: They said it was rather a mad idea.Exercise 21 100 people, 700 people, 1 000 people, freezing, a few hundred yards, refused to return and try to save, in charge of, tied his lifeboat to another lifeboat, 60 more peopleSection D Senator Smith Questions a Survivor (2)Exercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 21. Smith is a senator and Pitman is a survivor of the Titanic disaster, who is in charge of a lifeboat.2. Not clearly told, but we know there was room for 60 more people in the two boats.3. The whole crowd in Pitman's lifeboat.Part III Listening Comprehension Test1. C2. B3. B4. A5. C6. B7. C8. A9. D 10. AUnit TwelvePart I Listening PracticeSection A Telephone NumbersExercise 11. 3423-6070 3052. 911-1144 2163. 623-4030 3134. 505-6653 5045.610-1214 6176. 632-1010 2027. 211-4579 2128. 397-4231 6029. 974-0012 21510. 864-3079 206Exercise 21. 3132. 2023. 305-342-60704. student's numberSection B Telephone Quiz Exercise 110, 9, 1, 4, 6,2, 7, 8, 5, 3Exercise 21. The number you have dialed has been temporarily disconnected and is no longer in service.2. You can dial that direct.3. Please have her call me back at 654-9234.4. I have a collect call from Sue. Will you accept the charges?5. She isn't here right now. Can I take a message?6. What number did you dial?7. This number is unlisted.8. I'll connect your call. Please hold.9. This is a recording.10. There is no one here by that name.Section C Making ArrangementsSection D Telephone Use in BusinessExercise 11. True2. True3. False4. False5. FalseExercise 21. facial expressions2. gestures3. appearances4. what5. how6. manners7. the third ring8. pick up9. identify 10. put a customer on hold 11.45 seconds 12. personality 13. warmth 14. eagerness 15. voice16. mumble 17. tone of voice 18. minimum 19. hearing 20. commandPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. So that their customers may call them long distance free of charge.2. Dial 0, and ask the operator for the 800-number operator who can help you.3. sell products and services.4. charging very high rates, encouraging unauthorized callers to call.5. Ask your local phone company to block access to 900 numbers from your phone.Talk 21. Cell phone etiquette.2. Inappropriate use of the cell phone is widespread.3. Ten feet.4. Because the cell phone can be distracting or disruptive to others.5. it may interfere with the signals or other sensitive equipment.Unit ThirteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Personal ComputingExercise 1Interview 1 Interview 2Name John Steele Enrique VargasOccupation computer consultant studentType of PC used IBM PC Apple MacintoshReasons for choice1) knows them well 1) easier to use2) exchanges information with other users 2) GUI--lick on icons /no typing in commands3) a lot of software available 3) windows easier to set upExercise 2choose clone easiermouse standard iconscommands set upused toSection B Portable ComputersExercise 11. palmtop2. notebook3. clipboard4. laptop5. desktopSection C Computers in EducationExercise 11. T2. F3. F4. T5. F6. FExercise 21. √2. X (you should check that there is good applications software available)3. X (not two factors but three factors, the third being the size of your budget)4. √5. X (the ideal is one computer per student and all computers linked by a local area network)6. X (free access = unlimited access)Section D Computer Security1. The network system isn't very secure.2. A modem.3. What people do with them, e. g. put passwords on scraps of paper on their computer terminals, use their own names or a partner's name, which makes life easy for a hacker.4. It shows a constantly changing number. It is safe as long as you don't leave the card lying around. j5. Steve seems to know a lot.Part IQ Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. Because his company changed the way the world perceived the computer and its role in society.2. 557 million.3. technology.4. technology could be made available to everyone.5. technology could be used to better people's lives and as a tool for creativity.Talk 21. It refers to the idea of marketing a product over the Internet.2. A website.3. it can save time and money.4. a broader market and lower overheads.5. Cybershoppers.Unit FourteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Radio AnnouncementsExercise 11. Event: Midweek Lecture on American HistoryDays: WednesdayTime: 7:00 p.m.Price: FreePlace: Johnson Hall2. Event: Modern Jazz Concert'sDays: Friday & Saturday.Time: 9:00 p.m.Price: $10Place: the New World Night Club3. Event: Houston International Film FestivalDays: Monday to SundayTime: 11:00 a. m.--10 p.m.Price: $ 2.50 eachPlace: the Academy of Arts4. Event: Independence Day FireworksDays: Saturday, July 4Time: 8:30 p. m.Price: FreePlace: City ParkSee the above.Section B Weather ReportExercise 1 (omitted)Exercise 2The following statements are true: 5, 7, 8, 10.Section C Family QuizExercise 11. D2.B3.A4.BExercise 2 (omitted) the way ;oddSection D Taking Time OffExercise 1Sentences 3 and 6 are not on the tape.Exercise 2thirteen, took time off, on several continentsdevelop his body and strength, learn interesting thingsby himself, encourage others to make a similar tripPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. conversational skills.2. Language in Focus.3. fluency.4. The most useful expressions, structures and word combinations used in the workplace today.5. eltradio@bbc. co. uk.Talk 21. To collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make them available to the public.2. 1976.3. artistic, cultural, and historical significance.4. By interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.5. New York/ Manhattan, Los Angeles.Unit FifteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A AdvertisementsExercise 11. train service / British Rail2. washing powder / Blanco3. credit card / Spendcard4. shampoo / Shine5. car / Puma6. chocolate, sweets / Frolic bar7. whisky / Glengunnich Malt8. newspaper / Daily Herald9. face cream / Petal10. bank / Midwestern1. traffic jams, driving conditions, speed limits, parking, faster, delays, destination2. stains, whiter than white, housewives3. card, services and discounts4. hair, conditioner5. engine, aerodynamic lines, boot, test drive6. nuts, raisins, coconut, biscuity, toffee, delicious, scrumptious7. spring water, Scottish barley, flavour, wooden barrels, taste, tonic, soda8. objective reporting, current issues, news, colour supplement 9. looks, soft and gentle, skin, creamy and smooth, complexion10. invest, interest rates, bank charges, accounts, insurance, mortgages, pensionsSection B Job AdsAdvertisement 11.A2.C3.A4. A5.BAdvertisement 26. B7. A8. A9. C 10. CSection C Cellular Phone AdExercise 1Sentences 4 and 8 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. X2.√3. √4. X5. √6. X7. √Section D Northwest AirlinesExercise 1Sentences 4 and 7 are not on the tape.Exercise 21. √2. X3. √4. X5. √6. X7. XSemiticPart III Listening Comprehension TestTalk 11. commercials.2. Happiness, youth, success, status, luxury, fashion, and beauty.3. You can solve all human problems by buying things; modern things are good and traditional things are bad.4. Because it sometimes gives us useful information about different products.5. shopping cheers them up.Talk 21. vanity.2. Shoddy antiques.3. demonstrate her expertise.4. reproduction furniture and paintings.5. had an extensive knowledge of the antique business.Unit SixteenPart I Listening PracticeSection A Popular TV Shows (1)。
最新研究生英语阅读教程-基础级第二版-第八课
READING SELECTION AThe Functions and Effects of Musi cBy Samuel L. BeckerGiven name: sirname/ Christian name? Family name/ last name注黄色字体为课后单词[1] You are well aware of (=realize) the fact that books, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures (film/ movie), radio, and television have been used for persuasive purposes: to sell beer and soap (~ watch), ideas and political candidates; to bring about (cause/ lead to) social change or to quell a revolution. Few of us think about music or recordings being used for these purposes, but they are and have been for a long time.[2] Every war has had its songs that whipped up (arouse) patriotic fervor or, in the case (example) of the Vietnam War, that encouraged protest against it. Some titles of records popular in this country during World War II suggest (show) the extent (degree) of the mobilization of the recording industry for the war effort: "Remember Pearl Harbor", "Have to Slap That Dirty Little Jap", "There's a Star Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere", "Any Bonds Today", and " 'Round and 'Round Hitler's Grave".[Bonds: [C] bond (between A and B) something that forms a connection between people or groups, such as a feeling of friendship or shared ideas and experiences: e.g. A bond of friendship had been forged between them.E.g. The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries. E.g. the special bond between mother and child]quite another kind of song. One was "Big Muddy", about a group of soldiers blindly following their commanding officer into a river where many were drowned. Those (=those people) who sang and heard the song knew that the "Big Muddy" referred to Vietnam and the commander to President Lyndon Johnson, and their antiwar passions were intensified (=strengthened). "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", "The Times, They are A-Changin'", and "Give Peace a Chance" were other popular songs whose recordings were widely played and used to build (arouse) resistance to the war.[4] Music is used not only to add (increase) persuasive bits of information for the messages in our heads about war. Persuasive music plays an important role (part) in peacetime also (too). "We Shall Overcome" was a tremendously (great) important force in the civil rights movement, just as the folk (people) songs of Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, and Woody Guthrie have been important to the peace movement. In recent times, music has been used to raise money as well as (=and) consciousness (conscience) for various causes. The Live Aid (help), Farm Aid, Band Aid, and USA for Africa concerns (worries) and recording sessions raised funds for such causes as famine relief in Africa and destitute (poor) American farmers.[5] Somewhat (a little/<->somehow=for reasons unknown) further back in this country's history, the radical left adopted (used / made use of) many old Negro spirituals (songs) to communicate its message effectively. "We Shall Not Be Moved", for example, was adopted as the official song of the radical Southern Tenant Farmers Union in the 1930s. In the 1930s also, "Gimme That Old Time Religion" was transformed into "Gimme That New Communist Spirit". That sort (kind) of adaptation of songs—giving them new lyrics (words)--has been a favorite tactic (strategy) of many groups who want to use music for persuasive purposes. The idea (belief) is to take a song that people like or that has particular meaning or emotional association for them and use it with new words, hoping that some of the liking, meaning, or emotional associations will transfer to the newideas being communicated. And it often works.Threats of Censorship[6] Such political uses of music have never caused much controversy in this country. There has been some pressure at times (often) to keep certain anti-war songs or songs associated with the radical left off the air, but this pressure has been neither strong nor persistent. Far more pressure and controversy (Resistance) has been aroused by the lyrics of some of the popular songs of the last twenty or thirty years. Many critics have charged (be in charge of sth.) that certain rock-and-roll songs encourage sexual promiscuity and the use of drugs. Rightly or wrongly, the dress and antics (unusual behavior) of some of the rock music stars, both on and off the stage, reinforce (confirm) these beliefs. As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air. These charges also stimulated investigations by the Federal Communications Commission, the regulatory overseeing(supervising) broadcast practices. The FCC has taken the many broadcasters, that the station licensee has the same public service responsibility in selecting and rejecting music to be played on the station as it has in selecting and rejecting any other content of the station. The FCC position is that the station should exercise the same supervision of what is sung on the station as of what is said. In a general sense (=generally speaking), this is a reasonable position and the only one the FCC could take, given (=if consideration is given to the fact that…) present law. A problem arises (occurs) with the interpretation (explanation) of this injunction, however. Does it mean a station should permit no language or ideas in a song that it would not permit on the news or in a sports program? Or does it mean the station should recognize (realize) that different forms of communication or entertainment, or programs designed for different kinds of audiences, should have different standards concerning (about) language and ideas? This issue (problem) is still far from (being) settled.[7] Having been largely unsuccessful in keeping sexually suggestive songs or songs that seem to be promoting drug use off the air, some parents' groups in recent years have been attempting (trying) to force (make) companies to label their recordings in the same way film companies now label motion pictures. The assumption (belief) is that such labels will provide parents with information they need to control the kinds of music to which their young children are exposed (be exposed to sth.). One of the major pressure groups involved in this attempt (try) is the Parents Music Resource Center based in Washington, D. C. The leaders in this group include the wives of some powerful congressmen and other government officials, so it is taken seriously by leaders in the music industry. The concern (worry) of many people in the music business, though, is that the labeling being advocated could be just a first step toward other forms of control or censorship.take sth. seriously<->take it easyThe Impact (influence) of Recordings on Our Perceptions (perceive/ understanding)[8] Whatever the direct effects of musical recordings on our attitudes and behaviors (are), they are certainly an ever-present (everlasting) and important part of our communication environment, and they contribute to the realities in our heads. No one who listened to popular music during the 1980s could escape (=avoid) the perception (understanding) that drugs were a major factor in the lives of many people. Popular music of the early 1970s contributed to (led to) the belief that mostpeople opposed the war in Vietnam. These messages, sneaking into consciousness from the background music around us, formed an important part of our communication mosaics, just as the messages in today's music form an important part of our present communication mosaics.The Role of Music in Identification and Rebellion(ID card: Identity Card)[9] Popular music has two other major functions or effects. It provides each generation of young people a common and cherished (valued) experience. Years later, the sound of that music can bring strangers together and stimulate memories of that earlier era (time). Vivid evidence of the meaningfulness of such experiences can be seen by watching the tourists who are attracted to Graceland, Elvis Presley's former home and now the site of his grave in Memphis. A common sight there is the middle-aged married couple bringing their children to see and, they hope, to feel some of the special magic Presley created for them during their courtship and early married years.[10] Another major function popular music serves is the (provide) provision of a relatively harmless source of rebellion for the young. Each generation of young has its own music, almost invariably (always) unappreciated (unenjoyed) by parents, just as parents' favorite music was unappreciated by their parents. This music is important in part (=partially) because older people do not like it, and in part because demonstrating one's love of it is part of the ritual of affiliation (connection) with peers.[11] One author has suggested (said) that popular music also serves a "rite of passage" function for young girls. The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that (maturation) of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established. (1, 316 words)II. VocabularyA Read the following .sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety (categories) of beers, and further expanded its markets. By beer was available (=on sale) in all 50states. It also worked to improve its image and 制止, 结束, 镇压）ongoing (ever-lasting) boycotts.A. investigateB. condemnC. crushD. forbid(1)to bring about (cause/ lead to) social change or to quell a revolution.2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation（联系，隶属）to the military, he'd long been regarded as a (swear) sworn enemy of the people.A. emotionB. associationC. communicationD. reaction(2)This music is important in part (=partially) because older people do not like it, and in part because demonstrating one's love of it is part of the ritual of affiliation (=association) with peers.3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic（爱国的）measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionateB. moderateC. radicalD. nationalistic(3)Every war has had its songs that whipped up (arouse) patriotic fervor or, in the case (example) of the Vietnam War, that encouraged protest against it.动员）of international opinion in support of the movement.A. calling up(on)B. bringing upC. catching up (with)D. getting up(4)Some titles of records popular in this country during World War II suggest (show) the extent (degree) of the mobilization of the recording industry for the war effort:5. When he was there (be present/ witness sth.), he often gave food and coins to the destitute（贫苦的）children who lived on the street.A. desertedB. poorC. homelessD. despaired (->desperate: adj.)(5)The Live Aid (help), Farm Aid, Band Aid, and USA for Africa concerns (worries) and recording sessions raised funds for such causes as famine relief in Africa and destitute (poor) American farmers.6. Combining social commentary with rhythmic lyrics(词), heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical forms.A. wordsB. musicC. bandD. dance(6)That sort (kind) of adaptation of songs—giving them new lyrics (words)--has been a favorite tactic (strategy) of many groups who want to use music for persuasive purposes.7. The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in the country has varied, depending upon the level of censorship(书报审查制度) in the ruling government.A. supportB. sponsorC. controlD. restoration(7)The concern (worry) of many people in the music business, though, is that the labeling being advocated could be just a first step toward other forms of control or censorship.8. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. secretB. not broadcastedC. publicizedD. not known(8)There has been some pressure at times (often) to keep certain anti-war songs or songs associated with the radical left off the air, but this pressure has been neither strong nor persistent.(8) As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air.(8) Having been largely unsuccessful in keeping sexually suggestive songs or songs that seem to be promoting drug use off the air,9. He took out a court injunction (法令，判决) against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A. sentence (sb. to death)B. biasC. suspension (bridge)D. order(9)A problem arises (occurs) with the interpretation (explanation) of this injunction,10. A great cheer went up from the crowd as (=when) they caught sight of (noticed) their idol(偶像).A. figureB. ideaC. heroD. foe(敌人)(10)The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that (maturation) of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.whip up bring forth keep... off the air reinforce persistentcatch up with persuasive tremendous tactic intensify注每个题目后面出现的相同标号的题目是备考查单词在课文里出现的原句1. The congressmen accused politicians of (=charge sb. with sth.) whipping up anti-foreign sentiment (->sentimentalism) in order to win right-wing votes. (capital, The Capitol, government) 1/Every war has had its songs that whipped up (arouse) patriotic fervor or, in the case (example) of the Vietnam War, that encouraged protest against it.2. It was a tragic love affair that brought forth (brought about/ led to) only pain. (extra affairs)2/The anti-Vietnam (=brought about) quite another kind of song.3. His competence (=ability) as an economist had been reinforced (=strengthened/ confirmed) by his successful fight against inflation.3/ Rightly or wrongly, the dress and antics (unusual behavior) of some of the rock music stars, both on and off the stage, reinforce (confirm) these beliefs.*4. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.4/ There has been some pressure at times (often) to keep certain anti-war songs or songs associated with the radical left off the air, but this pressure has been neither strong nor persistent.4/ As a result, a number of community and national groups have applied pressure on stations to keep these songs and performers off the air.4/Having been largely unsuccessful in keeping sexually suggestive songs or songs that seem to be promoting drug use off the air,5.The improvement in standards has been steady and persistent, but has attracted little comment from educationalists. (persist in=insist on)5/ There has been some pressure at times (often) to keep certain anti-war songs or songs associated with the radical left off the air, but this pressure has been neither strong nor persistent.6. Others are using secure Internet connections to intensify relations with some of their trading partners.6/ Those (=those people) who sang and heard the song knew that the "Big Muddy" referred to Vietnam and the commander to President Lyndon Johnson, and their antiwar passions were intensified (=strengthened).7. Those ideas were persuasive and the Legislature gave us the appropriation(拨款funds).7/ You are well aware of (=realize) the fact that books, newspapers, magazines, motion pictures (film/ movie), radio, and television have been used for persuasive purposes8. There was a tremendous (great/ serious) lack of communication between us. We sometimes misunderstood each other.8/ (part) in peacetime also (too). "We Shall Overcome" was a tremendously (great) important force in the civil rights movement, just as the folk (people) songs Guthrie have been important to the peace movement.9. Children in underachieving schools finally caught up with students in other schools with extra tutoring and help. (achieve=accomplish)9/ The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that (maturation) of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.10. He was always straightforward (=frank) and did not understand about strategy (strategic missile) and tactics.10/ The teenage singing idols may serve as non-threatening substitutes for actual boys until boys' maturation catches up with that (maturation) of girls and some semblance of easy boy-girl relationships can be established.I课文参考译文第八课A 音乐的功效塞缪尔· L ·贝克尔[l］你很清楚书籍、报纸、杂志、电影、电台、电视所具有的劝导功能：通过它们可以出售啤酒、肥皂，也可以推销观念和政治候选人；还可以引发社会变革或平息一场革命。
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译.docx
Vocabulary：Choose the best word from 1 he four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1.There has been much opposition from some social groups, _____ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably C・ virtually D・ exceptionally2.The _____ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulous C・ inclusive D. sustainable3.But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ____ of governments./ reward->rewardingA・ tough B. demanding C. diverse D. benign4.The foreman read the _____ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice B・ verification C・ verdict D・ punishment5.They fear it could have a(n) _____ effect on global financial markets・A. sizeableB. adverse(negative) C・ beneficial D. consequential6.The UN threatened to _____ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursue C・ abandon/ abundant D. invoke7.There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemony C・ complex D. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8.These questions _____ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world・A. evolveB. Constitute 形成C. tolerateD. aroused9.Because of this, a strong administrative ________ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10.I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ a nimals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A・ endangered B・ domesticated C・ indigenous D. extinct1.As the year progressed, the war in Vietnam undeirnined natio nal unity, compelling the preside nt and his advisers to spend much of their time explaining U・ S. policy in Asia.A. weakenedB. stressed C・ broke D・ split2.The picture was different from all the others. It consisted of a lot of discrete spots of colo匚A. mysteriousB. suiprising C・ separate D. bright3.The preparation for the great military overseas operations entailed months of careful planning and preparation.A. entitledB. requiredC. provided D・ deprived4.It was reported that a 19-year-old college student at Berkeley was taken from her apartment. And two days after the abduction a tape recording was sent to a local radio station.A. burglaryB. murder C・ hijack D・ kidnapping5.Mott suffers financially and emotionally as his series of delusional get-rich-quick schemes goes bad.A・ expected B. extravagant C・ ckeamed D・ drained6.Then for a number of African Americans the strategy of the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to appear demeaning and even irrelevant.A. degradingB. destiningC. deviatingD. descending7.The member countries of the organization would act only with the sanction of United Nations.A. punishment B・ sustenance C. approval D・ authorization& Miracles are instantaneous they cannot be summoned, but come of themselves, usually at unlikely moments and to those who least expect them・A. evident B・ immediate C・ inevitable D. hidden9.The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the cost to industry of compliance with the new rules could be as high as $ 1 billion a year.A. following B・ execution C. accomplishment D. agreeableness10.On the basis of the law, the woman's right is absolute and that she is entitled to terminate her pregnancy at whatever time, in whatever way, and for whatever reason she alone chooses・A. pauseB. complete C・ expire D. stop1.The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. size B・ expansion C・ development D. termination2.There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A・ practicable B. sufficient C・ deficient D・ impractical3.Learning some basic in formation about preparing and delivering (〜a speech) formal presentati ons can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking, [oral presentation]A・ ease [(l)n. feel at 〜；(2)to relieve pain] B・ expressC・ prevent D. dispose (get rid of)4.Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A・ influence B. damage C・ end D・ complicate (a./ vt.)ernment can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repress (suppress)C・ crash D・ abandon (abundant: a. enough)6.He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be keen on sth.]A. disheartening (discouraging<->encourage) B・ sympathetic fsym-: same; pathy: feelingC・ harsh (severe) D. polite [be sympathetic with sb./ sympathize with sb.]7.After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emerged (appeared)B. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8.There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhoiTent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shocking (=surprising)B. (folerate・>)tolerableC. uncontrollable [high 〜>lowD. distasteful (disgusting)9.The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC・ concealed (hidden) D・ sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]10.The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions andlifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. tempting C・ promising D・ offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)1.In July he issued a decree (law) ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband.A・ end up B. come up C. stand up D. break up2.The Amazon ant carries out foniys (attack) against other ants and brings back some of them to the home nest toserve as slaves.A. (invade->)invasionsB. fights C・ wars D. missions (task)3.The flu virus that are most (prevail->) prevalent one year differ from those that bedevil humans the next year.A. killB. worry C・ frustrate D. trouble4.He correctly predicted that the policy against their neighboring countries would goad (force) them into economic nationalism.A. assist (help)B. pressC. drive (make)D. aid (help)5.The King made (declare 〜on country) war on the state of Kalinga, and conquered in 261 B・C・ When he saw the suffering he had caused, however, he was overcome (overwhelmed) with remorse.A・ regret B. revenge C. hatred (n.) D. emotion6.When she first visited South-West Africa in 1947 as an investigative journalist, she helped reveal the appalling (surprising/ shocking) conditions under which blacks were obliged to work・A. startlingB. exotic (foreign)C. (teiYO「>teirible/) terrific (wonderful) D・(amazing・>)amusing (interesting)7.In his book the Iliad, Homer describes Thersites as the ugliest and most impudent (rude) of the Greeks.A・ tough B. ill-famed (notorious) C・ rude D・ harmful8.Apprehensive (Fearful) of their en emy's encirclement, the country en hanced its foreign con tacts with its neighbors in Europe・A. ScornfulB. FearfulC. RegardlessD. Careless9.The slave-owners grudgingly (reluctantly) accepted the (abolish->) abolition in 188& rather than face the massive slave unrest (rebelling) and flight (escape).A. slowlyB. graduallyC. unwillinglyD. eventually (finally)10.They (swear->) swore their allegiance to the nation and received their naturalization papers・A. contribution B・ loyalty C. immensity (greatness) D. epithet (scoring)1.The company began aggressive advertisi ng campaigns, in creased its variety (categories) of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available (=on sale) in all 50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell (制」匕结束，镇压)ongoing (ever-lasting) boycotts.A. investigateB. condemn C・ crush D. forbid2.With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation (联系，隶属)to the military, he'd long been regarded as a (swear) sworn enemy of the people・A. emotionB. association C・ communication D. reaction3.Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic (爱国白勺) measures that led step by step to American independence・A. passionateB. moderate C・ radical D・ nationalistic4.The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization (动员) of international opinion in support of the movement.A. calling upB. bringing up C・ catching up (with) D. getting up5.When he was there (be present), he often gave food and coins to the destitute (贫苦白勺)children who lived on the street.A. desertedB. poor C・ homeless D. despaired (->desperate: adj.)bining social commentaiy with rhythmic lyrics(词).heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical fonns.A. wordsB. music C・ band D. dance7.The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in the country has varied, depending upon the level of censorship(书报审查制度)in the ruling government.A. supportB. sponsor C・ control D・ restoration8.The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. secretB. not broadcastedC. publicizedD. not known9.He took out a court injunction (法令, 判决)against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A・ sentence (sb. to death) B・ bias C. suspension (bridge) D・ order10.A great cheer went up from the crowd as (=when) they caught sight of (noticed) their idol(偶像)•A. figureB. ideaC. heroD. foe(敌人)1.If it continues to ______ its responsibilities then the British government must act immediately in its place, (substitute)A. testify B・ proceed (continue) C・ discipline(n. vt.) D. abdicate2.Just as you do not wish others to ______ their desires upon you, you must leave it to them to be free to follow their own direction in life, (ask for sick leave)A・ inflict (impose sth. on sb.) B. dispute C. ridicule D. antedate (go to an earlier time)3.She was a tough girl — determined, arrogant and ___ , with light brown hair and quick, sharp eyes.A. genuine B・ hideous C・ undei・mining(destmctive) D・ opinionated (stubborn)4.1 think feminism is about liberating women from enforced domestic and maternal (distaff, of mother/ related to mother) ____ .A. dissent (<->consent) B・ propaganda C・ drudgery D. mutuality5.The children have a more _____ view (opini on), only taking in con sideratio n what will work ・(take sth. into consideration)A. pragmatic (practical, feasible)B. drearyC・ marikd D. dominant6.While a quarter of men wash their cars once a week, fewer than one in five women carry out the ____ •A. attribute (features/ character) B・ chore C. repast (meal) D・ jargon7.If she were rich, that wouldn't stop her (from) caring for children, but she could charge only a(n) ____ fee (fare) to the mothers who badly needed to work・A・ intuitive B. nominal C・ depressing D. juvenile& We intend to remove the ____ rules and regulations that are discouraging foreign investment in our country.A. onerous B・ henpecked C・ greasy D. unmitigated (complete/ thorough)9.He was a lonely, miserable ____ . alone->lonely (adj.)A. feastB. spouse C・ wretch D. dignity10.This newly established institution has to face a whole range of crimes and _____ . (institute: n./ vt.)A・ femininity B. prescriptionsC. delinquencies (offense)D. authenticity (reliability)。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson13课后习题答案
9. Before there was enough evidence, Chairman would not speak out his opinion on this problem. commit Chairman refused to ________ himself on the controversial subject before making due investigations. 10.People may regard what the kids said too childish, but I think there is something to it. I think there is something reasonable in those kids’ infantile _________ remarks.
Use What You Already Know Most people think they have a vocabulary and that is either weak or strong, good or bad. Actually, you have four different vocabulary levels—for reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Most likely your listening and reading vocabularies are larger than your speaking and writing vocabularies. In other words, you already know a large number of words that you are not using. A good place to start, then, in strengthening your vocabulary, is to experiment with words you already know but do not use. Make a point of using one of these words each day, in both speaking and writing.
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)PPT 08
How to Preread Prereading involves looking only at those parts of the reading material that will tell you what it is about or how it is organized. The portions to look at in reading a textbook chapter are listed below.
2. Are there any censorship regulations on songs and music in our country?
3. What impact does music have on our perceptions?
4. What role does music play in our life and society?
About the Author
Sam Becker is a resolutely centered teacher-scholar- adviser. He grew up in Quincy, Illinois, lived with his family in St. Louis, and moved to Iowa City in the early 1940s, completing his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. at the University of Iowa, and, for good measure, staying here. More than half a century of his life has been spent here —only an hour from the river that defines Middle America geographically and culturally.
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The First Sentence of Each Paragraph. The most common position for the main idea is in the first sentence of the paragraph. If ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ou read a first sentence that clearly is not the topic sentence, you might jump to the end of the paragraph and read the last sentence.
Unit Two
Techniques for Efficient Reading
Lesson 4 Skimming: Reading for Main Ideas
One of the keys to successful or efficient reading at an advanced level is the ability to judge the writer’s position in relation to the information he is presenting. This involves distinguishing important points from supporting details. Taking this into account, readers should learn to use two independent yet frequently interdependent strategies: skimming and scanning. Skimming means to look very quickly at the passage for the general idea of the content of a reading passage rather than reading for details.
As a general guide, then, read the following items:
The Title. The title often announces the subject of the material and provides clues about the author’s approach or attitude toward the subject.
Key Words. Try to pick out key words that answer who, what, when, where, or how much about the main idea of the paragraph. Try to notice names, numbers, dates, and places and capitalized or italicized words and phrases. Also notice any numbered sequences.
Practice of Reading Techniques
Skim the following paragraphs to find the general idea of each paragraph.
1. Food which is kept too long decays because it is attacked by yeasts, moulds and bacteria. The canning process, however, seals the product in a container so that no infection can reach it, and then it is sterilized by heat. Heat sterilization destroys all infections present in food inside the can. No chemical preservatives are necessary, and properly canned food does not deteriorate during storage.
The Subtitle or Introductory Byline. Some types of material include a statement underneath the title that further explains the title or is written to catch the reader’s interest.
HOW TO SKIM
The basic task of skimming is to identify those parts of any reading material that contain the main ideas. The type of material you are reading will, in part, determine how you should adapt your reading techniques.
The Last paragraph. The last paragraph often provides a conclusion or summary for the article. It might state concisely the main points of the article or suggest new directions for considering the topic.
The Headings. A heading announces the topic that will be discussed in the paragraphs that follow it. When read successively, the headings form an outline or list of topics covered in the material.