吉林大学 博士入学考试试题 人工智能 2003
大学计算机专业《人工智能》试题与答案
大学计算机专业《人工智能》试题与答案一、单选题：1：人类智能的特性表现在4个方面。
A：聪明、灵活、学习、运用。
B：能感知客观世界的信息、能对通过思维对获得的知识进行加工处理、能通过学习积累知识增长才干与适应环境变化、能对外界的刺激作出反应传递信息。
C：感觉、适应、学习、创新。
D：能捕捉外界环境信息、能够利用利用外界的有利因素、能够传递外界信息、能够综合外界信息进行创新思维。
2：人工智能的目的是让机器能够，以实现某些脑力劳动的机械化。
A：具有智能B：与人一样工作C：完全代替人的大脑D：模拟、延伸与扩展人的智能3：下列关于人工智能的叙述不正确的有：。
A：人工智能技术它与其他科学技术相结合极大地提高了应用技术的智能化水平。
B：人工智能是科学技术发展的趋势。
C：因为人工智能的系统研究是从上世纪五十年代才开始的，非常新，所以十分重要。
D：人工智能有力地促进了社会的发展。
4：人工智能研究的一项基本内容是机器感知。
以下列举中的不属于机器感知的领域。
A：使机器具有视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉、嗅觉等感知能力。
B：让机器具有理解文字的能力。
C：使机器具有能够获取新知识、学习新技巧的能力。
D：使机器具有听懂人类语言的能力5：自然语言理解是人工智能的重要应用领域，下面列举中的不是它要实现的目标。
A：理解别人讲的话。
B：对自然语言表示的信息进行分析概括或编辑。
C：欣赏音乐。
D：机器翻译。
6：为了解决如何模拟人类的感性思维，例如视觉理解、直觉思维、悟性等，研究者找到一个重要的信息处理的机制是：。
A：专家系统B：人工神经网络C：模式识别D：智能代理7：如果把知识按照作用来分类，下述不在分类的范围内。
A：用控制策略表示的知识，即控制性知识。
B：可以通过文字、语言、图形、声音等形式编码记录与传播的知识，即显性知识。
C：用提供有关状态变化、问题求解过程的操作、演算与行动的知识，即过程性知识。
D：用提供概念与事实使人们知道是什么的知识，即陈述性。
人工智能复习试题和答案与解析
人工智能复习试题和答案与解析一、单选题1. 人工智能的目的是让机器能够（ D ），以实现某些脑力劳动的机械化。
A. 具有完全的智能B. 和人脑一样考虑问题C. 完全代替人D. 模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能2. 下列关于人工智能的叙述不正确的有（ C ）。
A.人工智能技术它与其他科学技术相结合极大地提高了应用技术的智能化水平。
B.人工智能是科学技术发展的趋势。
C.因为人工智能的系统研究是从上世纪五十年代才开始的，非常新，所以十分重要。
D.人工智能有力地促进了社会的发展。
3. 自然语言理解是人工智能的重要应用领域，下面列举中的（ C ）不是它要实现的目标。
A. 理解别人讲的话。
B. 对自然语言表示的信息进行分析概括或编辑。
C. 欣赏音乐。
D. 机器翻译。
4. 下列不是知识表示法的是（）。
A. 计算机表示法B. 谓词表示法C. 框架表示法D. 产生式规则表示法5. 关于“与 / 或”图表示知识的叙述，错误的有（ D ）。
A.用“与/ 或”图表示知识方便使用程序设计语言表达，也便于计算机存储处理。
B.“与 / 或”图表示知识时一定同时有“与节点”和“或节点”。
C.“与 / 或”图能方便地表示陈述性知识和过程性知识。
D.能用“与 / 或”图表示的知识不适宜用其他方法表示。
6. 一般来讲，下列语言属于人工智能语言的是（ D ）。
A. VJB. C#C. FoxproD. LISP7.专家系统是一个复杂的智能软件，它处理的对象是用符号表示的知识，处理的过程是（ C ）的过程。
A. 思考B. 回溯C. 推理D. 递归8.确定性知识是指（ A ）知识。
A. 可以精确表示的B. 正确的C. 在大学中学到的知识D. 能够解决问题的9. 下列关于不精确推理过程的叙述错误的是（ B ）。
A.不精确推理过程是从不确定的事实出发B.不精确推理过程最终能够推出确定的结论C.不精确推理过程是运用不确定的知识D.不精确推理过程最终推出不确定性的结论..10. 我国学者吴文俊院士在人工智能的（ A ）领域作出了贡献。
人工智能试题库含参考答案
人工智能试题库含参考答案一、单选题（共103题，每题1分，共103分）1.某人回到家说了一声“灯光”，房间的灯就亮了，这主要应用了人工智能中的（）A、语音识别技术B、指纹识别技术C、光学字符识别D、文字识别技术正确答案：A2.下面对梯度下降方法描述不正确的是A、梯度下降算法用来优化深度学习模型的参数B、梯度方向是函数值下降最快方向C、梯度反方向是函数值下降最快方向D、梯度下降算法是一种使得损失函数最小化的方法正确答案：B3.当训练数据较少时更()发生过拟合。
A、不会B、容易C、不容易正确答案：B4.以下选项中，不是Python中文件操作的相关函数是（）A、write ()B、read ()C、open ()D、load ()正确答案：D5.以下哪一个关于卷积神经网络的说法是错误的A、AlexNet 是一个八层的卷积神经网络&B、&卷积神经网络中的建模学习，学习对象是每一层神经元的值&C、&目标检测网络 SSD 的网络结构中包含卷积层&D、&典型的卷积神经网络，由卷积层、池化层、激活层、全连接层等组成正确答案：B6.关于OLAP的特性,下面正确的是:（）(1)快速性(2)可分析性(3)多维性(4)信息性(5)共享性A、(1)(2)(3)B、(2)(3)(4)C、(1)(2)(3)(4)D、(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)正确答案：D7.下列属于无监督学习的是：()A、k-meansB、SVMC、最大熵D、CRF正确答案：A8.（）是空语句，一般用做占位语句，不做任何事情。
A、continueB、printC、breakD、pass正确答案：D9.列表a=[1,2,[3,4]]，以下的运算结果为True的是（）。
A、length(a)==3B、len(a)==3C、length(a)==4D、len(a)==4正确答案：B10.在分布式隐私保护机器学习系统中，（）可为其提供算力支持。
人工智能习题库与参考答案
人工智能习题库与参考答案一、多选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.字典a={'k1':'v1','k2':'v2','k3':'v3'}，执行完a.setdefault('k1','v99')语句后，a的值为（）；执行完a.setdefault('k4','v4')语句后，a的值为（）。
A、{'k1':'v4','k2':'v4','k3':'v4'}B、{'k1': 'v99', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}C、{'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3', 'k4': 'v4'}D、{'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2', 'k3': 'v3'}正确答案：CD2.公司级人工智能平台应集成（）、（）、（）、模型管理、模型验证、基础模型服务及部分实时性要求不高的业务模型服务模块A、样本管理B、数据训练C、语音识别D、推理计算正确答案：ABD3.基因遗传算法的组成部分包括()。
A、初始化编码B、交叉和变异C、适应度函数D、选择正确答案：ABCD4.为加强人工智能领域标准化顶层设计，推动人工智能产业技术研发和标准制定，促进产业健康可持续发展，国家标准化管理委员会、中央网信办、国家发展改革委、（）等部门近日联合印发《国家新一代人工智能标准体系建设指南》A、教育部B、科技部C、商务部D、工业和信息化部正确答案：BD5.机器学习的要素有哪些？A、泛化能力B、样本空间划分C、一致性假设正确答案：ABC6.关于OLAP和OLTP的区别描述,正确的是?A、OLAP主要是关于如何理解聚集的大量不同的数据.它与OTAP应用程序不同B、与OLAP应用程序不同,OLTP应用程序包含大量相对简单的事务.C、OLAP的特点在于事务量大,但事务内容比较简单且重复率高.D、OLAP是以数据仓库为基础的,但其最终数据来源与OLTP一样均来自底层的数据库系统,两者面对的用户是相同的.正确答案：ABD7.常用的数据归约方法有（）。
2003年东北大学博士研究生入学考试试题附答案
2003年东北大学博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅡVocabulary & Structure (20%)Directions:There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each of the sentence, there are four choices. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and cover the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with●．21．The design of the gymnasium shows a great deal of______ We have never seen a building of such a type before．A．solidarity B．originality C．invention D．fascination22．The psychiatrist say that a person with inferiority feelings can be very______．A．disgraceful B．disrespectful C．disapproval D．disagreeable23．The Secretary of State______to being astonished at this unexpected statement．A．complied B．confirmed C．confessed D．conformed24．When the doctor proposed to him long walks in the fresh air, Mr. Park admitted______ for a long walk for years．A．not having been B．not being C．being not D．having not been25．Agriculture was a step in human progress______subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age．A．to which B．with which______ C．from which D．in which26．The change in the treatment of his characters is a significant______to Shakespeare's growth as a dramatist．A．label B．signal C．mark D．index27．Chaucer has been called the Father Poetry by______generations．A．aggressive B．progressive C．successive D．comprehensive28．After______on a merry-go-round, she started to feel dizzy and had to lie down．A．to have ridden B．redden C．riding D．to ride29．Experience leads me to think that it is not always good to get______ with strangers．A．tolerant B．confidential C．enthusiastic D．agreeable30．Each plant and animal be natural tendency,______far more seeds and eggs and seedlings and young, than is necessary to maintain______population．A．is to produce..．their B．produces..．itsC．produces..．their D．produce..．their31．Someone who gives an expensive gift often feels that he should receive more praise than if he______ a less expensive gift．A．gave B．gives C．had given D．has given32．The doctor said that it would take a month for her fractured wrist toA．recover B．heal C．remedy D．cure33．Although she did not look back she could tell that he was still following. Let______a streetcar, she thought, and really there was one．A．there were B．there beC．there being D．there has been34．During the famine of 1943, millions of Chinese peasants______to the cities because they could not survive in the rural areas．A．migrated B．emigrated C．immigrated D．mobilized35．The waltz and the tango seem to be out of fashion today. Things like the twist and jerk seem to be _____young people are really interested in．A．all that about B．about that all C．about all that D．all about that 36．In his culture,______ it was, this exchange of manes on pieces of paper was probably a formal polit eness, like saying “thank you”．A．all that B．whatever C．whichever D．what37．The survival______of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins．A．standard B．scale______ C．ratio D．rate38．The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to______ funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．change C．convert D．divert39．The Home Secretary has been asked to______because the union leaders and their employers cannot agree on a course of action．A．intervene B．negotiate C．meditate D．reconcile40．The neighbors do not considered him quite______as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing．A．respected B．respectable C．respective D．respectful41．The sun is very large in comparison with its nine______planets which, in turn, are circled by a total of thirty-three satellite．A．surrounding B．cycling C．orbiting D．whirling42．When I emerged from the telephone box, I come face to face with a little man, who was looking as______ as a stray dog．A．humble B．pathetic C．dreadful D．merciful43．I found seated at the table opposite to mine another guest. He was a decently unsociable man, anxious to______alone．A．leave B．be leaving C．be left D．have left44．The house they have bought is in very bad repair. The old boiler in the kitchen needs A．to see B．to be seen C．seeing D．seeing to45．As to the lost world of Egypt, we know nearly everything______to know．A．there is B．it is C．which is D．what is46．Mark Evens, who had failed the physics test, was sitting on a bench in the corner______over his disappointment．A．complaining B．meditating C．brooding D．apologizing47．Some researchers have undertaken some psychological studies which prove that many children develop fears of______dangers．A．imagination B．imaginary C．imaginable D．imaginative48．The mother separated the quarreling children, and gave each of them a sharp______．A．punch B．pinch C．puppy D．pumpkin49．Soccer is the most truly international team sport, but there is still some question______whether it should be called a game or open warfare．A．as to B．due to C．in addition to D．owing to50．______but I still like him．A．Selfish though he is B．Selfish as he isC．Whether he is selfish or not D．Selfish he may be51．It was so incredible to her that I should have made the highest score in the class______she was trying to test me again, personally.A．that B．therefore C．when D．because52．I think it was all fixed up by lawyers or______arranges adoptions．A．someone B．anyone C．whoever D．those53．With a weather worn face, Ted is______a very old man but in fact he is only fifty．A．obviously B．evidently C．apparently D．sufficiently54．They don't want to be involved in the dispute, so they exhibit______on such matters．A．integrity B．reserve C．morality D．justice55．I'd just do as soon as you______the research yourself．A．do B．will do C．would do D．did56．I don't know______it was that answered the phone this morningA．who B．why C．how D．that57．If any law and order______not maintained, neither the citizen nor his property is safe．A．be B．are C．were D．is58．In New York City______has highly restrictive guidelines for______police may use their guns, the number of people shot by local cops soared in the past three years from 68 to 108．A．there, where B．there, when C．it, where D．which, when59．Thousands of children nowadays prefer doing their homework to a background of popmusic______it in a quite room．A．rather than doing B．to doingC．rather than to do D．to do60．Five score years ago, a great American, ______symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation．A．with his B．in whose C．by him D．of whomPart ⅢReading Comprehension (35 %)Directions:There are seven passages in this part. Each is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. Choose the one out of the choices marked by A, B, C, and D．and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with●．Passage 1Researchers disagree whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age—related declines．At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warner Schaie, have studied 5,000 people, some since 1956．People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel．Education helps, too, researchers say because in instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor．Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before” Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of mental function. Andpeople satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says．If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visual-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows．Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s．Questions 61 to 65 are based on the passage．61．In the passage, the author mainly discuss______．A．the role mental stimulation in preventing mental agingB．gradual loss of mental skills with normal agingC．the relationship between mental function and spatial skillsD．effective ways to keep intellectual vigor62．The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (paragraph 1) refer to______．A．brain power B．cognitive developmentC．mental stimulating D．intellectual function63．According to the researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?A．Education. B．Chronic illness．C．Standard of living. D．All of the above．64．From this passage we may safely infer that______might help prevent mental declines．A．physical exercises B．social interconnectionsC．rigid daily routines D．a healthy diet65．According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that ______．A．wisdom may be thought of as a special form of abilities and knowledge completely developed with life experienceB．wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging startedC．wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such as inductive reasoning and spatial skillsD．wisdom makes up an important part of brain powerPassage 2Generation gaps are nothing new. Imperfect communication between age groups plagued the ancient Greeks and current works alike．Many an older worker chafes at an under-30 colleague who surfs the Internet, listens to his Sony Walkman and chats on the phone or with his desk mate-all while working on a project due in an hour．Sometimes, of course, he isn't corking, and that's a whole different issue. But sometimes he is getting lots of great stuff done. In the meantime, the different work styles create a case of “Would you please shut up” vs. “Lighten up. Get a life.”Marc Prensky, vice president of Bankers Trust and founder of its interactive learningsubsidiary, Corporate Gameware, was on point in Across the Board, a publication of the conference board. The business research organizatio n titled Prensky's article “Twitch Speed”, a reference to the fast pace of video game play．Today under-30 workers likely grew up in a multimedia, technology—rich, twitch speed environment. Prensky says they simultaneously did homework, watched TV and listened to music; this exposure changed the ways they receive and process information．Baby boomers and older workers may or may not have done homework by TV, but much else has changed. Sociologists say the over-30s are more likely to want room doors close, TV off. One thing happening at a time. Quiet, please!When the two heritages clash in the workplace, it pits comfort with speed and “multitasking” against comfort with deliberation and focused concentration．Sound familiar? If the gap has become a chasm in your workplace, it's time to talk．Both work styles can be productive, but both sides need to make accommodations so the other's productivity isn't impaired．Questions 66 to 70 are based on the passage．66．This passage is mainly talking about______．A．generation gapsB．work styles of different age groupsC．lack of mutual understanding between the old and the youngD．imperfect communication between old and young workers67．From the context we may figure out that the word “plagued” (p aragraph 1) means______．A．annoyed B．infected C．damaged D．affected68．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A．Older workers often feel annoyed about their young colleagues' attitudes towards work．B．Younger workers always do a good job of their work though they prefer to listen to music or chat with others while working．C．The different work styles may sometimes lead to an unnecessary argument．D．Older workers are used to working in a comfortable and quiet environment so that they can fully concentrate on what they are doing．69．The author agrees with Marc Prensky on the point that younger workers prefer a “multitasking” style because______．A．they are smart and energeticB．they have the special ability to perform several tasks at the same timeC．brought up in a special cultural background, they have developed a behavioral pattern different form that of their older colleaguesD．they have been trained to receive and process information in a special way70．The author maintains that both sides should______if the two pattern work styles clash headlong．A．be patientB．realize that both work styles are productiveC．make efforts to avoid doing damage to the other's productivityD．make compromise to bridge the gulf between themPassage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed test, so much the better．A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into other pleasure of the fear faced and mastered．There are also people who object fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that faints. Witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc, do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales. The child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the word should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kissed in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend．No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external work and a sane child had ever believed that it was．Questions 71 to 75 are based on the passage．71．The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is______．A．repeated without variationB．treated with reverenceC．adapted by the parentD．set in the present72．Some people dislike fairy stories they feel that they______．A．tempt people to be cruel to childrenB．show the primitive cruelty in childrenC．lend themselves to undesirable experiments with childrenD．increase a tendency by which children's impulses may be73．Fairy stories are a means by which children's impulses may beA．beneficially channeledB．given a destructive tendencyC．held back until maturityD．effectively suppressed74．The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it______．A．makes them come to terms with their fearsB．develops their power of memoryC．convinces them there is nothing to be afraid ofD．encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs75．The author's mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that______．A．fairy stories are still being made upB．there is confusion about different kinds of truthC．people try to modernize old fairy storiesD．there is more concern for children's fears nowadaysPassage 4No other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the best technically, even if used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries that stand above us unhealth status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused by the significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence．Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U. S. than in any of the countries that have a better infant mortality rate and female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor countries that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of them, a good basic diet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment oportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U. S. a motional unemployment level of 10 percent may be 40 percent in the ghetto while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in health do not have such severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involve in them．Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living. Excessive intake of animal protein and fats, dangerous intake of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machism, combined with the relatively low cost of bad foods and speedy vehicles, make us particularly vulnerable to our affluence. And those who are not affluent try harder. Our unacceptable health status, then, will not be improved appreciably by expanded medical resources nor by their redistribution so much as by a general at tempt to improve the quality of life for all．Questions 76 to 80 are based on the passage．76．All of the following are mentioned in the passage as factors affecting the health of the population EXCEPT_______．A．the availability of medical care servicesB．the genetic endowment of individualsC．the nation's relative position in health statusD．an individual's own behavior77．The author is primarily concerned withA．condemning the U.S. for its failure to provide better medical care to the poorB．evaluating the relative significance of factors contributing to the poor health status in the U. S．C．comparing the general health of the U.S. population with world averagesD．advocating specific measures designed to improve the health of U. S. population78．The passage best supports which of the following conclusions about the relationshipbetween per capita expenditure of the health of a population?A．The per capita expenditure for medical care has relatively little effect on the total amount of medical care available to a population．B．The genetic makeup of a population is a more powerful determinant of the health of a population than the per capita expenditure for medical care．C．A population may have very high per capita expenditures for medical care and yet have a lower health status than other populations with lower per capita expenditures．D．The higher the per capita expenditure on medical care, the more advanced is the medical technology; and the more advanced the technology, the better is the health of the population．79．The author refers to the excessive intake of alcohol and tobacco and drug use in order to ______．A．show that some heath problems cannot be attacked by better medical careB．demonstrate that use of tobacco and intoxicants is detrimental to healthC．cite examples of individual behavior that have adverse consequences for health status D．illustrate ways in which affluence may contribute to poor health status80．The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions?A．Which is the most powerful influence on the health status of a population?B．Which nation in the world leads in health status?C．Is the life expectancy of males in the U. S. longer than of females?D．What are the most important genetic factors influencing the health of an individual?Passage 5In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member” were high on the list but so were some positive life-changing events like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress-it only shows how much you have chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message, women's magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness.” “If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy,” the articles said, “avoid stressful events.” But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many-like the death of a loved one-are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we're all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity. But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and mental strain．Questions 81 to 85 are based on the passage．81．The result of Holmes-Rahe's medical research tell us______．A．the way you handle major events may cause stressB．what should be done to avoid stressC．what kind of event would cause stressD．how to cope with sudden changes in life82．The studies on stress in the early 1970's led to______．A．widespread concern over its harmful effectsB．great panic over the mental disorder it could causeC．intensive research into stress-related illnessesD．popular avoidance of stressful jobs83．The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows______．A．how much pressure you are underB．how positive events can change you lifeC．how stressful a major event can beD．how you can deal with life-changing events84．Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line 10．Para. 1) impossible to follow?A．No one can stay on the same job for long．B．No prescription is effective in relieving stress．C．People have to get married someday．D．You could be missing opportunities as well．85．According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become______．A．nervous when faced with difficultiesB．physically and mentally strainedC．more capable of coping with adversityD．indifferent toward what happens to themPassage 6“Most episodes of absent-mindedness-forgetting where you lift something or wondering why you just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,” says Schacter. “You are supposed to remember something but you haven't encoded deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don't pay attention to what you did because you are involved in a conversation, you'll probably forget that the pho ne is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn't failing you,” says Schacter,“rather you didn't give your memory system the information it needed.”Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite spo rts statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men possibly because they pay more attention to their environment and memory relies on just that. “Visual cues ca n help prevent absent-mindedness.” says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table-don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness like walking into a room and wondering why you're there is most likely because you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room and you will likely remember．Questions 86 to 90 are based on the passage．86．Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?A．It helps us understand our memory system better．B．It enables us to recall something from our memory．C．It expands our memory capacity considerably．D．It slows down the process of losing our memory．87．One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that______．A．they have a wider range of interestsB．they are more reliant on the environmentC．they have an unusual power of focusing their attentionD．they are more interested in what's happening around them88．A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because______．A．it will easily get lostB．it's not clear enough for you to readC．it's out of your sightD．it might get mixed up with other things89．What do we learn from the last paragraph?A．If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another．B．Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment．C．Repetition helps improve our memory．D．If we keep forgetting things, we'd better return to where we were．90．What is the passage mainly about?A．The process of gradual memory loss．B．The causes of absent-mindedness．C．The impact of the environment on memory．D．A way of encoding and recalling．Passage 7It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean's largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior．So biologists were delighted early this year when with the help of the Navy they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy's formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans. Tracking whales is but one example of a exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies．Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption for the first time and that they plan similar studies. Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures. The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second-slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient's chest to a doctor's ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones can often travel thousands of miles．。
《人工智能》测试题答案
《人工智能》测试题答案测试题——人工智能原理一、填空题1.人工智能作为一门学科，它研究的对象是______，而研究的近期目标是____________ _______;远期目标是___________________。
2.人工智能应用的主要领域有_________，_________，_________，_________，_______和__________。
3.知识表示的方法主要有_________，_________，_________，_________和________。
4.产生式系统由三个部分所组成，即___________，___________和___________。
5.用归结反演方法进行定理证明时，可采取的归结策略有___________、___________、_________、_________、_________和_________。
6.宽度优先搜索对应的数据结构是___________________;深度优先搜索是________________。
7.不确定知识处理的基本方法有__________、__________、__________和__________。
8.AI研究的主要途径有三大学派，它们是________学派、________学派和________学派。
9.专家系统的瓶颈是________________________;它来自于两个阶段，第一阶段是，第二阶段是。
10.确定因子法中函数MB是描述________________________、而函数MD是描述________________________。
11.人工智能研究的主要领域有_________、_________、_________、_________、_______和__________。
12.一阶谓词逻辑可以使用的连接词有______、_______、_______和_______。
人工智能试题与答案
人工智能试题与答案一、单选题（共103题，每题1分，共103分）1.如果问题存在最优解，则下面几种搜索算法中，（）必然可以得到该最优解。
A、启发式搜索B、深度优先搜索C、有界深度优先搜索D、广度优先搜索正确答案：D2.关于python程序设计语言，下列说法不正确的是( )A、python源文件以***.py为扩展名B、python只能在文件模式中编写代码C、python的默认交互提示符是：>>>D、python具有丰富和强大的模块正确答案：B3.贝叶斯网络是基于概率推理的()模型。
A、图形B、数学C、数据D、判断正确答案：B4.根据边的性质不同，概率图模型可大致分为两类：第一类是使用有向无环图表示变量间的依赖关系，称为有向图模型或贝叶斯网（Bayesiannetwork）；第二类是使用无向图表示变量间的相关关系，称为(___)。
A、赫布网B、拉普拉斯网C、马尔科夫网D、塞缪尔网正确答案：C5.要想让机器具有智能，必须让机器具有知识。
因此，在人工智能中有一个研究领域，主要研究计算机如何自动获取知识和技能，实现自我完善，这门研究分支学科叫（）。
A、模式识别B、神经网络C、专家系统D、机器学习正确答案：D6.使用似然函数的目的是什么（）A、改变目标函数分布B、求解目标函数C、得到最优数据样本D、找到最合适数据的参数正确答案：D7.关于Python的分支结构，以下选项中描述错误的是A、Python中if-elif-else语句描述多分支结构B、分支结构使用if保留字C、分支结构可以向已经执行过的语句部分跳转D、Python中if-else语句用来形成二分支结构正确答案：C8.若某二叉树中的所有结点值均大于其左子树上的所有结点值，且小于右子树上的所有结点值，则该二叉树遍历序列中有序的是A、前序序列B、中序序列C、后序序列D、以上说法均不正确正确答案：B9.机器学习中，模型需要输入什么来训练自身，预测未知?A、人工程序B、历史数据C、神经网络D、训练算法正确答案：B10.操作系统主要是对计算机系统的全部()进行管理，以方便用户、提高计算机使用效率的一种系统软件。
人工智能试题及答案
人工智能试题及答案【篇一：人工智能经典试题及答案】ass=txt>2.8 设有如下语句，请用相应的谓词公式分别把他们表示出来：s(1) 有的人喜欢梅花，有的人喜欢菊花，有的人既喜欢梅花又喜欢菊花。
解：定义谓词dp(x)：x是人l(x,y)：x喜欢y其中，y的个体域是{梅花，菊花}。
将知识用谓词表示为：(?x )(p(x)→l(x, 梅花)∨l(x, 菊花)∨l(x, 梅花)∧l(x, 菊花))(2) 有人每天下午都去打篮球。
解：定义谓词p(x)：x是人b(x)：x打篮球a(y)：y是下午将知识用谓词表示为：a(?x )(?y) (a(y)→b(x)∧p(x))(3) 新型计算机速度又快，存储容量又大。
解：定义谓词nc(x)：x是新型计算机f(x)：x速度快b(x)：x容量大将知识用谓词表示为：(?x) (nc(x)→f(x)∧b(x))(4) 不是每个计算机系的学生都喜欢在计算机上编程序。
解：定义谓词s(x)：x是计算机系学生l(x, pragramming)：x喜欢编程序u(x,computer)：x使用计算机将知识用谓词表示为：? (?x) (s(x)→l(x, pragramming)∧u(x,computer))(5) 凡是喜欢编程序的人都喜欢计算机。
解：定义谓词p(x)：x是人l(x, y)：x喜欢y将知识用谓词表示为：(?x) (p(x)∧l(x,pragramming)→l(x, computer))2.9 用谓词表示法求解机器人摞积木问题。
设机器人有一只机械手，要处理的世界有一张桌子，桌上可堆放若干相同的方积木块。
机械手有4个操作积木的典型动作：从桌上拣起一块积木；将手中的积木放到桌之上；在积木上再摞上一块积木；从积木上面拣起一块积木。
积木世界的布局如下图所示。
图机器人摞积木问题解：(1) 先定义描述状态的谓词clear(x)：积木x上面是空的。
(x, y)：积木x在积木y的上面。
人工智能技术知识试题有答案
人工智能技术知识试题有答案1. 下列选项中 , 不是人工智能的算法中的学习方法的是 ?重复学习 ( 正确答案 )深度学习迁移学习对抗学习2. 自然语言处理难点目前有四大类 , 下列选项中不是其中之一的是机器性能 ( 正确答案 )语言歧义性知识依赖语境3. 下列有关人工智能的说法中，不正确的是（）人工智能是以机器为载体的智能人工智能是以人为载体的智能 ( 正确答案 )人工智能是相对于动物的智能人工智能也叫机器智能4. 人工智能发展有很长的历史，其中，深度学习模型于（）提出。
1946 年1956 年1986 年2006 年 ( 正确答案 )5. （）的目标是实现生物智慧系统与机器智能系统的紧密耦合、相互协同工作，形成更强的智慧和能力，提供示范应用。
跨媒体智能群体智能人机混合增强智能 ( 正确答案 )自主无人系统6. 人工神经网络发展的第一次高潮是（）。
1986 年启动“863 计划”1977 年，吴文俊创立吴方法1957 年，罗森布拉特提出感知机神经元关系 ( 正确答案 )1985-1986 年提出误差反向传播算法7. 新一代人工智能产业技术创新战略联盟从工作开展上讲，要形成“一体两翼”，其中，“一体”是指（）。
人工智能开源开放平台 ( 正确答案 )智能物流推进平台智能政务推进平台标准工作平台8. 机器学习的经典定义是（）。
利用技术进步改善系统自身的性能利用技术进步改善人的能力利用经验改善系统自身的性能 ( 正确答案 )利用经验改善人的能力9. 人工智能在围棋方面的应用之一是 AlphaGo 通过（）获得“棋感”。
视觉感知 ( 正确答案 )扩大存储空间听觉感知提高运算速度10. （）是指能够适应环境、应对未知挑战、具有自我意识、达到人类水平（因而超越人类）的智能。
人工智能强人工智能 ( 正确答案 )弱人工智能机器智能11. 强人工智能能不能出现，主要取决于（）国家对人工智能的政策导向发达国家对人工智能发展的规划投入能不能出现能够产生智能的机器和平台 ( 正确答案 )计算机的速度和存储能力是否足够强大12. 2013 年，麻省理工学院的基础评论把（）列为第一大技术突破机器学习人工智能智能围棋深度学习 ( 正确答案 )13. 智慧社区综合信息服务平台是一个核心的支撑平台，根据本讲内容，没有包括在这个平台内的是下列哪一个（）政务服务平台公共服务平台老年相亲平台 ( 正确答案 )商务服务平台14. 震惊全球的 AlphaGo 是以下哪个企业的人工智能产品（）FacebookAppleIBMGoogle DeepMind ( 正确答案 )15. 人工智能从某种意义上来说就是人工 + 智能，那以下需要人工做的工作是（）。
人工智能考试试卷及答案
人工智能考试试卷及答案___考试试卷2011年第2学期，考试时间110分钟一、选择题（共20分，每题2分）1、消解原理是一种用于表达式变换的推理规则。
2、下列哪个系统属于新型专家系统？答案为D，即分布式专家系统。
3、示例研究属于归纳研究方法。
4、不属于神经网络常用研究算法的是观察与发现研究。
5、人工智能应用研究的两个最重要最广泛领域为专家系统、机器研究。
6、下列搜索方法中不属于盲目搜索的是有序搜索。
7、被认为是人工智能“元年”的时间应为1956年。
8、被誉为国际“人工智能之父”的是___（___）。
9、语义网络的组成部分为节点和链、槽和值。
10、尽管人工智能学术界出现“百家争鸣”的局面，但是，当前国际人工智能的主流派仍属于符号主义。
二、填空题（共20分，每一填空处1分）1、机器研究系统由数据集、研究算法、模型和预测器几部分构成。
2、人工智能是计算机科学中涉及研究、设计和应用人类智能的一个分支，它的近期目标在于研究用机器来模拟实现某些智力功能。
3、规则演绎系统根据推理方向可分为正向推理、反向推理以及双向推理等。
4、计算智能是人工智能研究的新内容，涉及神经网络、进化计算和模糊系统等。
5、启发式搜索是一种利用启发式信息的搜索，估价函数在搜索过程中起的作用是评估当前状态与目标状态之间的距离。
3）P(qian)->P(sun)目标：P(sun)消解反演证明过程：1.用条件（2）进行消解，得到P(sun)∨P(zhao)∨P(qian)2.用条件（3）进行消解，得到P(sun)∨P(zhao)3.用条件（1）进行消解，得到P(sun)因此，一定会派___。
6、按照题目要求，对于第一问，需要进行A*搜索，列出头三步搜索中的OPEN、CLOSED表的内容和当前扩展节点的f值。
具体的搜索过程和结果如下：步骤。
OPEN表。
CLOSED表。
当前扩展节点f值1.S(5)。
-。
52.A(5)+B(6)。
S(5)。
63.C(6)+A(7)+B(8)。
吉林大学计算机学院博士入学考试题, 计算智能(2000年以后大部分都有)
一、回答下列问题（30分）1、什么叫宽度优先搜索？宽度优先搜索的优点在何处？缺点在何处？2、试说明逻辑符号“⇒”、“→”的含义和差别。
3、请举出输入归结演绎不完备的例子。
4、设S={P(x),Q(f(a))}是子句集，请举出I 是S 的普通解释，而不是其Herbrand 解释的例子。
5、请举出公式与其Skolem 范式不等价的例子。
6、什么叫A 算法？什么叫A *算法？什么叫A *算法是可采纳的？两个A *算法如何比较好坏？二、求解下列问题（30分）1、设八数码问题有估价函数：f(n)=d(n)+W(n)；其中d(n)是节点n 在搜索树中的深度，W(n)是节点n 中“不在位”数码的个数；试给出以下面为初始节点和目标节点的图搜索过程，指明各节点估价函数值和整体解路径，并计算该搜索过程的渗透度是多少？有效分枝系数是多少？2、将公式G 化为Skolem 范式，并给出G 的子句集S 。
((,)(((,())((,())(G x E x a y E y g x z E z g x E y z=∀→∃∧∀→3、使用基于规则的正向演绎系统证明下面问题：已知事实A B ∨；规则两条A C D →∧，B E G →∧；目标C G ∨。
画出演绎过程与/或图。
三、证明第一种形式的Herbrand 定理：设S 是子句集，则S 是不可满足的，当且仅当对应于S 的每一个完全语义树都存在一个有限的封闭语义树。
（15分） 四、总结α-β过程，并以下述博弈树为例，以优先产生左边子节点的次序进行α-β剪枝，指出在何处发生剪枝、何处为α修剪、何处为β修剪？标明发生剪枝的节点和初始节点返回值的变化。
图中□表示极大点，○表示极小点。
（15分）30-3-1-2014125-11-1-13-3236-2初始状态目标状态一、叙述图搜索算法GRAPHSEARCH 过程；设八数码问题有两个估价函数：f 1(n)=d(n)+W(n)；f 2(n)=d(n)+P(n)+3S(n)。
人工智能 经典考试试题及答案
一、选择题(每题1分，共15分)1、AI的英文缩写是A)Automatic Intelligence B)Artifical IntelligenceC)Automatice Information D)Artifical Information2、反演归结（消解）证明定理时，若当前归结式是（）时，则定理得证。
A)永真式B)包孕式（subsumed）C)空子句3、从已知事实出发，通过规则库求得结论的产生式系统的推理方式是A)正向推理B)反向推理C)双向推理4、语义网络表达知识时，有向弧AKO 链、ISA 链是用来表达节点知识的（）。
A)无悖性B)可扩充性C)继承性5、(A→B)∧A => B是A)附加律B)拒收律C)假言推理D)US6、命题是可以判断真假的A)祈使句B)疑问句C)感叹句D)陈述句7、仅个体变元被量化的谓词称为A)一阶谓词B)原子公式C)二阶谓词D)全称量词8、MGU是A)最一般合一B)最一般替换C)最一般谓词D)基替换9、1997年５月，著名的“人机大战”，最终计算机以3.5比2.5的总比分将世界国际象棋棋王卡斯帕罗夫击败，这台计算机被称为（）A）深蓝B）IBM C）深思D）蓝天10、下列不在人工智能系统的知识包含的4个要素中A)事实B)规则C)控制和元知识D)关系11、谓词逻辑下，子句, C1=L∨C1‘, C2= ¬ L∨C2‘,若σ是互补文字的（最一般）合一置换，则其归结式C=（）A) C1’σ∨C2’σB)C1’∨C2’C)C1’σ∧C2’σD)C1’∧C2’12、或图通常称为A）框架网络B)语义图C)博亦图D)状态图13、不属于人工智能的学派是A)符号主义B)机会主义C)行为主义D)连接主义。
14、人工智能的含义最早由一位科学家于1950年提出，并且同时提出一个机器智能的测试模型，请问这个科学家是A)明斯基B).扎德C)图林D)冯.诺依曼15.要想让机器具有智能，必须让机器具有知识。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
中国科学院水生生物研究所——植物生理学2000年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——动物营养学1997～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——饲料学1996年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国农业大学——饲料学1997年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——比较文学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——古代文学魏晋隋唐方向2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——汉语言文字学部分小综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
北京大学——中文当代文学专业1999年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——古代文学魏晋南北朝方向2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学——金融学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
复旦大学经济学院——经济学基础2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
浙江大学——政治经济学2003年春、秋博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2003年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
中国科学院自然科学史研究所——科技通史2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.htm
同济大学——诊断学2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
同济大学——专业基础病理2005年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
武汉大学——分子生物学（专业基础）2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.txt
吉林大学 博士入学考试试题 计算智能 2001
《神经元网络与进化计算》2001年博士生入学试题一、填空：（每题3分，共24分）1、计算智能主要包含 、 、 三个领域。
2、遗传算法最早由 于 年首次提出。
3、根据韦肖(Willshow )的证明，表示一个“知识”的神经元数量，最好是网络中神经元总数的对数值，那么若神经网络中总共有106个神经元，则每个“知识”最好用 个神经元来编码。
4、先将记忆模式设计成为稳态，给定有关信息时就回忆起来的学习方式是 。
给定输入模式，教师指定期望输出，通过调整权系达到稳定的学习方式是 ；给定一个输入模式，使某些（个）神经元兴奋的学习方式是 。
5、前向网络常用误差函数来判别其实际输出向量Y K 与教师信号向量T K 的误差。
若N 为输入样本的个数，m 为输出向量的维数，则二乘误差函数的表达式为 。
6、反馈型神经网络有两种工作方式，其中在任一时刻t ，只有某一个节点变化而其余节点的状态保持不变的是 工作方式；所有的节点都改变状态的是 工作方式。
7、模式S 1=*11***的阶数是 ，定义长度是 ；模式S 2=*01**0的阶数是 ，定义长度是 。
8、按下图给出的M-P 模型的权值和阈值，则输出与输入之间的逻辑函数式f 1(x 1,x 2,x 3)= ; f 2(x 1,x 2,x 3)= 。
x x 1,x 2,x 3)x x x 2,x 3)二、选择：（每题2分，共10分） 1、神经网络处于 状态时，其各连接权值固定，计算单元的状态变化。
A ．初始期B ．学习期C ．稳定期D ．工作期2、BP 网络使用的学习规则是 ；Hopfield 网络使用的学习规则是 ；A ．相关规则B ．纠错规则C ．竞争规则D ．模拟退火算法3、能识别任一凸多边形或无界的凸区域的感知器最少包含 个隐层。
A ．0B ．1C ．2D ．不一定4、能完全避免陷入局部极小问题的网络类型是 。
A ．前向型B ．反馈型C ．竞争型D ．以上都不能5、下面哪一种方法不是去模糊法 。
博士智力测试题(3篇)
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个国家的科学家发明了相对论？A. 英国B. 法国C. 德国D. 意大利2. 下列哪个元素是惰性气体？A. 氧B. 氮C. 氩D. 氢3. 下列哪个物理定律描述了能量守恒？A. 牛顿第一定律B. 牛顿第二定律C. 牛顿第三定律D. 能量守恒定律4. 以下哪个生物属于动物界？A. 苔藓B. 蕨类C. 蘑菇D. 鲨鱼5. 下列哪个国家是世界上最大的经济体？B. 中国C. 日本D. 德国6. 以下哪个国家在第二次世界大战中扮演了关键角色？A. 苏联B. 英国C. 法国D. 意大利7. 下列哪个天体是太阳系中最大的行星？A. 水星B. 金星C. 地球D. 木星8. 以下哪个元素在化学反应中通常表现为正离子？A. 氧B. 氢C. 钠D. 氯9. 下列哪个学科研究人类大脑和神经系统？A. 心理学B. 生物学C. 医学10. 以下哪个国家在2020年成功发射了嫦娥五号探测器？A. 美国B. 俄罗斯C. 中国D. 印度二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 量子力学是由 _______ 和 _______ 共同创立的。
12. 下列物质中， _______ 是一种强酸。
13. 人类历史上第一个登上月球的国家是 _______。
14. 生物学中，将生物分为动物界和植物界的依据是 _______。
15. 下列哪种能源被称为可再生能源？ _______、_______、_______。
16. 下列哪种疾病被称为“人类癌症的元凶”？ _______。
17. 下列哪种元素在自然界中主要以化合物的形式存在？ _______。
18. 下列哪种疾病被称为“世界末日病”？ _______。
19. 下列哪种现象被称为“全球变暖”？ _______。
20. 下列哪种技术被称为“人工智能”？ _______。
三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）21. 牛顿第一定律又称为惯性定律。
（）22. 地球自转的方向是自西向东。