武汉大学考博真题
武大历年考博试题
2007年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、简答题（每题10分）1、“价格革命”对欧洲产生了什么影响？2、欧洲宗教改革后，罗马天主教是如何应对的？采取了什么措施？产生了什么效果？3、简要分析英国克伦威尔护国公制的实质及表现形式4、俄国彼得大帝是如何向西方学习，使俄国摆脱落后地位的？5、日本明治维新的三大基本国策是什么？产生了什么影响？二、论述题（每题25分）1、欧洲近代早期，英国和法国在逐步成为主权国家的过程中有何相同和不同？这些相同和不同对这些国家的历史产生了什么影响？2、你如何看待俾斯麦在德国历史上的地位？通过以上对俾斯麦的历史分析，谈谈你对“时势”与“英雄”的关系。
世界现当代史一、简答题（每题15分）1、1921年英苏《临时贸易协定》是在什么背景下签订的?产生了什么影响？2、简述20世纪30年代日本发动侵略的国内外原因。
3、简述“非洲统一组织”的建立过程，宗旨和组织成员国相互关系的准则。
4、1978年《中美建交联合公报》是在什么背景下签订的？具体什么内容？遗留了什么问题？二、论述题（每题20分）1、试析一战后和二战后东亚的国际关系的不同？并以此说明人类社会在战争与和平问题上的进步。
2、列举一至二个20世纪60-80年代的区域合作组织，说明世界区域经济合作对历史进程的影响。
2006年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、在近代欧洲从传统社会向现代社会的转型中，为什么英、法等国会走上一条“自上而下”的革命道路，而普鲁士——德意志却走上一条“自上而下”的改革道路？这些不同的道路对这些国家的政治现代化进程产生了哪些不同的影响？（50分）二、面临近代以来西方列强的殖民扩张，为什么日本会成为惟一逃脱沦入第三世界的非西方国家？“明治维新”启动的日本现代化进程究竟有哪些基本特点？（50分）世界现当代史一、简答题1、简述印度甘地主义的基本内容、目标、以及所注重的社会基础（10分）2、简述20世纪30年代欧洲集体安全体系构建的过程（15分）3、简析马歇尔计划的基本特点及其主要影响（15分）4、简析20世纪70年代资本主义经济滞涨性危机的主要影响（10分）二、论述题1、比较两次世界大战对战后国际关系的影响（25分）2、分析20世纪60年代末70年代初中美关系解冻的主要推动因素（25分）2005年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、简答题1、在法国波旁王朝中央集权国家的形成和发展过程中，起过决定性推动作用的人物有哪几位？分别列举他们的理论或实际贡献2、比较霍布斯和洛克的政治思想，他们有哪些相同点和不同点。
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
业务课名称：文博综合348
考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、简答题(8选6，每题20 分，共120分)
1.简述茶技艺申遗成功的意义。
2.列举两个近五年十大考古新发现的旧石器时代遗址.
3.列举商代主要城址。
4. 简述红山文化的发现及其意义。
5. 简述东晋帝陵的布局及特征
6. 简述秦始皇陵兵马俑。
7. 简述南宋景德镇官窑瓷器的特点。
8.简述博物馆观众的研究方法。
二、论述题(8选6，每题30分，共180分)
1. 论述河北泥河湾遗址的考古发现及意义。
2. 论述西安地区汉墓的分期及特征。
3. 论述如何加强历史文化遗产保护。
4. 论述北魏洛阳城的布局特征及对后世都城规划的意义。
5. 论述二里头遗址的布局及意义。
6. 论述南宋临安城的布局特征及主要考古发现
7.论述良诸遗址群的布局及意义
8.论述博物馆教育的四个模型。
(完整word版)武汉大学思想政治教育考博专业课试题(word文档良心出品).doc
武汉大学 2008 年博士研究生入学考试试题马克思主义思想政治教育原著选读1、试论述“凡属于思想性质的问题，凡属于人民内部的争论问题，只能用民主的方法去解决，只能用讨论的方法、批评的方法、说服教育的方法去解决，而不能用强制的，压服的方法去解决。
”试述正确处理人民内部矛盾。
（30 分）2、试分析列宁的“工人阶级本来也不可能有社会主义民主主义意识。
这种意识只能从外面灌输进去。
”试述“灌输”理论。
（ 30 分）3、论述马克思主义“人的本质”理论，以及对正确加快人的社会化的影响。
马克思主义人的本质理论是什么？如何促进人的社会化？（40 分）思想政治教育理论与方法1、试论述推进当代中国马克思主义大众化。
如何推进当代中国马克思主义大众化？（30 分）2、试论述心理咨询的思想政治教育价值及其实现。
心理疏导的思想政治教育价值的实现。
（ 30 分）3、阐述国家文化软实力的科学内涵及其提升。
国家文化软实力的科学内涵和提升的措施。
（40 分）武汉大学 2010 年思想政治教育专业考博真题科目一：马克思主义思想政治教育经典原著选读（共三题）1、为什么说马克思列宁主义的基本原则就是要使群众认识自己的利益并且团结起来为自己的利益而奋斗？（ 30 分）2、为什么说思想掌握群众是精神变物质的先决条件？（30 分）3、恩格斯曾经指出 : “就个别人来说 , 他的行动的一切动力 , 都一定要通过他的头脑 , 一定要转变为他的意志的动机 , 才能使他行动起来。
”为什么？循此如何增强人们的精神动力？（ 40 分）科目二：思想政治教育原理与方法（共三题）1、论科学建构思想政治教育主客体关系的意义及其重点。
（30 分）2、为什么说人们思想的形成是客观反映和主观建构的统一？（30 分）3、论全球思想文化交流交融交锋的新特点及其对思想政治教育提出的新课题。
（40 分）答题心得体会：1、夯实学科理论的基础知识（如思想政治教育主体及其争论焦点；精神鼓励与物质鼓励相结合的原则）；2、关注出题教师的研究兴趣（如骆郁廷老师的学术专长和研究偏好——《精神动力论》，精神力量与物质力量之间的关系）；3、掌握学科研究的前沿动向（如提升文化软实力；马克思主义大众化、中国化、时代化）。
武汉大学生理学2014--2015年考博真题
武汉大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.射血分数
2.中心静脉压
3.胃粘膜屏障
4.肺牵张反射
5.球管平衡
6.血脑屏障
7.血细胞比容
8.皮层诱发电位
9.微循环
10.神经激素
二、问答题
1.简述生理性止血的过程。
2.简述胃大部切除术对消化功能的影响。
3.葡萄糖在体内的重吸收部位及其过程。
4.雌激素的生理作用。
5.剧烈运动后，人体尿量的变化及其机制。
三、论述题
1.生活在高原的正常人，熟睡后周期性呼气的特点及其机制。
2.试述钙参与人体功能的几个方面。
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博
历年真题试卷
武汉大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
问答及论述
1.细胞信号转导的几Байду номын сангаас途径
2.雌激素的功能
3.简述胃大部分切除对消化的影响
4.剧烈运动对肾泌尿的影响及其机制
5.切断迷走神经后对呼吸、泌尿、消化和心血管系统的影响
武汉大学考博英语作文题目04年-17年
17.Write a composition in no less than 150 words on the topic: What Do You Think of Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Read the following words in English. You should write according to the outline given below. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Google's DeepMind Alpha Go program has beaten all the world champions ofthe game Go in a series of battles between man and artificial intelligence.2.Some people fear advanced artificial intelligence because?3.Your attitude towards advanced artificial intelligence.16.Read the following information and write an essay of ABOUT 200 WORDS. It is an ARGUMENTA-TIVE ESSAY and a TITLE is needed.According to a new study, 92% of college students would rather do their reading the old-fashioned way, with pages and not pixels. The finding comes from American University linguistics professor Naomi S. Baron, author of the book Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World, Baron led a team that asked 300 college students in the United States, Slovakia, Japan and Germany how they preferred to read. Physical books were the choice of 92% of the respondents, who selected paper over an array of electronic devices. It’s not just college students who’d rather spend their time with a book instead of an e-reader. In 2015, e-book sales dropped in the United States, and it’s the same story in the United Kingdom.15.Plagiarizing, or representing someone else’s ideas or words as your own, will caus e problems for people in any stage of life. Students get flunked for it and it even cost Joe Biden a shot at becoming the US President in 1988. Please elaborate in your writing on how to avoid plagiarism, either on purpose or by accident. You should write at least 200 words.14.Plan and write an essay of about 200 words in which you develop your point of view on the issue given below. Give a title to your essay and support your position with reasoning and examples. Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Is it better to change one’s attitude than to change one’s circumstances? If we are dissatisfied with our circumstances, we think about changing them. But the most effective changes—in our attitude —hardly occur to us. In other words, we should worry not about how to alter the world around us for the better but about how to change ourselves in order to fit into the world.You are to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the following information and do your composition on the ANSWE SHEET. You are to come up with the title for the essay.Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. Which is better and why?12.More and more Chinese scholars now believe that their academic studies should be oriented toward the needs of society and government instead of personal interests. What do you think of this belief? You are required to make comments on this belief in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.11.More and more people now believe that the purpose of university education is to cultivate a creative mind. Do you accept this idea? You are required to make comments on this idea in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.10.Presently, there are more and more grown-up children who live off their parents, for which they are often referred to as the “eating-the-old” on t his phenomenon in anybody to blame for this? You are required to make a comment on this phenomenon in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.09.07.06.05.。
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionThe calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i. e. without a remainder), those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400. In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days. A decade is a 10-year period, such as I January 1885--31 December 1894.1．Which one of the following years was a leap year?A．1880B．1894C．1906D．1926正确答案：A解析：1880年是闰年，因为1880能被4整除，1894，1906年1926这三个数字均不能被4整除，因此1894年、1906年和1926年均不是闰年。
武大博士英语考试真题
武大博士英语考试真题In recent years, the English proficiency test for doctoral candidates at Wuhan University has gained significant attention and importance. This comprehensive examination serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating the English language skills of aspiring doctoral scholars. The test is meticulously designed to assess various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing abilities, listening skills, and oral communication.The reading comprehension section presents candidates with a diverse range of academic texts, encompassing various disciplines and genres. These passages are carefully curated to challenge the candidates' ability to comprehend complex ideas, grasp nuances, and synthesize information from multiple sources. The questions accompanying these texts delve into the candidates' critical thinking skills, requiring them to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from the provided material.The writing component of the examination is a true test of the candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively. Typically, candidates are asked to compose a well-structured essay on a given topic, demonstrating their command oflanguage, organization, and argumentative skills. This section not only evaluates their ability to convey ideas effectively but also their mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing proficiency.The listening section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts. This may include academic lectures, discussions, or dialogues on a wide range of topics. The questions accompanying these audio materials test the candidates' ability to grasp main ideas, follow intricate arguments, and identify relevant details. Furthermore, this section often evaluates their note-taking abilities, a crucial skill for effective learning and research.The oral communication component of the examination measures the candidates' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in spoken English. This may involve individual presentations, group discussions, or one-on-one interviews with examiners. Candidates are evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and ability to engage in substantive academic discourse. This section also assesses their ability to think critically and articulate their ideas in a coherent and persuasive manner.Preparing for the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test requires dedication, extensive practice, and a solid foundation in the English language. Candidates often seek guidance from experiencedinstructors, engage in mock tests, and immerse themselves in a variety of English language resources to hone their skills. The examination not only serves as a gateway to doctoral studies but also prepares candidates for the rigorous demands of academic research and international collaboration in their respective fields.Ultimately, the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test stands as a testament to the institution's commitment to excellence and its recognition of the pivotal role of English language proficiency in the pursuit of advanced research and scholarly endeavors. By successfully navigating this comprehensive examination, candidates demonstrate their readiness to contribute to the global academic community and embark on a journey of intellectual exploration and discovery.。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
最新武汉大学考博英语真题
武汉大学2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （） .A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（）.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in orde r to （）.A. prove，that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr om complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, inIndia, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions o f human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they （）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and wo man which the author（）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid termelections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （） receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （） motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （）?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempti ng to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rose nblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent themethat portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s A utobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（）.A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to "a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as （）.A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the follo wing （）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acc eptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black h istory三、汉译英得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。
武汉大学神经病学2012--2013年考博真题
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武汉大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1、DTI（与影像学有关的名词）（写出英文全称及中文） 2、NIHSS（写出英文全称及中文） 3、MRC（写出英文全称及中文） 4、EMG（写出英文全称及中文） 5、TIA（写出英文全称及中文） 二、简答题 1、神经系统查体时判断肌张力增高或降低的指征有哪两项？ 2、何为“from bench to bedside”？ 3、那些检查有助于确诊重症肌无力？ 4、简述神经结构介导的晕厥包括哪几方面？ 5、何为Fisher综合征？主要表现是什么？ 三、问答题 1、什么是运动单位？包括那些解剖结构？ 2、上/下运动神经元瘫的区别 3、改良Rainkin量表（mRS）评分的内容 4、如何理解神经系统定性诊断的“MIDNIGHTS”原则？
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博 历年真题试卷
武汉大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释 1.NIHSS（英文全写和中文意思） 2.IVIG（英文全写和中文意思） 3.EDX（英文全写和中文意思） 4.脑分水岭梗死 5.多系统萎缩 二、简答题 1.诊断帕金森病所需要的8项特征有哪些？必须具备哪几项？ 2.周围神经损伤的病理变化过程有哪几种？ 3.Kernig征如何检查？何为阳性？见于哪两种疾病？ 4.什么是ABCD2评分？临床意义？ 5.如何进行改良Rankin量表（mRs）评分？ 三、问答题 1.中国急性缺血性卒中诊治指南2010中，静脉溶栓适应征有哪些？ 2.ALS的E1 Escorial诊断标准（1998年修订版）是什么？ 3.格拉斯哥昏迷评分量表（GCS）包括哪几个方面？总分多少？临床意义？ 4.根据INTERSTROKE研究（Lancet 2010）90%的卒中风险与哪10种危险因素有关？
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)
武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will______.A．pull backB．pull upC．pull throughD．pull out正确答案：C解析：动词pull均可与选项中的介词搭配。
四个词组的意义分别为：pull back 表示“把……向后拉，反悔，(使)撤退，紧缩开支”；pull up“拔起，停下，阻止”；pull through“渡过难关；脱离危险期，恢复健康(=pull round)”；pull out“(火车)离站；撤离，离开”。
根据前半部分的“condition(病，疾病)”可知本题选C。
知识模块：词汇2．The chimney vomited a cloud of smoke.A．ignitedB．immersedC．emittedD．hugged正确答案：C解析：vomit的意思是“吐出，喷出”，在句中的意思是“排放浓烟”。
emit “释放，放出”与它的意思相近，如：The tail exhaust pipe of the motor vehicle emitted poisonous smoke．(机动车的尾部排气管排出有毒的浓烟。
)ignite“点燃”，immerse“浸入”，hug“拥抱”都不符合句意，因此正确答案为C。
知识模块：词汇3．After several nuclear disasters, a_____has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.A．quarrelB．suspicionC．verdictD．controversy正确答案：D解析：空格意思是：经过多次核灾难后，展开了一场关于核能源安全性的辩论。
武汉大学考博英语-11
武汉大学考博英语-11(总分：79.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)"There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they"re 18, and the truth is far from that," says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. "There is a major shift in the middle class," declared sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It"s ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem," she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends" houses."Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with "a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S______（分数：2.00）A.for young adults to leave their parents and live independently √B.for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsC.for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD.for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents解析：[解析] 根据文章第一段前两句““There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they"re 18，and the truth is far from that,”says sociologist Larry Bumpass Of the University Of Wisconsin．Today．unexpected numbm"s of young adults are living with their parents．”可知，“认为孩子年满18岁就应该离开家庭、独立生活的观念是不理智的。
武汉大学考博英语-6
武汉大学考博英语-6(总分：89.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：39.00)And researchers say that like those literary romantics Romeo and Juliet, they may be blind to the consequences of their quests for an idealized mate who serves their every physical and emotional need.Nearly 19 in 20 never-married respondents to a national survey agree that "when you marry you want your spouse to be your soul mate, first and foremost", according to the State of Our Unions: 2001 study released Wednesday by Rutgers University.David Popenoe, a Rutgers sociologist and one of the study"s authors, said that view might spell doom for marriages."It really provides a very unrealistic view of what marriage really is," Popenoe said. "The standard becomes so high, it"s not easy to bail out if you didn"t find a soul mate."The survey points to a fundamental dilemma in which younger people want more from the institution of marriage while they seemingly are unwilling to make the necessary commitments.The survey also suggests that some respondents expect too much from a spouse, including the kind of emotional support rendered by same-sex friends. The authors of the study also suggest that the generation that was polled may more quickly leave a margin because of infidelity than past generations.Popenoe said the poll, conducted by the Gallup organization, is the first of its kind to concentrate on people in their 20s. A total of 1,003 married and single young adults nationwide were interviewed by telephone between January and March. The margin of error was plus or minus four percentage points.Respondents said they eventually want to get married, realize it"s a lot of work and think there are too many divorces. They believe there is one right person for them out there somewhere and think their own marriages won"t end in divorce.Since the poll is the first of its kind, researchers say it is impossible to say if expectations about marriage are changing or static.But scholars say the search for soul mates has increased over the last generation--and the last century--as marriage has become an institution centering on romance rather than utility. "one hundred years ago, people married for financial reasons, for tying families together, they married for political reasons," said John DeLamater, a sociologist at the University of Wisconsin. "And most people had children."Those conditions are no longer the case for young adults like David Asher, a 24-year-old waiter in a Trenton cafe who has been in a relationship for about two years. He wants to wait to make sure he"s ready to exchange vows."I know a lot of it has to do with financial reasons," he said. "Maybe if you"re going to have children, marriage is the best bet."But the main reason for matrimony: "If you"re in love with someone, it"s sort of like promising to them you are in love.""That"s all well and good," said Heather Helms-Erikson, an assistant professor of human development and family studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. "But passion--partly in endorphin- caused physiological phenomenon--has been known to diminish in time."（分数：7.50）(1).What"s the best title of this passage?（分数：1.50）A.Marriage Scholars Worry Search for "Soul Mates" is Unrealistic √B.People Should Seek for Romeo and JulietC.Marriage Should Happen between Soul MatesD.Search for "soul Mates" Should be Superseded by Reality解析：[解析] 本题中，B、C两项与文章的意思相反；D项与文章的意思不相符。
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation 6. WritingReading ComprehensionWe are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry(采石场)and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a sell-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied, simply to look at them, to observe-fleetingly-individually interesting points of difference between them, is sufficient in itself. Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to —or feel we should try to —make decisions, as citizens or as private individuals. But neither the real difficulty of these decisions, nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual, can often be communicated through the mass media. The distinction to suggest real choice, individual decision, which is to be found in the mass media, is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy. It is within the grain of mass communication. The organs of Establishment(代表官方), however well-intentioned they may be and whatever their form(the State, the Church, voluntary societies, political parties), have a vested interest(既得利益)in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked, and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which, though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry, do not break through the skin to where such inquiries might really hurt. They will tend to move, when exposing problems, well within the accepted cliche-assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these cliches nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life. They will stress the “stimulation” the programs give, but this soon becomes an agitation of problems for the sake of the interest of that agitation in itself; they will therefore, again, assist a form of acceptance of the status quo. There are exceptions to this tendency, but they are uncharacteristic.1．According to the passage, the mass media present us with______.A．insufficient diversity for informationB．too restricted a view of lifeC．a wide range of facts and opinionsD．a critical assessment of our society正确答案：C解析：本题可参照第一段的开头两句。
武汉大学2004年考博英语真题阅读理解试题
1. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities.But some critics raised the possibility of more lawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program...only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different,” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters. “We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box,” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state. “It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions,” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, U. S. Education Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O' Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so. “Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate,” says Arthur Coleman, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a january poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda,79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites. And some educators doubt that with Monday's ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies. While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.2. What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ________.A. no admission policies based on race should be implemented.B. minority applicants should be given favorable considerations.C. different standards for admitting minority students should be set up.D. selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory policies.3. Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ________.A. win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB. be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC. be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD. produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted4. What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A. NeutralityB. ObjectionC. ApprovalD. Indifference5. Which of the following is True about affirmative action according to the text?A. A vast majority of people support it.B. The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C. The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D. the Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.6. It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ________.A. ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB. adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC. formulate the right policies for college admissionsD. discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissions7. Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them. The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique. However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia at all. Secondarily, air and moisture from other Directions were also reduced. Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat differen than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier. With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population. The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have beenexpected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物)multiplied. Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present. The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys. with fewer than ten food crops. Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold. and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great. These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous (一妻多夫制) societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there. Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age. His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enought for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.8. What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A. Patterns of animal and plant growth.B. Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C. Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D. All of the above.9. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB. describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC. describe Tibetan fauna and floraD. analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas10. The author 's knowledge of Tibet is probably ________.A. based on firsthand experienceB. the result of lifelong studiesC. derived from books onlyD. limited to geological history11. According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A. All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B. some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C. Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D. The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar views to one another.12. The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they________.A. are originally found in continental climatesB. are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC. have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD. are found in land mass that used to be a separate continent13. Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight. Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property,antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price tha goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a hight price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a“reserve” price, that is ,a price below which the goods cannot be sold. Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices. If such a “knock-out” comes off ,the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.14. A candle used to burn at auction sales ________.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made15.An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ________.A. the current market values of the goodsB. details of the goods to be soldC. the order in which goods must be soldD. free admission to the auction sale16. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ________.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers17. An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ________.A. then he earns more himselfB. the dealers are pleasedC. the auction-rooms become world famousD. it keeps the customers interested18. A “knock out” is arranged ________.A. to keep the price in the auction room lowB. to allow one dealer only to make a profitC. to increase the auctioneer's profitD. to help the auctioneer19.Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving whichdemands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understandwhat happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may berelatively automatic—as withtyping, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingersautomatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy. However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcomethis she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to moremistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down.This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because thenumber of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase theaccuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to theirmedical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.20. According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving________.A. increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD. is based on the ability to recite the time21. The author believes that ________.A. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced22. When a typist gets tired, ________.A. she has to try hard to raise her automaticB. she can type only automaticallyC. she cannot think about what she is doing.D. she can seldom type automatically23. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ________.A. the bottles must be held upside downB. it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC. it requires high level of automaticD. most bottles are all right24. According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ________.A. the subject's knowledge of grammarB. the amount of sleep the subject has hadC. the level of arousal of the subjectD. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason武汉大学考博英语备考专题2016年武汉大学考博英语VIP保过班-全程1对1辅导考武大更轻松！2016年武汉大学考博英语协议全程班-5次1对1辅导考武大更轻松！2016年武汉大学考博英语系统全程班-考武大更轻松！华慧武汉大学武大考博英语一本通含独家历年试题答案解析武汉大学/武大考博英语历年真题汇总武汉大学考博英语复习资料：《武汉大学考博英语一本通》-华慧考博网《武汉大学考博英语历年试题及参考答案解析》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语10000词汇详解》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语阅读220篇》-天猫商城：华慧旗舰店《华慧考博英语完形专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语写作专项训练》-华慧书城《华慧考博英语翻译专项训练》-华慧书城。
武汉大学国际私法博士历年真题
武汉大学法学院国际私法专业历年考博试题1999年试题一、国际公法1、论现代国际法的发展趋势。
2、国际人权合作与不干涉内政原则的关系。
二、国际私法1、论法律适用的选择方法。
2、论国际私法的范围。
三、中国冲突法1、评述中国关于商事关系法律适用之规定。
2、评《中国国际私法示范法》。
3、论内地与香港管辖权冲突和解决方法。
2000年试题一、国际私法1、论国际统一实体私法在国际私法中的地位。
2、论国际互联网对国际私法的挑战。
二、国际公法1、评述西方所谓的“人权高于主权”的观点。
2、国际公法上外国人法律地位问题。
3、国家间争端的解决方式。
三、中国冲突法1、中国冲突法的理论体系。
2、述评十一界三中全会以来中国的冲突法立法。
3、二十一世纪冲突法的发展趋势。
2001年试题一、国际公法1、从国际法角度谈北约对南联盟的轰炸。
2、和平共处五项原则与现代国际法。
3、全球化与国家主权。
（或“人权与主权”）二、国际私法1、国际民商事争议解决机制。
2、21世纪国际私法的发展趋势。
三、中国冲突法1、点评《中国国际私法示范法》。
2、中国加入WTO对中国冲突法的影响。
3、“十五”期间你认为国际私法应该重点研究哪些课题？2002年试题一、国际公法1、美国911事件发生后，反恐怖主义引起各国高度关注，各国纷纷表示反对，请问：反恐怖主义有何国际公法上的法律依据？反恐战争是否应发挥联合国的作用？2、我国已经加入了世贸组织（WTO），这对我国国内法有何影响？我国能否直接适用WTO的有关规则？假设我国审理某一有关该法规的涉外案件，我国法律中没有与该规则相适应的规定，而又不能直接适用WTO规则，法院该怎么处理这一案件？二、国际私法1、论国际私法的统一化与本土化。
2、论国际私法上的实体与程序问题。
三、中国冲突法1、论国际商事惯例在我国的适用。
2、你认为中国冲突法立法的前景如何？3、翻译并评论“substance”vs.“procedure”。
（原题提供了一段英文资料，要求评论国际私法中的实体与程序问题）2003年试题（2003年试题改革，原三张试卷改为两张试卷）一、国际公法1、国际惯例与国际习惯之区别。
武汉大学博士研究生入学考试试题（民商法专业）
武汉⼤学博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题（民商法专业）武汉⼤学博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题（民商法专业）1999年⼀、⽐较民商法1、德国公司法与英国公司法⽐较及其对中国公司⽴法的借鉴2、我国三个合同单⾏法与新的统⼀合同法⽐较（变动地⽅及其原因）3、两⼤法系民商法的差异及其发展趋势⼆、外国民商法1、罗马法中的债的界定、分类及其对后世⽴法⽅法的意义2、论法国公司法3、英美财产信托制度的概念、特征及其功能三、中国民商法1、社会主义市场经济对传统民商法理念的突破2、论民法的调整对象及其对象的调整3、⼗五⼤中的治国⽅略与经济改⾰⽬标对中国民商法发展的意义2000年⼀、中国民商法1、评民商合⼀与民商分离的利弊2、债转股的法律探析3、论质权⼆、外国民商法1、论德国的物权⾏为理论2、从诚信原则评述瑞⼠民法典的国情特点3、评析英美合同法中的对价制度三、⽐较民商法1、两⼤法系信托制度的⽐较2、中、⽇、德公司法代表机关制度⽐较3、⼤陆法系占有概念的⽐较2001年⼀、中国民商法1、21世纪民商法⾯临挑战，中国民商法学者⾯临挑战，应做哪些⼯作2、中国民法的⼈本精神——从⼈权、⼈格权、⼈⾝权的⾓度阐述3、民法典编撰模式的⼏种观点及其评价，试论我国民法典的制定⼆、外国民商法1、法国民法典所确⽴的基本原则及其意义2、德国民法物权理论的体系及特⾊3、英美信托的实质、体系、特征及其功能三、⽐较民商法1、⼤陆与港、澳、台地区民商法律传统的⽐较2、⽐较英美商法的异同3、概念辨析（1）所有权保留与让与担保（2）信托与⾏纪（3）⼈格和权利能⼒（4）预期违约与不安抗辩2002年⼀、中国民商法（⼀）概念辨析1、民事法律关系与民事权利义务关系2、⾏为本位与资源本位3、信⽤保证与信⽤保险4、合同⾃由与合同⾃愿（⼆）简答题1、论法⼈⼈格与法⼈权利能⼒，兼评我国民法的制定2、评述民法典制定的两种思想倾向——理想主义与现实主义（三）“我”的民法观——从民法原则的蜕变看21世纪的民法⼆、外国民商法（⼀）试述⽇本股份公司的资本三原则（⼆）依英美合同法的善意义务阐释下列案件是否违约及其理由。