1991考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
1991年考研英语试题及参考答案(1)
1991年考研英语试题及参考答案(1)Ⅰ. In each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET(15 point)l . They lost their way in the forest, and _ made matters worse was thatnight began tofall .A. that B. it C. what D. which2._ my retum, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not beback for several hours. 'A. At B. On C. With D. During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girlsrespond to _ situations.A. similar B. alike C. same D. likely4. There is not much time left; so I'll tell you about it _.A. in detail B. in brief C. in short D. in all5. In this factory, suggestion Often have to wait for months before they are fully _ .A. admitted B. acknowledged C. absorbed D. considered6. There is a real posibility that these animals could be frightened, _ a sudden loudnoise . A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been7. By the year 2000 , scientists probably _ a cure for cancer.A.' will be discovering B. are discoveringC. will have discovered D. have discovered8. Jim isn' t _, but he did badly in the final exams last smester.A. gloomy B. dull C.awkward D. tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents' _A. command B. conviction C. consent D. compromiseIO. He had _ on the subject.A.a rather strong opinion B. rather strong opinionC. rather the strong opinion D. the rather strong opinion.Il . When Jane fell off the bike, the other children _A. were not able to help laughter B. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughing D. could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one's feet than_ .A. living on one's knees B. live on one's kneesC. on one's knees D. to live on one's knees13 . The most important _ _ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly forthe people.A. element B. spot C. sense D. point14. This watch is__ to all the other watches on the market.A. superior B. advantageous C. super D. beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds _ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.A. assume B. accomplish C. attain D. assemble16.__ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for17 . Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A. has received B. ought to have receivedC. couldn' t have received D. shouldn' t have received18. _ to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner had hebegunC. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he begin19 . Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost20. The policemen went into action _ they heard the alarm.A. promptly B. presently C. quickly D. directly21 . The lost car of the Lees was found _ in the woods off the highway.A. vanished B. abandoned C. scattered D. rejected22. Dress warmly, _ _ you'll catch cold.A. on the contrary B. or rather C. or else D. in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so _ as to be able to change brain chem-istry .A. powerful B. influential C. monstrous D. vigorous24 . Bob was completely _ by the robber' s disguise.A. taken away B. taken down C. taken to D. taken in25 . Difficulties and hardships have _ _ the best qualities of the young geologist.A. brought out B. brought about C. brought forth D. brought up26. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _ in a short period of time.A. being created B. to have been createdC. having been created D. to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,__ at the other store.A. anyone B. the others C. that D. the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to _ _ the investmentplan within a week.A. work out B. put out C. makeout D. set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and _ of chemistry.A. even more B. still less C. no less D. still more30 . The students expected there __ more reviewing classes before the fanil exam.A. is B. being C. have been D. to beⅡ. Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answersare given. Read the passages carefully and chnose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 poinb)lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men todo nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has goneterribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. Akey ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn' t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or heractions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together--honesty, kindness, and so on--account-ability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law--and, ultimately, no society.My job as a polioe officer is to imposeaccountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows,external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities--smaller towns,usually--where schools maintaindiscipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are nottolerated--they simply are not done! "Yet more and more, especially in our larger citis and suburbs, these inner restraints areloosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes whathe wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crimewas committed , society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it' s the criminalwho is considered victimized : by his underpriviledged upbringing, by the school that didn ' t teachhim to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents whodidn' t provide a stable home.I don' t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engagein criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, fromaccountabiliy, we become a soci-ety of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits acrime is the one responsible for it.31 . What the wise man said suggests that__.A. it' s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB. it' s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC. it's only natural for vinue to defeat evilD. it's desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,__.A. society is to be held responsibleB. modern civilization is rnponsible for itC. the criminal himself should bear the blameD. the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have__.A. less self-discipline B. better sense of disciplineC. more mutual respect . D. less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that __.A. people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB. people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC. today ' s society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD. people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that__.A. stricter discipline should be maintained in schools andfamiliesB. more good examples should be set for people to followC. more restrictions should be imposed on people' s behaviorD. more people should accept the value of accountability2The period of adolescence, i. e. , the person between childhood and adulthood, may be longor short , depending on social expectations and on society' s definition as to what constitutes matu-rity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period oftime , while in industrial societies with pattems of prolonged education coupled with laws againstchild labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade ofone ' s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood statusmay change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type ofchange are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the U-nited States , and more universally , the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic signifi- cance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead toincreased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition , the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilitis. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilitis are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted cenain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver' s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but healso can marry without parental permission. At the age of twen-ty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can wote, he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basicrights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legalprovisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolongedperiod of adolescence .36 . The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because__.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to__.A. graduations from schools and colleges B.social recognitionC. socio-economic status D. certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is __.A. eleven years old B. sixteen years old C. twenty-one years old D.between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22,__.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he willhaveC. one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted bv society.40. Acoording to the passage, it is true thatA. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existedB. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver' s licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army3Most growing plants contaln much more water than all other materials combined. C. R.Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house com-posed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth anddevelopment occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant mustbe dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all partsof the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The car-bon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf be-fore it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars--the base material from whichthe plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to90 percent water.Stnlctural parts of plants, such as woodv stems no longer actively growing, may have much lesswater than growlng tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small partof what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which car-bon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence of chlorophvll ( 叶绿素 ) and with energyderived from light-to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. Thisoccurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minuteopenings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gasto enter the leaf, however, permits another gas-water vapor--to be lost from it. Since carbondioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 1O ,000 parts of air) and watervapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80"F , saturated air would containabout 186 parts of water vapor in 1O, OOO parts of air) , the total amount of water vapor lost ismany times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss ofwater In proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrationsof the two gases. Also, not all of the carbondioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbo-hydrates ( 碳水化合物) .。
1991年考研英语翻译真题
The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.（72）New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty first century opens.（73）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.（74）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives.（75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more unnatural food.（71）The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.（72）New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.（73）The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.（74）This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.（75）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more unnatural food.。
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was thatnight began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum andwould not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the wayboys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ asudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without hisparents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all workwholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outsideworld.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to changebrain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the younggeologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period oftime.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not moreexpensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ theinvestment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the finalexam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence isfrequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line betweenadolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age oftwenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join thearmyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbondioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they aredissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. Hisrole, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of oceanand vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] byphilosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] bytall trees.65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional,with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes. 66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] theroom as quietly [D] as possible.67. He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs orspending nights on the streets playing games [D].68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but itwas not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly process [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up[B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] bysociety as of [D] no value or importance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will makeit difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should startwith the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[B]5.[D]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[C] 10.[A]11.[C] 12.[D] 13.[D] 14.[A] 15.[C]16.[B] 17.[C] 18.[A] 19.[D] 20.[D]21.[B] 22.[C] 23.[A] 24.[D] 25.[A]26.[C] 27.[D] 28.[A] 29.[B] 30.[D] Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.[B] 32.[C] 33.[A] 34.[A] 35.[D]36.[C] 37.[A] 38.[C] 39.[C] 40.[A]41.[D] 42.[A] 43.[C] 44.[D] 45.[B] Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.[B] 47.[A] 48.[D] 49.[C] 50.[C]51.[B] 52.[A] 53.[D] 54.[B] 55.[C]56.[A] 57.[D] 58.[B] 59.[C] 60.[B] Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61.[B] in which 62.[C] has been expressed63.[A] except/but 64.[B] is65.[D] taking 66.[A] those67.[C] highly-paid 68.[B] gradually69.[A] be properly processed 70.[B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
1991年考研英语真题与解析
orthinkofsomethinginaparticularway〔以某种方式〕理解，领悟〞。
如，Peoplenowperceive要性。
来的重们未thatgreenissuesareimportanttoourfuture.人们现在认识到环境问题对我，排宾语“视觉图像〞不是“感情或反响〞，排除inspire；主语和宾语之间不存在因果关系己发现，排除perceive；只有[B]create除cause；评论员通过语言让听众产生图像，而不是自符合文义，表示“评论员在观众脑海中生成一系列的图像〞。
7.［A］add添加［B］apply应用[C]affect影响[D]reflect反映[解析]此题考核知识点：动词和介词的搭配⋯⋯添加〞是固定搭配。
如，Anewwingwasaddedtothebuilding。
这栋大楼Add⋯to⋯“给新添了一座配楼。
而且，空格所在句大意为：〔评论员的描绘所生成的图像〕为听众听到的声音增添了意思〞。
[A]add填入空格处既构造合理，又符合文义。
其他三项都不能接sthtosth的构造，[B]apply直接加to，意为“适用于〞如，Thequestionson。
[C]affect thispartoftheformonlyapplytomarriedmen.表格中这局部问题只适用于已婚男士意为“影响〞，直接加宾语，如：Theclimateaffectedhishealth气候影响了他的XX。
[D]reflect 意为“反射，反映〞，直接加宾语，如：Thelowvalueofthedollarreflectsgrowingconcernabout增加。
益theUSeconomy.美元币值低反映出人们对美国经济的忧虑日8.［A］occasion［B］event［C］fact［D］case[解析]此题考核知识点：固定构造上文是关于收音机评论员的工作，从这句开场，话锋一转，提到电视评论员的工作方式。
考研英语(一)答案及解析 (30)
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ a sudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was compl etely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less e ffective thaninternal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain thin gs are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstance s choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people i n difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more f reedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become__48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] by philosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] by tall trees.65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes.66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] the room as quietly [D] as possible.67. He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs or spending nights on the streets playing games [D].68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly pr ocess [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up [B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] by society as of [D] no value orimportance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in si ght. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference1991年参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C] 10. [A]11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is65. [D] taking 66. [A] those67. [C] highly-paid 68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
1991年考研英语翻译真题解析
1991年考研翻译真题解析46. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at this present rate of use.结构分析：全句是由and连接的两个并列句子，and前面是一个被动句，后面句子的主语是the oil wells。
核心词汇：shut off关上，切断；at any time在任何时候，随时；in any case如论如何，不管怎样；run dry枯竭，耗尽；or so左右；at this present rate以目前的速度。
参考译文：石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
测试点：并列结构；介词短语的翻译举一反三：supply and demand供应和需求；at no time 在任何时候不，in no case 绝不；at this present speed 以目前的速度。
47. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in anysituation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.结构分析：全句首先是由and连接的第一个并列句，and前面是个被动句，and后面又接了一个but连接的带有转折意义的句子，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语to result in any situation….。
1991年考研真题解析(英一)
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析SectionⅠUse of English1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to+名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one’s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。
代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。
[B]符合文义。
[A]turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。
[C]Alter意为cause to change;make different;cause a transformation改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。
[D]Modify意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective“（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。
91-07阅读理解
1991 T ext 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn't hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together—----honesty, kindness, and so on—--accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law, and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities—---smaller towns, usually—---where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In the this family certa in things are not tolerated—they simply are not done!”Y et more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Y our typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it's the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn't teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn't provide a stable home. I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.W e in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31.What the wise man said suggests that_________.A. it's unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB. it's certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC. it's only natural for virtue to defeat evilD. it's desirable for good men to keep away from evil32.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime__________.A. society is to be held responsibleB. modern civilization is responsible for itC. the criminal himself should bear the blameD. the standards of living should be improvedpared with those in small towns, people in large cities have__________.A. less self-disciplineB. better sense of disciplineC. more mutual respectD. less effective government34.The writer is sorry to have noticed that___________.A. people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB. people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC. today's society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD. people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35.The key point of the passage is that _________.A. stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB. more good examples should be set for people to followC. more restrictions should be imposed on people's behaviorD. more people should accept the value of accountability1991 T ext 2The period of adolescence, i.e. the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult right which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights, the young man can now be s soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because__________.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.A. graduations from schools and collegesB. social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_____________.A. eleven years oldB. sixteen years oldC. twenty-one years oldD. between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22,____________ .A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ____________.A. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existedB. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age to twenty oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver's licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army1991 T ext 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C.R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars — the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined — in the presence of chlorophyll(叶绿素) and with energy derived from light —to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas —---water vapor—--- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80 F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates(碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except__________.A. forming sugarsB. sustaining woody stemsC. keeping greenD. producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is________.A. to form sugarsB. to derive energy from lightC. to preserve waterD. to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that_________.A. a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbsB. carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant developmentC. a plant needs more water than is found in its compositionD. the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.B. The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.C. Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.D. Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plant is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about_________.A. the functions of carbon dioxide and waterB. the role of water in a growing plantC. the process of simple sugar formationD. the synthesis of water with carbon dioxide1992 T ext 1It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. Y ou might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a ‘Be Kind to Other Drivers’ campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions.But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize polit eness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. T ypical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Y ears ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.31. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by__________.A. people’s attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modern lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions32. The sentence “Y ou might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule.”(para.1) implies that_________.A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists33. By “good sense＂, the writer means______________.A. the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savag e behaviorD. the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations34. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,__________.A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesD. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others35. In the writer’s opinion,_____________.A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jams1992 T ext 2In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror------the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several meters and severely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to W est Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and cold spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or colder faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. Thisseems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balanc e to the sun’s diminishing heat.36. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would__________.A. prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surfaceB. mean a warming up in the ArcticC. account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphereD. raise the temperature of the earth’s surface37. The article was written to explain________.A. the greenhouse effectB. the solar effects on the earthC. the models of solar-weather interactionsD. the causes affecting weather38. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. This is___________.A. mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are risingB. possibly because the ice caps in the poles are meltingC. exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climateD. partly due to variations in the output of solar energy39. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that_________.A. the climate of the world should be becoming coolerB. it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effectC. the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effectsD. the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect40. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct _________.A. the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuelsB. ice would soon cover the northern hemisphereC. the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quicklyD. the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth1992 T ext 3Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that t heir opponents’ victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: “This wasn’t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.” The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-national teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.41. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have_________.A. created goodwill between the nationsB. bred only false national prideC. barely showed any international friendshipD. led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred42. What did the manager mean by saying, “... Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished? ”A. His team would no longer take part in international games.B. Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.C. There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.D. The Federation should be dissolved.43. The basketball example implied that___________.A. too much patriotism was displayed in the incidentB. the announcement to prolong the match was wrongC. the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decisionD. the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals44. The author gives the two examples in paragraphs 2 and 3 to show__________.A.how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international gamesB. that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to beC. that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendshipD. that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games45. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.B. Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.C. Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.D. International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.1993 T ext 1Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.T oday no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is specia l about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an ord er in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the s ignals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.31. The purpose of Frederick II′s experiment was________.A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speakB. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speechC. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that ________.A. they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB. they are exposed to too much language at onceC. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that_______.A.he is born with the capacity to speakB. he has a brain more complex than an animal’sC. he can produce his own sentencesD. he owes his speech ability to good nursing34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?A. The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.C. The child’s brain is highly selective.D. Most children learn their language in definite stages.35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in future_________.A. have a high IQB. be less intelligentC. be insensitive to verbal signalsD. not necessarily be backward1993 T ext 2In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling。
【考研】1991年考研英语真题答案(精编)
1991年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C] 10. [A]11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is65. [D] taking 66. [A] those67. [C] highly-paid/high-paying 68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
1991-1995年考研英语试题及详解
1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。
91年考研英语真题
1991年英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longertime.Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001?To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home.In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all，people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.。
1991考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
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[A] taken away [B] taken down [C] taken to [D] tak Nhomakorabean in
25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist. [A] brought out [B] brought about [C] brought forth [D] brought up
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[D] could not help to laugh
12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________. [A] living on one’s knees [B] live on one’s knees [C] on one’s knees [D] to live on one’s knees
Text 1
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time. [A] being created [B] to have been created [C] having been created [D] to be created
1991年考研英语答案与解析
人所有的合法权利。现在他可以投票选举，可以买酒喝，可以签订金融合约，有权竞选公职。穴猿怨雪一个人获得成人身份 后，不再因为年龄因素而获得更多的基本权利。这些法律条文没有规定什么时候算成人，但它们确实显示青春期更 长了。
Passage 3
概览：
猿缘援 眼阅演 【定位】考查对文章主旨的把握。 【解析】本文主题是 葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠，它贯穿于文章始终。作者列举正、反两面的例子，批驳了当今的错误观念。身为 警察，他提倡人人都应加强自律，为自身行为负责。故 阅 项为正确选项。 【点睛】纵览全文，可以发现，葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠 是一个关键字，抓住它就可以把握这类关于文章主旨的题目。
现代社会中，青春期仪式已不再被人们正式认可，失去了其象征意义。对什么是青春期初始仪式，人们看法也不 一致。穴猿苑雪社会仪式被一系列步骤取代，这些步骤使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业、中学毕业 及大学毕业就构成这样一个系列。其中每一步都标志着一定的行为变化及社会认可，每一步的意义取决于个人的 社会经济地位和学业上的抱负。青春期仪式还被身份角色、权利、特权及责任的法律界定所取代。在从 员圆 岁生日到 圆员 岁这九年间，受保护、受限制的童年状态及其未成年身份被撤消，并被赋予成年人的基本权利和义务。员圆 岁的人 不再被看成是小孩子，他坐火车、坐飞机、看戏、看电影得买全票。从根本上讲，这个年龄的人失去了童年的特权，却 没得到任何有意义的成人权利。员远 岁的青少年被赋予了成人的某些权利，这些权利给了他更多的自由和选择，提高 了他的社会地位。现在他可以取得驾驶证，可以离开公立学校，可以不受童工劳动法限制去工作。员愿 岁时，法律既赋 予他成人的权利，又要求他承担成人的义务；现在他可以参军，也可以不经父母同意就结婚。穴猿愿雪圆员 岁的人获得成年
1991-1993年考研英语阅读解析
1991年考研英语阅读解析文章总体结构分析本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。
指出：将犯罪行为归咎于外部环境因素是犯罪活动猖獗的主要原因，从而提出，更多的人应该认识到，真正该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。
第一到四段为第一部分：指出责任感对社会的重要性。
第五到九段为第二部分：指出现在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最有效方法。
而人们为将犯罪行为归结于社会环境等外部因素恰恰是助长了罪犯拒绝承担责任的现象，从而导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。
第十段为第三部分：作者指出：更多的人应该认识到该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。
本文以一句智者的话“邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为”引入主题。
从下文来看，作者主要论述的内容是：人们对罪犯不应该再采取纵容的态度，为他们的犯罪行为寻找借口，而应该认识到真正对犯罪行为负责的应该是罪犯本人。
[B]和文中内容一致，为正确选项。
[A]、[D]与智者的话意思相反。
[C]文中未提到。
解本题的信息主要在本文最后三段（第八到十段）；第八段对过去和现在人们看待犯罪的态度进行了比较。
第九段作者对现在将犯罪行为归结于外部因素的观点提出质疑；最后一段中作者指出，罪犯本人应该对自己的犯罪行为负责。
所以[C]为正确选项。
[A]、[B]、[D]都是外部原因归结论，是作者所批判的观点。
第八、九段指出，把犯罪行为归因于父母、社会、生活水平的态度恰恰导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。
[分析] 本题考核内容：事实细节题。
第六、七段对比了大城市和小城市人们的自我约束性，指出，生活在小城镇（smaller towns）还在强调纪律（schools maintain discipline，parents hold up standard），而大城市里自我约束力非常松散（inner restraints are loosening）。
所以，[A]符合原文内容。
[B]和原文内容相反。
[C]、[D]本文未提及。
第八段指出：导致犯罪活动猖獗的原因（The main cause of this break-down）是人们对罪犯态度的改变。
【VIP专享】1991年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
1991年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Ⅰ. In each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET(15 point)l . They lost their way in the forest, and _ made matters worse was thatnight began tofall .A. thatB. itC. whatD. which2._ my retum, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not beback for several hours. 'A. AtB. OnC. WithD. During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girlsrespond to _ situations.A. similarB. alikeC. sameD. likely4. There is not much time left; so I'll tell you about it _.A. in detailB. in briefC. in shortD. in all5. In this factory, suggestion Often have to wait for months before they are fully _ .A. admittedB. acknowledgedC. absorbedD. considered6. There is a real posibility that these animals could be frightened, _ a sudden loudnoise .A. being thereB. should there beC. there wasD. there having been7. By the year 2000 , scientists probably _ a cure for cancer.A.' will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered8. Jim isn' t _, but he did badly in the final exams last smester.A. gloomyB. dullC. awkwardD. tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents' _A. commandB. convictionC. consentD. compromiseIO. He had _ on the subject.A. a rather strong opinionB. rather strong opinionC. rather the strong opinionD. the rather strong opinion.Il . When Jane fell off the bike, the other children _A. were not able to help laughterB. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughingD. could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one's feet than_ .A. living on one's kneesB. live on one's kneesC. on one's kneesD. to live on one's knees13 . The most important _ _ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly forthe people.A. elementB. spotC. senseD. point14. This watch is__ to all the other watches on the market.A. superiorB. advantageousC. superD. beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds _ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.A. assumeB. accomplishC. attainD. assemble16.__ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. But forC. Because ofD. As for17 . Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A. has receivedB. ought to have receivedC. couldn' t have receivedD. shouldn' t have received18. _ to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begunB. No sooner had he begunC. Not until he beganD. Scarcely did he begin19 . Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost20. The policemen went into action _ they heard the alarm.A. promptlyB. presentlyC. quicklyD. directly21 . The lost car of the Lees was found _ in the woods off the highway.A. vanishedB. abandonedC. scatteredD. rejected22. Dress warmly, _ _ you'll catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. or elseD. in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so _ as to be able to change brain chem-istry .A. powerfulB. influentialC. monstrousD. vigorous24 . Bob was completely _ by the robber' s disguise.A. taken awayB. taken downC. taken toD. taken in25 . Difficulties and hardships have _ _ the best qualities of the young geologist.A. brought outB. brought aboutC. brought forthD. brought up26. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _ in a short period of time.A. being createdB. to have been createdC. having been createdD. to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,__ at the other store.A. anyoneB. the othersC. thatD. the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to _ _ the investmentplan within a week.A. work outB. put outC. make outD. set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and _ of chemistry.A. even moreB. still lessC. no lessD. still more30 . The students expected there __ more reviewing classes before the fanil exam.A. isB. beingC. have beenD. to beⅡ. Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answersare given. Read the passages carefully and chnose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 poinb)A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men todo nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has goneterribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. Akey ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn' t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or heractions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together--honesty, kindness, and so on--account-ability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law--and, ultimately, no society.My job as a polioe officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows,external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities--smaller towns,usually--where schools maintaindiscipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are nottolerated--they simply are not done! "Yet more and more, especially in our larger citis and suburbs, these inner restraints areloosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes whathe wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crimewas committed , society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it' s the criminalwho is considered victimized : by his underpriviledged upbringing, by the school that didn ' t teachhim to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents whodidn' t provide a stable home.I don' t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engagein criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountabiliy, we become a soci-ety of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits acrime is the one responsible for it.31 . What the wise man said suggests that__.A. it' s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB. it' s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC. it's only natural for vinue to defeat evilD. it's desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,__.A. society is to be held responsibleB. modern civilization is rnponsible for itC. the criminal himself should bear the blameD. the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have__.A. less self-disciplineB. better sense of disciplineC. more mutual respect .D. less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that __.A. people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB. people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC. today ' s society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD. people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that__.A. stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB. more good examples should be set for people to followC. more restrictions should be imposed on people' s behaviorD. more people should accept the value of accountability2The period of adolescence, i. e. , the person between childhood and adulthood, may be longor short , depending on social expectations and on society' s definition as to what constitutes matu-rity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period oftime , while in industrial societies with pattems of prolonged education coupled with laws againstchild labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade ofone ' s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood statusmay change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type ofchange are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the U-nited States , and more universally , the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic signifi-cance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition , the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilitis. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilitis are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted cenain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver' s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twen-ty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can wote, he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basicrights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legalprovisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolongedperiod of adolescence .36 . The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because__.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to__.A. graduations from schools and collegesB.social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is __.A. eleven years oldB. sixteen years oldC. twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22,__.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted bv society.40. Acoording to the passage, it is true thatA. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existedB. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver' s licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can jointhe army3。
考研英语真题1991~1999长难句解析
关于长难句的学习建议同学留言我都看到了，因为工作忙，不能及时上网回复，还请海涵。
大家的问题本质上都是相似的：底子薄，基础弱。
我的建议如下：全力以赴（heart and soul）主攻词汇量、句法、阅读量。
词汇主要靠大家背，阅读靠自己一篇一篇积累。
唯有句法，我觉得一定要有一个系统训练。
为了备考，我们要掌握的句法知识并不多，我在长难句课上应该是把主要的考点都讲到了，剩下的任务就是反复操练。
操练句法的最佳材料当然还是阅读真题。
正因为如此，我把这些长难句逐个加以解析和翻译，并放到了这。
我在百忙中（并非夸张，呵呵）抽空一个一个破解，希望大家也一定抽时间逐词逐句地加以揣摩。
这些句子后还有，一直会到2011年的考题。
大家在看这些句子时，应该每天至少两个，先自己结合文章分析和口译（注意，一定要结合文章），然后再看我给的内容。
第二天看新的句子之前，应该先把前一天的内容复习一遍。
刚开始感到吃力的同学，要把每一个疑问记下来，然后不耻上问，不耻下问，或者不耻左右问，实在不行就在博客上发问，总之，一定要搞清楚。
如此这般坚持，两三个月出去，100个以上的句子过去，你就能脱胎换骨了。
考研阅读长难句一每天至少两个，自己先分析，有疑问参看我给的内容。
觉得有难度，就多看几遍。
1991Passage 1一、A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.【解析】1、全句主干：A man said that the thing is to do nothing. 其中，that引导的从句作said的宾语；2、necessary for …（…所需要的）。
necessary for the triumph of evil （邪恶的胜利所需要的，邪恶获胜所需要的），这是个形容词短语，在句中作thing的后置定语。
【考研】1991年考研英语真题(精编)
1991年考研英语真题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was thatnight began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museumand would not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in theway boys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they arefully ________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________a sudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool withouthis parents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all workwholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to theoutside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able tochange brain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the younggeologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short periodof time.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if notmore expensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________the investment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the finalexam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II R eading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evi l[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’sdefinition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when h e is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line betweenadolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age oftwenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can jointhe armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials) from the air may enter the while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide (CO2leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to formsugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near satura tion in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80℉, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they aredissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television.Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to 大46家themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 大47家 radio, for example, they had become 大48家 to seeing on behalf of the listener.This 大49家 of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. 大50家 all, he has to be able to 大51家 a continuous sequence of visual images which 大52家 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 大53家 of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 大54家 different. He is there to make 大55家 that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him 大56家on particular things, and to 大57家 the images on the television screen. 大58家 his radio colleague, he must know the 大59家 of silence and how to use it at those moments 大60家 the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[C] which[D] asSection IV E rror-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled[A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) 61. These is a A delicate balance of nature which Bmany square miles of ocean andvegetation and clean air are needed C to maintain only a relatively few Dhumanbeings.62. The idea that A learning is a B lifelong process has expressed Cby philosophers and educationalists throughout Dthe centuries. 63. Nobody beside A little B children thinks C that a trip by bus is exciting D. 64. Just outside A the ruins are B a magnificent C building surrounded Dby talltrees. 65. In the teaching of Amathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with B teachers presenting formal C lectures and students take Dnotes. 66. The teacher asked them A who had completed B their tests to leave Cthe room as quietly Das possible. 67. He wanted more out of life A , not just working at B high-paid Cjobs or spending nights on the streets playing games D. 68. Man A has used metals for centuries in gradual Bincreasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that C they came to be employed Dinreal vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly process A, y ou’ll have to wait and pick it up B on Friday, which C is Dthe day after tomorrow.70. A man cannotA be really happy if thatBhe enjoys doing is ignoredCby societyas ofDno value or importance.Section V English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to acceptmore “unnatural food”.Section VI W ritingDirections:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start withthe given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference。
1991年翻译题解
1991年翻译题解71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells○1○2will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (34 words)○3拆分：○1句子是and连接的两个并列句，第一个并列部分主干是the supply of oil can be shut off，○2第二个并列句部分的主干是the oil wells will all run dry，○3介词短语作状语。
炼词：1）shut off有“关上，停止，切断”的意思。
2）unexpectedly有“出乎意料的，想不到的”的意思。
3）in any case有“不管怎样”的意思。
注意：跟相关的短语或者习惯用法还有in case of （万一..., 如果发生...），in good case（健康, 生活富裕），in nine cases out of ten（十之八九），in no case（决不），in that case（如果是那样的话），in the case of（就...来说, 关于），in this case（假如这样的话），It is not the case.（情况不是这样，并非事实）。
4）at the rate of有“以...速度”的意思。
组合：○1第一个并列部分the supply of oil can be shut off是一个被动结构，根据被动结构的翻译方法，可以直接用“被”字翻译成“石油供应可能被切断”；unexpectedly 和at any time 是两个状语，因为状语常常修饰谓语动词，所以根据状语的一般翻译方法，把这两个状语与主干直接组合在一起的话，就可以翻译成“石油供应在任何时候都可能出乎意料的被切断”。
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1991 Text 1Paragraph 11、A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. 一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。
所以，所为一名警察，我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。
1.1 triumph英/'traɪʌmf/ 美/ˈtraɪəmf/n. 胜利，凯旋；欢欣vi. 获得胜利，成功1.2 officer英/'ɒfɪsə/ 美/'ɔfɪsɚ/n. 军官，警官；公务员，政府官员；船长vt. 指挥Paragraph 21、Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. 日复一日，我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。
我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。
这个问题出在我们的价值观方面。
一个关键的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么——责任感。
1.1 hold back英/'həuldbæk/ 美/'həuldbæk/隐瞒；退缩；抑制；阻止1.2 tidal英/'taɪd(ə)l/ 美/'taɪdl/adj. 潮汐的；潮的，有关潮水的；定时涨落的1.3 ingredient英/ɪn'griːdɪənt/ 美/ɪn'ɡridɪənt/n. 原料；要素；组成部分1.4 accountability英/ə,kaʊntə'bɪlɪtɪ/ 美/ə,kaʊntə'bɪləti/n. 有义务；有责任；可说明性Paragraph 31、Accountability isn`t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences. 责任感不难定义。
它指的是人人要对其行为负责，并承担其行为造成的后果。
1.1liable英/'laɪəb(ə)l/ 美/'laɪəbl/adj. 有责任的，有义务的；应受罚的；有…倾向的；易…的1.2 consequence英/'kɒnsɪkw(ə)ns/ 美/'kɑnsəkwɛns/n. 结果；重要性；推论Paragraph 41、Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society. 责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观(善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一个。
没有它，就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。
civilization英/ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 美/,sɪvələ'zeʃən/n. 文明；文化ultimately英/'ʌltɪmətlɪ/ 美/'ʌltəmɪtlɪ/adv. 最后；根本；基本上Paragraph 51、My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people`s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. 作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。
但正如每一位警察都知道的，对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束（如罪恶感，羞耻心和难为情）有效。
1.1 impose英/ɪm'pəʊz/ 美/ɪm'poz/vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响1.2 external英/ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l; ek-/ 美/ɪk'stɝnl/n. 外部；外观；外面adj. 外部的；表面的；[药] 外用的；外国的；外面的1.3 internal英/ɪn'tɜːn(ə)l/ 美/ɪn'tɝnl/n. 内脏；本质adj. 内部的；里面的；体内的；（机构）内部的1.4 restraint英/rɪ'streɪnt/ 美/rɪ'strent/n. 抑制，克制；约束1.5 guilt英/gɪlt/ 美/ɡɪlt/n. 犯罪，过失；内疚Paragraph 61、Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”幸运的是，在一些区域——通常是小城镇里，学校还维护纪律，父母还坚持原则，称“有些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做！”1.1 standard英/'stændəd/ 美/'stændɚd/n. 标准；水准；旗；度量衡标准adj. 标准的；合规格的；公认为优秀的1.2 proclaim英/prə'kleɪm/ 美/prə'klem/vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬Paragraph 71、Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. 但在越来越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊区，这些自我约束力日渐松懈。
抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。
他认为你的财产就是他的财产；他拿走他想要的一切，当你触怒他时，他甚至会拿走你的生命。
1.1 suburb英/'sʌbɜːb/ 美/'sʌbɝb/n. 郊区；边缘1.2 loosen英/'luːs(ə)n/ 美/'lusn/vt. 放松；松开vi. 放松；松开1.3 robber英/'rɒbə/ 美/'rɑbɚ/n. 强盗；盗贼1.4property英/'prɒpətɪ/ 美/'prɑpɚti/n. 性质，性能；财产；所有权1.5 enrage英/ɪn'reɪdʒ; en-/ 美/in'reidʒ/vt. 激怒；使暴怒Paragraph 81、The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it`s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn`t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn`t provide a stable home. 人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。
30年前，若有罪行发生，人们认为受害者是社会。
现在，人们的态度发生了惊人的变化：罪犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨，学校没有教他读书，教堂没有给他以道德上的引导，父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。
1.1 radical英/'rædɪk(ə)l/ 美/'rædɪkl/n. 基础；激进分子；adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的1.2 victim英/'vɪktɪm/ 美/'vɪktɪm/n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者1.3reversal英/rɪ'vɜːs(ə)l/ 美/rɪ'vɝsl/n. 逆转；[摄] 反转；[法] 撤销1.4 underprivileged英/ʌndə'prɪvɪlɪdʒd/ 美/,ʌndɚ'prɪvəlɪdʒd/adj. 贫困的；被剥夺基本权力的；社会地位低下的1.5 upbringing英/'ʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/ 美/'ʌpbrɪŋɪŋ/n. 教养；养育；抚育1.6 church英/tʃɜːtʃ/ 美/tʃɝtʃ/n. 教堂；礼拜；教派adj. 教会的；礼拜的vt.到教堂接受宗教仪式1.7 moral英/'mɒr(ə)l/ 美/'mɔrəl/n. 道德；寓意adj. 道德的；精神上的；品性端正的Paragraph 91、I don`t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. 我不相信这些。