武汉大学研究生英语教材全文翻译of_unit_2_3_4_5_7
研究生英语综合教程UNIT3课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)PDF版
UNIT 31. Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are that Americans live by. They have never given the matter much thought.2. Even if Americans had considered this question, they would probably, in the end, decide not to answer in terms of a definitive list of values. The reason for this decision is itself one very American value —their belief that every individual is so unique that the same list of values could never be applied to all, or even most, of their fellow citizens.3. Although Americans may think of themselves as being more varied and unpredictable than they actually are, it is significant that they think they are. Americans tend to think they have been only slightly influenced by family, church or schools. In the end, each believes, “I personally chose which values I want to live my own life by.”4. The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter an action, or hear a statement in the United States that surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed here.5. Before proceeding to the list itself, we should also point out that Americans see all of these values as very positive ones. They are not aware, for example, that the people in many Third World countries view some of these values as negative or threatening.In fact, all of these American values are judged by many of the world’s citizens as negative and undesirable. Therefore, it is not enough simply to familiarize yourself with these values. You must also, so far as possible, consider them without the negative or derogatory connotation that they might have for you, based on your own experience and cultural identity.Personal Control over the Environment6. Americans no longer believe in the power of Fate, and they have come to look at people who do as being backward, primitive, or hopelessly naive. To be called “fatalistic” is one of the worst criticisms one can receive in the American context; to an American, it means one is superstitious and lazy, unwilling to take any initiative in bringing about improvement.7. In the United States, people consider it normal and right that Man should control Nature, rather than the other way around. More specifically, people believe every single individual should have control over whatever in the environment might potentially affect him or her. 1.大多数美国人在谈起其赖以生存的价值观时会感到力不从心。
研究生英语1—9单元课文+翻译
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach,and a few yachts,with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below,a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper.'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested.'It's no legend' , declared the old man. 'My father knew the two men involved.lt all took place fifty years ago to-day. Let me tell you.His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic.'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas surging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working there. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge the insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologised to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentment and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough weather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be.'Fifty years ago to-night,no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam suddenly start to flash out its warning again.'The next morning the light was still visible. The storm had almost blown itself out, so a relief boat set out to investigate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room was in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was scattered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discoveredMartin's body, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was washed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.' Only then could we really start guessing what had happened. This great tragedy could only have been due to a renewal of their quarrel. Bored and depressed as a result of their isolation, Martin and Blake must have started to play cards. Again suspecting cheating, Martin had accused his former friend of dishonesty; a fight had broken out and Blake had seized his knife. In a fit of madness he had attacked his companion, who had fallen mortally wounded. Then, appalled by what he had done, the loneliness, the battering of wind and waves, Blake had rushed to the parapet and flung himself on to the rocks below, where the sea had claimed him.'But Martin was still alive. Hours later, after darkness had fallen, he had recovered consciousness. He remembered his job of lighting the lamp; suffering intense pain, the poor wretch crawled slowly up the winding staircase, dragging himself from step to step till he got to the lantern. At his last ' gasp he managed to light this before finally collapsing.'For years afterwards it was said that the lighthouse was haunted, and, owing to these stories, they didn't have any applicants for the job of lighthouse-keeper from among the superstitious local inhabitants. And now they say that on every anniversary of that day, especially when the sea is rough, you can stand in the living-room, hear the cards failing and the sound of angry cries, see the flash of a blade,and then glimpse a figure rushing to the parapet. And then you hear the slow dragging of a body from step to step towards the room above.'The old man paused and I turned to go.'By the way' , he added, 'have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have teain the lighthouse? We are putting on a special boat trip to-day. We're charging a pound. And my brother, who bought the old lighthouse when they built the new one just on the point, can serve very good teas there - included in the price of the boat trip - a bargain, considering the problem of obtaining the food. And if you are at all sensitive to the supernatural, you're likely to have an unusual, perhaps an uncanny experience there.I eyed him appreciatively. 'You're wasting your talents' , I said. 'You should have been a fiction writer. ''You don't believe it? exclaimed the old man indignantly.'I'd find it a job,' I answered. ' My father, Henry Cox, started as keeper of that lighthouse fifty- two years ago, and he and Jim Dowley, now retired on a pension, were in charge for ten years. Come and see my dad one day with that tale; he'd enjoy it' .But the old man had already turned his attention to a more likely client.Google翻译：“10便士比湾景”。
武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural
武汉大学研究生英语课文原文 Stumbling Blocks inInterculturalStumbling Blocks inIntercultural Communication1. Why is it that contact with persons from other cultures is so often frustrating and fraught with misunderstanding? Good intentions, the use of what one considers to be a friendly approach and even the possibility of mutual benefits don't seem to be sufficient to ensure success-to many people's surprise. Sometimes rejection occurs just because the group to which a person belongs is\changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the reasons for the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling blocks in intercultural communication.2. Assumption of similaritiesOne answer to the question of why misunderstanding or rejection happens might be that many of us naivety assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to enable us tosuccessfully exchange information or feelings, solve problems ofmutual concerns, cement business relationships, or just make the kind of impression we wish to make. The tendency for all peopleto reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language, and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the expectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also besimilar. It's comforting to believe that\we'reall alike,\a determined search for proof of this leads to disappointment.3. Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to supportDarwin's theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that theparticular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and happiness is the same for allmembers of ourspecies, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultu ral upbringing determines whether or notthat emotionwill be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. The situations that bring about the emotional feeling also differ from culture to culture, for example, the death of a loved one may be a cause forjoy, sorrow, or some other emotion, depending upon the accepted cultural belief.4. Since there seems to be no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there. If we realize that we are all culture bound andculturally modified, we will accept the fact that, being unlike, wedo not reallyknow what someone else\5. The aura of similarity is a serious stumbling block to successful intercultural communication. A look-alike facade is deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, eachwearing Western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals. It is like assuming that New York, Tokyo, and Tehran are all alike because each has the appearance of a moderncity. Without being alert to possible differences and the needto learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city tothe other will be in immediatetrouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.6. Theconfidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness toaccept the anxietyof\knowing.\with the assumptionof differences, however, can reactionsandinterpretationsbeadjustedtofit\happening.\someone is likely tomisread signs and judge the sceneethnocentrically.7. The stumbling block of assumedsimilarity is a “troublem,”as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the internationalvisitor comes into contact. The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that, since the foreign person isdressed appropriately and speak some of the language, heor she will also have similar nonverbal codes, thoughts and feelings. Thus, nodding, smiling, and affirmative comment will probably be confidentlyinterpreted as meaning that they have informed,helped, and pleased the newcomer. It is likely, however, that theforeigner actually understood very little of the verbal and nonverbal content and was merely indicating polite interest or trying not to embarrass himself or herself of the host with verbalized questions. 8. Language DifferenceThe second stumbling block is so obvious that it hardly needs mentioning--language. Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person strugglingwith a different language is at least aware of being in this kind oftrouble. A worse language problem is thetenacity with whichsomeone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in thenew language, regardless of connotation or context. The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflection and tonal qualities are added, are so difficult to cope with that they are oftenwaved aside. The reason this problem is worse than simple struggling to translate foreign words is because each person thinks heor she understands. The nationwide misinterpretation of Khrushchev's sentence \example.Even\causetrouble.WhenaJapanesehears,\you have some tea?\or she listens to the literalmeaning of the sentence and answers,\that he orshe wants some.\host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding. Also, in some culture, it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshment. Many foreign guests have gone hungrybec ause their US host or hostess never presented the thirdoffer―another case of “no\9. Nonverbal misinterpretationsLearning the language, which most visitors to foreign countries consider their only barrier to understanding, is actually onlythe beginning. The third stumbling block is nonverbal misinterpretations. People from differentcultures inhabit different sensory realities. They see, hear, feel, and smell only that which has some meaning or importance for them. They abstractwhatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret itthrough the frame of reference of their own culture. For example, a Saudi Arab would nonverbally signal that he liked a girl by smoothing back his hair, which to an American girl would be justa common nervous gesture signifying noting.10. The lack of comprehension ofnonverbal signs and symbols that are easyto observe--such as gestures, postures, and otherbody movements--is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable messages, usually in informal rather than formal ways. It is more difficult tonote correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatialrelationships and subtle signs of respect of formality. 11. The Presence of Preconceptions and StereotypesThe fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label\inscrutable\thus we explain the Japanese constantand inappropriate smile. The stereotype that Arabs are\”may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle Eastgathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia,Mexico, and many other countries to%unfairly interpret a hesitationor request from an international student as amove to manipulate preferential treatment.12. Stereotypes help do what Ernest Becker says the anxiety--prone human race must do--reduce the threat of the unknownby making theworld predictable. Indeed, this is one of the basicfunctions of culture:to lay out a predictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which to\whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. In a foreign land theiruse increases our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity orthe senseof helplessness resulting from inability to understand and dealwith people and situations beyond our comprehension.13. Stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators becausetheyinterfere with objective viewing of stimuli--the sensitivesearch for cues to guide the imagination toward the other persons' reality. Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or tocorrect in others, even with thepresentation of evidence. Theypersist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms byone's own national culture and because they sometimesrationalize prejudices. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency toperceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.14. ThePractice ofImmediate EvaluationThe fifth stumbling block and another deterrent to understanding between persons of differing cultures or ethnic groups isthe tendency to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person or group. Rather than to try to comprehend completely the thoughts and feelings expressedfrom the world view of the other, we assume our own culture or way of life always seems right, proper, and natural. This biasprevents the open-minded attention needed to look at the attitudes and behavior patterns fromthe other’s point of view.15. Fresh from a conference in Tokyo where Japanese professorshad emphasized the preference the people of Japan for simple natural settings感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
武大研究生英语教材课后翻译汉译英
武⼤研究⽣英语教材课后翻译汉译英1.中国和欧洲是两⼤战略⼒量，肩负推动全球经济发展、促进⼈类⽂明进步、维护世界和平的崇⾼使命，双⽅正在形成不断放⼤的战略交集。
中国是最⼤的新兴市场国家，欧盟是最⼤的发达经济体，"最⼤"与"最⼤"交融,⼀切都有可能，"新兴"与"发达"携⼿，优势就会倍增，中欧在新兴和发达经济体合作中可以成为典范。
China and Europe are two major strategic forces. We both undertake the lofty mission of promoting global economy, advancing human civilization and progress and safeguarding world peace. The two sides are expanding their converging strategic interests. China is the largest emerging market and the EU the largest developed economy. Nothing is impossible when the two "largests" converge.And strength will be multiplied if the "emerging" meets the "developed".China-EU cooperation may serve as a fine example of that between the emerging and developed economies.2.近40年的中欧关系，已由⼀棵⼩苗长成枝繁叶茂的⼤树，这棵树上挂满了累累果实。
武汉大学研究生英语unit1、3、4、5、7原文及译文.doc
Unit One stumbling blocks in interculturalcommunication跨文化交流中的绊脚石1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同” 的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合 ,我们人类各成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。
研究生英语1-7单元课文翻译
Unit 1 对F的赞美1今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义的文凭。
这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。
只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。
2最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。
在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学力毕业证书。
他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。
3在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。
在每学期开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。
这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！“我希望当时有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。
”“我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。
”“我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，及时我阅读不好，也不会写作。
”很多诸如此类的抱怨。
4我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前我将孩子们的学习能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其他妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。
但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。
要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。
然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。
这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。
5我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的注意。
我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。
直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。
6当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。
“他坐在后排和他的朋友说话。
”她告诉我。
“你为什么不把他换到前排来？”我恳求道。
我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。
施蒂夫特夫人从眼睛上方冷冷地看着我。
“我不会换高年级学生的座位。
”她说，“我会给他们不及格的成绩。
研究生英语应用教程(第二册)完整版课后翻译unit 1-8单元
Translation第一单元A．Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised.While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school.Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years.Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese.对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。
如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。
武汉大学研究生英语课文翻译Unit5
4. migration:
Para.12, the last sentence:
By contrast, women retain a…shared level of…and…and…as their roles and duties change.
他们的热情不久就消失了。
forestry projects
as…as anticipated：如(像)预期的那样…
参考译文
然而，当改进后的炉灶和造林工程没有获得 预期的成功时，扶持项目的基金便逐渐紧缩 了。
Para.5
1. revive. v. (使)苏醒, (使)复兴/复活, revival. n. E.g. economical revival 此段的第一句：Attention to … and its impact on …
2. play a key role in… 3. energy conservation 4. renewable energy technology
Para.11
1. Land tenure n. ① (law) (土地，资产) 拥有权，保有期 ② (大学或其他机构中教师等的)长期聘用，终身职位
norms: 标准；规范 standard normal，adj.
complicate: v. -ed, adj.
参考译文：有时候，文化和社会准则对妇女 寄予额外的期望、约束和局限，使其情况进 一步复杂化。
the last sentence, Para.1
In no regions of the world are … equal to …
很多人大概这样说过:人与人的紧密联系，可以带来 坚固的凝聚力。
alleviation n.缓和 ,减轻， alleviate v.
研究生公共英语(下)课本翻译
Unit 1: Science vs. the Humanities科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。
要了解科学在于解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真实含义是什么。
科学一词来自拉丁语Scire，它的意思是“知道”。
所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。
但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。
这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。
我们所了解的有关艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度地分属于各种独立的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。
Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare, and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means “to know”. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know, the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical know-how, are more or less separate funds of knowledge. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.Unit5: The Science of Custom对人类学家来说，文化的涵义远胜于修养、品味、温文尔雅、教育以及美术欣赏等。
研究生基础英语综合课文翻译unit2-unit7
UNIT 2 课文译文Text A结婚礼物伊莉莎白·埃科诺莫我一直有这样的梦想：星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆能有人向我求婚。
那个咖啡馆就像凡高所画的“夜晚的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就挂着一幅此画的翻印本。
然而，我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生问镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。
我已经上40岁，是该轮到我了。
我已经体面地让开，眼看着孪生妹妹还有小妹在我之前出嫁。
我做过女傧相7次，伴娘3次。
我的淡颜色塔夫绸衣服比寄物店都多。
我的未婚夫乔治和我都是希腊裔美国人，但是我们想办一个简朴、大方的婚礼。
不需要很多伴娘伴郎。
也不放映幻灯片，展示求婚的细节，那太傻了。
这会是一次很温馨的聚会，请的人不多也不铺张，100个左右的宾客吧。
在我们的家族，那算是小圈子内的聚会。
我为一位偏执狂的管弦乐队指挥做公关刚刚结束，因而我有很多时间投入到我这个新的项目上。
乔治是药剂师，每周工作60小时，现在又有一份工作：听我抱怨婚礼一事。
这毕竟是我表现的时候，得由我说着算。
但是，我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去。
没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队。
我到教堂时所戴面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来所要求的。
我订的象牙色的丝绸礼服被隔离在新加坡的某个地方。
眼看婚礼也就没有几个礼拜了，我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。
之后，我接到妈妈的电话。
她个头娇小，68岁却依然精力饱满。
几天前还为我即将举行的婚礼感到兴奋不已。
她刚去医院做例年的身体检查。
虽然感觉还不错，但被诊断是胃癌。
接下来的几天，问题不再是“举行什么样的婚礼?”，而是“还办婚礼吗?”我把这看成是我的大喜日子。
我认识到没有妈妈的大喜日子不可思议。
爸爸已经在三年前过世，不可能牵着我的手到教堂圣坛完婚，这已经让我觉得凄苦。
但是一想到妈妈那天也不能在教堂就让我觉得无法忍受。
几天后，我从纽约市搬回西雅图，延迟了婚礼。
我从操办婚礼转向指导保健。
我已经挑选好歌曲，准备作为我们夫妻的首个舞曲，但现在压力那么大，我已经记不起来是哪首了。
研究生英语 课文翻译 第一三五单元
Unit 1 Stay hungry, stay foolish!Thank you.I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement [kə'mensmənt] from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life.The first story is about connecting the dots.I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?At the age of 17, I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms. I returned coke bottles for the five cent deposits to buy foodwith, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna ['hɑ:re'kriʃnə] temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy [kə'liɡrəfi] instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand cal ligraphed ['kæliɡrɑ:f]. I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif ['serif] and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography [tai'pɔɡrəfi] great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have totrust in something -- your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.My second story is about love and loss.I was lucky -- I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage ['ɡærɑ:dʒ, ɡə'r-] into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. We just released our finest creation -- the Macintosh -- a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating ['devəsteitiŋ].I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] down -- that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me -- I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle.My third story is about death.When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I've looked in themirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything -- all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure -- these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.About a year ago I was diagnosed [daiəɡ'nəuz] with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor ['tju:mə] on my pancreas ['pænkriəs]. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable [in'kjuərəbl], and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for "prepare to die." I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy ['bai,ɔpsi], I was sedated[si'deit]. It turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic [,pænkri'ætik] cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and, thankfully, I'm fine now.This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you witha bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept.No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It's Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma ['dɔɡmə]. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most importantly, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the "bibles" of my generation. This was in the late 1960’s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid ['pəulərɔid]cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: It was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.Then when it had run its course, a final issue was put out. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message. And I've always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.Thank you all very much.译文如下：今天，很荣幸来到各位从世界上最好的学校之一毕业的毕业典礼上。
(完整word版)武汉大学研究生英语单词表(精排版)
f；，Unit One（be） fraught with：充满suiniblmg block：绊脚石，障碍物cement： n.水泥、接合剂：v.接合，用水泥涂facade： n.建筑物的正面ritual：仪式，典礼，宗教仪式，固定程序a.仪式的，依仪式而行的，老规矩的，惯常的etlmocentric：种族［民族］中心主义的，种族［民族，集团］优越感的luU： n.暫停，间歇，稍息v.平息，使...平静，哄tenacity： n.固执，不屈不挠，顽固connotation： n.禽义inflection： n.屈曲，变调，音调变化refreshment：11.点心，提神Z事物，精神爽快spatial： a.空间的preconception： n.预想（先入之见，偏见）stereotype： n.铅版，陈腔滥调，老套v.使用铅版，套用老套inscrutable : a.难以了解的，不能测的'preferential： a.先取的，优先的,选择的prone: a.俯卧的，易于...的，何…倾向的ambiguity： n.不明确，含糊，暧昧，模棱两可tniisni： n.自明之理,老套的，众所周知deterrent： a.制止，防止，挽留n.挽留的事物, 妨碍物aiousal： n.激励，鼓励deplete： v.耗尽,使…空竭recuperation： n.复原，恢复：恢复健康和力气.penneate： v.弥漫，渗透，普及pioxenuc: a.［社］空间关系学的scrutiny： n.研究（推敲）dyad =chad： n.二数,一对，二元一位screen out： v.筛选出cucumvent： v.绕行，陷書detaclmient： n.分离，分遣，分遣队二"Unit Threeintegration： n.整合，集成analogy： n.相似，类似therapy： n.疗法，治疗smoothie: n.善T'讨好女人的男子，举止优雅的人casserole： n.餐桌上用有盖的培盘,砂锅菜fluid： a.流体的，流动的n.流体，液体uiadvertently： ad.不注意地duress： 11.强迫，监禁sabotage： D•怠工，破坏活动，破坏v.从事破坏活动，妨害，破坏culmarv： a.厨房的，烹调的delectable： a.快乐的，可喜的、愉快的backfue： v.产生事与愿违的后果vi.（指内燃机等）逆火，回火，适得其反cardinal： n.枢机主教,鲜红色a.主要的，深红色的standoffish： a.有点不友好的，冷淡的endearment： n.亲爱，钟爱mtrusion： n•闯入，侵扰sibling： n.兄弟姐妹pester： v.使烦恼，使苦恼whme： n.抱怨，牢骡v.哭诉•发牢骚sobermg： a.使清醒的,使冷静的steer： v.引导，驾驶，航行Unit Fourwarrant： n.正当理由，根据，委任状v.保证, 辩解•担保symptomatic： a. JI冇征候的，征候的,根据征候的distortion： n.扭曲，变形，曲解retaid： n.阻止，迟延v.妨碍，迟延，迟缓uifiasuucture： n.卜部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施thwart： a.横~^反对，阻碍ad.横过optumzc： v.使・・.完美，乐观，使•・・完善v.优化portfolio： n.文件夹，证券投资组合aggregate：n.合计，总计，集合体a.合计的, 集合的，聚合的v.聚集，集合，合计vestige： n.遗迹，退化的器官’ constramt：约束，强制，约束条件：［计算机］限制，对感情的压抑ration： n.定额，定配给subsidy： n.补助金，津贴externality： n.外表（外在性,外部的爭物）subsidize： v.给与补助金，给与奖助金，贿赂entail： v.使必需，使蒙受unleash： v.解开…的皮帯，解除…的束缚，解放revenue： n.财政收入，税收disparity： n.不一致bid up：竞出高价perpetuate： v.使永存，使不朽offset： n.抵销，支派，平版印刷V.弥补,抵销, 用平版印刷：［计算机］偏移equity： n.权益，产权，股本；证券n.公平, 公正unpropnety： n.不适当（不确，用词错误）glass roots： n.草根（基础）earmark： n.耳上记号，特黴,记号v.在耳朵做记号，弄上记号，充作anecdotal： a.逸话的，多逸事趣闻的,轶事样quadmple： ad.&a.四倍的（地）n.（使）乘四倍的v.（使）成四倍asset： n.资产，有用的东西，优点，长处匸"Unit Fivesynergy： n.增效作用，协同作用alleviation：n.减轻，缓和，解痛物afforestation： n.造林pe⑹：彼得（人名）v.慢慢消失，耗尽undervalue： v.低估...Z价值，低估，看轻uilieritaiice： n.遗传，遗产collateral： a.并行的，附随的,旁系的n.支亲, 副保，附属担保物migiation： 11.移民，移往，移动hygiene： n.卫生caloric： n.热a.热的,热量的，卡路里的waterborne: a.水生的（水传播的，位于水中的）prolapse： vi.下垂,脱垂m ［医］下垂,脱垂uterus： n.子宫uimary： a.泌尿的，尿的scliistosoiniasis： n.住血吸虫病mfest： v.骊扰,群居于，大批出没cholera： n.［医］霍乱intestinal： a.肠的parasite： n.寄生虫，仗客toxin： n.毒素，毒质dioxin： n.［化］:氧（朵）乜iiicmeiatiou： n.烧成灰，焚化，灰化vector：n.向量，矢量，带菌者v.无线电诱导exacerbate:vt.加重（使…恶化,激怒）fetus： n.胎，胎儿stillbirth： 11.死产intrauterine： a.子宫内的retardation： n.智力迟钝、精神发育迟缓confound： v.使混淆，使狼狈cassava：D.木薯tenure： n.享有，保有时间rehabilitation：n.复原cyclone： n.旋风，飓风mainstream： n.主流Unit Sevenencroach： v.侵占，蚕食vi.侵占，侵犯，侵害vt.侵犯obliterate： v.涂去，擦去，删除coquettish： a.娜筝姿的，妖艳的、迷人的bemused： a.困惑的，发呆的heieditaiy： a.世袭的，遗传的remit： v.免除，汇出，缓和dispensation： n.分配，施与tarnish： n.晦暗，生锈，污点v.使生锈，沾污skcleron： n.（建筑物、计划的）T1•架，纲要，柠骼vanquish： v.打败，征服,克服tementy： 11.卤莽，蛮勇teeming： a. 丰富的deprecation： n.强烈不赞成，反对，祈免torso： n.躯干（残缺的东西）tableau： 11.画面,活人画（舞台上活人扮的静态画面）condolence： n.引，哀悼，引辞fall out （with ）：vt.争吵（发生，解散，掉队、结果）：对某人不客气impervious： a.不能渗透的，不为所动的divulge：v.池露，暴露vinilent： a.有毒的、有恶意的•充满敌意的fall away： vt.疏失（抛弃，消失）peiveise： a.乖张的，倔强的,错误的sibilant： a.发鱼啦声的niacabre： a.恐怖的，令人毛骨悚然的，以死亡为主题的valance： n.短帷幕grimace： n.面部的歪扭，鬼脸，痛苦的表情v. 扮鬼脸，作苦相indentation： n.亥！I痕（E卩压，缩进，曲折岸）。
武汉大学 硕士英语课后翻译-缩小版
硕士英语课后翻译(unit 1 text A)Text A注：自己查找结合老师课堂所讲的内容翻译的，有疏漏之处希望能在评论中指出1-a-1Since there seems to be no universals of "human nature" that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
1-a-2Without being alert to possible differences and the need to learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city to the other will be in immediate trouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.如果没有意识到可能存在的差异和学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
1-a-3The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of "not knowing".相信相似性的错误观念比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知道”而产生的焦虑。
武汉大学研究生英语英汉互译全部内容
汉译英1、走社会主义道路，就是要逐步实现共同富裕。
共同富裕的构想是这样的:一部分地区有条件先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕……解决的办法之一,就是先富起来的地区多交点利税，支持贫困地区的发展。
翻译：To take the road of socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step。
Our plan is as follow：where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others；those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind，until all become prosperous… One way is for the areas that become prosperous first to support the poor ones by paying more taxes or turning in more profits to the state.2、要提倡科学,靠科学才有希望。
翻译：We must promote science, for that is where our hope lies.3、现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给,在未来的发展过程中,中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素翻译：China has basically achieved self—sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development。
研究生英语系列教材上unit7 原文+翻译
Unit SevenON HUMAN NATURE Frank and Lydia Hammer我对人类的了解越多，对他们的期望就越低。
和以前相比，我现在常常以较宽松的标准把一个人叫做好人。
——塞缪尔·约翰逊博士论人性弗兰克，莉迪亚·汉默尔Human nature is the basis of character, the temperament and disposition; it is that indestructible matrix upon which the character is built, and whose shape it must take and keep throughout life. This we call a person's nature.人性是性格、气质和性情的基础，性格正是基于这种牢不可破的基质之上的，它必须以这种基质的形式存在，并将它保留终生，这种基质，我们称之为一个人的本性。
The basic nature of human beings does not and cannot change. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement; we can alter only people's customs, manners, dress and habits.A study of history reveals that the people who walked thisearth in antiquity were moved by the same fundamental forces, were swayed by the same passions, and had the same aspirations as the men and women of today. The pursuit of happiness still engrosses mankind the world over.人类的本性不会也不能改变，只有一些表面特征才会变化、改善和进一步提升；我们可以改变人们的风格、举止、衣着和习惯。
武汉大学研究生英语听力原文整理
武汉大学研究生英语听力原文整理Unit 1Section Two (Martin Jacques: Understanding the rise of China)Q1The world is changing with really remarkable speed. If you look at the chart at the top here, you’ll see that in 2025, these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. And if you look at the chart for 2050, it’s projected that the Chinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. And we should bear in mind here that these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crisis. A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP Paribas for when China will have a larger economy than the United States. Goldman Sachs projected 2027. The post-crisis projection is 2020. That’s just a decade away. China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects. First of all, it’s a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10 percent a year. And within a decade, it will have the largest economy in the world. Never before in the modern era has the largest economy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country. Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world –which I think is what China will become – will be not from the West and from very, very different civilizational roots. Now I know it’s a widespread assumption in the West that, as countries modernize,they also Westernize. This is an illusion. It’s an assumption that modernity is a product simply of competition, markets and technology. It is not; it is also shaped equally by history and culture. China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West. It will remain in very fundamental respects very different. Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make sense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment by-and-large is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in Western terms, using Western ideas. We can’t. Now I want to offer you three building blocks for trying to understand what China is like – just as a beginning.世界正以惊人的速度变化着。
武汉大学 硕士英语课后翻译-缩小版
硕士英语课后翻译(unit 1 text A)Text A注：自己查找结合老师课堂所讲的内容翻译的，有疏漏之处希望能在评论中指出1-a-1Since there seems to be no universals of "human nature" that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there.既然没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
1-a-2Without being alert to possible differences and the need to learn new rules for functioning, persons going from one city to the other will be in immediate trouble, even when acting simple roles such as pedestrian and driver.如果没有意识到可能存在的差异和学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
1-a-3The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of "not knowing".相信相似性的错误观念比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知道”而产生的焦虑。
(完整word版)武汉大学研究生英语教材全文翻译of_unit_2_3_4_5_7
Final Version of TranslationUnit two1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同"的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢?这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处,可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受,解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望,这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类各成员都是一样的.但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点.如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束,受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实:因为各自不同,我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。
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Final Version of TranslationUnit two1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2．相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。
5．相似性的光环严重阻碍了不同文化间的成功交流。
来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。
这就像认为纽约、东京和德黑兰都是一样的，原因是它们彼此都具有现代化的城市的表象。
因为没有警觉可能存在的差异和没有学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。
6、相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。
然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情。
”否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。
7．正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。
本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。
这样一来，点头、微笑和肯定的话语很可能会被自信地阐释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。
然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。
8．语言差异第二个绊脚石显而易见，几乎不用说了—这就是语言。
词汇、语法、俗语、俚语、方言等等都会造成交流困难，但是艰难地使用一种新语言的人至少会意识到语言上的麻烦。
更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。
词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素，就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理。
这个问题之所比简单地翻译外文单词更糟糕，是因为每个人都以为自己理解外语。
赫鲁晓夫的名言“我们将要埋葬你”便是全国性误解的经典例句。
甚至“是”或“不是”这两个词都可能造成麻烦。
当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗？”，他（或她）听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他（或她）想要。
其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。
当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。
但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。
9．非语言的误解绝大多数外国访问者认为学习语言，对他们理解的唯一障碍，但实际上这只是个开始。
第三个绊脚石是非语言的误解。
来自不同文化背景的人们生活在不同的感官现实中，他们的视觉、听觉、感觉和嗅觉只关注于那些对他们有意义的或是重要的事物。
他们只提精出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。
例如：一个沙特阿拉伯人会用抚平他的头发这种非语言的信号来表达他喜欢一个女孩，而对于一个美国女孩而言，这只是一个不代表任何讯息的普通的紧张的手势罢了。
10、由于缺乏对常见的手势、姿态和身体其他运动这样一类易于观察到的非语言符号和象征的正确理解，阻碍了正常的交流。
但是，有可能学习了解这些可观察的信息，通常是通过非正式的而不正式的途径学习了解。
更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则，例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。
11．先入为主和程式化思维的现象第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程式思维现象。
如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。
阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。
如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。
12．程式化思维有助于做到欧尼斯特·贝克尔所说的易焦虑的人类必须做到的事情，即通过使世界变得可预知来减少未知的威胁。
在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。
思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。
在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。
13．程式化思维是交流者的绊脚石，因为它有碍于对事物的客观观察--人们会敏感地搜寻线索，引导我们的想象更接近于其他人现实。
程式化思维在自己身上不易克服，在他人身上也难以纠正，甚至会明知故犯。
程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它文化中根深蒂固，已成为神话或公理，是因为它有时使偏见合理化了。
有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向，也维持并充实着这些程式化思维。
14、对其他人或人群的言论和行为进行估价、表示赞成或不赞成的倾向，是来自不同文化或种族的人之间相互理解的第五个绊脚石，另一个阻碍。
我们总是认为自己的文化和生活方式才是正确的、恰当的和自然的，而不愿尝试去完全地领会从他人的角度所表达的想法和感受。
这种偏见妨碍人以一种开放心态去观察, 而这种观察正是从他人的角度看待他们态度和行为方式所需要的。
15、在东京刚刚结束的一场研讨会上，日本教授强调了日本人民对于简朴、自然的事物怀有的一种偏爱，比如岩石、苔藓、流水，以及雾气迷蒙的景观。
之后我参观了位于京都的katsura帝国花园。
一位年轻的日本导游在约定的时间接待了我们这支由20名等候参观的美国人组成的团队，然后就感慨道我们的运气多么好，因为今天正好赶上了多云天气。
这番话却使队员们勉强地笑了笑——他们可不期待着享受一场天然的淋浴。
导游接下来宣称，选择仲夏时节来此地观光是再合适不过了，因为此时杜鹃花刚刚凋谢，树叶还未完全变成秋天的灿烂金黄。
游客们再也忍不住大笑起来，大家都认为这位日本导游富有良好的幽默感。
我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。
16、一旦深深地牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。
不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。
17、高度焦虑在跨文化交流的经历中，高度焦虑和紧张是很普遍的现象，这是因为不确定因素之多和个人的卷入与风险。
适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。
如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。
其结果可能会导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。
18、在跨文化对话中，交流双方都会感染到紧张情绪。
做主人的一方在与外国人交谈时感到不自在，因为他（或她）不能够保持语言和非语言的正常流畅的互动。
这里有语言和认知上的障碍；沉默太长或太短；距离的远近或其他规范可能会被打乱。
他（或她）也会感到威胁，因为不了解对方的知识，经历和评价--来访者可能会审视和排斥主人以及主人的民族和国家。
俩者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。
他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，措手无策。
除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。
这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。
19、了解了上述六种绊脚石，一定会有助于避免它们，但是，这些问题并能轻易地回避。
对很多人来说，要想取得进步，这就需要洞察、培训，甚至有时要改变长期形成的习惯或自己珍视的信念。
然而，对全球性的相互理解和合作的需要正在不断增加，使这种努力显得极为重要。
我们能够学习别的语言，学会对非语言形式和其他的文化方面的差异见怪不怪。
我们可以培养自己在面对跨文化遭遇时，采用调查的方式，而不采用先入为主或程式化思维，去更加注意情景细节。
我们能使自己逐渐接触到差异，从而减少自己的威胁感。
通过练习有意识放松的技巧，我们还能够学会着降低自己的紧张水平，避免引起防卫性反应。
Roger Harrison总结了跨文化交流者必须具备条件：交流者不能只满足于知道和他一起工作的人有不同于他的习俗，目标，和思维模式。
他必须能够通过摸索与这些完全陌生的价值，态度和情感紧密相融。
他必须能够与它们一起并在它们中间工作，在冲突中既不是丧失了自己的价值，也不是用躲在知识清高的大墙之后保护自己。