现在完成时与被动语态

一. 被动语态

主动语态：主语主动执行

被动语态：主语被动承受

例句：The lazy sheep was caught by the gray wolf again!

1.被动语态的基本机构：be +及物动词过去分词

2. 主动变被动的基本规则：

主动语态：

被动语态：+ 其他成分

例1：Many people speak English.

○1○2○3

被动句：English is spoken by many people.

○3○2○1

例2：He cheated her.

○1○2○3

被动句：She was cheated by him.

○3○2○1

3.主动句变被动句的主要规则：

(1). 人称代词主格做主语，宾格做宾语。

(2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词

(如果是不及物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)

He gives up smoking. 被动句：______________________________

(3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。

一般现在时被动语态为：

一般过去时被动语态为：

一般将来时被动语态为：

现在完成时被动语态为：

(4).情态动词+ be done

由上可见，被动语态的时态由_____be 动词___ 来体现。

(5). 被动语态中，by+动作的发出者放在句末(课省略)，by 表示“由，被”的意思。

4.被动语态的注意点

（1）“三看一听”hear, see, watch, notice，使役动词make等主动句中to 走开，被动句中to 回来。

I heard my sister sing in her room yesterday.

被动句：

My mother always makes me do some housework.

被动句：______________________________________________

（2）say, believe, consider, know, expect, think 等词接宾语从句，变被动句用

It is / was said/believed…. that……….

People believe he told the truth.

被动句：_________________________________________

（3）常见无被动的词：

happen 意为“发生”时，主语为物，sth happen to sb, 无被动

belong to, take place, rise, sell well, remain, run out, come true等无被动

(4) 感官动词__feel, look, smell, taste, sound_, 主动表被动

The news sounds terrible.

二. 现在完成时

1、语境分析

①动作发生在过去，已完成，强调对现在有影响

---Are you hungry? ---No, I have had breakfast.

②动作发生在过去，未完成，持续到现在或未来

I have studied English for 10 years.

2. 标志性的时间状语：

already___________, yet_____________ _____________，

ever_____________ never___________, before___________

In the last/past + 一段时间________________________________

So far ________________

For + 一段时间___________________________

Since + 过去的时间点since then，since two years ago, since 1996……

+ 从句（过去式）

次数（twice，three times , four times……）

注意：1）already用于肯定句，I have already eaten lunch.

yet用于一般疑问句或否定句

_______ you eaten lunch _________? I haven’t eaten lunch ________.

2）Have you ever read this story (before)? -----I have never read it.

3) In the last three weeks, I have read 5 books.

4) We have known each other for 5 years.

5) Qingdao has changed greatly so far.

6) I haven’t seen my teachers since I left school.

7)I have lived here since 2010. (since 3 years ago)

3、重点词组辨析

①have/has gone to 去了……(人未回)

②Have/has been to 去过……(人已回)

③Have/has been in 去……多久（有一段时间）

4. 与延续性的时间状语连用的必须是延续性动词

初中阶段常考的延续性时间状语：1）for +一段时间

2）Since + 过去的时间点

+ 从句（过去式）

3）How long……?