2020版江苏省高考英语大二轮复习语法基础专题四专题强化训练

任务型阅读(一)[学生用书P151(单独成册)](建议用时：25分钟)A(2019·江苏四星级学校联考)When you listen to artists like Jay-Z, or Common, just the thought of freestyle rap might be frightening enough to make your shy away. Scientific research shows that rap might offer you an opportunity for self-exploration and expression. Besides, freestyle rap might improve your brain’s creative power, too, and when it does, it can free you from boredom and relax you from everyday tasks. Here’s how.In a study, brain researcher Siyuan Liu and his colleagues compared freestyle rap and rehearsed rap of native English speakers to see how their brains operated under both conditions. When you perform a rehearsed act, the lateral prefrontal cortex(PFC)(额叶前皮层), which is instrumental in thought control and recall, is activated. But they found that for more spontaneous(自发的) singing, the lateral PFC is not activated because you rely more on strong emotions to find the right language without the distraction of prepared melodies. When trying to complete a task, your focused brain is essential. But for creativity, your brain must go into regrouping mode to avoid habits and form new ideas. Freestyle rap will train you to access this capacity in your brain.During this rap study, left-sided brain regions which are responsible for language and movement were also activated. These regions are usually activated by the act of speaking, so there was no surprise that rapping had the same effect. However, freestyle rap causes these regions to be activated above normal, which indicates that something special occurs. Freestyle rap requires youto find novel words and phrases that rhyme. This search for unique language patterns is a way to train your brain to become more creative. However, words are not all the same. By making freestyle rap part of your everyday routine, you will add emotional weight to your words, allowingyou to communicate in a more effective and accurate way.The rehearsed and freestyle rappers in the study had no difference in movement. They produced the same number of syllables, and the primary movement areas in the brain were similarin both groups. However, there was greater involvement of secondary movement areas in freestylerap. When secondary movement areas engage, the movement is more enriched. This is similar to the way an inspired figure skater moves as opposed to that of a well-rehearsed skater who goes on technically but without the same beautiful sense of timing. Secondary movement in rap reflects the demand for rap speed, the rushed need to find the best words, and the way such words fit witha rhythm. Consequently, when you want to express yourself at greater speed to catch someone’s attention or create a bigger impact in a meeting or something like that, your essay in freestyle rap can be of great help to you.To understand the connections between the different brain regions, the researchers of the study expanded to further analyses. The results indicated that freestyle rap requires the brain to access special regions involved with emotion and motivation. This makes sense when you think about the emotional intensity(强度) behind Jay-Z’s rap tracks that require him to process information and storylines. In this way, freestyle rap reminds you to invest in what you truly care about. Rather than functioning like a robot in your day-to-day life, you can put your unique spin on things.Benefits of freestyle rap ★It might enable you to explore and express yourself.★It may empower your brain with creativity.★It can help you 1.________ yourself of boredom and daily tasks.Four waysfreestyle rap 2．______ a betteryou You learn tolet go★Unlike rehearsed rap, performing freestyle rap 3.________ toactivate the lateral PFC.★When completing freestyle rap, you turn to your emotionsand your brain becomes more focused.★Freestyle rap trains your brain to be creative—no longerunder the 4.________ of your habits and forming new ideas. You gain5．_____to powerfulwords★Freestyle rap can also activate your brain regions 6.________for language and movement.★With freestyle rap, you need to search for novel words andphrases in rhyme.★Freestyle rap helps give emotional weight to your words,allowing you to communicate effectively and accurately.续表\You become afascinatingspeaker★Besides the primary movement areas’7.________ in both rapper groups,secondary movement areas are more activated in freestyle rap.★Secondary movement in rap signals the need for speed, word selectionand ways to make words arranged in rhyme.★Your attempt at freestyle rap can 8.________ you in attracting others onoccasions like a meeting.You findemotionalrichness andmotivation★Freestyle rap requires the brain to access special regions concerningemotion and motivation.★Freestyle rap makes 9.________ on rappers to process information andstorylines.★Freestyle rap reminds you to devote yourself to what really 10.________you.答案：1.rid 2.unlocks/makes 3.fails 4.control5．access 6.responsible7.involvement8.benefit9．demands10.interestsB(2019·江苏四校高三下学期调研)Generally speaking, people often quickly return to a setlevel of happiness despite life’s ups and downs. For instance, people who win the lottery(彩票抽奖) tend to return to roughly their original level of happiness after the novelty of the win has worn off. The same is true for those who are in major accidents and lose the use of their legs. The change in the ability can be damaging at first, but people generally return to their pre-accident levels of happiness after the habituation period. This phenomenon is called hedonic adaptation(享乐适应)．There are activities that are more or less affected by hedonic adaptation. Some of these activities are known as pleasures. They can lift your mood and leave you feeling great, but their effects can be relatively temporary. What’s more, we get used to them relatively quickly. If youhave the same meal every day for a week, for example, you may find it to be less pleasurable bythe end of the week. Satisfactions are also such activities affected by hedonic adaptation. They can get us into a feeling of “flow”where we don’t notice the passage of time and are thoroughly devoted to what we’re doing. Satisfactions are activities that require more effort and thought, but the payoff is higher as well. The more we devote, the more we enjoy!Knowing that pleasures are temporary in their effects may make them seem less worth the effort than satisfactions. There are reasons why they can be perfect for certain situations, however. First, they bring a quick lift in the mood without a great deal of effort. This is actually quite valuable because there is significant research that shows that a lift in the mood can lead to a chain reaction of positive feelings. Second, satisfactions do take more effort, so when you only have afew minutes or a very limited amount of energy, pleasures are often the simpler and more accessible option.Thankfully, we can do something to move away from the limiting effects of hedonic adaptation and participate in activities that can create a greater level of happiness in life. For example, be sure to make time for hobbies! It doesn’t really matter what the hobby is; as long as it’s one you enjoy, you’ll benefit from it, and these benefits will extend into the rest of your life. It’s also a good idea to help other people as this can make your life more meaningful, and thus create greater happiness. Enjoying your positive experiences is also a great way to maximize the positive in your life. So at the end of the day, a few days a week, write about three things you enjoyed that day. Then you’ll be reliving these positive experiences as you write about them, and can relive them again when you read.Hedonic AdaptationThe 1.______ of hedonicadaptation Hedonic adaptation is a phenomenon where people 2.________ to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness in spite of major positive or negative events or life changes.Activities influenced by hedonic adaptation ★Pleasures·They are helpful in keeping our spirits up and making us feel cheerful, but such positive effects go 3.________．·The longer they stay, the less happy people may feel. That is,people’s 4.________ to them occurs after a very short period of time.★Satisfactions·Compared with pleasures, they take us more effort but can bring more lasting results. In other words, they are less affected by hedonic adaptation.·The enjoyment people get from satisfactions is in direct5.________ to the effort and thought they devote.6.________ of pleasuresoversatisfactions ★Pleasures can lighten our mood quickly and are 7.________ to achieve.★Pleasures are a better choice when our time or energy is limited.8.________ on reducing theeffects of hedonicadaptation ★Take up hobbies, whatever they are, which 9.________ to you, and enjoy the benefits from them.★Help others and it can make you live in a happier and more 10.________ way.★Enjoy your positive experiences by regularly recording them and relive them in the course of your writing and reading.答案：1.definition 2.tend 3.quickly 4.adaptation5．proportion/relation 6.Advantages7.easy8．Tips/Suggestions/Advice9.appeal10．meaningful任务型阅读(二)[学生用书P153(单独成册)](建议用时：30分钟)A(2019·江苏七市调研)As the concept of emotional intelligence(EI) has gone global, we’ve watched professionals fail as they try to improve their emotional intelligence because they either don’t know where to focus their efforts or they haven’t understood how to improve these skills on a practical level. In our work consulting with companies and coaching leaders, we have found thatif you’re looking to develop particular EI strengths, it helps to consider areas for improvementothers have identified along with the goals you want to achieve—and then to actively build habits in those areas rather than simply relying on understanding them conceptually.The first step is to get a sense of how your self-perception (how you see yourself) differs from your reputation (how others see you)．This is especially true for the development of emotional intelligence because we can be blindto how we express and read the emotional components of our interactions. For example, most ofus think that we’re good listeners, but very often that’s really not the case. Without this external reality check, it will be difficult for you to identify the ways that your actions affect your performance. Getting feedback from others can also provide proof of the necessity of shifting our behavior and motivation to do so.To give you the best sense of where the differences lie between your self-perception and reputation, you should use a 360-degree feedback assessment that takes the multiple facets of EI into account. The key is to find one that guarantees confidentiality to those giving you feedbackand that is focused on development and not on performance assessment.Secondly, when you get your feedback from an assessment, let that inform what you want to improve. But also consider what your goals are. When it comes to cultivating strengths in emotional intelligence, you’re at a huge disadvantage if you’re only interested because others said you should be. Your emotional intelligence is so tied up in your sense of self that being intrinsically(内在地) motivated to make the effort matters more when changing longstanding habits than it does when simply learning a skill.That means the areas that you choose to actively work on should lie at the intersection of the feedback you’ve gotten and the areas that are most important to your own aspirations(渴望). Understanding the impacts of your current EI habits relative to your goals will keep you going over the long haul as you do the work of strengthening your emotional intelligence.Once you’ve determined which EI skills you want to focus on, identify specific actions that you’ll take. If you’re working on becoming a better listener, for example, you might decide that when you’re conversing with someone you’ll take the time to pause, listen to what they have to say, and check that you understand before you reply. Keep it specific. You should also take every naturally occurring opportunity to practice the skill you’re developing, no matter how small.By starting to change your routine reactions, you’ll be well on your way to figuring out theold habits that aren’ｔserving you well and transforming them into new, improved ones that do. Passage outline Supporting detailsIntroductionThough globally acknowledged, EI still 1.________ professionals, for theyaren’t aware how to improve it.Approaches to strengthening EISpot the2.________between self-perception andreputation·With the external reality check, we are 3.________ ofunderstanding ourinteractions accurately.·We are 4.________ to change our behavior by gettingoutside feedback.·We are expected to 5.________ how self-perceptiondiffers from reputation in all aspects.Find out what6.________ to us·We should clearly 7.________ our goals and focus oureffort on improving ourselves instead of just learning askill.·8.________ the outside feedback with our goals cangive us support on the way to strengthening our EI. Identify whatchanges we willmakeBe 9.________ about the actions and take advantage ofevery possible opportunity to practice EI skills.续表Passage outline Supporting detailsSummary10.________ useless old habits and develop newones in areas for improvement.答案：1.confuses/puzzles 2.differences 3.capable4．motivated 5.assess 6.matters/counts7.recognize/know/bining 9.specific/clear/explicit10.Remove/Abandon/QuitB(2019·苏州高三调研)Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before?Like the flower, narcissism(自恋) has continued to flourish in modern civilization, which has become such a part of culture.But narcissism in psychology is more than a single question can capture, which really has three types of narcissism.Problems arise when people discuss narcissism without identifying the form.Grandiose(浮夸) narcissism is the outgoing, extraverted(外向) form.The narcissistic individual believes he or she is smarter, better-looking and more important than others.And, of course, he or she gets special treatment for this fact.In fact, some of them can be very charming, likable and enjoy people.On the opposite side, narcissistic relationships are often not very emotionally warm or caring.Vulnerable(脆弱) narcissism is the second flavor of narcissism.It is harder to see than grandiose narcissism.Vulnerable narcissists think they have the right to get special treatment and greatness but actually have low self-confidence and are not typically extraverted.Imagine someone living in his mum’s small room.He spends his evenings watching The X Factor believing he should be the next famous star singing act.Unfortunately, he hasn’t the confidence to do it and instead becomes a netizen, who posts offensive, controversial, or divisive materials on an Internet community.The third form of narcissism occurs when narcissism is extreme and causes clinically seriouslife—marriages fall apart, friends are lost, a career is over.When this occurs problems in a person’ｓnarcissism can be identified as a personality disorder—narcissistic personality disorder (also known as NPD), containing a mix of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.Can you change narcissism or NPD? There is no simple answer to this.For grandiose narcissism, what I often do is suggest practicing caring and compassion, doing what you are passionate about rather than what gets your attention and being responsible for your mistakes as well as successes.For vulnerable narcissism I would add to this list with practices that reduce depression and anxiety.Develop a sense of belonging or a friendship network; participate in physical exercise; or practice a form of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings.For NPD,there is no single, scientifically affirmed treatment of choice.But pay attention to the following.First, people with NPD are often reluctant to enter treatment because in their mind theydo not have a problem—everyone else does.Second, it is challenging for doctors to keep individuals with NPD in treatment.Narcissism is increasing and while social media hasn’t been proven to actually create narcissists, it does give them a new platform to gain attention and admiration.Still, I remain optimistic that people can change if they are motivated, have the right tools, and know what typeof narcissism they are dealing with.Are We More Narcissistic Than Ever Before？Current situations aboutnarcissism ·Narcissism has developed to become a part of culture. ·Narcissism is more 1.________ than expected in psychology.2.____________ of narcissismin divided types ·A narcissist is outgoing and socially confident, sometimes showing loveliness.·A narcissist considers himself to be such an unusual person as to be treated 3.____________．·A narcissist is often cold and likely to 4.____________ care in emotion towards others.·Vulnerable narcissism is more 5.____________ than grandiose narcissism.·A narcissist isn’t actually confident though in his opinion he 6.____________ special things.·Narcissism is quite extreme to cause serious problems in the clinic, affecting the personal life.The approaches to treating narcissism or NPD ·Be more considerate, do favorite things and take7.____________ for whatever they do.·Try to 8.____________ by making more friends, doing exercise and so on.·Help people with NPD to realize they have problems and not to 9.____________ treatment.The future trend·Narcissism is increasing perhaps because of social media.·Narcissism can be 10.____________ if handled actively inproper ways.答案：plicated/complex 2.Features/Characteristics3．specially ck 5.hidden/concealed 6.deserves7．responsibility8.relax9.refuse10.changed/changeable任务型阅读(三)[学生用书P155(单独成册)](建议用时：30分钟)A(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Technologies are often viewed as transformative. For William Kochevar, the term is justified. Mr Kochevar is paralysed(使瘫痪) below the shoulders after a cycling accident, yet has managed to feed himself by his own hand. This remarkable action is partly thanks to poles implanted in his right arm. But the real magic lies higher up. Mr Kochevarcan control his arm using the power of thought. His intention to move is reflected in neural activity in his motor cortex(皮层); these signals are detected by implants in his brain and processed into commands to activate the electrodes in his arm.An ability to decode thought in this way may sound like science fiction. But brain-computer interfaces(接口), BCIs, like the BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar provide evidence that mind control can work. Researchers are able to tell what words and images people have heard and seen from neural activity alone. Information can also be encoded and used to activate the brain.The pace of research into the BCI and the scale of its ambition are increasing, but skeptics dismiss it. Taking medical BCIs out of the lab into clinical practice has proved very difficult. The BrainGate system used by Mr Kochevar was developed more than ten years ago, but only a handful of people have tried it out. Turning implants into consumer products is even harder to imagine. The path to the mainstream is blocked by three major barriers—technological, scientific and commercial.Start with technology. Non-invasive(无创的) techniques struggle to pick up high-resolution brain signals through intervening layers of skin, bone and membrane. For the time being at least,the most ambitious applications require implants that can interact directly with nerve cells. And existing devices have lots of drawbacks. They involve wires that pass through the skull; they cause immune responses; they communicate with only a few hundred of the 85bn nerve cells in thehuman brain.Clear the technological barrier, and another one appears. The brain is still a foreign country. Scientists know little about how exactly it works, especially when it comes to complex functionslike memory formation. Research is more advanced in animals, but experiments on humans are hard.The third obstacle is the practical barriers to commercialization. It takes time, money and expert knowledge or skill to get medical devices approved officially. And consumer applicationswill take off only if they perform a function people find useful. Some of the applications of brain-computer interfaces are unnecessary—a good voice assistant is a simpler way to type without fingers than a brain implant, for example.All of these suggest that a route to the future imagined by the neurotechnology pioneers is tough, but within a few years, improved technologies may be opening up new channels of communication with the brain. Many of the first applications hold out the unambiguous promiseof movement and senses restored. But a host of concerns will arise. Privacy is an obvious one: the hiding place of an inner voice may disappear. Security is another: if a brain can be reached on the Internet, it can also be hacked. Inequality is a third one: access to superhuman abilities could be beyond all except a privileged few.The 1.________ of mindcontrol ·William Kochevar is physicallychallenged, but with the help of technology, he manages to control his arm movement by mind.·Researchers can decode information from neural activity, and in turn, the information 2.________ from neural activity can be encoded and used to stimulate the brain.The 3.________ for doubtsabout BCIs ·It is no easy job to put BCIs into clinical practice.·It is even harder to put implants on the 4.________.The barriers to BCIs’becoming the mainstream ·Technological barrier：The existing devices which are supposed to have direct interaction with neurons are far from 5.________．·Scientific barrier：There is a lack of 6.________ of the brain; experiments onhumans are harder and less advanced than those on animals.·Commercial barriers：?It takes a lot of effort to get the authorities to 7.________ agreeto the medical devices.?Being useful to people is a must for consumer applicationsbeing widely accepted.?Some applications are unnecessary, thus 8.________ BCIsfrom becoming commercially successful.续表The concerns about BCIs ·Privacy: With nowhere to hide your inner voice, you may 9.________ your privacy.·Security: With anyone able to reach your brain on the Internet, you may have your brain broken into.·Inequality: The technology may only be 10.________ to the advantaged.答案：1.possibility 2.received 3.reasons 4.market5．perfect 6.understanding/knowledge7.officially8．preventing/stopping/keeping9.lose10．available/accessibleBIf you followed the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including U．S. swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises(瘀伤) on their bodies. These bruises were the results of “cupping therapy(拔火罐疗法)”， a traditional Chinese medicinal practice that has been around for more than 2，000 years.Cupping therapy involves attaching circular cups to the skin using suction(吸力). The suction is created either by heating the cup inside or by using a hand－held pump. This suction pulls the skin upward into the cup. Sometimes it can leave dark red bruises, other times there is nomark at all.Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in thefall of 2014 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another U．S. swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that “It really helps with blood flow, and helps pull swelling(肿胀) out of different areas.”However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effect of the treatment.To figure out whether cupping therapy has any physical effects, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a sham(假的) treatment was provided.In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the sham treatment. Butcreate the proper in the sham treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn’ｔsuction.The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder that causes a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either traditional cupping or “soft cupping”. But they were not informed that the sowas a sham treatment.－called “soft cupping”It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come from factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself, the researchers told the Live Science website.The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, “the therapy can be used as a part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle interventions(干预)”，Dr Brent Bauer, director of a U．S.’ medicine program, told Live Science.Title：Is Cupping Therapy Really Useful？Cupping therapy was 1.________ to Chinese medicinal Introductionpractice dating back to more than 2，000 years ago.The working principle of it People usually use suction—created either by heating the cupinside or by using a 2.________—to pull people’s skin upward into the cup which can be 3.________ to the skin.People’s4．________ attitudes to it ·Many athletes think it is 5.________，which not only can help with blood flow but also can relieve swelling.·Some think it’ｓpeople’ｓ6.________ effects that result in its health effects actually.A test conducted to proveits effects ·Researchers provided a 7.________ treatment (traditional cupping) and a sham treatment (soft cupping) for patients. ·Most patients could give the 8.________ guess of which kind of treatment they had received.·The result is that both treatments were 9.________，which proves that the benefit of cupping therapy might not totally depend on the treatment itself.ConclusionIt can be accepted as a part of comprehensive treatmentprograms due to its 10.________ and efficiency.答案：1.applied 2.pump 3.attached 4.different5．beneficial 6.mental/psychological7.real8.correct9.effective10.safety。