汽车氧传感器手册
氧传感器的使用说明(详细版本)。.doc

氧传感器的使用说明(详细版本)。
.氧传感器(四线芯片型)说明手册1。
概述氧传感器是现代发动机管理系统中必不可少的重要部件。
它用于检测汽车发动机排气管内燃烧废气中的氧含量,从而确定发动机的实时空燃比状态。
根据不同的氧浓度,传感器会向发动机电子控制模块输出不同的电压信号,作为系统闭环燃油修正补偿控制的重要依据。
由于氧传感器的应用,发动机在大多数工况下都能工作在理想的空燃比状态,从而获得良好的排放特性和燃油经济性。
该公司的加热型氧传感器体积小、起燃快,使发动机管理系统能够尽早实现系统的闭环燃料管理控制。
图1氧传感器2的外观。
工作原理氧传感器采用扁平结构的多层氧化锆陶瓷作为核心元件。
氧化锆元素的工作原理相当于一个简单的固体原电池。
根据电化学原理,由于氧离子浓度的不同,两侧电极之间会存在电位差。
由于外电极暴露于废气,氧离子浓度将根据实际工作条件而变化,而内电极是参考空气,并且氧离子浓度是恒定的。
当发动机的空燃比稀时,排气中的氧离子浓度相对较高,并且内电极和外电极之间的氧离子浓度差小,即电势差小,并且氧传感器的输出电压信号接近0V。
相反,当空燃比浓时,排气中的氧离子浓度相对较低,并且内电极和外电极之间的氧离子浓度差大,即电势差大,并且传感器的输出电压接近1V。
氧气传感器的典型响应曲线如下图所示。
图2氧传感器的典型响应曲线(在450℃发动机测功机上测量)3。
结构特点我公司生产的现代发动机管理系统中使用的氧传感器的主要特点是:l全球统一设计,全球采购系统能保证全球产品性能的一致性;也可根据客户图纸要求制作。
符合客户要求的L型氧传感器连接器具有防水功能。
我有很短的点火时间和快速反应。
l具有通用接口结构设计。
很容易满足不同客户的需求。
l具有超强的低温适应性。
l 具有超强的抗杂质中毒性能。
l设计可防止表面化合物烧结。
l使用不锈钢丝。
我工作可靠。
L具有防错设计,便于应用L独立接地设计。
系统工作稳定可靠。
性能参数和技术规格(发动机测功机在450℃下的测量值)空燃比浓时的电压信号:750毫伏升空燃比稀电压信号:当120毫伏升450℃时,空燃比变浓和变稀的相应时间:当150 ms升450℃时,对应的稀空燃比和浓空燃比的时间为:65毫秒升锆元素激活时间12秒升加热元素电阻(21℃) 9.6 1.5欧姆升加热元素电流:0.52±0.10安培升加热元件功率:7.0瓦升内阻:500欧姆升外部电压(连接至发动机控制模块控制器):12.0伏升氧传感器信号传输线束线径要求:1.6毫米l氧传感器典型匹配连接器由我公司生产。
氧传感器技术手册

氧传感器使用说明书 (第一版)适用零件号:25327985 253599081.概述氧传感器是现代发动机管理系统中必不可少的重要零部件。
它是一种利用电化学工作原理发展出来的电器元件。
氧传感器在现代发动机管理系统的配置机构中被用于探测汽车发动机所排出的燃烧废气中氧的含量,借以判定发动机实时燃油供给空气燃料混合比的实际状态,并通过自身产生的电器反应信号反馈给发动机电子控制模块(ECM),以作为系统燃油管理系统的闭环燃油修正补偿控制的重要依据,使燃油管理子系统能够更加精确地控制调整发动机各种工作状态下的空气燃料混合比;并在绝大多数工况下使系统保持在理想空燃比工作状态,以便获得更加优良的汽车排放控制特性和燃油经济性。
氧传感器的输出信号为0 ~ 1V的交变电压信号。
传感器可根据发动机所排燃烧气中氧的含量高低自动感应和探测并向发动机电子控制模块输出这一高低变化的电压信号。
现代发动机管理系统采用的氧传感器有两种主要类型:非加热型氧传感器和加热型氧传感器。
装配在发动机排气歧管上的氧传感器,由于可以利用发动机所排出燃烧废气的余热进行快速加热,故可使用价格低廉的非加热型氧传感器;当氧传感器的安装位置受到整车布置限制,氧传感器距离发动机排气歧管出口较远时,由于不能利用发动机燃烧废气对于传感器迅速加热,此时必然需要采用加热式氧传感器。
加热式氧传感器的内部设计有热敏电加热元件,可利用系统供电电压强制使氧传感器加速预热,促使其快速起燃,及早实现系统的闭环燃油管理控制。
2. 工作原理德尔福公司生产的氧传感器是采用氧化锆元件作为传感器的基础元件。
氧化锆元件是一种通体充满无数微孔的陶瓷基础元件外面镀有氧化锆涂层,该涂层外测暴露于发动机燃烧废气之中;涂层的内侧透过含微孔的陶瓷元件与大气相通。
集中在氧化锆内外两侧电极之间氧含量的差别形成的微分电压信号。
当氧化锆元件被电流加热或被流经传感器的发动机燃烧废气加热所激活,空气经过通体充满无数微孔的陶瓷基础元件进入氧化锆元件的内电极,而燃烧废气流经氧化锆的外电极。
汽车技师专用万用表汽车传感器模拟测试仪技术手册

汽车技师专用万用表汽车传感器模拟测试仪技术手册如题Automotive Digital Diagnostic Tools汽车数字诊断专用工具系列汽车技师专用万用表汽车传感器模拟测试仪技术手册如题汽车技师专用万用表ADD81 汽车传感器模拟测试仪ADD91/71目录一.安全指引二.重要提示三.目测检查四.技术指标常规指标精度指标:模拟信号输出(ADD71/91)喷油脉宽:Pulse width 转速:RPM(tach) 占空比:Duty Cycle 闭合角:Dwell Angle 温度:Temperature 直流电压:DC Voltage (自动量程) 交流电压AC Voltage (自动量程) 直流电流:DC Current 交流电流:AC Current电阻:Resistance (自动量程) 频率:Ferquency (自动量程) 电容:Capacitance(自动量程) 二极管测试:Diode Test声响连续测试:Audible Continuity 标准附件面板描述面板描述屏幕显示:测试功能选择和操作:五.仪器操作传感器模拟功能:电压测试:Voltage(V)如题电阻测试:Resistance(Ω)连续性(导通)声响测试Audible Continuity 二极管测试电容测试Capacitance温度测试Temperature (Temp)频率测试Meter Functions C frequency (Hz) 转速:RPM/X10RPM 测量占空比Duty Cycle (%) 测试喷油脉宽:ms 测试闭合角:Dwell 测试电流测试附件的应用:电池的更换六.汽车传感器模拟测试仪频率信号模拟功能的应用实例如题一.安全指引z 戴上安全防护眼镜、穿上安全工作服、不要带手饰和留长头发。
z 工作区域有良好通风,并将汽车尾气排放到室外。
z 如果发动机运转时进行测试,(制造厂的原厂手册另有规定除外),请放下手刹,选择空档或驻车档,锁上驱动轮。
帕萨特B5氧传感器

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2、氧传感器的结构与原理
氧传感器的结构
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2、氧传感器的结构与原理
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2、氧传感器的结构与原理
氧传感器的工作原理
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2、氧传感器的结构与原理
氧传感器的工作原理 帕萨特B5发动机是采用氧化锆式氧传器,
氧化锆式氧传感器的基本元件是氧化锆陶瓷 管(固体电解质)。锆管内表面与大气接触, 外表面与废气接触,而锆管在温度高时,渗 入其中的氧气会发生电离,由于锆管内、外 侧氧含量不一致,存在浓差,因而氧离子从 大气侧向排气侧扩散从而使锆管成为一个微 电池,使锆管内、外两侧的铂电极间产生电 压。
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B.检查条件 a.29号熔必须正常; b.蓄电池电压至少为11.5V; c.燃油泵继电器必须正常; d.冷却液温度至少85℃; e.发动机控制单元必须与节气门控制部件匹配; f.三元催化器和缸盖之间的排气系统应无泄漏处。
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C检查步骤 a.连接故障阅读仪V.A.G1551或车辆系统测试仪V.A.G1552,启动发动机, 并按地址码“01”键,选择“发动机电子系统”。 b.按0和8键,选择“读测试数据块”,并用“Q”键确认。 c.按0、0和3键,选定“显示组号3”,并按Q键确认。再按显示区域3中的 显示值,即是冷却液温度值,应大于85℃。 d.按“C”键(为转换显示组准备)。 e.按0、0和9键,选定“显示组号9”,按Q键确认,选择显示区域3中的氧 传感器电压。电压每分钟至少 应变化30次,且在0到1.0伏范围内摆动。 f.若电压在规定范围内摆动,则按“右键”,再按0和6键,选定“结束输 出”功能,然后按Q键确认。 g.若电压不在工作范围内摆动或电压变化很慢,则除了检查氧传感器体上 的长细孔或圆孔是否堵塞通风孔是否堵塞外,还应继续以下检查。 h.将三元盒催化器前连接氧传感器G39的四针插头拔下。 i.检查氧传感器加热触点1和2是否导通,如未导通,则应更换传感器G39. j.如导通,用万用表连接插头触点1和2进行电压测量,在启动发动机怠速 运转时,电压允许值11~15V,然后关闭点火开关。 k.如无电压,将测试盒V.A.G1598/22连接到控制单元线束上,根据电路图, 检查测试盒与四针插头的导线是否导通,触点2和插孔27导线 的最大电阻 为1.5Ω。如达到允许值,根据电路图,检查触点1与燃油泵继电器J17的 导线
氧传感器 AO-02 说明书

AO-02说明书氧传感器●全量程线性输出●工作无需外部电源●温度补偿●快速响应●准确可靠●抗干扰能力强产品简述AO-02氧传感器是一款用于检测氧气浓度的电化学传感器,接口型号为Molex3针接头,采用模制主体设计,具有响应快速和使用寿命长等特点。
应用范围AO-02氧传感器工作时无需外部电源,出厂时均经过专业准确的产品校准及温度补偿,适用于各类与氧气浓度检测相关的仪器中,被广泛应用于汽车、环保、煤矿、石油化工等领域,如:机动车尾气检测仪器、废气环保检测仪器、氧指数测试仪器、氧气报警器等。
图1.AO-02氧传感器1.传感器规格表1.AO-02技术指标1表格中未标注条件的参数是在推荐电路、20℃、50%RH、1013mbar以及氧气流量为100mL/min的条件下对传感器测量所得的结果。
技术指标概述了出厂后前三个月内提供的传感器的性能;2输出信号可能会随时间漂移到下限以下;3例如:氧传感器应用在20℃、50%O2条件下,则预期使用寿命为3.6×10550小时=7.2×103小时。
2.产品尺寸图图2.AO-02外形尺寸图(单位:mm,其余未标注公差:±0.2mm)3.安装与使用3.1安装要求安装传感器时,应用手拧紧并确保气密性良好。
不得使用扳手或类似的机械辅助工具,防止传感器螺纹因用力过大而损坏。
3.2储存与使用AO-02氧传感器在储存、安装和操作期间需避免暴露于高浓度的有机溶剂蒸汽中。
当使用带有印刷电路板(PCB)的传感器时,应在安装传感器之前使用脱脂剂清洗PCB,防止松香等助焊剂杂质挥发凝结堵塞氧传感器的透气膜。
禁止在传感器外壳上使用有机溶剂,因为溶剂可能会导致塑料龟裂。
3.3清洁如果传感器外壳受到污染,可以用蒸馏水清洗传感器并使其自然干燥。
不可以对传感器使用蒸汽灭菌,或长时间将传感器暴露于含有环氧乙烷、过氧化氢等化学药品的环境中。
3.4推荐电路图3.AO-02推荐应用电路图●将传感器的正负极引脚(Vsensor+与Vsensor-)短接,此时读取到的ADC 值(MUC_ADC )记作A 0;●将传感器置于空气中,此时读取的ADC 值记作A 1;●传将传感器置于待测环境中,此时读取的ADC 值记作A x ;●待测环境中氧气浓度的计算公式为:氧气浓度=(A x −A 0)×20.9(A 1−A 0)×100%3.5引脚定义图4.AO-02引脚定义图AO-02氧传感器接口型号为Molex 3针接头,图4中1号引脚为正极引脚,2、3号引脚为负极引脚。
氧传感器的介绍

a、b)结构 c)特性 1-TiO2氧传感器元件 2-壳体 3-绝缘体 4端子 5-陶瓷连结片 6-导线 7-TiO2热敏电 阻元件
氧分压如果偏离理论空燃比,则呈阶跃变化。所以利用测定的氧 气分压,即传感器的电阻变化,就能测得空燃比的偏离差值。与 空燃比相对应的传感器电阻值的变化特性如图1-89c所示,图中以 理论空燃比为界,电阻值产生跃变。 当周围气体介质中的氧元素多时,二氧化钛的电阻值增大;反之, 氧元素少时,电阻值减小。与氧化锆式氧传感器相同,由于在理 论空燃比附近电阻值急剧变化,故其输出电压也急剧变化。 二氧化钛式氧传感器的三个端子分别是基准电源、传感器输出端 和接地端。由于二氧化钛的电阻随温度变化,故串联热敏电阻后 具有温度补偿作用。在低温状态下,二氧化钛电阻值增大,影响 其正常的性能,为使其快速升温以活化其性能,可装有加热线圈。
对于稀薄混合气燃烧生成的排气,由于存在高浓度的O2与低浓度的CO, 即使CO与O2完全反应,也会有剩余的O2存在,故氧浓度比低,几乎不 产生电压。 此外,在接近理论空燃比的排气中,存在着低浓度的CO与O2,在铂表面 O2从与CO完全反应状态(CO过剩,O2为零),急剧向氧过剩状态(CO 为零,O2过剩)变化,氧浓度比也急剧变化,从而使电动势急剧变化, 图1-83b、c所示为氧化锆式氧传感器的输出特性。但上述特性只在温度 比较高的条件下才能充分体现出来,在低温时,这种特性会发生很大变 化,这时为了能够得到稳定的输出,应把氧传感器安装在不使温度降低 的位置,如可把图1-84所示的陶瓷加热器置于氧化锆元素的内侧,使氧 化锆氧传感器保持较高温度,这种方法已经实用化了。 图1-85a所示为氧化锆式氧传感器的空燃比反馈控制系统实例,在该系统 中,为对排气中的CO、HC、NOx三种成分同时获得高净化率,而采用了 三元催化剂。为使三元催化剂发挥最佳效果,必须在各种工况下,总是 使空燃比控制在理论值水平附近。因此,使用氧化锆式氧传感器来检测 排气中的氧浓度,通过发动机电控单元的反馈控制,即可实现控制空燃 比的反馈控制。
Oxymax W COS41 溶解氧传感器说明书

Brief Operating InstructionsOxymax W COS41Dissolved oxygen sensorThese instructions are Brief Operating Instructions.For detailed information, please read the Operating Instructions and the special instructions on the supplied CD-ROM.The complete device documentation comprises:•these Brief Operating Instructions•the Operating Instructions on the supplied CD-ROM•if necessary, certificates and calibration protocols (acc. to the version).KA284C/07/en/06.0571002048Table of contents Oxymax W COS41 Table of contents1 Safety instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 Designated use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Installation, commissioning and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Operational safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 Installation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Installation instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 Installation examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 Post installation check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1 Direct connection to the transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2 Connection via junction box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Commissioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Function check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.3 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Safety instructions1.1Designated useThe oxygen sensor is suitable for continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen in water.Typical applications are:•Measuring, monitoring and regulating the oxygen content in activated sludge basins.•Monitoring the oxygen content in the sewage treatment plant outlet.•Monitoring, measuring and regulating the oxygen content in public waters and fish farming water.•Monitoring of oxygen enrichment in drinking water.Any other use than the one described here compromises the safety of persons and the entire measuring system and is, therefore, not permitted.The manufacturer is not liable for damage caused by improper or non-designated use.1.2Installation, commissioning and operation•The device/measuring system may only be installed, connected, operated and maintained by trained technical personnel (e.g. certified electrician). The technical personnel must strictlyadhere to the Operating Instructions, prevailing standards, legal regulations and certificates(depending on application).•If the Brief Operating Instructions do not provide sufficient information, you must read theOperating Instructions. There, you can find detailed information on the device.2Endress+HauserOxymax W COS41InstallationEndress+Hauser 3•The operator may only perform modifications and repairs of the device/measuring system that are explicitly permitted in the Operating Instructions.•Do not operate damaged products and secure them against unintentional commissioning. Mark the damaged product as being defective.•If faults can not be rectified, the products must be taken out of service and secured against unintentional commissioning.1.3Operational safetyThe sensor has been designed and tested according to the state of the art and left the factory in perfect functioning order.Relevant regulations and European standards have been met.As the user, you are responsible for complying with the following safety conditions: •Installation instructions•Local prevailing standards and regulations."Caution!Pay attention to the technical data on the name plate!2Installation2.1Installation conditions2.1.1OrientationOther angles are not permitted. Do not install the sensor overhead.Fig. 1: Angle of installation ARecommended angle of installation: 0 ... 180 °Installation Oxymax W COS414Endress+Hauser2.1.2Mounting location•Select the installation location so that there is easy access for later calibration.•Make sure that upright posts and assemblies are secured safely and vibration-free.•For immersed operation in an activated sludge basin, select an installation location which produces a typical oxygen concentration.2.2Installation instructions2.2.1Installing a measuring point!Note!For immersed operation, install the individual modules away from the basin on a solid base. Only carry out the final installation at the intended installation location.For a complete installation of a measuring point, proceed as follows:1.Install a retractable or a flow assembly (if used) into the process.2.Connect the water supply to the rinse connections (if you use an assembly with cleaning function).3.Install and connect the oxygen sensor.4.Install an immersion or an suspension assembly (if used) into the process."Caution!•For immersed operation, the sensor must be installed in an immersion assembly (e.g. CYA611). Do not install the sensor suspended from the cable.•Screw the sensor into the assembly so that the cable is not twisted.•Avoid exerting excessive tensile force on the cable (e.g. from jerky pulling).•Select the installation location so that there is easy access for later calibration.#Warning!When using metallic assemblies and installation equipment, comply with national grounding regulations.Oxymax W COS41InstallationEndress+Hauser 52.3Installation examples2.3.1Immersion operationUniversal assembly holder and chain assemblyFig. 2: CYH101 with immersible pendulum assembly 1Weather protection cover2Upright post, square pipe SS AISI 3043Transverse pipe SS AISI 3044Star handle5Second fixing possibility for transverse pipe 6Immersion assembly CYA 611Fig. 3: Immersion assembly CYA 6111Protection cap2Worm drive hose clip3Pipe clips (detailed drawing in right half)4PVC pipe5Threaded couplingInstallation Oxymax W COS41 Universal assembly holder and fixed immersion assemblyFig. 4: Universal suspension assembly holder CYH101 with immersion assembly CYY1051Star handle2Pipe holder3Fixing bracket4Immersion assembly (= immersion tube)6Endress+HauserOxymax W COS41InstallationEndress+Hauser 7Basin rim mounting with immersion tubeFloating bodyFig. 5: Horizontal basin rim mounting 1Protection cover for cable entry 2Assembly holder3Immersion assembly SS 1.4301 (AISI 304)Fig. 6: Vertical basin rim mounting 4Basin rim mounting 5Star handleFig. 7: Floating body1234567Cable route with strain relief and rain protection Mounting ring for ropes and chains with locking screwLugs Ø15, 3 x 120 ° for anchoring Saltwater-resistant plastic floatPipe 40x1, stainless steel 1.4571 (AISI 316Ti)Shock absorber and weight Oxygen sensorInstallation Oxymax W COS418Endress+Hauser2.3.2Flow assembly2.4Post installation check•Check the membrane for leak tightness und replace it if necessary.•Sensor and cable undamaged?•Compliance with permissible sensor installation position?•Is the sensor installed in an assembly and is not suspended from the cable?•Avoid moisture by rain by fitting the protective cap to the immersion assembly?Fig. 8: Flow assembly COA250-B 1Screw-in part for sensor 2Screw ring 3Meter body4Connection thread G¾5Dummy plug (connection for spray head COR3)Fig. 9: Bypass installation1Main line 2Medium return 3Oxygen sensor4, 7Manually actuated or solenoid valves 5Flow assembly COA250-B 690 ° pipe bracket 8Medium removalOxymax W COS41WiringEndress+Hauser 93Wiring#Warning!•The electrical connection must only be carried out by a certified electrician.•Technical personnel must have read and understood the instructions in this manual and must adhere to them.•Ensure that there is no voltage at the power cable before beginning the connection work.3.1Direct connection to the transmitterThe sensor is connected using a special measuring cable (→å 10). The wiring diagram is contained in the Operating Instructions of the COM223/253-DX/DS transmitter.!Note!The interior white and yellow pilot wires have no function.Fig. 10: Special measuring cable CYK 71Terminal S 12909111AssignmentOuter shieldActive inner shield (NTC)Cathode AnodeNTC temperature sensorWiring Oxymax W COS413.2Connection via junction boxTo lengthen the sensor connection beyond the length of the fixed cable, you require a junction box VBM. The connection is lengthened to the transmitter using the special measuring cable CYK71.Fig. 11: Connection via junction box VBM1Sensor2Junction box3Extension cable4Transmitter10Endress+HauserOxymax W COS41CommissioningEndress+Hauser 114Commissioning 4.1Function checkBefore first commissioning, check if:•the sensor is correctly installed•the electrical connection is correct.If using an assembly with automatic cleaning, check the correct water connection at theassembly rinse connection.#Warning!Danger of medium leaking offBefore applying compressed air to an assembly with cleaning facility, make sure the connections are correctly fitted. Otherwise, the assembly may not be insert into the process.4.2PolarizationThe sensor was tested in the factory for perfect functionality and is supplied ready for operation.To prepare for calibration, proceed as follows:1.Remove the sensor protective cap.2.Place the externally dry sensor in atmospheric air. The air should be saturated with watervapour. Therefore, install the sensor as close to the water surface as possible. Whencalibrating the sensor membrane, make sure the membrane remains dry. Therefore, avoidany direct contact with the water surface.3.Connect the sensor to the transmitter and switch on the transmitter.4.Switch-on the transmitter.If you connect the sensor to the transmitter Liquisys M COM223/253, polarisation isautomatically performed after switching on the transmitter.5.The polarisation time takes about 1 hour.!Note! Polarisation starts high, then drops gradually. You will recognise the end of polarisation when the display stabilises and remains practically constant."Caution!•When you remove the sensor from the medium, protect the sensor from strong sunlight.•Make sure you comply with the instructions for commissioning and calibration in theOperating Instructions of the transmitter.4.3CalibrationCalibrate the sensor (calibration type "Air") immediately after it’s polarization.1.Remove the sensor from the medium.2.Clean the outside of the sensor with a damp cloth. Then dry the sensor membrane e.g.by using a tissue.3.If the sensor is removed from a closed pressure system with a process pressure greaterthan atmospheric pressure:–Open the membrane cap to equilibrate the pressure and clean the cap if necessary.–Replace the electrolyte filling and close the membrane cap again.–Wait for the polarisation time to end.4.Then wait while the sensor adjusts to the temperature of the ambient air. This takesabout 20 minutes. Check that the sensor is not in direct sunlight during this time.5.If the measured value display on the transmitter is stable, carry out the calibration inaccordance with the Operating Instructions of the transmitter.6.Place the sensor in the medium again.!Note!Make sure you comply with the instructions for calibration in the Operating Instructions of the transmitter./worldwideKA284C/07/en/06.05Printed in Germany / FM+SGML 6.0 /DT71002048。
氧传感器维修手册

发动机管理系统 维修手册(项目)
1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 5 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 8
零件名称
简图和针脚定义 简图 针脚定义
维修手册目录
工作原理 应用指南 安装注意事项 故障现象及简单判断 故障排查指导 P0030—上游氧传感器加热控制电路开路 P0031—上游氧传感器加热控制电路电压过低 P0032—上游氧传感器加热控制电路电压过高 P0036—下游氧传感器加热控制电路开路 P0037—下游氧传感器加热控制电路电压过低 P0038—下游氧传感器加热控制电路电压过高 P0053—上游氧传感器加热内阻不合理 P0054—下游氧传感器加热内阻不合理 P0130—上游氧传感器信号不合理 P0131—上游氧传感器信号电路电压过低 P0132—上游氧传感器信号电路电压过高 P0133—上游氧传感器老化 P0134—上游氧传感器电路信号故障 P0136—下游氧传感器信号不合理 P0137—下游氧传感器信号电路电压过低 P0138—下游氧传感器信号电路电压过高 P0140—下游氧传感器电路信号故障 附件
联合汽车电子有限公司 United Automotive Electronic Systems Co.,Ltd
发动机管理系统 维修手册(项目)
编号:2010-LSF- Manual
No.:
版本:01
Version:
编制日期:100705
Issued Date:
页数:第 7 页 共 27 页
Page of
是
检修ECU
否
诊断帮助
联合汽车电子有限公司 United Automotive Electronic Systems Co.,Ltd
一篇文章讲透氮氧传感器!

一篇文章讲透氮氧传感器!柴油车排放法规越来越严,而氮氧传感器作为后处理系统最贵的一个传感器,它是怎么工作的?出现故障后又该如何解决?今天我为大家详细讲解氮氧传感器的工作原理及故障。
一、传感器结构介绍目前氮氧化合物传感器只能用于测量出口NOx的值。
它通过车身总线与ECM通讯,同时在NOx传感器总成内部也有自诊断系统,传感器监测自身的工作情况并通过车身CAN总线向ECM汇报是否出现故障。
整个NOx传感器总成是一个零件!1.1. 氮氧传感器类型● 按品牌分类:潍柴、玉柴、锡柴、上柴、重汽、康明斯等等。
● 按供电电压分类: 24V跟12V两种。
● 按插头分类:五针和四针两种。
1.2. 氮氧传感器测量的参数及范围1.3.氮氧传感器结构组成氮氧化合物传感器由传感器探头、控制模块、连接插头和连接电缆组成。
1.4.传感器插头1.5.传感器探头1.6.HD、HF型探头内部结构1.7.Bc4型探头内部结构二、传感器工作测量原理2.1.监控诊断氮氧化合物传感器在正常工作后实时的把排气中NOx值传送到ECU。
ECU并不是通过监测实时的NOx值来判断排气是否合格,而是通过一套氮氧化物监测程序来对排气中的NOx值是否超标进行检测。
以下条件必须满足,以运行NOx监控● 没有冷却水温度传感器相关故障码● 没有环境压力传感器相关故障码● 冷却水温度高于70摄氏度● 海拔低于1600米● 在第一测量室内尾气中的氧气被泵出同时在铂金材料上HC, CO, H2 被氧化。
● 第二测量室中,NOx在催化材料上还原同时释放出O2。
● 测量第二测量室产生O2的量就代表了NOx含量。
2.2.氮氧化物监控-常规监控氮氧化物常规监控程序工作的条件为:● 计量喷射量在800 to 3800 ml/h 6cyl engine.600 to 3800 ml/h 4cy engine.● 发动机转速范围在1400 - 1700 rpm 6 cylinder engine.1400 – 1750 rpm 4 cylinder engine.● Nox传感器给出一个相对稳定的读值● 最少15秒钟稳定的喷油量● 以上条件满足后,ECU将进行两次采样,然后将两次采样的值平均,得到的平均值与设定好的限值进行比较。
氧传感器

氧传感器汽缸列1探针1没有激活汽缸列1探针1电路中的电气故障首先,我们先了解一下氧传感器的作用,其作用是测定废气中的氧含量,然后将检测的结果及时反馈给发动机的控制系统,以便使发动机控制系统不论发动机机械状态如何,都能有效地对燃料系统进行调控,把混合气的空燃比控制在理论空燃比附近很窄的范围内,使装有三元催化转换器的发动机达到最佳排气净化效果,其也被称为“λ”传感器,工作原理是用于比较空气中的氧含量和废气中的残余氧含量差值的变化,并反馈给发动机控制单元电压信号,供ECU作为空燃比修正值的参考信号。
当氧传器正常工作时,发动机进行闭环控制,若发动机控制单元检测到氧传感器故障后,发动机将转入开环控制。
了解了氧传感器的作用和工作原理后让我们来看一看哪里有问题会引起氧传器故障碍,氧传感器表面气孔阻塞,受到过度的热应力,工作温度太低,加热器不工作或连接电路出现故障,都会使氧传器的输入信号电压不变化或变化缓慢,发动机会出现怠速不稳定,油耗上升和排放超标等现象。
以上简单叙述了氧传感器的工作原理和作用及引发故障的原因,下面我们来具体分析一下16518和16514这两个故障代码出现后应如何分析和解决故障。
首先我们来认知一下带双氧传感器的车辆两个传感器的功用,气缸列1探针1即我们俗称的前氧传感器,其功用是主要检测混合气浓度并将检测的信号反馈给控制单元。
气缸列1探针2即我所说的后氧传感器其主要功用是用于测试催化净化效率,装在三元催化器后面,其电压值几乎不变,保持在0.6V左右。
前氧传为0-5V的变化区间,前氧传感器为“广域氧传感器”,我们来解释一下这个名词,广域氧传感器实际上是一个氧离子泵,根据氧离子在晶体中的流向,我们就可以知道混合气是稀或是浓。
两个界面的电子交换会产生一个电流,我们称之为泵电流。
这个泵电流与“λ”有一对一的对应关系,也就是说只要知道电流的大小,就能知道“λ”的值了。
当“λ”值为1.000时,泵电流为零;混合气浓时“λ”小于1.000泵电流为负:反之则为正。
氧传感器

谢谢观看!再见!
原理
氧传感器信号
空燃比14.7:1?
氧传感器高电平(浓)
空燃比14.7:1
喷油器减油 氧传感器低电平(稀)
喷油器增油氧化钛式源自相对于氧化锆型的氧传感器是以产生电压的讯 号,氧化钛(T氧化钛型氧传感器iO2)型则是利 用电阻的变化来判别其中的含氧量。 在某个温度以上钛与氧的结合微弱,在氧气极 少的情况下就必须放弃氧气,因此缺氧而形成 低电阻的氧化半导体。 相反的,若氧气较多,则形成高电阻的状态。 就像水温度传感器一样,有着电阻高低的变化 ,这时只要供给一参考电压,即可由电压来可 知冷却水的温度。
三元催化器
向ECU输送的电压信号曲线会发生偏移。诊断
用氧传感器(后氧)会检测三元催化器是否仍 然处于最佳工作状态。然后ECU就可计算出矫 正偏移所需的补偿量。 (图中3,4为诊断用氧 传感器)
全球几大主要知名氧传感器产家: 1、德国:博世(BOSCH) 2、日本:NGK-NTK 3、美国:德尔福(Delphi) 4、日本:电装(Denso)
排气管上
伸入排气管内
氧传感器分类
一、根据传感元件材料: 氧传感器有氧化锆和氧化钛型2种,其工作原理不同。目前,市场上的主要的氧 传感器都是锆系氧传感器,因为锆系氧传感器寿命较长,也相对稳定。
1.二氧化锆型(ZrO2) 锆元素工作特性: 氧化锆是具有传导氧离子能力的固体电解质,当温度达到300℃,氧化锆材料能够传
内部设计有加热器,可利用系统供电电压强制使氧传感器加速预热, 促使其快速反映,
及早实现系统的闭环控制。可以装配在距离发动机排气管远端。 三、根据功能或安装位置分类 控制用氧传感器: 俗称前氧,可单独测量发动 机燃烧废气中氧的浓度,生成电压信号反馈给 ECU以达到理想空燃比状态,安装在三元催化 器的上游位置。 (图中1,2为控制用氧传感器) 诊断用氧传感器:俗称后氧,安装在三元催化 器下游端。控制氧传感器(前氧)因老化,其
凯米斯 RDO-206 在线荧光溶解氧传感器 用户手册说明书

RDO-206Online Fluorescence Dissolved Oxygen Sensor User ManualYANTAI CHEMINS INSTRUMENT CO.,LTD.Tel:*************************E-mail:***********************************************Website:Address:No.15,Entrepreneurship Base,Development Zone,Zhaoyuan City,Shandong Province●Please read this manual in detail before using it and save it for reference.●Please abide by the operating procedures and matters needing attention in thismanual.●When receiving the instrument,please carefully open the package and checkwhether the instrument and accessories are damaged by shipping.If any damage is found,please inform the manufacturer and distributor immediately and keep the package for return for processing.●When the instrument fails,please do not repair it on your own,please contact themaintenance department of the manufacturer directly.ContentUser Notes (2)Ⅰ、Operational Principle (4)Ⅱ、Technical performance and specifications (4)1.Technical parameter (4)2.Dimensional drawing (5)Ⅲ、Installation and electrical connection (5)1.Install (5)2.Electrical connection (6)Ⅳ、Maintenance (6)1.Maintenance schedule and methodology (6)2.Frequently questions (7)3.Calibration of sensors (8)4.Points for attention (8)Ⅴ、Quality and service (8)1.Quality assurance (8)2.Spare parts and spare parts (9)3.After-sales service commitment (9)Appendix data communication (9)Ⅰ、Operational PrincipleRDO-206integrated on-line fluorescence dissolved oxygen sensor is designed and fabricated based on the quenching principle of excited fluorescence by specific substances in physics.The blue light emitted by the light emitting diode(LED)irradiates on the fluorescent substance on the inner surface of the fluorescent cap,and the fluorescent material on the inner surface is excited and emits red light.by detecting the phase difference between the red light and the blue light and comparing it with the internal calibration value,the concentration of oxygen molecules is calculated, and the final value is automatically compensated by temperature.●No electrolyte is required and will not be polarized.●No oxygen consumption,not affected by flow rate.●Built-in temperature sensor,automatic temperature compensation.●Free from interference by chemicals such as sulfides●Small drift,rapid reaction,more accurate measurement.●Maintenance-free,long service cycle,lower cost of use.●Simple replacement of fluorescent capⅡ、Technical performance and specifications1.Technical parameterModel RDO-206MeasuringFluorescence methodprincipleRange ability0~20mg/L(0≤200%saturation)Resolution ratio0.01mg/L,0.1℃Precision±2%F.S.,±0.5℃Temperaturecompensation Automatic temperature compensation(Pt1000)Output mode RS-485bus,Modbus-RTU protocolWorkingconditions0~45℃、<0.2MPaStoragetemperature-5~65℃Installation mode Immersion mountingCable length5meters,other lengths customizablePower<0.5WdissipationSource12~24VDC±10%levels ofIP68protectionCalibration Two-point calibrationFluorescent capGuaranteed use for one year(under normal use)lifeSensor shellPOM and316L stainless steelmaterial2.Dimensional drawingⅢ、Installation and electrical connection1.InstallThe temperature induction part should be immersed below the liquid level to avoid collidingwith the surface of the film head.The attachment of sediment should be avoided in the part of membrane head.2.Electrical connection●Red wire-power cord(12~24V)●Black wire-ground wire(GND)●Blue Line-485A●White Line-485B●Bare wire-shield layerAfter the wiring is completed,it should be carefully checked to avoid the wrong connection before the power is turned on.Cable specification:Considering that the cable is immersed in water(including sea water)or exposed to air for a long time,the cable has a certain corrosion resistance.All interfaces of cable outer diameterΦ6mm,have been waterproof.Ⅳ、Maintenance1.Maintenance schedule and methodology1.1Maintenance scheduleDifferent from the dissolved oxygen probe technology of electrochemical principle,the fluorescence dissolved oxygen probe does not consume oxygen and does not need to be cleaned frequently(except when it is used in viscous liquid).Maintenance task Recommended maintenance frequencyCleaning sensor Wash every30daysCheck for damage to sensors andfluorescent caps Check every30daysReplace the fluorescent cap Replace it once a yearCalibrate sensors(if required by the competent authority))According to the maintenance schedule required by the competent departmentNote:The maintenance frequency in the above table is only recommended,and the maintenance personnel shall clean the sensor according to the actual use of the sensor;however,the replacement frequency of the fluorescent cap is recommended once a year.1.2Maintenance methodSensor outer surface:clean the outer surface of the sensor with tap water,if there is still debris residue,wipe with wet soft cloth,for some stubborn dirt,you can add some household washing liquid to tap water to clean.a)External surface of fluorescent cap:remove the protective cover at the front end of the sensor,rinse the dirt on the optical window of the sensor with clean water,and finally cover the cover;If wiping is required,please use a soft cloth and take care of force and force direction;If the fluorescent film layer is scratched,the sensor will not work properly.b)Inner surface of fluorescent cap:if water vapor or dust invades the inside of fluorescent cap, the cleaning steps are as follows:●Remove the fluorescent cap;●Rinse the inner surface of the fluorescent cap with tap water;●For dirt containing fat and oil,clean with warm water with household washing fluid;●Rinse the inner surface of a fluorescent cap with deionized water;●Gently dry all surfaces with a clean velvet-free cloth and put it in a dry place for the moisture to evaporate completely.c)Check the cable of the sensor:the cable should not be tightened when it is working properly, otherwise it is easy to break the wire inside the cable and cause the sensor to fail to work properly.d)Check that the shell of the sensor is damaged by corrosion or other causes.e)Daily preservation of fluorescent caps:when not in use,put in a shield with a wet sponge to keep the sensor moist for a long time.If the head of the sensor fluorescent cap is dry for a long time, it will produce the drift of the measurement results and need to be immersed in water for48hours before use.2.Frequently questionsWrong Probable cause SolutionThe operating interface cannot connect or does not display the measurementresults Error connecting controllerto cableReconnect the controller and cable Cable failure Please contact us.The fluorescent cap is nottightened or damagedRefit and tighten the fluorescentcap or replace the fluorescentcap.The measured value is too high,too low,or the numerical value remainsunstable.The outer surface of thefluorescent cap is attachedto the outer objectClean the outer surface of thefluorescent cap and stir theprobe during measurement The fluorescent cap wasdamagedReplace the fluorescent cap The fluorescent cap hasexceeded its service lifeThe temperaturemeasurement value is beyond the range of measurement or there is a reading disorder code.The temperature sensor isattached to the foreignobject.Gently brush the attachment with asoft brush3.Calibration of sensorsa)Zero calibrationweighing2g of sodium sulfite by a balance,adding98mL of water into a250-mLmeasuring cylinder,pouring the water into a beaker,adding the sodium sulfite which hasbeen weighed,stirring with a glass rod,dissolving,and obtaining a solution of2%sodiumsulfite,putting the sensor in a solution,And the zero point calibration is carried out afterthe three-minute numerical stability is stable.Refer to the Appendix to the instructionsb)Slope calibrationThe sensor probe is placed in air saturated water and the slope is calibrated after3minutes of numerical stability.The instructions refer to the appendix.c)Preparation of air saturated water:add2%3volume fresh distilled water to the constanttemperature water bath to float the porous plastic sheet on the water surface(see figurebelow).At the same time,the bubbler(air pump)is used to aerate the water continuouslyfor more than1hour,stop aeration,and get air saturated water after20minutes or so.Put the sensor into the water and calibrate the slope after the numerical value is stable.Note:as an option,slope calibration can also be performed in water-saturated air.Put thesensor in a calibration bottle with a small amount of water(the probe is higher than the water surface2-3mm)to ensure that the sensor film cap remains wet but has no water droplets,and the calibration slope is calibrated after3minutes of numerical stability.4.Points for attention●Avoid sun exposure to the inner surface of the fluorescent cap.●Please don't touch the fluorescent film with your hands.●Measuring and calibrating the surface of fluorescent film to avoid attaching bubbles.●Avoid directly applying any mechanical stress(pressure,scratches,etc.)to the fluorescent film in use.Ⅴ、Quality and service1.Quality assurance●The quality inspection department has a standard inspection procedure,with advanced and complete detection equipment and means,and according to the procedure inspection,the product is subjected to72-hour aging experiment and stability experiment,so that anon-conforming product is not allowed to leave the factory.●The consignee shall refund directly the product batches with a failure rate of2%,and all expenses incurred shall be borne by the supplier.Consider the standard reference to the product description provided by the supplier.●Ensure the quantity of goods and the speed of shipment.2.Spare parts and spare partsThis product includes:●1sensor●1copy of the manual●1certificate3.After-sales service commitmentThe company provides after-sales service for this machine within one year from the date of sale,but does not include the damage caused by improper use.If you need to repair or adjust, please send it back,but the freight must be borne by yourself,and it is necessary to make sure that the packing is good to avoid damage in transit.We will repair the damage of the instrument free of charge.Appendix data communication1.Data formatThe default data format for Modbus communication is:9600,n,8,1(baud rate9600bps,1 start bit,8data bits,no check,1stop bit).rmation frame format(xx stands for one byte)a)Read data instruction frame0603xx xx xx xx xx xx Address FC Register start address Number of registers CRC check code(low bytes in front)b)Read data response frame0603xx xx……xx xx xx Address FC Number of bytes Response data CRC check code(low bytes in front)c)Write data instruction frame0606xx xx xx xx xx xxAddress FC Register address Read-in data CRC check code(low bytes in front)d)Data response frame0606xx xx xx xx xx xxAddress FC Register address Read-in data CRC check code(low bytes before)3.Register addressRegister address Name InstructionNumber of registersAccess method44353(0x1100)Switch machineBoot write data 1,shut down write data 0.The power on defaults to the boot state.1(2bytes)write40001(0x0000)Measured value+temperature Four double-byte integers,measured,measured decimal,temperature decimal places,respectively,measured,decimal places.4(8bytes)read40005(0x0004)Dissolvedoxygen saturation (0-200%)Two double-byte integers,saturation values and decimal places,respectively.2(4bytes )read44097(0x1000)Zero calibration Calibrated in anoxic water,writing data 0;readout datazero offset.1(2bytes )Write /read 44101(0x1004)Slope calibrationCalibrate in air-saturated water,write data to 0,read data to slope value ×1000.1(2bytes )Write /read44113(0x1010)temperature correctionIn the solution,the writtendata is the actualtemperature value ×10,and the readout data is the temperature calibrationoffset ×10.1(2bytes))Write /read44129(0x1020)Salinity compensationThe read /write data is salt value (PSU)×10,which isused for salinity compensation,and the factory default is 0,no salinity compensation.。
DOE-45PA 溶解氧传感器说明书

DOE-45PA Dissolved Oxygen SensorTABLE OF CONTENTSPart 1 - Introduction (3)Figure 1-1 D.O. SYSTEM DIAGRAM WITH SUBMERSIBLE SENSOR (3)Part 2 – Electrical Connection (4)Figure 2-1SUBMERSIBLE SENSOR WIRING DIAGRAM (4)2.1 D.O. SENSOR ASSEMBLY (5)Figure 2-2SUBMERSIBLE D.O. SENSOR ASSEMBLY (5)Figure 2-3SUBMERSIBLE D.O. SENSING MODULE ASSEMBLY (6)Part 3 - Maintenance (8)3.1Sensor Maintenance (8)3.2LEAD ANODE REPLACEMENT (9)D.O. SOLUBILITY VS. TEMPERATURE (10)SPARE PARTS (11)Part 1 - IntroductionA new modular dissolved oxygen sensor is now being supplied for replacement and upgrade of DOTX-45 D.O. monitoring systems. The new sensor provides the advantages of the original modular sensor with the economy of a rebuildable module that greatly reduces the operating cost of the system.The new sensor is designed to interface with the DOTX-45 transmitter electronics without adjustment. All that’s required is to remove the original DOE-45P sensor from it’s mounting assembly and install the new sensor in its place. On units with software version V2.05 or earlier, Tear Diagnostics should be turned OFF. Figure 1 below shows the typical installation of this sensor with the DOTX-45 monitor.Operation of the DOTX-45 monitoring system does not change. Refer to your DOTX-45 manual for instructions on calibrating the system once installation of the sensor is complete.Figure 1-1 D.O. SYSTEM DIAGRAM WITH SUBMERSIBLE SENSORPart 2 – Electrical ConnectionThe replacement sensor has the same number of wire connections as the original sensor but the color code is slightly different. Figure 2 and Figure 3 shows the proper connection of the sensor to the transmitter. Note that the new sensor no longer contains a yellow conductor. This has been replaced with either a brown or an orange conductor.Figure 2-1 SUBMERSIBLE SENSOR WIRING DIAGRAM2.1 D.O. SENSOR ASSEMBLYThe oxygen sensor is shipped dry. It will not operate until it is prepared by adding electrolyte and a membrane. Preparation of the sensor for operation must be done carefully. The procedure should be done by a qualified technician, and it should only be done when the system is ready for operation. Until then, it is best to leave the sensor in the condition in which it is received.Submersible oxygen sensors are made up of two separate parts, a submersionholder that also contains the temperature compensating element and a sensingmodule. The sensing module screws into the holder, with an o-ring providing awater tight connection. Figure 2-2 below shows the assembly.Figure 2-2 SUBMERSIBLE D.O. SENSOR ASSEMBLYSensing modules contain the main measuring components, and are the main component requiring service. Figure 5-2 below shows an exploded view of theD.O. sensing module.Figure 2-3 SUBMERSIBLE D.O. SENSING MODULE ASSEMBLYFollow the procedure below to prepare the D.O. sensing module for operations:1. Unscrew the electrolyte canister from the assembled module and also remove thevent screw from the side of the body.2. Remove the membrane cap from the bottom of the canister and discard theprotective membrane. O-rings are contained in grooves on both the bottom and top of the canister. Be sure that these o-rings remain in place.3. From the package of membranes supplied with the sensor, place a new membraneinto the membrane cap. The membrane is the clear plastic disk and is separated from other membranes by a paper spacer.4. Screw the membrane cap onto the canister until you feel the o-ring compress. Handtight compression is all that is needed. Do not use tools to tighten. The membrane should be flat across the bottom of the canister without wrinkles.5. Fill the canister with electrolyte until the level reaches the bottom of the internalthreads in the canister.6. Slowly screw the canister onto the sensor body. A small amount of electrolyte willrun out of the hole from which the vent screw was removed. Place a paper towel around the sensor to absorb the electrolyte overflow. The electrolyte is slightlycaustic and should be rinsed off of skin if contact occurs. Tighten the canister until the o-ring at the top of the canister is compressed. Once again, do not use tools to tighten.7. Shake excess electrolyte from the vent hole on the side of the sensor and replacethe vent screw.The sensing module is now ready for operation. The membrane should be stretched tightly across the tip of the sensor.CAUTION: When handling the assembled sensor, do not set the sensor on its tip or damage to the membrane will result. Severe impacts on the tipof the sensor from dropping or other misuse may cause permanentdamage to the sensor.Part 3 - MaintenanceThe DOE-45 Dissolved Oxygen Monitor will generally provide unattended operation over long periods of time. With proper care, the system should continue to provide measurements indefinitely. For reliable operation, maintenance on the system must be done on a regular schedule. Keep in mind that preventive maintenance on a regular schedule is much less troublesome than emergency maintenance that always seems to come at the wrong time.3.1 Sensor MaintenanceVirtually all of the maintenance required for operation of the D.O. Monitor is sensor related. The electronics are generally trouble free. They are burned in at the factory and will likely have a problem only if random component failure occurs.Sensor maintenance is required for accurate measurements. The primary requirement is simply to keep the sensor membrane clean. The membrane is a polymer material that is resistant to anything that will be encountered in water streams. However, deposits or biological growth can form on the surface of the membrane, and these deposits will reduce the sensitivity to oxygen. Normally, these coatings can be removed by simply wiping the membrane with a soft cloth or paper towel.Should a coating form on the membrane that does not wipe off, it is best to change the membrane. Chemical cleaning may work as well, but a new membrane is a more reliable solution. To change a membrane, follow the Sensor Assembly procedure in this manual. Do not reuse the electrolyte from the sensor when changing a membrane. Always refill with fresh electrolyte. The electrolyte is stable and does not have a limited shelf life.Even if no buildup is apparent on the membrane, it should be changed on a regular schedule. The recommended membrane change interval is every 6 months. The actual membrane life is often in excess of one year, but periodic preventive maintenance will simply avoid having to do service on an emergency basis.While the sensor is disassembled for membrane changing, examine the condition of the o-rings on both ends of the electrolyte canister. If the o-rings show any signs of damage, replace them with new ones from the spare parts kit. It is good practice to change these o-rings once a year, regardless of their condition.3.2 LEAD ANODE REPLACEMENTGalvanic D.O. sensors consume the lead electrode during normal operation. As oxygen is measured, lead is converted to lead oxide, and after a period of time, the lead is expended. The lead electrode in Omega’s D.O. sensor can be easily replaced, and replacement should be done automatically every 12 months.The lead electrode is the thick lead wire wrapped around the sensor body see Figure 4. It is connected through a stainless steel post with a nut and star washer. To change the lead electrode, remove the nut and washer and unwrap the old lead. Loop the end of a new lead electrode around the post and replace the nut and washer. Tighten the nut firmly but do not over tighten as damage to the sensing module can result. Wrap the remainder of the lead around the sensor body. There is no need to secure the other end of the lead.D.O. SOLUBILITY VS. TEMPERATURETEMP. D.O.TEMP. D.O.0 (32) 14.62 26 (79) 8.111 (34) 14.22 27 (81) 7.972 (36) 13.83 28 (83) 7.833 (37) 13.46 29 (84) 7.694 (39) 13.11 30 (86) 7.565 (41) 12.77 31 (88) 7.436 (43) 12.45 32 (90) 7.307 (45) 12.14 33 (92) 7.188 (46) 11.84 34 (93) 7.069 (48) 11.56 35 (95) 6.9510 (50) 11.29 36 (97) 6.8411 (52) 11.03 37 (99) 6.7312 (54) 10.78 38 (101) 6.6213 (55) 10.54 39 (102) 6.5114 (57) 10.31 40 (104) 6.4115 (59) 10.08 41 (106) 6.3116 (61) 9.87 42 (108) 6.2117 (63) 9.66 43 (110) 6.1218 (64) 9.47 44 (111) 6.0219 (66) 9.28 45 (113) 5.9320 (68) 9.10 46 (115) 5.8421 (70) 8.91 47 (117) 5.7422 (72) 8.74 48 (119) 5.6523 (73) 8.58 49 (120) 5.5624 (75) 8.42 50 (122) 5.4825 (77) 8.26SPARE PARTSPART NO. DESCRIPTIONDOE-45PA Submersible D.O. Sensor with 30’ cableDOE-45PA -SM Submersible D.O. sensing moduleDOE-45PA -SE Submersible D.O. sensing element bodyDOE-45PA -SH Submersible D.O. Sensing Holder Assembly with 30’cableDOE-45PA -EC Electrolyte chamberDOE-45PA -MH Membrane holder, type 316 stainless steelDOE-45PA -RLE Replacement lead electrodeDOE-45PA -RM* Membranes, 5 mil., pkg. of 10DOE-45PA -SP * Spare Parts Kit, screw & o-ringDOE-45PA -DOE * D.O. electrolyte, 4 oz (120 cc)Note: I nstrument is supplied with sufficient spare parts for 6-12 months of operation.For 2 year spare parts inventory, 3 each of the items marked with an asterisk (*) should be ordered.M-3694/0509。
车用NOx氮氧传感器介绍详解

11
3.5 半导体气体传感器优缺点
氧化物半导体NOx传感器优缺点:
优点:敏感性好,掺杂三价元素(Al,Bi,Ga,In)时,对NOx显 示出可靠的选择性。 缺点:无法完全过滤其它气体,稳定性不好。
改进方法:
以氧化物为基体,掺杂某些特定金属制成半导体传感器。如TiO2, WO3,AlVO4等,提高选择性和稳定性。
12
3.6 非电阻式半导体气体传感器
非电阻式半导体气体传感器是MOS二极管式和结型二极管式以及场 效应管式(MOSFET)半导体气体传感器。其电流或电压随着气体含量 而变化,主要检测氢和硅烧气等可燃性气体。(略)
13
目录
1. NOx气体传感器技术要求 2. NOx气体传感器分类 3. 半导体气体传感器 4. 固体电解质气体传感器 5. 电化学型气体传感器 6. 新型气体传感器
图示为烧结体N型半导体的模型(左)。晶粒间界有较高的电阻,晶粒内部电 阻较低。该模型可简化为仅由颈部等效电阻Rn串联而成的等效电路(右)
10
3.4 电阻型半导体NOx传感器特性参 数
名称 固有电阻
气体灵敏度
分辨率(选择 系数)
响应时间
符号 Ra S
K
T1
恢复时间
T2
初期稳定时间 T3
加热功率
PH
定义
铂电极
(2) 极限电流型
敏感电极:NO2+2e=NO+O2参考电极:2O2--4e=O2
17
4.3 氧化锆固体电解质传感器分类(2)
(3) 阻抗谱型:
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4.4 阻抗谱型NOx传感器检测机 理
在YSZ 电解质与敏感电极界面上发生了 如下的阴极反应:
NO2+4e → N2+2O2- (1) 或NO2+2e → NO+O2- (2)
bosch氧传感器试验标准_解释说明

bosch氧传感器试验标准解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述首先,引言部分旨在为读者提供对于本文主题的背景和概要。
本文将讨论bosch 氧传感器的试验标准,并解释说明其重要性和制定过程。
而bosch氧传感器作为一种重要的汽车零部件,在车辆的排放控制和燃油经济性方面起着关键作用。
了解和掌握bosch氧传感器试验标准是确保其性能和质量的关键步骤。
1.2 文章结构本文分为五个主要部分,即引言、正文、bosch氧传感器试验标准解释说明、结论以及参考文献。
其中,正文部分将对引言进行扩展,并详细介绍bosch氧传感器的工作原理和特点。
随后,我们将深入探讨bosch氧传感器试验标准的制定过程,并总结该标准的重要性和意义。
最后,在结论部分,我们将展望未来研究和应用,并提出相关建议。
1.3 目的通过这篇文章,我们旨在增加对于bosch氧传感器试验标准的理解,并强调其在汽车行业中的重要性。
同时,我们将详细解释bosch氧传感器的工作原理和特点,以帮助读者更好地了解其功能和作用。
通过探讨bosch氧传感器试验标准的制定过程,我们希望读者能够认识到这一标准的科学性和严谨性,并明确其对于汽车排放控制方面的重要作用。
最后,在结论部分,我们将对bosch氧传感器试验标准的意义进行总结,并提出未来研究和应用方面的展望和建议。
以上就是“1. 引言”部分内容的详细说明。
2. 正文正文部分将重点讨论与bosch氧传感器试验标准相关的信息。
下面将详细介绍该传感器的功能、应用以及其重要性。
Bosch氧传感器是一种广泛应用于内燃机和车辆尾气控制系统中的关键元件。
它们的主要功能是测量排放气体中氧气含量,并通过这些数据来调整发动机燃料供应,以实现更高效且环保的燃烧过程。
因此,bosch氧传感器对于车辆的性能和排放控制具有至关重要的作用。
了解bosch氧传感器的工作原理和特点对于进一步理解其试验标准至关重要。
该传感器使用基于固体电解质原理设计,其内部包含一个由钢网或陶瓷材料组成的电极,该电极沉浸在被测排放物质中,并与周围空气隔离。
广州奥松 AO-07氧气传感器产品手册说明书

Oxygen Sensor Product ManualAO-07Features•Meets ISO 80601-2-55•Linear output from 0% to 100%•No external power supply •Temperature compensation •Excellent signal stability•Accurate and reliable•Fast response•Anti-interference•Long lastingSummaryAO-07 is the oxygen sensor of Aosong Electronics.Offering long life and fast response, the high quality AO-07 replacement sensor incorporates a molded body design, specific for medical use. Best of all, the AO-07 costs less than the sensors it replaces, creating additional saving while providing superior quality. For further information on the AO-07 or any product in ASAIR’s complete line of medical oxygen analyzers and sensors, contact us.ApplicationsAO-07 Medical Oxygen Sensors are intended as oxygen-sensing component of an oxygen analyzer that measures oxygen concentration in breathing gas mixtures in the following applications:Sensing device for oxygen in• control device of oxygen concentrators• medical ventilators• anaesthesia equipment• incubators.The use is limited to system monitoring. The sensors are not suited for breath by breath analysis of breath gases. Please refer to the Instructions for Use. To avoid cross infection, please strictly follow the instructions of the oxygen analyzer manufacturer.1Technical SpecificationsNote:① Specifications are based on measurements made with cylinder gases using a flow rate of 100 mls/min and are valid at 20°C, 50% RH and 1013 mBar, using recommended circuitry.② Performance characteristics outline the performance of sensors supplied within the first 3 months.③ Output signal can drift below the lower limit over time.④ Use of a regression coefficient shows a best fit straight line better than 0.9995 when measured through the four data points from testing with 100%N2、21%O2、60%O2 and 100%O2.⑤ Connection should be made via recommended mating parts only. Soldering to the sensor will damage it and invalidate the warranty.2Product Dimensions(unit:mm)AO-07 outline dimensions3Installation and Use3.1Installation requirementsAO-07 is designed for operation in a wide range of environments and harsh conditions. However, it is important that exposure to high concentrations of solvent vapours is avoided, both during storage, fitting into instruments and operation.When using sensors with printed circuit boards (PCBs), degreasing agents should be used before thesensor is fitted(Clean the PCB to prevent rosin and other flux impurities from volatilizing and condense and block the oxygen sensor breathable membrane). Do not glue directly on or near the AO-07 as the solventmay cause crazing of the plastic.3.2Stabilisation TimeAllow at least 15 minutes to stabilise in the instrument before calibration or refer to manufacturersinstructions.3.3CleaningIn case of contamination the sensor may be cleaned with distilled water and allowed to dry naturally.The sensor is not suitable for sterilisation by steam or exposure to chemicals such as ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide.3.4Calibration IntervalThese sensors are designed to have minimal drift over their useful lifetime. For maximum accuracyhowever they should be calibrated before each use.3.5If the Sensor is DroppedIf a sensor is dropped, then it should be placed in quarantine for 24 hours and a follow-up check made bya 2 point calibration.3.6Mechanical InstallationWhen installing the sensor, it must only be screwed in hand-tight and a gas tight seal ensured. Spanners and similar mechanical aids may not be used, as excessive force may damage the sensor thread.3.7Cross Sensitivity4Warnings and Precautions4.1It is the responsibility of the user to determine the suitability for use of the sensor. Follow theinstructions for use of the oxygen analyzer and for replacement of oxygen sensor.4.2To ensure the normal operation of the instrument using the sensor, it is required to confirm thefunction of the sensor by exposure to the target gas before each use of the sensor or instrument.Failure to perform such tests may endanger the safety of people and property.4.3The sensor contains lead and corrosive liquid, please do not open the case or penetrate thepermeable membrane, do not touch the damaged sensor without protective gloves, in case of leakage, avoid contact with eyes.4.4The sensor is not suited for use in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environment.4.5Do not use this product for applications that may cause personal injury (including death). Do notuse this product for products other than the intended use and authorized use.4.6Please consult the data sheet and product manual carefully. Failure to follow these instructionsmay result in death or serious injury.4.7For any application using this product, expressly reject any responsibilities, including but notlimited to consequential or incidental compensation.。
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汽车氧传感器手册倍速智能氧传感器部门制作2015年8月目录INDEX一、什么是汽车氧传感器二、汽车氧传感器的作用三、汽车氧传感器的分类四、汽车氧传感器易出现的问题五、汽车氧传感器的维修保养六、汽车氧传感器的市场状况一、什么是汽车氧传感器汽车氧传感器也称气体浓度传感器,一般安装在排气歧管、前排气管内、后排气管上,是发动机电控系统中一个非常重要的的传感器,其功能是通过监测排气中氧离子的含量来获得混合气的空燃比信号,并将空燃比信号转变成电子信号输入发动机ECU。
ECU根据氧传感器信号对喷油时间进行修正,实现空燃比反馈控制(闭环控制),从而将空燃比控制在14.7左右(过量空气系数为0.98~1.02),使发动机得到最佳浓度的混合气,从而达到降低有害气体排放和节油的目的。
二、汽车氧传感器的作用汽车氧传感器对汽车电喷系统的正常工作起着非常重要的作用。
汽车电子控制燃油喷射发动机正常运转和尾气排放的有效控制起着至关重要的作用,一旦氧传感器及其连接线路出现故障,不但会使排放超标,还会使发动机工况恶化,导致怠速熄火、发动机运转失准等各种故障。
因此,适时地对氧传感器进行监测和观察,对保证汽车在良好状态下运行很重要。
三、汽车氧传感器的分类目前,汽车发动机燃油喷射系统采用的氧传感器分为氧化锆型传感器和氧化钛型传感器俩中。
氧化锆型传感器又分为加热型和非加热型,氧化钛型传感器一般都为加热型。
由于氧化锆型传感器价格便宜,且不易受到硅离子的腐蚀,因此大多汽车都采用氧化锆型传感器。
氧化锆和氧化钛等敏感材料在高温时与废气中的氧发生反应,输出微弱的电压信号。
随着废气中含氧量的不同,产生和输出的电压值不同,从而对废气中氧的含量进行监测。
以氧化锆式传感器为例,传感器内侧通大气,外侧暴露在排气管中,高温时(400℃以上),若氧化锆内表面处气体中所含氧的浓度,与外表面处气体所含氧的浓度有很大差别,氧化锆元件内、外侧两极间就产生一个电压。
当混合气浓度较稀时,排气中氧的含量较高,传感器元件内、外侧浓度差别很小,氧化锆传感器产生的电压低(接近0伏);反之,混合气过浓,在排气中几乎没有氧,传感器内、外两侧氧的浓度相差很大,氧化锆元件就产生高电压(约1.0伏)。
这样,通过监测废气中氧的含量,进而监测到可燃混合气中空气与汽油浓度的比例变化。
ECU就可以根据氧气浓度的大小,决定混合气体的配比。
废气中氧气浓度高。
废气中氧气的百分比很大时,ECU将据此判定空燃比大,即混合气很稀。
ECU内氧传感器不断得到空燃比的信息,并要据实际空燃比操纵EBCU(电控进气阀)调节进入化油器进气口的空气量。
如果混合气太浓,就允许较多空气进入,使其变稀:如果混合气太稀,就允许较少空气进入,使其变浓些。
如此往复循环,ECU以这种方式,不断地增减空燃比,使实际空燃比接近理论空燃比。
氧化锆传感器基本结构。
氧化锆型传感器的结构主要由钢质护管、钢制壳体、锆管、加热元件、电极引线、防水护管、线束插头等组成,如图。
图氧化锆式氧传感器的结构1一防护置;2一氧化锆体;3一壳体;4~输出接头;5一外套;6一导线;7一电动势;8一大气一侧的白金电极;9一固态电解质(氧化锆元素);10一排气一侧的白金电极锆管是在二氧化锆固体粉末中添加电解质,经过加压成形,再烧结而成的,其加工工艺与火花塞绝缘体的加工工艺完全相同。
锆管制作成试管形状,以便氧离子能均匀地扩散与渗透。
高管的内表面通进气,外表面同排气。
高管强度很低,而且安装在排气管上承受排气压力冲击,为了防止其受排气压力冲击而破碎,因此将锆管装在钢制护管内。
护管上有若干个小孔,以便排气流通。
在钢质壳体上只有六角螺母和螺纹,以便安装和拆卸。
低挡轿车大都采用非加热型氧传感器,其线束插头只有一个或俩个接线端子;中高档轿车采用加热型氧传感器,其线束插头有三个或四个接线端子。
加热元件采用陶瓷制成,设在锆管内侧,由汽车电源通入电流进行加热。
氧化锆型传感器在300℃以上的环境时,才能输出稳定信号电压,加热的目的是保证低温(排气温度在150℃~200℃以下)时传感器能投入工作,从而减少有害气体的排量。
氧化钛传感器基本结构。
氧化钛传感器是利用二氧化钛作为敏感元件,二氧化钛属于N型半导体材料,其阻值取决于材料温度以及周围环境中的氧离子的浓度,因此可以用来检测排气中的氧离子的浓度。
基本结构。
氧化钛型传感器的外形与氧化锆型传感器相似,其结构主要由二氧化锆传感器元件、钢制壳体、加热元件和电极引线等组成。
钢制壳体上制有螺纹,以便传感器安装。
与氧化锆型传感器不同的是,氧化钛型传感器不需要与大气进行氧气浓度比较,因此传感元件的密封与防水十分简单,利用玻璃或滑石粉等材料即可达到使用要求。
此外,在电极引线与护套之间设有一个硅橡胶密封衬垫,可以防止水汽侵入传感器内部而腐蚀电极。
加热元件用钨丝或陶瓷材料制成,加热的目的此是使二氧化钛芯温度度保持恒定,使输出特性不受温度的影响。
二氧化钛是一种多孔性的陶瓷材料,可以利用热传导方式对芯或厚膜直接加热,达到规定温度600℃的加热时间短,对降低发动机刚刚起动后HC的排放量十分有利。
氧化钛传感器工作原理。
二氧化钛半导体材料的电阻具有随氧离子浓度变化而变化得特性,因此,二氧化钛传感器的信号源相当于一个可变电阻。
当发动机的可燃混合气浓时,燃烧不完全,排气中氧剩余很少,传感元件周围的氧离子浓度较小,二氧化钛呈高阻状态,输出高电平。
与此同时在铂的催化作用下,使剩余氧离子与排气中的一氧化碳产生化学反应,生成二氧化碳,将排气中的一氧化碳进一步消耗,从而大大提高传感器的灵敏度。
当发动机的可燃混合气稀时,排气中的氧离子较多,传感元件周围的氧离子浓度较大,二氧化钛呈低阻状态,输出低电平。
可见,氧化钛传感器的电阻将在混合气空燃比等于1是产生突变。
当给氧传感器施加稳定的电压时,在其输出端便可得到一个交替变化的信号。
该稳定电压一般由ECU内部的稳定电源提供。
四、汽车氧传感器易出现的问题氧传感器是在高温环境下工作的,汽车行驶十万公里就应该更换之。
氧传感器的主要损坏形式有两种,一种是被碳粒堵塞,电子控制器(ECU)会发出减少喷油量的指令,使混合气过稀;第二种是尘土和机油堵塞氧传感器与大气的通孔,电子控制器又会指示喷油器多喷油,引起混合气过浓。
如果使用了含铅汽油或者发动机在维修时使用了不合要求的硅密封胶,还会造成氧传感器早期损坏。
具体情况如下:1.铅中毒铅中毒:使用了含铅汽油的车辆,铅会沾附、沉积在传感器的工作面而发生铅“中毒”。
使用含铅汽油的车辆,即使是新的氧传感器,也只能正常行驶几千公里。
如果只是轻微的铅中毒,接着使用不含铅的汽油,可清除氧传感器表面的铅,使其恢复正常工作。
但往往由于过高的排气温度,而使铅侵入其内部,阻碍了氧离子的扩散,使氧传感器失效,这时就只能更换了。
2硅中毒硅中毒:一般来说,汽油和润滑油中含有的硅化合物燃烧后生成的二氧化硅,硅橡胶密封垫圈使用不当散发出的有机硅气体,都会使氧传感器失效,因而要使用质量好的燃油和润滑油。
修理时要正确选用和安装橡胶垫圈,不要在传感器上涂敷制造厂规定使用以外的密封胶和防粘剂等。
硅胶也叫室温硫化(RTV)胶。
任何含有醋酸(起硫化作用)的硅密封胶都会损害氧传感器。
(含醋酸的硅胶,如果用于发动机上润滑油流动的部位,醋酸会蒸发进入曲轴箱或者气门区,然后经过废气再循环系统进入进气管,在正常工况下,就会经发动机由排气管排出,从而损害氧传感器)。
有时发动机温度过高,也易导致氧传感器的早期损坏。
3.积碳发动机燃烧不好,在氧传感器表面形成积碳,或氧传感器内部进入了油污或尘埃等沉积物,会阻碍或阻塞外部空气进入氧传感器内部,使氧传感器输出的信号失准,导致ECU不能及时地修正空燃比。
产生积碳主要表现为油耗上升、排放浓度明显增加。
此时,若将沉积物清除,就会恢复正常工作。
禁止使用清洗液、油性液体或挥发性固体等清洗氧传感器表面。
4.氧传感器陶瓷碎裂氧传感器的陶瓷硬而脆,用硬物敲击或用强烈气流吹洗,都可能使其碎裂而失效。
因此,拆装时要特别小心,发现问题及时更换。
5.加热器电阻丝烧断如果加热器电阻丝烧蚀,就很难使传感器达到正常的工作温度而失去作用。
6.氧传感器线路故障氧传感器线路是屏蔽型,因此使用维修中线路的内部断脱、线路损坏、插接件不密封和插接片锈蚀等都会导致故障出现。
保养维修时应仔细检查维护。
五、汽车氧传感器的维修保养1.氧传感器加热器电阻的检查用万用表电阻档测量氧传感器接线端中加热电阻接柱(白色)与搭铁接柱(白色)之间的电阻,其阻值为20℃时1-6Ω(7081BD\BD1)或12Ω(7110)(参考具体车型维修手册)。
电阻值若为无穷大,则是加热电阻烧断,如不符合标准,应更换氧传感器。
2.氧传感器反馈电压的测量测量氧传感器的反馈电压时,应拔下氧传感器的线束插头,对照车型的电路图,从氧传感器的反馈电压输出接线柱上引出一条细导线,然后插好线束插头,在发动机运转中,从引出线上测出反馈电压(有些车型也可以由故障检测插座内测得氧传感器的反馈电压,如丰田汽车公司生产的系列轿车都可以从故障检测插座内的OX1或OX2端子内直接测得氧传感器的反馈电压)。
对氧传感器的反馈电压进行检测时,最好使用具有低量程(通常为2V)和高阻抗(内阻大于10MΩ)的指针型万用表。
具体的检测方法如下:1)将发动机热车至正常工作温度(或起动后以2500r/min的转速运转2min);2)将万用表电压档的负表笔接故障检测插座内的E1或蓄电池负极,正表笔接故障检测插座内的OX1或OX2插孔,或接氧传感器线束插头上的号|出线;3)让发动机以2500r/min左右的转速保持运转,同时检查电压表指针能否在0-1V之间来回摆动,记下10s内电压表指针摆动的次数。
在正常情况下,随着反馈控制的进行,氧传感器的反馈电压将在0.45V上下不断变化,10s内反馈电压的变化次数应不少于8次。
如果少于8次,则说明氧传感器或反馈控制系统工作不正常,其原因可能是氧传感器表面有积碳,使灵敏度降低所致。
对此,应让发动机以2500r/min的转速运转约2min,以清除氧传感器表面的积碳,然后再检查反馈电压。
如果在清除积碳可后电压表指针变化依旧缓慢,则说明氧传感器损坏,或电脑反馈控制电路有故障。
4)检查氧传感器有无损坏拔下氧传感器的线束插头,使氧传感器不再与电脑连接,反馈控制系统处于开环控制状态。
将万用表电压档的正表笔直接与氧传感器反馈电压输出接线柱连接,负表笔良好搭铁。
在发动机运转中测量反馈电压,先脱开接在进气管上的曲轴箱强制通风管或其他真空软管,人为地形成稀混合气,同时观看电压表,其指针读数应下降。
然后接上脱开的管路,再拔下水温传感器接头,用一个4-8KΩ的电阻代替水温传感器,人为地形成浓混合气,同时观看电压表,其指针读数应上升。