形容词和副词的用法

形容词和副词

一、形容词

定义：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否的词。

（一）、形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、

（二）、形容词的位置

1）形容词一般作定语，置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺

Example: that strong young Chinese swimmer

2）形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。

She is too kind a girl to refuse.

3）在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后：

（1）名词之后的数量词＋名词＋old, long, wide等。

a boy six years old, a street two kilometers long

（2）something, anything, everyone, anybody…＋形容词。

There’s nothing wrong with the electric cooker.

（4）作定语用的分词或形容词短语

The judge has talked to all the people involved.

（5）两个形容词由and或or并列时

All people,rich or poor,are equal.

4）“数词＋名词”构成的形容词中名词用单数,放于被修饰词之前：

（1）数词＋名词，如 a two-week tour, a ten-page report等。

（2）数词＋名词＋形容词，如 a seven-year-old boy等。

注：名词（无冠词）＋基数词=the＋序数词＋名词，如Unite 6=the Sixth Unite （4）“数量词＋复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。

Ten years is quite a long time to him.

Two months have passed since I last heard from my parents.

5）形容词也可作表语，放于系动词之后。

6）形容词可以放于复合结构中宾语之后，作宾语补足语。

7）the+形容词，可以表示一类人或一类物。

二、副词

定义:副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

（一）分类:

1）时间和频度副词:

now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately,

next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.

2）地点副词:

here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.

3）方式副词:

carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly

4）程度副词:

much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.

5）疑问副词:

how, when, where, why.

6）关系副词:

when, where, why.

7）连接副词:

how, when, where, why, whether

（二）、副词的构成如下：

1）本身就是副词，如very, now, there, quite等.

2）有形容词后缀如-ly, 如happily, carefully等。

3）有些副词与形容词同行，如early, high, long, fast, hard等。

注意：有些-ly结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly, friendly, queenly等。（三）、副词的位置

1）修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如

The scenery around here is very beautiful.

2）always, never, often, sometimes, ususlly等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。

He usually gets up early, but he got up late today.

I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him.

3）有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点＋大地点）→状态→次数→时间（单位小的时间＋单位大的时间）。

They arrived in Paris safely the other day.

4）seldom, rarely, never等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如

Never did I hear such a funny story=I never heard such a funny story.

（四）、几个特殊副词的用法

1）enough须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前.

She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.

It,s too hot a day to work.

但enough修饰名词时须置于名词之前.

Have you got enough money for this microwave oven?

2）too…(for…)＋不定式（to），作“太…而不能”解；enough＋不定式，意思是“足够可以”，这一结构可转换成so…that结构。

The boy was still too young to go to school.

→He was so young that he could not go to school.

The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.

→He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce.

3）already用于肯定句，作“已经”解；yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still作“仍然”解。

I have already seen film.

Have you seen the film yet?

I still prefer tea to coffee.

4）随着only和also在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。

Only Mr. Li came to see me today.

Mr. Li came to see only me today.

Mr. Li came to see me only today.