苏港万吨级码头结构设计英文翻译

苏港万吨级码头结构设计英文翻译Civil EngineeringAbstract: The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the engineer’s knowledge and expe rience.1.Careers in Civil EngineeringEngineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized universityeducation. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer, before they can start on their careers.In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics, of course, is very important in engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important part of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is begun, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control. In the design of the bridge, factorssuch as water pressure on the foundations, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information---in other words, a good program.In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society. It is, therefore,sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand. An engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive. An engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for publications.The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the st udent’s field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics, or hydraulics.In today’s society, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmentalengineering, for example. They may choose construction firms that specializes in highway work. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deals with water resources. Indeed, choices are may and varied.When the young engineer has finally started real practice, the theoretical solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the constructionof major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roomknowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice.The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different use of the enginee r’s knowledge and experience.2.Soil MechanicsGrain size is the basis of soil mechanics, since it is this which decides whether a soil is frictional or cohesive, a sand or a clay. Starting with the largest sizes, boulders are larger than 10 cm, cobbles are from 5to 10 cm, gravel or ballast is from about5 cm to 5mm, grit is from about 5mm to 2mm, sand is from 2 mm to 0.06mm. All these soils are frictional, being coarse and thus non-cohesive. Their stability depends on their internal friction. For the cohesive or non-frictional soils the two main internationally accepted size limits are: silt from 0.02mm to0.002mm, and clay for all finer material. There are, of course, many silty clays and clayey silts.Every large civil engineering job starts with a soil mechanicssurvey in its early stages. The first visit on foot will show whether the site might be suitable, in other words, whether money should be spent on sending soil-sampling equipment out to it. The soil samples and the laboratory results obtained from the triaxial tests, shear tests and so on will show at what depth the soil is likely to be strong enough to take the required load. For a masonry or steel structure, this is where the soil mechanics survey will end, having rarely cost more than 2 per cent of the structure cost.Generally, the strength of a soil increases with depth. But it can happen that it becomes weaker with depth. Therefore, in choosing the foundation pressure and level for this sort of soil, a knowledge of soil mechanics is essential is essential, since this will give an idea of the likely settlements.There are, however, several other causes of settlement apart from consolidation due to load. These causes are incalculable and must be carefully guarded against. They include frost action, chemical change in the soil, underground erosion by flowing water, reduction of the ground water level, nearby construction of tunnels or vibrating machinery such as vehicles,Static load can cause elastic or plastic settlement, consolidation settlement being permanent. However, when plastic flow is mentioned inEnglish, it generally means the failure of a soil by overload in shear. Consolidation settlement occurs mainly in clays or silts.From dynamic load alone the commonest settlements are found in sands or gravels, caused by traffic or other vibration, pile driving or other earth shocks. A drop in the ground water level will often cause the soil to shrink and a rise may cause expansion of the soil. Ground water is lowrered by the drainage which can be caused by any deep excavation. The shrinkage which can occur with drying is well shown by the clay underlying Mexico City, a volcanic ash. After seven weeks drying this clay shrinks to 6.4 per cent of its initial volume. It is an unusualclay with the very high voids ratio of 93.6/6.4=14.6.Underground erosion is the removal of solids, usually fines, fromthe soil solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the"party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译by the flow of underground water. The solids can be removed assolids or in solution, though only a few rocks are soluble enough to be removed in this way. Rock salt is the commonest example of a soluble rock. Potassium salts also are soluble.The permeability of a soil is important for calculations of underground flow, for example of oil or water to a well, or of waterinto a trench dug for a foundation, or of water through an earth dam. Of the loose soils which can be dug with a spade, clays are the least permeable, silts slightly more, sands yet more, and gravels even more.In other words, the permeability is in direct proportion to the grain size of the soil.When a well is being pumped, the water flows towards it from every direction and the ground water surface around it sinks. As the distance from the well increases, the water table is lowered rather less, so that around the well it becomes shaped like a funnel, though it is usually called a cone of depression. 3.FoundationsFoundations are bases placed on the ground so as to spread avertical load over it. Bases which carry horizontal load are usually called abutments.A foundation may be built in one of many different materials. It may be of timber or of steel joists encased in concrete, of reinforced concrete or plain concrete without reinforcement, or for a breakwater in the sea merely of rock tipped from a barge. Structures built on strong rock generally need no foundation since rock is usually as strong as concrete, and goes much deeper. All that is needed on rock is a little concrete or mortar to make the surface level.One of the commonest foundations is that for a concrete column or a steel stanchion. It is generally designed for the same maximum load as the column, and usually is an independent foundation. Where the pads in one row become so large that they nearly touch, it is convenient to join them into a continuous foundation which generally will be cheaper to dig and to concrete than the same foundations built separately as pads.Combined footings are those in which the pads would also be so large that nearly touch, but unlike strip footings, they may carry the load form more than one row of columns. The final development of the combined footing is the raft foundation in which all the pads are combined into one reinforced concrete slab which may vary in thickness, but is usually of the same thickness throughout its area.The design of a multi-storey building on compressible soil isdifficult and therefore extremely interesting. Compressible soils are like a sponge, sinking most where the pressure is greatest and the load is largest. Thus even if all the foundations2are designed for the same bearing pressure, say 1ton/m,the largest foundation will sinkthe most because it has the largest load. A correct foundationdesign will therefore apply a higher bearing pressure to the smaller foundations and a lower one to the larger foundations. The exact calculation of these different bearing pressures is extremely difficult. But at least this is now the aim of foundation designers.It must here be said that the foundation designer before he starts the design should know the safe bearing pressures which are abvisable at every level possible for the foundation. He will usually obtain these figures from the organization which solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried outparty political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roommakes the soil mechanics survey for the site.For most multi-storey buildings the structure itself is in a very early stage of design at a time when the foundations must be designed very quickly. The building design must, however, have progressed so far that at least the positions of the columns are known, and thickness can then be worked out. This will vary only slightly if at all from floor spans will be fixed. The probable floor to floor, and it must be calculated as closely as possible including the topping. Generally an allowance of 13 cm of dense concrete will be enough, plus cm for the topping and floor surface, making 18cm in all. The weights of the beams, columns and stairs can be regarded as included in the floor thickness allowance. If the floors are to be built with hollow tiles or with lightweight aggregate, a reduction for this should be made.4.Mixing ConcreteWater-Cement RatioThe ratio of water to cement in a batch of concrete is the principal determinant of the concrete’s final strength. At one time the instructions for preparing a batch of concrete would have contained proportions such as1:2:4. They would have indicated that 1part of Portland cement to 2parts of sand to 4parts of gravel by volume were to be mixed together, after which sufficient water was to be added to obtain a workable mixture. This procedure ignored entirely the importance of the water-cement ratio. It also resulted very often in the preparation of a very weak concrete, since the natural tendency is to add enough water to make placement of the concrete as easy as possible ---the sloppier the better, as far as the workmen are concerned . This manner of specifying the proportions of concrete is obsolete and should never be followed.In theory, it takes only 3 gal of water to hydrate completely 1 cuft of cement. But this water-cement ratio produces a mixture that is too stiff to be worked. In practice, therefore, additional water, between4and 8 gal per sack of cement, is used to obtain a workable mixture.But the greater the proportion of water in a water-cement ratio, the weaker the final concrete will be. The additional water that is necessary to achieve a workable batch will only evaporate form the concrete as the concrete sets. And it will leave behind in the concrete innumerable voids. This is the reason there will always be some porosity in concrete. But when an excessive amount of water has been used, there will be an excessive number of voids, which may cause the concrete to leak badly. If these voids should be filled with moisture when cold weather comes, they will cause frost damage.As a general rule , therefore, 6gal of water per sack of cement should be the maximum amount used for making concrete. And the less the amount of water that is used, the stronger the concrete will be. Also included in the 6 gal is whatever surface moisture is contained in the sand that is part of the aggregate.AggregateAggregate is divided into fine aggregate, which consists of all particles 1/4 in, and less in size ,and coarse aggregate, which consistsof everything else up to roughly solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; put built chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and townshiplocation lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译5/2in.in size. The maximum size of the coarse aggregate in any particular mix depends mainly on the width of the forms into which the concrete is to be poured. As ageneral rule, the largest size particles should not exceed one-fifth the distance across the narrowest part of the forms.WaterAs for the water ,any water that is good enough to drink is good enough for mixing concrete. The converse is also true. If water isn’t good enough to drink, it isn’tgood enough for mixing concrete. Seawater can be used, but it will decrease the 28-day strength of the concrete by about 12 percent. One group of substances water should never contain are sulfates. Sulfates will attack the concrete and will gradually reduce its strength.5.Curing ConcreteWhen a batch of concrete is first mixed, it forms a plastic massthat can be poured into prepared forms with little effort. In about an hour the concrete sets into a rigid mass that weighs about 1501b per cu ft. The cement paste is said to hydrate. That is, the individual particles of cement absorb the surrounding molecules of water into their molecular structures. As they do, the cement crystallizes into a kind ofrigid gel, something like gelatine, that gradually changes with the passing of time into a solid mass of minute, interlocked crystals. The longer hydration continues, the stronger the concrete will become. It is standard engineering practice, therefore, to calculate the final design strength of concrete on the basis of a 28-day curing period, although under exceptional conditions concrete has been known to continue increasing in strength for a quarter of a century and longer.The time during which concrete hydrates and increases in strength is its curing period. Concrete cannot hydrate, or cure unless there is water present within the concrete. Throughout the curing period, therefore, all the exposed surfaces of the concrete must be kept moist. As long as the concrete is kept moist, curing will continue and the concrete will become increasingly stronger, denser, and more impervious to water.Once concrete is allowed to dry out completely, however, hydration stops. Usually it is the surface of concrete that is adversely affected by a too short curing period. For example, the surface of a sample of concrete that has been kept moist for 28 day will be twice as strong as a surface that has been kept moist for only3 days.The outside air temperature is an extremely important factor in proper curing.oIf the air temperature is too high, over 90F, say, the water in the concrete mayevaporate away before hydration can be completed. An excessiveinternal temperature may also interfere with proper hydration. Concrete that has been mixed and placed during very hot weather is never asstrong as concrete that has been placed when the airotemperatures are 70F and below, mainly because of the difficulty of keeping theconcrete properly moist. Furthermore, concrete that sets too quickly during hot weather is more likely to crack afterward because it will not thereafter be able to withstand the stresses imposed on it by large changes in temperature.Nor can concrete be placed during freezing weather unless special oprecautions are taken to keep the concrete above 50F for at least 4 days after it hassolicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanup and established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote thesustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing roomobeen placed. If the temperature of the concrete should fall below 50F, it will neverharden properly. And if the concrete is allowed to freeze before it has set, it will be permanently damaged.To cure concrete properly, the exposed surfaces must be kept continually moist from the moment the concrete first begins to set. The concrete must thereafter be kept continually moist for a minimum of 14 days, and longer if at all possible.The simplest method of keeping concrete moist is to spray thesurface with water at frequent intervals. Sand or burlap can be spread over the surface to help retain moisture. A covering is necessary, inany case, for the first 3 days after placing to protect the concretefrom the direct rays of the sun.Special curing compounds can also be sprayed on the concrete. The spraying should take place as soon as the surface of the concrete haslost its watery appearance. Properly applied, a curing compound will allow the concrete to continue curing even after the concrete has been placed in service, as with a concrete highway, for example. Spraying on a curing compound is often the only practical method of curing concrete that has been poured into an unusual shape.A third method of curing concrete is to spread a sheet ofpolyethylene film or building paper over the surface of the concrete. The polyethylene or building paper should overlap the sides of the exposed concrete. This covering must remain on top of the concrete for the entire curing period.From《Civil Engineering》solicited opinions and suggestions Article 265, including: four problems to 171. Deepening special regulation, State line State modified, side check side modified, total solution highlight problem 19 a; to rectification spirit carried out party political life, in-depth carried out heart talk, serious carried out criticism and self-critical; putbuilt chapter State business throughout activities always, full cleanupand established perfect a involved "four wind" aspects of system provides, new 12 items, amendment perfect 15 items, abolition 3 items. Through educational practices, "four winds" problem significantly curb, party members and cadres ' apparent change of consciousness and ability of serving the masses increased significantly. (C) to promote the sustained and healthy development of economy and society. Adhere to the "party-led township, prospering Township, eco-village, projects promoting Township and industrial Township, industry-rich Township, harmony Township, stabilization control" development strategy, take economic construction as the Center, strengthen leadership over the economic work in earnest, closely around the target determined earlier this year to deal with and try to resolve the various adverse factors, pay close attention to the work. Efforts to promoting the construction of major projects. To transportation, water conservancy, urban infrastructure construction, focusing on implementation of a number of industrial structure adjustment and optimization and upgrading of key projects for leading roles; Completed has XX village pass village Highway, and township location lights bright of, and XX meters "beautiful village", and township public rental and Xiang hospitals public rental, and 270 sets rural housing room2007届毕业设计?外文翻译土木工程摘要:土木工程师可能从事研究、设计、施工监督、维修、甚至管理。