英国文学史pdf总结 刘炳善
英国文学史笔记(刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)part7-8
Part 7 prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th centuryChapter 1 Thomas CarlyleHe was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh UniversityHe is a literary criticSartor ResartusThe French RevolutionHeroes and Hero-WorshipPast and PresentChapter 2 Ruskin and some other prose-writers1 John RuskinHe is a critic. Art criticism and social criticismHe is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the evilsModern Painters2 Matthew Arnold3 MacaulayChapter 3 Alfred Tennyson1809~1892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）① < In Memoriam>悼念To memorialize his friend② < Break, Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗Chapter 4 Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889A follower of Shelley①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思③Pippa PassesElizabeth Barrett Browing:①<Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologueHe has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism.Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne1 Dante Gabriel RossettiPoem: The Blessed Damozel2 Christina Georgina RossettiPoem: Goblin Market3 Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat4 Algernon Charles SwinburneChapter 6 William MorrisPoet, artist, socialistPoem:The Defence of GuenvereThe Life and Death of JasonThe Early ParadiseSigurd the V olsungThe aim of his works is to bring beauty into the life of his countrymenProse:A Dream of Jhon BallNews from NowhereChapter 7 literary trens at the end of the century1 naturalism:Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Euope. According to the naturalism, literature must be ture to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. They usually write about the life of the poor and oppressed, or the slum life, they can oly represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life.George Gissing,: <New Crub Street>2 neo-romanticismDissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions. They laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the novel back towards stiry-telling and to romance.Robert Louis Stevenson <Treasure Island>金银岛3 aestheticismArt for sake. Art should serve no religious, moral or social ens, nor any end except itself.Walter Pater:< Studies in the History of the Renaissance> later called The RenaissanceHte "Conclusion" of the The Renaissance is acrystallization of his faith in the pursuit pf beauty as the sole "success of life".Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）① 4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真的重要<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人的扇子<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重的女人<An Ideal Husband>理想的丈夫② Novel:<The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安•格雷的画像③ Fairy Stories:<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集Part 8 20th century English literatureChapter 1 the new century: social and historical background1911-1914 three great strikesThe colonial division of the world by the capital powers had been completed by the end of 19 WWI1914-19181929, economic crisis broke out1930s, were called Red DecadeChapter 2 English novel of early 20th century1 the realistThey sought for new ways and means of revealing the truth of life.Samuel Bulter, George Meredith, Herbert George Wells2 Rudyard Kipling"the bard of imperialism"诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost LegionArnold Bennett:The Old Wive's TaleJoseph Concrad①<Lord Jim>吉姆爷②<Heart Of Darkness>黑暗的心1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilizedMiddle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light. According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.Y et, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corruptmentThe book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.4.Character【Kurtz】represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment.【Marlow】represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle.5.Narrative StructureIn Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story.Henry James:Daisy MillerThe portrait of a LadyThe Wings of the DoveThe ambassadorsThe Golden BowlKaterrine Mansfield:In a German PensionBlissThe Garden PartyChapter 3 Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲Chapter 4 John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933From the Four Winds天涯海角(The Man of Property有产业的人;In Chancery骑虎难下;To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);(The White Monkey白猿;The Silver Spoon银匙;Swan Song天鹅曲→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧)剧作：The Silver Box银匣;Strife斗争Chapter 5 the Irish dramatic movement1 the Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory2 John Millington:A playwriterThe play boy of the Western WorldRiders to the SeaSean O'Casey:The Shadow of a GunmanJuno and PaycockThe Plough and the StarsChapter 6 George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist⑴ Plays① Plays Unpleasant<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人的职业<Widowers’ Houses>鳏夫的房产② Plays Pleasant<Arms And Man>武器与人<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运的人③Plays<Man And Superman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁<The Apple Cart>苹果车<Saint Joan>圣女贞德Chapter 7 Some poets of Early 20th centuryA group of war poets who wrote old-fashioned patriotismRupert brookeJohn MasefieldAlfred Edward housmanChapter 8 modernism in poetryImagism:An Anglo-American poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. An imagist is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. So the imagist poetry is a kind of shaking off the convwntional metres and emhasizing on the use of common speech, new rhythms and clear images.William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家；The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动；The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴；The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）⑴ collections①<The Wind Among The Reeds> 苇风<Responsibilities> 责任②<The Tower> 塔<The Winding Stair> 旋转的楼梯⑵ Poems<Easter 1916>复活节，1916<The Second Coming> 第二次来临/再世<Sailing To Byzantium> 到拜占庭航行Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）⑴ Poems①<The Waste Land>②<Four Quartets>四个四重奏③<The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>⑵ Plays①<Murder In The Cathedral> 大教堂谋杀案Chapter 9 the psychological fictionModernist fiction emphasis on the description of the characters' psychological activities, so sometomes been called modern psychological fixtion.Novelists① James Joyce② David Herbert Lawrence③ V irgirnia Woolf1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930①<Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character andrefinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated bya warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath herown class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons.She hopes that they will become outstanding【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of theworld around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed.After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair.Theme:Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy wa y of the individual’s psychologicaldevelopment lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexualimpulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presentingthe psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships,Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novelOedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers②<The Rainbow>虹③<Women In Love>恋爱中的女人④ <Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人的情人James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness<Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Y oung Man>一个青年艺术家的肖像<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根的苏醒<Dubliners>都柏林人Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness① Novels<Mrs Dalloway>达洛维夫人<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去<The Waves>浪<The Lighthouse><Jacob’s Room> 雅各布的房间<Orlando> 奥兰朵<Between The Acts>幕间Chapter 10 Robert Tressell: a working-class novelistThe Ragged Trousered PhilanthropistsChapter 11 Maexist literay criticismRalph Fox:The Novel and the People:1 It presents a distorted and falsified picture of life. It opposes the principles of hunmanism.2 the book is inspired by a profound love for the traditions of materialism and realism in English literature.3 it regards the history of English literatureChristopher Caudwell:Illusion and RealityStudies in a Dying Culture。
英国文学史刘炳善版
John Dryden
All for LoveAntonyand Cleopatra An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
Part 4. The eighteenth Century
Joseph Addison艾迪生
英国文学
Part 1. Old and medieval
Beowulf贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
William Langland威廉。兰格伦
名诗：London;The Tiger
Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰·安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March toBannockburn
John Bunyan班扬1628-1688
The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程;
The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点-刘炳善版
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI。
Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫：the national epic of the Anglo—SaxonsEpic： long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated。
e。
g。
Homer's Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features：ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration： a rhetorical device， meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement： expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340（?)~1400（首创“双韵体"，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父"。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》.)The father of English poetry。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学简史》是刘炳善教授所著的一本英国文学史专业书籍，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的英国文学发展历程。
本书在中文读者中具有广泛影响和较高的学术价值。
本书主要分为三个部分，第一部分是中世纪的英国文学，主要包括由传说和史诗构成的古代英格兰文学、以基督教为主题的中世纪文学和由英法文学相互影响形成的中古英语文学。
其中，史诗《贝奥武夫》、《绿骑士》等被视为中世纪英国文学的杰作，为之后的文学创作提供了丰富的源泉。
第二部分是文艺复兴时期的英国文学，这一时期英国文学经历了以人文主义为特色的文艺复兴，文学形式更加多样化和精致化。
该时期的代表作品有《十四行诗》、《伊丽莎白一世》和《尤里西斯》等。
另外，威廉·莎士比亚是文艺复兴时期英国最杰出的文学家之一，他的戏剧作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出与研究。
第三部分是现代英国文学，该时期从19世纪末开始，这一时期的文学形式多元化、题材广泛，代表作品有狄更斯的《双城记》、王尔德的《道林·格雷的画像》、毛姆的《月亮与六便士》等。
而且，20世纪的英国文学家更加注重试验和探索，如乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》、沃尔夫的《海浪》、休斯的《鹰》等。
整本书对英国文学的演进和发展进行了详细而全面的描述，准确地呈现了英国文学的核心价值和独特魅力。
在中文读者中，该书被视为英国文学史研究的经典之作，为英国文学爱好者和专业学者提供了绝佳的参考资料。
英国文学复习要点(刘炳善《英国文学简史》)
英国文学复习要点〔教材X炳善《英国文学简史》〕Part One: Early and Medieval1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.*2. Romance 〔名词解释〕(1).The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval romance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2).A long composition describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3).One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.The Nature of the Romance:(4).The Nature of the Romance:1）Themes: Loyalty to the king and the lord, which was the corner-stone of feudal morality.2）The audience was of noble people from the court or the castle.3）The Romance had nothing to do with the common people.4）The Romance were written for the noble, of the noble and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.*3. Piers the Plowman. Over 7000 lines, written by William Langland.*4. Ballad民谣〔名词解释〕1.A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. The story,folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, s with graphic simplicity and force. suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.2.the subjects of Ballad:(1) the struggle of young lovers who are fight against the feudalism(2) the conflict between love and wealth(3) the cruelty of jealousy(4) the criticism of the civil war(5) the matters of class struggles.5. Character of Robin Hood1.Robin Hood--- A legendary English hero of many ballads, who robbed the rich to give to the poor; a popular model of courage, generosity and justice.2. strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted, affectionate. Hatred to the cruel oppressors, love for the poor and the downtrodden*6. Geoffrey Chaucer桥搜: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.Troditional form for english poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentameter.8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance.*9. Renaissance〔名词解释〕1.a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1)to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,(2)to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,(3)to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the RomanCatholic Church.*10.Thomas More——Utopia*11. Sonnet〔名词解释〕The sonnet is a poem in 14lines with one or the other rhyme schme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, expecially in Italy ,France and England.In 1609 appeared Shakespeare’s sonnets.The Sonnets were written over a number of years, probably beginning in the early 1590s.12. Blank verse〔名词解释〕13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene〞; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza〔名词解释〕Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almost certainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima. Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter. He used this form in his epicpoem The Faerie Queene. JohnKeats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St. Agnes.*14. Francis Bacon “essays〞esp. “Of Stud ies〞〔本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读〕*16.William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21:00第一部分:早期和中世纪英国文学第一章:英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(免费)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.；d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）–thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.；1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements （3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elements III. The Old English Prose1. What is prose（1）The Venerable Bede'（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;!b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliffe.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）|b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.（3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.`1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period》（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.（3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.$VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）￥Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, andsensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Drama#a. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.：2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.,3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.,L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.$Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.<b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris –knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV. English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.~（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.)（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamlet; H. 1616.—2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate（2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius Caesar|Republicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude$（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.<b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）:（1）the idea of “humor”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humor—“humor”; three unities.；（2）Volpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.！（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoralelegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works；（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.;（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Bunyan1. Life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.|（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.·（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction~1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As theMiddle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope￥（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:|h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.《c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at Oxford;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:·（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.（Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）~2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2）Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language."3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4）the theory of realism.\（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significance、Pamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in Ireland;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;、e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.&C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues andneat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:;（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics@1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake；（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influence)Blake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a. love nature;b. Cambridge;c. tour to France;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;]f. The Lake District;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.$b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a. Cambridge;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Mariner·l Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language.In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a. Cambridge, published poems and reviews;，b. a tour of Europe and the East;c. left England;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.^Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. Oxford;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;,g. left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.{（1）Life:a. from a poor family;。
英国文学史概括
英国文学史概括英国文学史概括第一个时期： Old English， Middle English and Chaucer，古英国，中世纪和乔叟，这个时期的文学作品主要以诗歌为主，需要关注的是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。
第二个时期：文艺复兴时期，这个时期的文学作品以戏剧为主，需要关注的是莎士比亚和他的悲剧，喜剧以及历史剧。
第三个时期：浪漫主义时期，这个时期的文学作品以散文诗为主，雪莱，济慈和威廉布雷克等人都是这个时期的代表诗人。
他们的作品包括夜莺颂等。
第四个时期：维多利亚时期，这个时期是散文诗渐渐退出，小说逐渐兴起的时期，该时期的诗人著名的有罗伯特布朗宁，阿尔弗莱德等。
但更为著名的是狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹的小说，代表作有《雾都孤儿》和《呼啸山庄》等第五个时期：现代主义时期，这个时期的文学作品主要是小说，各个流派粉墨登场，有现实主义的，有荒诞派的，还有意识流。
爱尔兰的文学家叶芝，乔伊斯都是这个时代的代表人物。
乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是意识流的代表之作。
同属意识流的还有女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙，代表作《到灯塔去》。
第六个时期：当代：主要指20世纪80年代之后到现在的这个时期，该时期的文学作品很难入到评论家的法眼，主要特征是内容多为快餐文化，不能称为经典。
但这个时期的电影艺术发展非常迅速，有很多电影剧本都堪称佳作，不难看出，文学史的车轮经过诗歌——戏剧——小说的变迁后，下一站很有可能是电影。
以上纯属原创，转载请标明出处，谢谢英国文学史目录！PrefaceThe Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066IntroductionThe Venerable Bede and Caedmon King Alfred the GreatBeowulfThe Exeter BookThe Medieval Period 1066 -1485 IntroductionMedieval RomanceFolk BalladsJohn Wycliffe and William Langland Drama in the Middle AgesGeoffrey ChaucerThe Elizabethan Age 1485-1625 IntroductionThomas MoreSir Philip SidneyEdmund SpenserChrisher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh Minor PlaywrightsWilliam ShakespeareFrancis BaconKing James BibleThe Seventeenth Century 1625-1700 IntrodutionBen Jonson and the Cavalier Poets John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets John MiltonJohn BunyanJohn DrydenThe Age of Neo-Classici *** 1700-1764 IntroductionAlexander PopeJonathan SwiftRichard Steele and Joseph AddisonSamuel Johnson and James BoswellThe Novel of the Eighteenth CenturyDaniel DefoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingTobias SmollettLaurence SterneOliver Gold *** ithPre-Romantic Period 1764-1798IntroductionHorace WalpoleAnn RadcliffeThomas GrayRobert BurnsWilliam BlakeThe Romantic Age 1798-1837IntroductionWilliam WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridge……The Victorian Age 1837-1901The Modernist Age 1901-1945The Postmodern Period 1945-Present BibliographyIndex……关于英国文学史刘柄善的那本《英国文学史》上说，维多利亚时期是英国现实主义小说的巅峰时期，代表人物就是狄更斯，而当时英国之所以掀起现实主义风潮，则是因为此前的18世纪到19世纪初期，浪漫主义风靡英国，雪莱，济慈等人的诗歌风花雪月，让人一时忘却了现实，但随着浪漫褪去，人们又重归现实，于是狄更斯等人的现实主义作品，如《雾都孤儿》，《大卫科波菲尔》等书得以广为流传。
(完整)英国文学史刘炳善版重点整理
莎士比亚
1564-1616
1.he isone of the foundersof realismin world literature。
2。his dramatic creation often used themethodofadaptation。
3。his long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting。
From everyone according to his capacities， to everyone according to his need； separation of town and country; the importance of labour for every member.
Book one: contemporary England labouring class poor, the rich greed and luxury， ruler eager for war
Book two： ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean property in held in common, there is no poverty
Chaucer’s English， now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word—pictures。
Chaucer'scontribution to English poetry:1。introduced fromFrance the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet)。2.is the first great poet who wrote in the English language.3。hemakethe dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech。
《英国文学演进史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学演进史》刘炳善中文版.doc 《英国文学演进史》刘炳善中文版简介《英国文学演进史》是刘炳善所著的一本关于英国文学发展历程的书籍。
本文档将对该书进行简要介绍。
内容概述《英国文学演进史》涵盖了英国文学的演进历程，从中世纪晚期一直延伸至现代。
该书以时间线为基础，按照不同的历史时期，介绍了各个时期的文学发展特点和代表作品。
结构该书分为多个章节，每个章节都以一个特定的历史时期为中心展开叙述。
以下是该书主要章节的简要概述：1.中世纪晚期：介绍了英国文学在中世纪晚期的发展状况，包括骑士文学和宗教文学等。
2.文艺复兴时期：探讨了文艺复兴对英国文学的影响，介绍了莎士比亚等重要作家及其作品。
3.18世纪启蒙运动：介绍了启蒙运动对英国文学的推动作用，包括强调理性和科学的作品。
4.浪漫主义时期：探讨了浪漫主义时期对英国文学的影响，包括布莱克和拜伦等作家的作品。
5.维多利亚时代：介绍了维多利亚时代英国文学的特点，包括狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹等作家的作品。
6.现代主义时期：探讨了现代主义对英国文学的影响，包括乔伊斯和伍尔夫等作家的作品。
重要作品《英国文学演进史》中介绍了一系列重要的文学作品，这些作品代表了各个历史时期的文学成就。
以下是其中的一些例子：- 中世纪晚期：《坎特伯雷故事集》- 文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》- 18世纪启蒙运动：斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》- 浪漫主义时期：拜伦的《唐璜》- 维多利亚时代：狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》- 现代主义时期：乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》总结《英国文学演进史》为读者提供了一份系统的英国文学发展历史，涵盖了多个重要历史时期和作家的作品。
这本书可以帮助读者更好地了解英国文学的演进过程和文学作品的变迁。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21:00第一部分:早期和中世纪英国文学第一章:英国的组成1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
英国文学复习要点总结(刘炳善版本)
英国文学复习要点总结（刘炳善版本）考研英国文学复习要点（参照教材刘炳善《英国文学简史》）Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; all iteration, metaphors and understatements（此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance（名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Ta les (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择）9. Renaissance（名词解释）10.Thomas More——Utopia11. Sonnet（名词解释）12. Blank verse（名词解释）13. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。
《刘炳善 英国文学简史 第3版 笔记和考研真题详解》读书笔记思维导图PPT模板下载
第9章 二战前后的诗人和小说 家
9.1 复习笔 记
9.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
读书笔记
谢谢观看
第1章 早期和中世纪的英国文 学
1.1 复习笔 记
1.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第2章 英国文艺复兴
2.1 复习笔 记
2.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第3章 英国资产阶级革命时期
3.1 复习笔 记
3.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第4章 十八世纪的英国文学
4.1 复习笔 记
4.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
07 第7章 19世纪中后期 的散文家和诗人
09
第9章 二战前后的诗 人和小说家
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ08
第8章 二十世纪英国 文学
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分9章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复 习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相 关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复 习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂 笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用 了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书精选名校近年 考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限 于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
第5章 英国浪漫主义
5.1 复习笔 记
5.2 考研真 题与典型题 详解
第6章 英国批判现实主义
英国文学简史刘炳善著（1-3单元）
英国文学简史刘炳善著（1-3单元）Part oneConquests & InfluencesA. Early period:1.The Roman conquest:(1)The Roman civilization 文明；文化(2)Christianity (基督教)(3)Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roads2. The English conquest:(1)Three tribes English old English (the Angles, Saxons and Jutes)(2)Tribal society-feudalism (社会封建制度)B. Medieval period:1.The Danish conquest2.The Norman conquest(1)The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2)Establishment of feudalism (封建制度)(3)French words came to EnglishAnglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: alliteration (头韵) & rhymes metaphors (押韵的比喻) and understatements (轻描淡写)4.The only great work: BeowulfBeowulf1.A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2.Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure (没有代表性人物)3.A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4.Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的黑暗面)Features of Beowulf1.Alliteration2.Metaphors (隐喻)3.Understatements (保守的陈述)The significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落文化) and of the era (时代) of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong and courageous peopleand his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants.2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑士精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in (metrical romance)5.The romance’s summing up in Thomas Malory’s (in English prose散文)6.(i. E. the Death of King Arthur ) is a collection of stories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.Langlandwritten by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English BalladsBallad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin HoodChaucer一.Chaucer’s Literary CareerThe three periods of Chaucer’s career1.Works translated from French, as2.Works adapted from the Italian, as3. which is purely English二.The Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance(参考)1.A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3.As a foreru nner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4.Attack social evils of his time三.The Wife of Bath四.Chaucer’s LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid andexact. He is a master ofworld-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不足道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) reading in modern English.五.Chaucer’s Contribution1.He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2.He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3.He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1.AlliterationAlliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’ or ‘head rhyme’.2.EpicA long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3.Ballada story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4.Heroic CoupletA traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet wasfirst pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury T ales.-Part twoOld English in Transition (过渡；转变)一.The Reformation (文化精神领域改革) （详细见书P27）二.The English BibleThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰand so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.名词解释：1.Help-mate2.Peacemaker3.Tender mercy4.Loving flesh5.Root of all evil三.The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)四.The Renaissance (文艺复兴) and Humanism （人道主义）A.Renaissance1.The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.People had a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.3.People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.4.People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5.Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.6.The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of thoseold feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B.Humanism1.Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.2.Man is the measure of all things.3.Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.4.Man should enjoy the present life.MoreThomas More was born in a middle-class family. His father was a prominent (杰出的) lawyer, and later a judge.Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature1.Sir Philip SidneySir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (十四行诗), Astrophel and Stella, was published in 1591, after his death.2.Edmund Spenser--’The Fairy Queen’The faerie Queeene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of which he finished only six.It is an allegorical work dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Largely symbolic, the poem follows several knights in theiradventures to test their virtues: Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice, Courtesy.Dominating thoughts: nationalism, humanism, and puritanism.Spenser’s position in English literatureSpenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.3.Francis BaconBacon was the founder of modern science in England. It began with a survey of the accomplishments of science up to his time and an examination of the reasons why it has not achieve more.The English version of his part forms his Advancement of Learning.Then followed his New Instrument.Bacon is also famous for his Essays.Drama1.The Miracle Play2.The Morality PlayA morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages, such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Folly and so on.3.The InterludeThen there arouse a new kind of drama called ‘Interlude’, a short performance slipped into a play to enliven the audience after a solemn scene.4.The playwrightsThere was a group of so-called ‘university wits’ (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) wrote for the stage of thetime.MarloweThe most gifted of the ‘university wits’ was Christopher Marlowe.Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury.Marlowe’s best includes three of hi s plays, Tamburlaine (对权利的贪婪), The Jew of Malta (对钱的贪婪), and Doctor Faustus (对知识的贪婪)Marlowe’s Literary AchievementIt is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise.His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist Shakespeare---whose achievement were the monument of the English Renaissance.Shakespeare四大悲剧/喜剧悲剧：《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》《Macbeth》喜剧：《A Midsummer Night’s Dream 》《As You Like It》《Twelfth Night》《The Merchant Of Venice》Shakespeare lived in an age when the old feudal social and economic order was being destroyed and a new capitalist society was being born and when London took a leading part in that destruction and that new birth.In 1593 and 1594, Shakespeare published his two narrative poem Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. His Sonnets were printed in 1609.Scholars have had to work out the chronological (按时间顺序的) order of his plays, based on three kinds of evidence:A.External evidenceB.Internal evidenceC.Stylistic evidencePeriods of Shakespeare’s Dramatic CompositionⅠ.The period of his apprenticeship in play-writingⅡ.Mature period,mainly a period of ‘great comedies’ and mature historical playsⅢ.The period of ‘great tragedies’ and ‘dark comedies’Ⅳ,The period of romantic drama.。
英国文学简史（中文版）.doc
英国文学简史（刘炳善）第一章中世纪文学第一节古英语文学一从“不列颠”到“英格兰”与欧洲大陆隔海相望的不列颠岛上，很早就居住着克尔特人。
他们当中的布里顿族，在大约公元前５世纪进入不列颠，“不列颠”一词便来源于克尔特人的“布里顿”一词，意为“布里顿人的国度”。
克尔特人的口头文学历史悠久、丰富多彩，内容有多神教的神话故事和英雄传说，其中亚瑟王的故事不断流传、扩展，成为英国和西方文学的创作素材的一大源泉。
公元前５５年开始，罗马人由侵略到逐渐征服了不列颠，把不列颠划为罗马帝国的一个省，并带入了罗马文明。
他们的许多军事要塞发展成为今天的重要城市，他们修建的大道有的到十八世纪还是交通要道。
在古英语文学中保存下来的一首短诗《废墟》中，一位生活在七世纪的诗人凭吊被撒克逊人摧毁的罗马人的城镇，寻觅当时当地大厅浴堂的盛况而不可得。
罗马的势力维持到５世纪初期。
北欧的日耳曼人的骚扰不列颠的同时也大举入侵罗马帝国，罗马人不得不从４０１年起撤回本土，专心御敌，９年后罗马帝国皇帝宣布放弃对不列颠的主权。
罗马人在统治不列颠的３５０年中，对不列颠的语言文学没有产生很大的影响。
五世纪中期，日耳曼人中的盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特等部落从欧陆渡海来到不列颠。
他们遭到了当地居民猛烈的反抗，大约１５０年后才征服不列颠南部、中部的大部分地区。
一些土著克尔特人沦为奴隶，又有一些克尔特人被驱赶到北部、西部的山区、威尔士、苏格兰，甚至渡海到爱尔兰、布列塔尼半岛。
盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”，这便是“英格兰”一词的由来。
克尔特的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人在征服和国家形成过程中，氏族制度逐渐解体，封建制度逐渐形成，多神教也逐渐为基督教所代替。
盎格鲁—撒克逊语便是古英语，英国文学史就是从五世纪盎格鲁—撒克逊族的征服开始的。
二来自北欧祖先的史诗：《贝奥武甫》如同许多民族，盎格鲁—撒克逊人的诗歌来源于人民的口头集体创作，反映了远占部落人们的生产劳动、对自然与社会现象的幻想性解释。
英国文学 课件(刘炳善版)
2020/12/13
4
Part I Ancient Literature
Compared to the long history of Europe, GB has a relatively short one, so it is impossible to know well the history of English literature without knowing about the one of Europe
The two origins of European culture: “二希”（希腊、希伯 来）, they are interactive as well as contradictory in the long history
1. Greco-Roman Element
2. Judeo-Christian Element
Plato’s “the idea of inspiration”(灵感说)has great influence on romanticism and modernism
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A. Greek and Roman Origin
Aristotle: Ethics, Poetics and Rhetoric He differed from his teacher Plato in many ways He emphasized direct observations of nature and
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A. Greek and Roman Origin
“Man” or “human” is the core and object of Greek and Roman culture
刘炳善英国文学史课件完整版
刘炳善英国文学史课件完整版Chapter 4 Robert Browning.(1) Life: married Elizabeth Barret, a poetess.(2) Works：①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思③Pippa Passes3) the Dramatic MonologueThe dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. It was imitated by many poets after Browning and brought to its most sophisticated form by T. S. Eliot in his The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915) 4）He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologueHe has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism. Elizabeth Barrett Browing: Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti Poem: The Blessed Damozel2 Christina Georgina Rossetti Poem: Goblin Market3 Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat4 Algernon Charles SwinburneChapter 6 William Morris Poet, artist, socialistPoem: The Defence of Guenvere The Life and Death of Jason The Early Paradise Sigurd the V olsungThe aim of his works is to bring beauty into the life of his countrymenProse: A Dream of Jhon Ball News from NowhereChapter 7 literary trends at the end of the century1 naturalism:Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Euope. According to the naturalism, literature must be ture to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. They usually write about the life of the poor and oppressed, or the slum life, they can oly represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life.George Gissing,:2 neo-romanticismDissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions. They laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the novel back towards stiry-telling and to romance.Robert Louis Stevenson 金银岛3 aestheticismthe basic theory of the aesthetic –“art for art’s sake” –was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Peter, the most important critical writer of the late Victorian period, whose most important works were studies in the History of Renaissance and Appreciations. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his The Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake can it be immortal. It should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style..Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900 （The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）① 4 Comedies:认真的重要温德米尔夫人的扇子一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫② Nove l: 多利安?格雷的画像③ Fairy Stories: 快乐王子故事集Chapter 8 English Literature of the first half of the 20th CenturyHistorical Background1.rational changes on old traditions, in social standards and in people’s thoughts2.the high tide of anti-Victorianism3.the First World War4.the success of women’s struggle for social and civil rightsII.Overview of the Literature – the Modernism1.What is modernism?The reaction against the value of Victorian society and the theme of its literature that began in the 1890s, particularly with the so-called dissident writers, was manifested in the early decades of the 20th century by drastic changes in form, vocabulary, and image. These changes were not limited to England. The movement, which has come to be called modernism, was international in scope and drew heavily on the French Symbolist poets as well as on the new psychological teachings of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, and their followers in Vienna and Switzerland.2.Features of modernism(1)Complexity(2)Radical and deliberate break with traditional aesthetic principles(3)Back to Aristotle3.Development of modernism after WWIISection 1 PoetryI. A General Survey1.The century has produced a large number of both major and minor poets, many of whom havereceived general acclaim.2.Many writers of significant works of fiction also write distinguished poetry.3.The poets of the 20th century have tended to group themselves into schools whose poetry hasparticular distinguishing characteristics.II.Thomas Hardy1.life2.works(1)his poetrya.Wessex Poems and Other Versesb.Poems of the Past and the Presentc.Time’s Laughing Stocksd.Moments of Visionte Lyrics and Earlierf.The famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwellg.Winter Words(2)his fictionsa.Tess of the D’Urbervillesb.Jude the Obscurec.The Return of the Natived.Far from the Madding Crowde.The Mayor of Casterbridge3.point of viewAccording to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life.III.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨爱尔兰诗人，剧作家1.Life – poet and dramatist2.Works(1)his poetrya.The Responsibilitiesb.The Wild Swans at Coolec.The Towerd.The Winding Stair旋转的楼梯(2)his dramasa.The Hour Glassb.The Land of Heart’s Desirec.On Baile’s Strand(3)his book of philosophy –Visions3.styleHe is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. Some of his symbols are simple, whereas others are difficult to comprehend. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. He is referred to by T. S. El iot as “the greatest poet of our age –certainly the greatest in this (i.e. English) language”.IV.Thomas Stearns Eliot诗人，剧作家，批评家1.life- poet, playwright, literary critic2.works(1)poems●The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock●The Waste Land (epic)●Hollow Man●Ash Wednesday●Four Quarters四个四重奏(2)Plays●Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案●Sweeney Agonistes●The Cocktail Party●The Confidential Clerk(3)Critical essays●The Sacred Wood●Essays on Style and Order●Elizabethan Essays●The Use of Poetry and The Use of Criticisms●After Strange Gods3.point of view(1)The modern society is futile and chaotic.(2)Only poets can create some order out of chaos.(3)The method to use is to compare the past and the present.4.Style(1)Fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm(2)Difficult and disconnected images and symbols, quotations and allusions(3)Elliptical structures, strange juxtapositions, an absence of bridges5.The Waste Land: five parts(1)The Burial of the Dead(2) A Game of Chess(3)The Fire Sermon(4)Death by Water(5)What the Thunder SaidSection 2 DramaI.Overview1.the development of science (light) and the revival of drama2.social dramas3.the renaissance of Irish dramas4.the poetic drama5.different schools of dramaII.George Bernard Shaw1.life2.works(1)Widower’s Houses鳏夫的房产(2)Man and Superman(3)Major Barbara(4)Pygmalion匹格玛利翁(5)Heartbreak House(6)Mrs. Warren’s Profession(7)The Apple Cart匹格玛利翁(8)Saint Joan圣女贞德point of viewShaw was very much impressed by the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen.He opposed the idea of “art for art’s sake”, maintaining that “the theatre must turn from the drama of romance and sensuality to the drama of edification”.He sought from the beginning to expose the hypocrisy, stupidity, and conventionality of the English way of life as he saw it with a rich wit and lively sense of comedy.His heroes and heroines are always unheroic, unromantic, common sense people, and he used them to convey ideas.3.style(1)Shaw is a critical realist writer. His plays bitterly criticize and attack English bourgeois society.(2)His plays deal with contemporary social problems. He portrays his situations frankly and honestly,intending to shock his audiences with a new view of society.(3)He is a humorist and manages to produce amusing and laughable situations.Section 3 Fictionstrong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous andsensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was despondedat her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world aroundhim. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died andhe is left alone, in despair.Theme:Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.H e believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in theprimacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, toLawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual humanlife and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers②虹③恋爱中的女人④ 查特莱夫人的情人Stream of Consciousness1.James Joyce(1)life(2)major worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb.Dublinersc.Ulyssesd.Finnegans Wake(3)significance of his worksa.He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos andcrisis of consciousness of that period.b.From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c.In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed a tendencyof vanity.2.Virginia Woolf(1)life(2)worksa.Mrs. Dallowayb.To the Lighthousec.The Wavesd.Orlandoe.Flushf.The Yearsg.Between the Actsh. A Room of One’s Owni.Three Guineasj.Modern Fictionk.The Common Reader (2 series)(3)point of viewa.She challenged the traditional way of writing and created her novels in a new way.b.She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.c.She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.3.influence(1)The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the traditionof fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.(2)However, at the same time, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind offiction cannot attract readers.(3)The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected theconflict that most people cared about at that time.。
英国文学史pdf总结 刘炳善
English Literature HistoryOld and Medieval English LiteratureOld English Literature (mid-4th C-mid 11th C)Language: Anglo-Saxon (old English)Society: tribal society~feudalismBelief: Christianity (7th C)Literature: poetryRomance 冒险故事，传奇: knightfamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfthe earliest literaturethe national epic (叙事史诗) of the English people (Anglo-Saxons)Denmark storyalliteration, metaphors, understatements 保守的说法Medieval English Literature (1066-the end of 14th C)Norman conquest-Feudalismstyles:romancelegendstorypoemsMessenger of humannism;Founder of English realism;Father of English poetry;Master of Modern English languages;Pioneer of English Renaissance.representative writersWilliam LanglandPiers the Plowman 耕者皮尔斯a picture of feudal English (over 7000 lines)in the form of a dream visionusing symbolism (to relate truth)Geoffery ChaucerIntroductionIn English literature history, London dialect was first used towrite.Achievements :Founder of English RealismThe Father of English PoetryMessenger of humanismFounder & Master of modern English languagePioneer of the English RenaissanceThe Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集the 1st time to use "heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)" by middleEnglish124 stories panned but 24 finished and 2 unfinishedThe English RenaissanceRenaissance: 14th C-17th C, English Renaissance: 15th C-17th C.Literary Features:translation works (French/Italian/Lation/Greek)poetryadventurous storiesdramaprose writingCharacteristics:Keen interests and curiosity for classicsAspiration for humanity, humanism is the key note of Renaissance.Utopia: an ideal communist societySir Philip Sidney: a poet and critic poetryAstrophel and Stella, Apology for poetryWalter RaleighDiscovery of GuianaEdmund Spenser (1552-1599)The Faerie Queen 仙后 (written for Queen Elizabeth)The Shepherd Calendar (modern English)Francis BaconThe founder of English materialist/modern science in English.The first essayistOf StudiesThe wording of this essay is elegant with parallelstructures and long sentences. It shows Bacon's greattalent in language and offers many proverbs.New InstrumentHe even invented the fridge.Advance of LearningWilliam ShakespeareMain Features:realistic writingimitation and adaptationdeversifies writing skills and methods: song, sonnet, coupletand blank verseFour Great ComediesA Midsummer Night's DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like ItTwelfth NightFour Great TragediesMacbethKing LearHamletOthelloThe English Bourgeois Revolution (Transitional Period)John Milton三大史诗 epicsParadise Lost (1667): blank verse. Plots originated from Old Testament旧约Theme: a revolt against God's authorityParadise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671): poetical dramaComments about himpolitical in both his life and his artwrote the greatest epic in English literaturemaster of the blank versegreat stylisthas always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majestry ofexpressionJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim's Progress 朝圣之路: a religious allegory but like real personwritten in prison because of his exclusive reading of the BibleJohn Donnefamous for peculiar conceits 妙喻Founder of the Metaphysical schoolFeatures of the school:philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange imagesJohn DrydenRestoration Literature (1660-1788) 复辟时期a period of reaction and degenerationpwith the restoration of the Stuart monarchy 斯图亚特王朝, a whiteterror set in. Some of the revolutionary leaders were cruelly executed,and Puritans indiscriminately [不分清红皂白] repressed.Forerunner of the Classicism in Britain (in Restoration Period)All for Love (a tragedy)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (literary criticism)18th Century English Literature (the end of 17th C-18th C [1798], the Enlightment Intellectual Movement-Bourgeois Movement)Steel and AddisonRichard SteeleThe Tatlerstyleshumour, intimacy, eleganceJoseph AddisonThe SpectatorDifferent from the version today, this newspaper applied series ofvirtual figures as writers to publish their essays.Their contributionsTheir writings afford a new code social morality for the risingbourgeoisie.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18thIn the hands of Addison and Steele,the English essay had completelyestablished its as a literary genre. Using it as a form of charactersketching and storytelling, they ushered 开启 in the dawn of modernEnglish novel.Neo-ClassicismAlexander PopeworksEssay on CriticismEssays on ManThe Rape of LockThe DunciadcommentsAn outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of theclassical school in the first half of the 18th century.A diligent reader.He style depends on his great patience in elaborating his art.The most important representative of English classical poetry.RealismThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature.Jonathan SwiftworksGulliver's Travels (satire)Lilliput 小人国 → British government/partiesBrobdingnag 大人国 → British policies+political and regionalmeasuresLaputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan →philosopher, scientist, inventor, critic and historianThe Country of the Houghnhnms → wars, hypocrisy of thelawA Modest Proposal (irony)The Battle of Books 书战A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 (parable)The Drapper's Letters 一个麻布商的书信Daniel DefoeForerunner of English realistic novelRobinson CrusoeThe prototype of the early black slaves, the budding ofcolonialism. [早期黑奴的原型，殖民主义的萌芽]Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisie at theearlier stage of its development.Henry FieldingFounder of English realistic novel.He set up the theory of realism in literary creation.Father of the English novel.stylesIn a series of letters, in the mouth of the principal characterdirectly by the author.Satire (Humorous satire and grim satire)Belief in the educational function of novel.worksJoseph AndrewsJonathan WildTom JonesSamuel RichardsonPamela——the first epistolary [书信的] novelSmolletRoderick Random (a picaresque novel 流浪汉小说)Pererine PickleHunphry ClinkerSentimentalismA transitional form of writingemphasize too much emotion rather than reasonoptimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanity RepresentativesLaurence SterneTristram ShandyRichard SheridanThe School of ScandalSamuel JohnsonDictionaryLetter to Lord Chesterfieldthe writer's declaration of independenceOliver Goldsmithpoem——heroic coupletThe TravellerThe Deserted VillagenovelThe Vicar of Wakefield(sentimental novel)comedyThe Good-Natured ManShe Stoops to ConquerThe Citizen of the WorldEdward GibbonThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*Thomas GrayA representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets墓园派诗人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardsentimenal poetry <the best poem ever had in Britain>Pre-romanticismin the latter of the 18th centuryrepresentativesRobert Burnsa pre-romantic/a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of 19th CworksSong of InnocenceSongs of Experiencethe contrast: the world: light, harmony, peace and love → thepower of evil, the great misery and pain of the people's lifeconcise in the use of language, mysteriouswriting stylesemphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality,showing revolutionary passion against classical tradtition,followed by ShelleyWilliam Blakea great Scottish national poetworksA Red Red RoseAuld Lang Synefeatures of writingScottish dialecta poet of peasant and Scotish peopleplain languageinfluence from Scottish folk songs and balladsmusical quality of his poems19th Century English Literature (Industrial Revolution[内]/FrenchRevolution[外]/Independence of the US[背景])Romanticism: Romantic Movement (Lyrical Ballads, 1798)*William WordsworthThemes of his worksnature and common people's livesLyrical Balladsis a starting point and a manifesto of romaticism period inBritain.The PreludeI Wandered Lonely as A CloudTo the CuckooLines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey5 "I"s in RomanticismimaginationintuitionidealisminspirationindividualitySamuel Taylor ColeridgeTheme: supernaturalworksThe Rime of the Ancient MarinerKubla Khan*George Gordeon ByronworksDon JuanChilde Harold's Pilgrimage (Spenserian Stanza)commentsByron is a leading romanticist. His verse was easy,fluent andnatural beauty. Byron's diction, though unequal and frequentlyfaulty, has on the whole of freedom, copiousness and vigor. Hisdescriptions are simple and fresh and often bring vivid objectsbefore the reader. Byron's poetry employed the Ottra Rima fromItalian mock-heroic poetry.*Percy ShelleyworksQueen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unboundlyrical dramaIt is different from the Greek myth, and the difference has aspecial meaning.Ode to the West Wind 西风颂*John KeatsworksOde to AutumnOde on a Grecian UrnHis poetry is different from Byron's and Shelley's because these twoemphasize more on revolution but Keats's is for building a beautifulpure world. Generally, he wrote in pursuit of beauty.Charles LambThe Essays of Eliahumorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers*Walter ScottFounder and great master/father of the historiacal novel.His death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature.novels:Rob RoyIvanhoefeatures of his novels:gift of vivifying the pasthistorical events are closely interwoven with the facts ofindividualsfates of ordinary peopleromantica Tory 英国保守党党员, i.e. a conservative in politicsRealism (Realistic Movement, 1836, Victorian Period)English critical realismgave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,and showed a profound sympathy for the common peoplefeaturesthe struggling of the proletariat (/ˌprəʊlɪ'teərɪət/, 无产阶级) for itsrightcritical ideas occupied great placewomen writers stood on the stage of literature*Charles DickensworksThe Pickwick Papers (1st novel)Olive TwistDombey and SonDavid CopperfieldA Tales of Two Citiesfeatures of his novels:an encyclopaedic knowlege of Londoninexhaustible 无穷无尽的 powers of character creationa strong narrative impulsea highly individual and inventinve prose styleVanity Fair —— a novel withou a herooriginated from John Byron's The Pilgrims's Progress*Jane AustenworksPride and Prejudicewriting featuresthin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country societygood at writing young girlsmodest satirewitty dialoguesthe protagnist: Darcya young girl who rejects an offer of marriage because theyoung nobleman who makes it has been rude to her faimily.*Charlotte BronteJane EyreJane Eyre, daughter of a poor parson, loses both of her parentsshorlt after her birth.her aunt → charity school → Rochester → Rev. Rivers → marriedRochestercriticism of the bourgeois system of education*Emily BronteWuthering HeightsBronte姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但是其作品有明显的浪漫主义色彩，如包含一些supernatural elements，特别提现在《呼啸山庄》中。
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English Literature HistoryOld and Medieval English LiteratureOld English Literature (mid-4th C-mid 11th C)Language: Anglo-Saxon (old English)Society: tribal society~feudalismBelief: Christianity (7th C)Literature: poetryRomance 冒险故事，传奇: knightfamous three:King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfthe earliest literaturethe national epic (叙事史诗) of the English people (Anglo-Saxons)Denmark storyalliteration, metaphors, understatements 保守的说法Medieval English Literature (1066-the end of 14th C)Norman conquest-Feudalismstyles:romancelegendstorypoemsMessenger of humannism;Founder of English realism;Father of English poetry;Master of Modern English languages;Pioneer of English Renaissance.representative writersWilliam LanglandPiers the Plowman 耕者皮尔斯a picture of feudal English (over 7000 lines)in the form of a dream visionusing symbolism (to relate truth)Geoffery ChaucerIntroductionIn English literature history, London dialect was first used towrite.Achievements :Founder of English RealismThe Father of English PoetryMessenger of humanismFounder & Master of modern English languagePioneer of the English RenaissanceThe Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集the 1st time to use "heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)" by middleEnglish124 stories panned but 24 finished and 2 unfinishedThe English RenaissanceRenaissance: 14th C-17th C, English Renaissance: 15th C-17th C.Literary Features:translation works (French/Italian/Lation/Greek)poetryadventurous storiesdramaprose writingCharacteristics:Keen interests and curiosity for classicsAspiration for humanity, humanism is the key note of Renaissance.Utopia: an ideal communist societySir Philip Sidney: a poet and critic poetryAstrophel and Stella, Apology for poetryWalter RaleighDiscovery of GuianaEdmund Spenser (1552-1599)The Faerie Queen 仙后 (written for Queen Elizabeth)The Shepherd Calendar (modern English)Francis BaconThe founder of English materialist/modern science in English.The first essayistOf StudiesThe wording of this essay is elegant with parallelstructures and long sentences. It shows Bacon's greattalent in language and offers many proverbs.New InstrumentHe even invented the fridge.Advance of LearningWilliam ShakespeareMain Features:realistic writingimitation and adaptationdeversifies writing skills and methods: song, sonnet, coupletand blank verseFour Great ComediesA Midsummer Night's DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like ItTwelfth NightFour Great TragediesMacbethKing LearHamletOthelloThe English Bourgeois Revolution (Transitional Period)John Milton三大史诗 epicsParadise Lost (1667): blank verse. Plots originated from Old Testament旧约Theme: a revolt against God's authorityParadise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671): poetical dramaComments about himpolitical in both his life and his artwrote the greatest epic in English literaturemaster of the blank versegreat stylisthas always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majestry ofexpressionJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim's Progress 朝圣之路: a religious allegory but like real personwritten in prison because of his exclusive reading of the BibleJohn Donnefamous for peculiar conceits 妙喻Founder of the Metaphysical schoolFeatures of the school:philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange imagesJohn DrydenRestoration Literature (1660-1788) 复辟时期a period of reaction and degenerationpwith the restoration of the Stuart monarchy 斯图亚特王朝, a whiteterror set in. Some of the revolutionary leaders were cruelly executed,and Puritans indiscriminately [不分清红皂白] repressed.Forerunner of the Classicism in Britain (in Restoration Period)All for Love (a tragedy)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (literary criticism)18th Century English Literature (the end of 17th C-18th C [1798], the Enlightment Intellectual Movement-Bourgeois Movement)Steel and AddisonRichard SteeleThe Tatlerstyleshumour, intimacy, eleganceJoseph AddisonThe SpectatorDifferent from the version today, this newspaper applied series ofvirtual figures as writers to publish their essays.Their contributionsTheir writings afford a new code social morality for the risingbourgeoisie.They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18thIn the hands of Addison and Steele,the English essay had completelyestablished its as a literary genre. Using it as a form of charactersketching and storytelling, they ushered 开启 in the dawn of modernEnglish novel.Neo-ClassicismAlexander PopeworksEssay on CriticismEssays on ManThe Rape of LockThe DunciadcommentsAn outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of theclassical school in the first half of the 18th century.A diligent reader.He style depends on his great patience in elaborating his art.The most important representative of English classical poetry.RealismThe rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominentachievement of the 18th century English literature.Jonathan SwiftworksGulliver's Travels (satire)Lilliput 小人国 → British government/partiesBrobdingnag 大人国 → British policies+political and regionalmeasuresLaputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdrib and Japan →philosopher, scientist, inventor, critic and historianThe Country of the Houghnhnms → wars, hypocrisy of thelawA Modest Proposal (irony)The Battle of Books 书战A Tale of a Tub 木桶的故事 (parable)The Drapper's Letters 一个麻布商的书信Daniel DefoeForerunner of English realistic novelRobinson CrusoeThe prototype of the early black slaves, the budding ofcolonialism. [早期黑奴的原型，殖民主义的萌芽]Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisie at theearlier stage of its development.Henry FieldingFounder of English realistic novel.He set up the theory of realism in literary creation.Father of the English novel.stylesIn a series of letters, in the mouth of the principal characterdirectly by the author.Satire (Humorous satire and grim satire)Belief in the educational function of novel.worksJoseph AndrewsJonathan WildTom JonesSamuel RichardsonPamela——the first epistolary [书信的] novelSmolletRoderick Random (a picaresque novel 流浪汉小说)Pererine PickleHunphry ClinkerSentimentalismA transitional form of writingemphasize too much emotion rather than reasonoptimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanity RepresentativesLaurence SterneTristram ShandyRichard SheridanThe School of ScandalSamuel JohnsonDictionaryLetter to Lord Chesterfieldthe writer's declaration of independenceOliver Goldsmithpoem——heroic coupletThe TravellerThe Deserted VillagenovelThe Vicar of Wakefield(sentimental novel)comedyThe Good-Natured ManShe Stoops to ConquerThe Citizen of the WorldEdward GibbonThe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*Thomas GrayA representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets墓园派诗人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardsentimenal poetry <the best poem ever had in Britain>Pre-romanticismin the latter of the 18th centuryrepresentativesRobert Burnsa pre-romantic/a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of 19th CworksSong of InnocenceSongs of Experiencethe contrast: the world: light, harmony, peace and love → thepower of evil, the great misery and pain of the people's lifeconcise in the use of language, mysteriouswriting stylesemphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality,showing revolutionary passion against classical tradtition,followed by ShelleyWilliam Blakea great Scottish national poetworksA Red Red RoseAuld Lang Synefeatures of writingScottish dialecta poet of peasant and Scotish peopleplain languageinfluence from Scottish folk songs and balladsmusical quality of his poems19th Century English Literature (Industrial Revolution[内]/FrenchRevolution[外]/Independence of the US[背景])Romanticism: Romantic Movement (Lyrical Ballads, 1798)*William WordsworthThemes of his worksnature and common people's livesLyrical Balladsis a starting point and a manifesto of romaticism period inBritain.The PreludeI Wandered Lonely as A CloudTo the CuckooLines Composed A Few Miles above Tintern Abbey5 "I"s in RomanticismimaginationintuitionidealisminspirationindividualitySamuel Taylor ColeridgeTheme: supernaturalworksThe Rime of the Ancient MarinerKubla Khan*George Gordeon ByronworksDon JuanChilde Harold's Pilgrimage (Spenserian Stanza)commentsByron is a leading romanticist. His verse was easy,fluent andnatural beauty. Byron's diction, though unequal and frequentlyfaulty, has on the whole of freedom, copiousness and vigor. Hisdescriptions are simple and fresh and often bring vivid objectsbefore the reader. Byron's poetry employed the Ottra Rima fromItalian mock-heroic poetry.*Percy ShelleyworksQueen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unboundlyrical dramaIt is different from the Greek myth, and the difference has aspecial meaning.Ode to the West Wind 西风颂*John KeatsworksOde to AutumnOde on a Grecian UrnHis poetry is different from Byron's and Shelley's because these twoemphasize more on revolution but Keats's is for building a beautifulpure world. Generally, he wrote in pursuit of beauty.Charles LambThe Essays of Eliahumorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers*Walter ScottFounder and great master/father of the historiacal novel.His death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature.novels:Rob RoyIvanhoefeatures of his novels:gift of vivifying the pasthistorical events are closely interwoven with the facts ofindividualsfates of ordinary peopleromantica Tory 英国保守党党员, i.e. a conservative in politicsRealism (Realistic Movement, 1836, Victorian Period)English critical realismgave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,and showed a profound sympathy for the common peoplefeaturesthe struggling of the proletariat (/ˌprəʊlɪ'teərɪət/, 无产阶级) for itsrightcritical ideas occupied great placewomen writers stood on the stage of literature*Charles DickensworksThe Pickwick Papers (1st novel)Olive TwistDombey and SonDavid CopperfieldA Tales of Two Citiesfeatures of his novels:an encyclopaedic knowlege of Londoninexhaustible 无穷无尽的 powers of character creationa strong narrative impulsea highly individual and inventinve prose styleVanity Fair —— a novel withou a herooriginated from John Byron's The Pilgrims's Progress*Jane AustenworksPride and Prejudicewriting featuresthin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country societygood at writing young girlsmodest satirewitty dialoguesthe protagnist: Darcya young girl who rejects an offer of marriage because theyoung nobleman who makes it has been rude to her faimily.*Charlotte BronteJane EyreJane Eyre, daughter of a poor parson, loses both of her parentsshorlt after her birth.her aunt → charity school → Rochester → Rev. Rivers → marriedRochestercriticism of the bourgeois system of education*Emily BronteWuthering HeightsBronte姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但是其作品有明显的浪漫主义色彩，如包含一些supernatural elements，特别提现在《呼啸山庄》中。