翻译概论期末自主整理

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期末翻译总结心得

期末翻译总结心得作为一名学习翻译的学生，期末考试是我检验自身能力的重要机会。

在这次考试之前，我做了大量的准备工作，如复习课堂内容、做题、阅读相关资料、练习口译等，从而提高自己的翻译能力。

在本文中，我将总结我在期末考试中的学习经验和得失，并为自己今后的学习制定更合理的计划。

首先，我要感谢老师在这学期里对我的教导和帮助。

老师耐心解答我的问题，给予我很多宝贵的建议和指导，并让我明白了翻译不是简单从一种语言转化为另一种语言，而是要理解和传达原文中的意思和情感。

老师在课堂上让我们进行大量的翻译练习，对我的翻译能力的提高有着极大的帮助。

其次，我意识到在期末考试中出现的一些问题需要我加以改进。

首先，我的词汇量还不够丰富，导致我在翻译时会遇到一些生词。

这在考试中会影响我的翻译速度和准确性。

因此，我计划通过多读一些英语原著和相关材料来扩大自己的词汇量。

其次，我的语法掌握还不够牢固，有一些句子的结构和用法我还不太熟悉。

为了解决这个问题，我会多做一些语法和句子结构的练习，加强自己的语法知识。

最后，我的口译能力还需要进一步提升。

在考试中，我发现自己在听懂别人说话的同时，很难准确地表达出来。

因此，我打算多参加一些口语训练和实践，提高自己的口语表达能力。

在期末考试过程中，我还学到了一些宝贵的经验。

首先，翻译时要保持专注和耐心。

有时候，遇到一些生词或者难句时，我会感到困惑和焦虑。

然而，我意识到这种情绪会影响我的翻译质量和效率。

因此，在今后的学习中，我要学会控制自己的情绪，保持冷静和专注，从而更好地完成翻译任务。

其次，我发现对于翻译来说，背景知识的重要性不可忽视。

在考试中，有一些题目是关于特定领域的，我没有相关的背景知识，导致我无法理解原文和正确翻译。

因此，今后我要提前阅读相关领域的资料，增加自己的背景知识面，以便更好地进行翻译工作。

总之，期末考试是我不断提高自己翻译能力的重要机会。

通过这次考试，我不仅巩固了课堂学习内容，还发现了自身的不足之处，并为今后的学习制定了更合理的计划。

【免费下载】翻译概论期末复习

翻译概论期末复习1. 基本概念(互译)补偿compensation不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness等效原则principle of equivalent effect等值翻译equivalent translation动态对等dynamic equivalence读者反映论reader’s response读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation对等物(词语)equivalent对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence翻译程序/步骤translation procedures翻译体/翻译腔translationese翻译学translatology/Translation Studies风格style佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra符际翻译intersemiotic translation改变说法rewording功能对等functional equivalence归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation(MT)交际翻译communicative translation交替口译consecutive interpreting解码decode可译性translatability(translatable)理解understanding/comprehension流畅fluency乱译/胡译excessively free translation明析化explicitation模仿imitation目的论skopostheorie诗学poetics视点转换shift of perspective释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase死译/硬译mechanical translation套译/仿译/仿拟imitation通顺smoothness同声传译simultaneous interpreting透明(度)transparency歪译(意义扭曲)distortion伪译pseudotranslation文本text文本等值textual equivalence文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap误译mis-translation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity形合hypotaxis形式对等formal equivalence形式对应formal correspondence雅/优美elegance/gracefulness异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本/译著translated text/translational work译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation译者隐形translator’s invisibility意合parataxis意识形态ideology意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation音译法transliteration语际翻译interlingual translation语境context语内翻译intralingual translation语义翻译semantic translation原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work原作者SL author, original author源语/译出语source language(SL), original language源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture约定俗成convention再现reproduction/representation赞助patronage直译literal translation/direct translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation注释性翻译annotated/commented translation专业人士professionals转换transformation自然naturalness /idiomaticity综合法mixture of methods2. 翻译理论家及其理论信达雅faithfulness，expressiveness and elegance长期被我国广大译者视为翻译标准。

自主翻译期末总结

自主翻译期末总结随着学期的结束，我开始回顾过去的几个月，我意识到在这段时间里，我的学习和成长得到了显著的提高。

在过去的几个月里，我不仅学到了许多知识，还培养了很多重要的技能和思维方式。

我将在这篇总结中回顾我在本学期中所取得的成就，并分析自己的不足之处，以便更好地改进。

在本学期中，我最大的成就之一就是提高了自己的学习方法。

我以前常常滥用时间，拖延学习任务。

但是，在这个学期里，我意识到有效的时间管理非常重要，因此我付出了更多的努力来规划和管理我的时间。

我开始制定每日、每周和每月的学习计划，并尽力遵守。

此外，我还学会了使用一些学习工具，如番茄工作法和时间跟踪应用程序，以帮助我更好地管理时间并集中精力。

通过这些改变，我发现我的学习效率得到了很大的提高，我也能够更好地平衡学业和其他活动。

另一个我在本学期里取得的重要成就是提高了我的学术表达能力。

我以前常常感到困惑和不知所措，但是通过参加一些学术讨论和写作课程，我学会了如何准确地表达自己的观点，并使用正确的词汇和语法。

我还学会了如何撰写一篇优秀的论文，包括如何展开论点和提供合适的证据来支持我的观点。

通过这些磨练，我能够更好地表达自己的想法，并向别人传达我的观点和观点。

此外，在这个学期里，我还加强了我的团队合作能力。

在以前，我常常习惯独立完成任务，但是在本学期中，我意识到团队合作是提高效率和达到更好成果的关键。

因此，我积极参与了几个小组项目，并与团队成员密切合作。

通过与他人合作，我学会了倾听和接受他人的意见，学会了灵活地适应不同的团队动力，并学会了协调和解决团队中的冲突。

这些经验不仅帮助我在学术项目中取得更好的结果，还提高了我的人际交往能力和领导能力。

然而，我也意识到在本学期中仍然存在一些需要改进的方面。

首先，我发现我在时间管理方面仍然有进步的空间。

虽然我已经采取了一些措施来更好地规划我的时间，但有时我仍然会陷入拖延和浪费时间的陷阱。

我需要更加坚持自己的学习计划，并且意识到时间的宝贵性。

翻译概论知识点整理

翻译概论知识点整理翻译是一项复杂而重要的跨语言交流活动，它在促进不同文化之间的理解、交流与合作方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

以下是对翻译概论中一些关键知识点的整理。

一、翻译的定义与类型翻译，简单来说，就是将一种语言（源语）所表达的内容用另一种语言（目标语）准确而完整地重新表达出来。

根据不同的标准，翻译可以分为多种类型。

从翻译的手段来看，可分为人工翻译和机器翻译。

人工翻译依靠译者的语言能力和文化素养，能够更加灵活、准确地传达原文的意义和风格。

机器翻译则借助计算机程序和算法，虽然速度快，但在准确性和灵活性上往往存在一定的局限。

从翻译的方向上，分为口译和笔译。

口译是即时性的，要求译者在短时间内理解源语并迅速转化为目标语进行表达，常见的有同声传译和交替传译。

笔译则有更多的时间进行思考和查证，对译文的质量和准确性要求更高。

从翻译的内容来看，有文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译、法律翻译等。

不同领域的翻译具有各自的特点和要求，需要译者具备相应的专业知识和翻译技巧。

关于翻译的标准，虽然众说纷纭，但大致可以概括为“信、达、雅”。

“信”指的是忠实于原文的内容，准确无误地传达原文的信息，不随意增减或歪曲。

“达”要求译文通顺流畅，符合目标语的语法和表达习惯，让读者能够毫无障碍地理解。

“雅”则强调译文要有文采，尽可能地再现原文的风格和韵味。

然而，在实际的翻译过程中，要完全达到这三个标准并非易事，需要根据具体的情况进行权衡和取舍。

比如，在科技翻译中，更注重“信”和“达”，而在文学翻译中，“雅”的要求可能会相对较高。

三、翻译的过程翻译不是简单的语言转换，而是一个复杂的思维过程。

首先是理解阶段。

译者需要对原文进行仔细的阅读和分析，理解原文的词汇、语法结构、语义以及背后的文化内涵。

这需要译者具备扎实的语言功底和丰富的文化知识。

然后是表达阶段。

在理解原文的基础上，译者运用目标语的词汇、语法和表达方式，将原文的内容重新呈现出来。

这要求译者能够熟练掌握目标语的语言规则，并具备灵活运用语言的能力。

翻译概论的期末试题及答案

翻译概论的期末试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪项不是翻译的定义？A. 将一种语言文字转化为另一种语言文字B. 将一种语言口语转化为另一种语言文字C. 将一种语言文字进行解释和表达D. 将一种语言文字进行意译和转换答案：B2. 翻译的目的是什么？A. 传达信息B. 提高译者的语言能力C. 增进不同文化之间的理解D. 推广翻译行业的发展答案：A、C3. 下列哪项不是翻译的类型？A. 文学翻译B. 口译翻译C. 法律翻译D. 机器翻译答案：D二、简答题1. 请简述翻译的基本原则。

答案：翻译的基本原则包括准确性、流畅性、目标语言的习惯表达和忠实传达原意。

准确性指翻译要准确传达原文的意义；流畅性指翻译要顺畅易读，符合目标语言的语法和表达习惯；目标语言的习惯表达指翻译要符合目标语言的表达习惯，避免直译和生硬的翻译；忠实传达原意指翻译要忠实于原文的意思，不添加、删除或曲解原文的内容。

2. 解释语言转换和意译的概念，并举例说明。

答案：语言转换是指将一种语言文字转化为另一种语言文字的过程。

它可以通过直译和意译两种方式实现。

直译是指将原文的词语和句子直接翻译为目标语言的词语和句子，保持原文句法和词汇的结构。

例如，将中文句子“我喜欢吃水果”直译为英文句子“I like to eat fruits”。

意译是指在翻译过程中根据语境和意义的需要对原文进行转换和调整，以达到更好的表达效果。

例如，将英文句子“Actions speak louder than words”意译为中文句子“事实胜于雄辩”。

三、论述题请根据你在学习《翻译概论》课程中的所学内容，从以下几个方面论述翻译的重要性及对于促进跨文化交流的作用。

1. 桥梁作用：翻译作为不同语言和文化之间的桥梁，使得各种信息能够跨越语言边界和文化障碍进行传播和交流。

翻译可以促进不同文化之间的相互理解和交流，使得人们能够更加平等地参与全球化进程。

2. 促进文化传播：翻译能够将一国的文化表达转化为其他语言并传播出去，使得其他国家的人们能够了解和接触到不同的文化。

翻译概论知识点整理

L1 中国翻译发展：1.The earliest historical documents 周朝《周礼》and 《礼记》2.汉代传译的《四十二章经》是佛经最早的中译本3.东汉桓帝时，安世高——《明度五十校计经》是正式见于史籍记载的翻译佛经4.ZhiQian(支谦) extremely literal translation. follow the original intention of the authorwithout any embroidery" (因循本旨，不加文饰)5.Dao An (道安) literal translation translate according to the originalwithout any additioin and deduction" ( 案本而传，不令有损言游字 ) Personal activity---official organization ( fifth century )6.Kumarajiva ( 鸠摩罗什) He emphasizedthe accuracy of translation. freetranslation the first to suggest translators sign their names totranslated works.7.The First Peak of Translation in China ：from the Sui dynasty (581-618)to the Tang dynasty (618-907) thoroughly studied translation theory.translators should: " (1) be faithful to the Buddhist doctrine, (2) be ready to benefit the readers (Buddhist believers), (3) concentrate on the translation of the Buddhist doctrine rather than translating for fame."8.玄奘：将佛经由梵文译成汉文，而且把老子著作的一部份译成梵文，成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介紹的中国人Contribution to theory: set down the famous translation criteria that translation "must be both truthful and intelligible to the populace."( 既須求真,又須喻俗，意即忠实、通順)Aiming to achieve an intelligibility of the translation for the target language readers9.P3. 明清之际的科技翻译Western Christian missionaries (利玛窦...) Assisted by Chinesecollaborators ( 徐光启、李之藻) 利玛窦、徐光启：《几何原本》、《测量法义》，利玛窦、李之藻《同文算指》，利玛窦：论语、孟子、大学、中庸——拉丁文第二次翻译高潮(1)T he subject of translation shifted from Buddhist scriptures toscientific and technological knowledge;(2)t ranslators in this period of time were mainly scientists andgovernment officials who were erudite scholars, and the westernmissionaries who brought western knowledge to China.10.the 3rd peak ：from the mid 19th century to May 4th Movementemphasis on Western works of social soiences, military sciences and literature11.林则徐( 1785-1850)：Geography ( Gazette of the Four Continents 《四洲志》)；李善兰( 1811-1882)：Geometry 《几何原本》；严复：《天演论》、《原富》；林纾：《茶花女》，《块肉余生述》，《黑奴吁天录》《鲁滨逊漂流记》12.Translation in Modern period ( 1919-1949 )：focus on the translation ofKarl Marx's (1818-1883) and Lenin's (1870-19224) works on socialist and communist theories (社会主义和共产主义) , and the translation and re-translation of western literature. 朱生豪：莎士比亚戏剧全集张谷若：德伯家的苔丝》和《还乡》，哈代的《无名的裘德》、狄更斯的《大卫· 考坡菲》P7，鲁迅，矛盾，郭沫若，付东华，傅雷，林语堂13.杨必：玛丽亚?埃杰窝斯的《剥削世家》，翻译萨克雷( W. M. Thackeray)的VanityFair (《名利场》杨宪益和戴乃迭：《红楼梦》《老残游记》《离骚》《儒林外史》《鲁迅选集》《奥德修纪》《卖花女》许渊冲：翻译了《诗经》、《楚辞》、《李白诗选》、《西厢记》、《红与黑》、《包法利夫人》、《追忆似水年华》等众多名著。

翻译概论期末总结

翻译概论期末总结一、引言翻译作为一种语言交际活动，随着社会、经济、文化的全球化进程，发挥着越来越重要的作用。

翻译概论是学习翻译专业的基础课程之一，在这门课程中，我们学习了翻译的概念、历史、理论和技巧等内容。

经过一学期的学习，我对翻译有了更深入的了解，并获得了一定的翻译技能。

在此总结中，我将回顾我在这门课上所学到的知识和技能，并对自己的学习情况进行评价和反思。

二、知识回顾1.翻译的概念和分类：翻译是将一种语言的文字、口语或手语转化为另一种语言的过程。

根据翻译的形式和途径，可以将其分为口译和笔译。

口译是指即时翻译，而笔译是指将文字材料翻译成另一种语言。

根据翻译的用途和领域，还可以将其分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等。

2.翻译的历史：翻译在人类发展进程中有着悠久的历史。

从古代的经典翻译到现代的科技翻译，翻译一直在桥梁不同文化之间的交流。

3.翻译的理论：翻译理论是对翻译现象进行系统研究的学科。

常见的翻译理论包括等效理论、功能对等理论、文化转码理论等。

4.翻译的技巧：翻译技巧是为了提高翻译质量和效率而采用的方法。

常见的翻译技巧有逐字翻译、意译、增译和删译等。

三、技能拓展在翻译概论课程中，我不仅学习了翻译的理论知识，还进行了相关的实践训练，提高了我在翻译方面的技能。

1.翻译实践：通过课堂上的案例分析和小组讨论，我学会了如何进行翻译实践。

实践中，我积累了一定的翻译经验，并提高了自己的翻译质量。

2.语言能力：翻译需要具备较高的语言能力，包括对原文和目标文的准确理解和运用。

在这门课程中，我通过不断的语言训练，提高了自己的语言表达和理解能力。

3.文化素养：翻译涉及到两种不同的文化背景，要准确理解原文中的文化内涵，并在目标文中恰当地表达出来。

通过学习翻译概论，我对不同文化之间的差异有了更深刻的认识，并学会了如何在翻译中处理这些差异。

四、评价和反思在这门课程中，我对翻译有了更全面的认识，并提高了自己的翻译技能。

但同时，也存在一些不足之处。

翻译概论期末复习题

二、
1.翻译中要达到完全等值是否可能？为什么？
三、
1.何为狭义的翻译过程？试结合本章对狭义翻译过程的经验性认识和理论性探索，谈谈你对狭义翻译过程的看法。

2.试分析“复译”现象产生的原因。

四、
1.试阐述为什么翻译的根本任务是意义的再生。

2.简述索绪尔的语言意义观与传统语言意义观的不同之处，并分析索绪尔的语言意义观给翻译活动带来的启示。

3.试述让意义在翻译中得到再生的几点原则。

五、
1.如何认识译者的传统身份？为何同样的“透明”翻译策略在不同的翻译家那里会导致“异化”与“归化”两种背道而驰的结果？
2.论述意大利谚语“翻译者即反逆者”在译者主体性确立过程中的作用和意义。

六、
1.文化语境与社会因素对翻译活动的影响作用主要体现在哪些方面？
2.试从“翻译什么”和“怎样翻译”两方面，举例说明译者的翻译动机和翻译观念对翻译构成的影响。

七、
1.请结合自己学习翻译或从事翻译实践的经历，举出翻译中的一些常见矛盾。

2.傅雷“神似说”的主要内容是什么？谈谈你对“形”与“神”关系的认识。

八、
1.在世界化进程逐步加快的今天，关于维护“文化多样性”、“语言多元化”的呼声越来越高，那么你认为在这一过程中，翻译应该或者能够起到怎样的作用？
九、
1.翻译活动的发展进程中出现过哪些翻译标准？它们各自具有哪些特点？
十、
1.何为翻译的“文化转向”？翻译研究的“文化转向”对于翻译研究的发展有何意义？。

翻译概论期末试题及答案

翻译概论期末试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共50分）1. 下列哪个选项最符合翻译的定义？A）将一种语言文字转换为另一种语言文字B）将一种语言口头表达转换为另一种语言口头表达 C）将一种语言文字转换为另一种语言口头表达D）将一种语言口头表达转换为另一种语言文字正确答案：A2. 以下哪个属于翻译过程中的“过程语言”？A）源语言B）目标语言C）中介语言D）工具语言正确答案：C3. 以下哪个属于翻译的“目的语”？A）源语言B）理解语言C）通信语言D）目标语言正确答案：D4. 文学翻译中，翻译者的主要任务是：A）保持原文的风格和意境B）译出目标语言读者能理解的内容C）将原文中的文化差异减少到最低D）使用逐字逐句翻译法正确答案：A5. 针对机器翻译的下列说法，哪个是正确的？ A）机器翻译可以替代人工翻译B）机器翻译永远不会出现错误C）机器翻译的翻译质量已经超过人工翻译 D）机器翻译需要人类的干预和修正正确答案：D二、简答题（共30分）1. 简述翻译的基本原则。

翻译的基本原则包括：忠实原文、流畅通顺、意义准确、意境传达和适应读者需求。

忠实原文原则指在翻译过程中，要尽量准确地传达源语言的原意，不添加、删减或曲解内容。

流畅通顺原则强调翻译的表达要符合目标语言的习惯用法和语法结构，使读者能够自然理解。

意义准确原则要求译文在传达原意的同时，要尽量减少歧义，并保持与原文相似的语义效果。

意境传达原则强调翻译要传达原作的文学和情感效果，使读者能够感受到与原文相似的艺术享受。

适应读者需求原则指翻译要符合目标读者的语言习惯、文化背景和阅读需求，使译文更具可读性和可接受性。

2. 请简述“功能对等”翻译理论。

“功能对等”翻译理论认为，在跨文化交际中，译者应根据目标语言的语言结构、文化背景和读者需求，通过调整和改变源语言表达形式，以达到与源语言相似的交际功能。

该理论主张翻译结果在目标语言中应呈现出与源语言相似的交际目的和效果，而不是简单地进行词语的替换或句法结构的转换。

翻译概论知识点总结

翻译概论知识点总结翻译概论的研究内容非常广泛，包括翻译理论、翻译原则、翻译方法、翻译接受者的认知过程、翻译技术、翻译评价等方面。

在翻译概论中，我们可以了解到翻译的定义、分类以及与其他学科的关系，可以系统地学习和掌握不同语言和文化之间的对等关系，可以研究和分析翻译的规律和特点，可以探讨翻译活动的内在逻辑和思维过程，可以探索翻译技术和工具的应用，可以评价和分析不同翻译作品的质量和成就，可以洞察翻译行为的伦理和社会责任等等。

从学科发展的历史来看，翻译概论起源于古代的翻译实践和文学批评，发展于19世纪的语言学和社会学研究，成熟于20世纪的应用语言学和跨文化交际研究。

而在当今世界，翻译概论已经成为了独立的学科体系，并且在全球范围内迅速发展和壮大。

随着国际间交流与合作的日益加强，翻译概论必将面临更为广阔的发展空间和更为丰富的研究前景。

翻译概论的研究方法主要包括文献研究、实证研究、对比分析和案例分析等。

通过对相关文献的梳理和分析，可以了解到翻译概论的研究热点和前沿，可以学习到其他学者的研究成果和思想观点，可以拓展自己的学术视野和思维广度。

通过实证研究，可以验证和检验相关理论和假设，可以获取和积累实际的翻译数据和资料，可以分析和总结不同翻译实践的经验和教训。

通过对比分析和案例分析，可以发现翻译活动的规律和差异，可以评价和比较不同翻译作品的优劣，可以揭示和阐释翻译活动的内在机理和外在效果。

翻译概论的研究对象主要包括自然语言、人文文化和社会交往等方面。

从自然语言的角度来看，翻译概论涉及到的语言范畴和语言现象非常丰富，包括语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面。

不同语言之间存在着很多差异和共性，而翻译概论就是要研究和揭示这些差异和共性，促进不同语言之间的互译和互补。

从人文文化的角度来看，翻译概论涉及到的文学、历史、哲学、宗教、艺术等领域非常广泛，而翻译概论就是要研究和理解这些领域的内涵和外延，促进不同文化之间的相互理解和尊重。

【VIP专享】翻译概论期末复习

翻译理论总结期末

翻译理论总结期末在现代全球化的背景下，翻译作为一种重要的跨文化交流方式，发挥着不可或缺的作用。

翻译理论作为研究翻译实践的基础，是翻译工作者必须掌握的重要知识。

本文将综述翻译理论的重要概念、发展历程和主要流派，从而对翻译实践提供指导和启示。

一、翻译理论的重要概念1. 翻译翻译是指将一种语言的信息转化为另一种语言的过程。

它不仅仅是语言的互译，还涉及到思维方式、文化背景等因素。

2. 等效等效是指在翻译过程中，力求使目标语言能够传达出原文同样的意义和效果。

等效主张在翻译理论中占据重要地位，它涉及到文化差异、语言差异等问题。

3. 重译重译是指对一篇已经翻译过的文本重新进行翻译。

它是翻译实践中的一种特殊形式，可以通过不同解读和译者的风格差异来实现更好的翻译效果。

4. 归化与异化归化与异化是翻译理论中常用的两个概念，它们分别指代将目标语文化与源语文化“融合”或“保留”的翻译策略。

归化主张将目标语文化中的表述方式与理解习惯作为翻译的依据，而异化则更加强调源语文化的独特性。

二、翻译理论的发展历程1. 传统翻译理论传统翻译理论以源语为中心，更加注重语言的形式对称性，重视忠实于原文，以达到“无损”的目标。

2. 功能对等理论功能对等理论是在20世纪70年代后期兴起的，提出了等效的概念，并关注功能与意义在翻译中的重要性。

该理论明确了译者在翻译过程中应对源语和目标语读者进行调整的任务。

3. 文化转移理论文化转移理论提出了文化因素在翻译中的重要作用。

它强调翻译不仅仅是语言的转移，还涉及到文化背景、思维方式等因素。

这一理论对于跨文化交流的研究具有重要指导意义。

4. 重译和再翻译理论重译和再翻译理论强调翻译是一个不断发展的过程，通过对已有翻译作品的再审视和重新翻译，可以实现更好的翻译效果。

这一理论提醒翻译者不仅要注重翻译策略，还要不断提升自己的翻译水平。

三、翻译理论的主要流派1. 源语导向理论源语导向理论以源语为中心，强调翻译要忠实于原文，力求实现“无损”翻译。

翻译概论期末复习

翻译概论期末复习1. 根本概念(互译)补偿pensation不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)达/易懂intelligibility/e*pressiveness等效原则principle of equivalent effect等值翻译equivalent translation动态对等dynamic equivalence读者反映论reader’s response读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation对等物(词语)equivalent对应(局部对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures翻译体/翻译腔translationese翻译学translatology/Translation Studies风格style佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra符际翻译intersemiotic translation改变说法rewording功能对等functional equivalence归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-acmodating translation机器翻译machine translation(MT)交际翻译municative translation交替口译consecutive interpreting解码decode可译性translatability(translatable)理解understanding/prehension流畅fluency乱译/胡译e*cessively free translation明析化e*plicitation模仿imitation目的论skopostheorie诗学poetics视点转换shift of perspective释义法/解释法e*planation/paraphrase死译/硬译mechanical translation套译/仿译/仿拟imitation通顺smoothness同声传译simultaneous interpreting透明(度)transparency歪译(意义扭曲)distortion伪译pseudotranslation文本te*t文本等值te*tual equivalence文本为中心的翻译标准te*t-centered criteria for translation文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap误译mis-translation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity形合hypota*is形式对等formal equivalence形式对应formal correspondence雅/优美elegance/gracefulness异化foreignization/alienation/e*oticization/ e*ogenization/source-oriented translation译本/译著translated te*t/translational work译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)译文target te*t, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation译者隐形translator’s in visibility意合parata*is意识形态ideology意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation音译法transliteration语际翻译interlingual translation语境conte*t语翻译intralingual translation语义翻译semantic translation原文/原著source te*t (ST), SL te*t, original te*t, original version/original work原作者SL author, original author源语/译出语source language(SL), original language源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture约定俗成convention再现reproduction/representation赞助patronage直译literal translation/direct translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation 注释性翻译annotated/mented translation专业人士professionals转换transformation自然naturalness /idiomaticity综合法mi*ture of methods2. 翻译理论家及其理论信达雅faithfulness，e*pressiveness and elegance长期被我国广阔译者视为翻译标准。

翻译概论期末自主整理

翻译概论期末自主整理翻译概论期末自主整理第一章一．翻译的本质：（P13）1.文化传播的工具。

2.协商的过程，交流与斡旋的过程。

3.技巧（技艺），活动。

二．重要人物：1.普希金“人类精神的传递者。

”2.（德）歌德“世界上全部交际来往中最重要、最高贵的事业之一。

”歌德+钱钟书把翻译比作媒人和做煤：（P5）翻译工作性质是媒介性，好的翻译家全身心投入；内容与原作比存在差异；好的翻译不仅成功介绍原作，而且要激起读者的好奇心与爱欲。

3.苏珊巴斯奈特+安德烈勒弗菲尔+余光中：把翻译比作婚姻。

4.傅雷：不在形似而在神似。

5.（英）纽马克：（P10）*翻译是妥协：反复权衡的艰难历程，原文与译文的相互让步。

积极（既体现原蕴，又照顾译入语通达）+消极（“信”“达”不合适，不令人满意）。

*变戏法的动作：处理具体一项时尝试多种可能，因人而异，经验越丰富越娴熟。

*碰运气，走钢丝：翻译时人受客观、主观条件或精神状态的影响。

改译、重译 > 原译。

三．从事翻译（esp.文学翻译）的人：很高的外语+母语水平+写作水平+创作能力。

第二章一．翻译标准：1.意义：翻译理论的核心问题，非常重要，翻译界的“根本大法”；是目标，要求高，由译者或评判者把持的主观尺度。

2.演变：从主观→客观，散论→系统，静态→动态，单一→多元。

3.三方面：*以文本为中心：原文+译文=最基本要素*人。

*翻译目的为导向：（德）威密尔：翻译是有目的（最高标准）的行为，主要准则按轻重为——译文由其目的决定，译文为译入化提供有关原语语言文化的信息；译文不会提供违背原文信息的信息；译文必须语内+语际一致。

所有准则从属于目的原则。

只要达到了翻译的目的，就是合格的，即使与原文有出入，可接受。

林纾+庞德也是为了达到一定的翻译目的，而进行改写、变译。

季羡林“文学翻译更应该有不同诠释和表述；建立在深入研究基础之上，X随心所欲。

”4.翻译界就标准达成共识：翻译标准的制定受主客观影响，因此它是以忠实+对等为核心的动态多元体系，忠实的程度和对等的层次随文本类型+读者层次+翻译目的不同而各异。

广外翻译概期末复习

翻概期末复习资料A.名词解释：20个考2分，30~80词1.Translation: The term translation itself has several meanings: it canrefer to the general subject field, the product(the text that has beentranslated) or the process(the act of producing the translation, otherwiseknown as translating).2. Translation Studies : Translation studies is an academicinterdiscipline(n.跨学科，多种学科)dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization（地方化）. The term Translation Studies was coined by the American scholar Jame s S. Holmes in his paper “The name and nature oftranslation studies”, which is considered a foundational statement for thediscipline.3.Features of Discourse: Features of a discourse include cohesion andcoherence. The ties that bind a text together are often referred to underthe heading of cohesion while coherence is unity in a text or discourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict each other‟spresuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonable connection in thoughts.4.Semantic Translation (Newmark): Semantic translation, where thetranslator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original. It tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed and it remains within the original culture and language as much as possible.municative translation (Newmark): Communicative translation,where the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TargetLanguage readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. It islikely to be smoother, simpler, cleaner, more direct, more conventional, using hold-all terms in difficult passages.6.Paraphrase (Dryden): translation with latitude, where the author is keptin view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not sostrictly followed as his sense; this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.7.Tytler’s three general laws of translation: Firstly, the translationshould give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.Secondly, the style and manner of writing should be of the same characterwith that of the original. Thirdly, the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.8.Equivalence：equivalence is the nature and the extent of therelationships between SL and TL texts. It relates to equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. There are different types of equivalence including Denotative Equivalence, Connotative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence and etc.9.Dynamic Equivalence(Nida): Dynamic Equivalence, where therelationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. It is receptor-oriented and the goal of dynamic equivalence is to seek the “closest natural equivalent to the SL message”.10.Domestication (Venuti): 归化It is also known as Domesticatingtranslation, aiming to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the TL readers. It may carry negative connotations, cultural narcissim, cultural hegemony of the powerful cultures and cultural colonialism. It is aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign.11.Foreignization (Venuti) 异化A term used by Venuti to designate thetype of translation in which TT is produced which deliberately breaks the target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original.Venuti believes it is a strategic cultural intervention to make the translator “visible” and to make the readers realize and it restrains “violence”.12.Invisibility of the translator (Venuti): ~ is a term used by Venuti todescribe the translator‟s situation an activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture. Venuti sees this invisibility as typically being produced: by the way translators themselves tend to translate “fluently“ into English , to produce an idiomatic and …readable” TT, thus creating an “illusion of transparency”; by the way the translated texts are typically read in the target culture.13.Coherence rule (Hans Vermeer): 连贯原则~States that the TT mustbe interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver‟s situation. In other words, the TT must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge.14.Fidelity rule (Hans Vermeer) : 忠实法则，语内连贯法则；~merely statesthat there must be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, more specifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, the interpretation the translator makes of this information, the information that is encoded for the TTreceivers.15.Loyalty in translation (Nord): According to the prevailing concept oftranslation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the author‟s opinion. It is the transla tor‟s moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyalty exists in the interpersonal relationshipbetween the translator, the ST author and TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating. 16.Polysystem (Even-Zohar) : 多元系统It is developed in 1970s by Even-Zohar. The polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, hierarchized conglomerate of systems which interact to bring about an ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole. The notion of system: a multi-layered structure of elements which relate toand interact with each other.17.Operational norms (Toury): Operational norms describe thepresentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They affect the matrix of text and the textual make-up and verbal formulation. Operational norms consists of Matricial norms and Textual-linguistic norms.18.Expectancy norms (Chesterman): ~are established by theexpectations of readers of a translation concerning what a translation should be like. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations.19.The cultural turn (Bassnett & Lefevere) ：P125 The move fromtranslation as text to translation as culture and politics is what Mary Snell-Hornby, in her paper, terms “the cultural turn”. It is taken up by Bassnett and Lefevere as a metaphor for this cultural move and serves to bind together the range of case studies in their collection.20. Postcolonialism: 后殖民主义; postcolonialism is generally used tocover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires, resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations between colonized and colonizer. Here refer to postcolonialism in translation particularly. ???B.理论要点综述：12个考1个，150~300词1.Triadic model proposed by Dryden and its influence: John Dryden,whose brief description of the translation process would have enormous impact on subsequent translation theory and practice. In the preface to his translation of Ovid‟s Epistles, Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: Firstly, metaphrase: word by word and line by line translation, which corresponds to literal translation; Secondly, paraphrase：translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense;this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation. Thirdly, imitation: forsaking both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowley‟s very free translation and is more or less adaptation. //Moreover, the triadic model proposed by Dryden was to exert considerable influence on later writings on translation.In general, Dryden and others writing on translation at the time are very prescriptive(规范的), setting out what has to be done in order for successful translation to take place. Other writers on translation also began to state their “principles“ in a similarly prescriptive fashion. For example, Dolet has five “principles“ while Tytler has three general “laws”.2.Nida’s theory of functional equivalence: P42. Dynamic, or functionalEquivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be tailored to the receptor‟s linguis tic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida.Indeed, he defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closet natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness ; the TT language should not show interference from the SL, and the foreignness of the ST setting is minimized in a way that would now be criticized by later culturally oriented translation theorists.3.Features of a discourse and their enlightenment to translation:From a structural perspective, discourse is a unit of language above the sentence. There are two features of discourse: Cohesive and coherent.The linguistic mean by cohesion: sentences are woven together to make texts. Texts are made of sentences and sentences must be bound together and cross-linked in a variety of ways. So the ties that bind a texttogether are often referred under the head of cohesion. There are manycohesive devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction andlexical ties or even rhetorical devices. Coherence is a unity in a text ordiscourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict eachother‟s presuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonableconnection in thoughts. Enlightenment to translation: discourse analysis isimportant in translation. Translators should notice that the TT should becohesive and coherent as the ST is. In some cases, the discourse seemsnot coherent but actually makes sense due to shared knowledge amongoriginal text readers. Therefore the translator needs to compensate for theshared knowledge when rendering ST to TT.4.Vermeer’s Sk opotheorie and its basic underlying rules :Skopos is the Greek word for “aim” or “purpose” and was introduced intotranslation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term forthe purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. Skopostheoriefocuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines thetranslation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order toproduce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in skopos theory,knowing why a ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT willbe are crucial for the translator. // The basic underlying rules of thetheory are: 1. A translatum(or TT) is determined by its skopos. 2. A TT isan offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer ofinformation in a source culture and SL. 3. A TT does not initiate an offer ofinformation in a clearly reversible way. 4. A TT must be internally coherent.5. A TT must be coherent with the ST.6. The five rules above stand inhierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating. (In it, theCoherence rule states that the TT must be interpretable as coherent withthe TT receiver‟s situation. In other words, the TT must be translated insuch a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given theircircumstances and knowledge. The Fidelity rule merely states that theremust be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, morespecifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, theinterpretation the translator makes of this information, the informationthat is encoded for the TT receivers.) An important advantage of skopostheory is that it allows the possibility of the same text being translated indifferent ways according to the purpose of the TT and the commissionwhich is given to the translator.5.Three major cases when translated literature occupies theprimary position in the literary system proposed by Even-ZoharEven-Zohar gives three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position:(1) When a …young‟ literature is being established and looks initially to …older‟ literatures for ready-made models;(2) When a literature is …peripheral‟ or …weak‟ and imports those literary types which it is lacking. This can happen when a smaller nation is dominated by the culture of a larger one. Even-Zohar sees that …all sorts of peripheral literature may in such cases consist of translated literature‟. This happens at various levels. For instance, in modern Spain regions such as Galicia import many translations from the dominant Castilian Spanish, while Spain itself imports canonized and non-canonized literature from the English-speaking world;(3) When there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient, or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country. Where no type holds sway, it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.6.Nord’s notion of “Function+ Loyalty” p84Nord establishes a(1)The intended function of the translation should bedecided( documentary or instrumental).(2)Those functional elements that will need to be adapted to the TTaddressees‟situation have to be determined (after analysis of the translation commission as in 1 above).(3)The translation type decides the translation style (source-culture ortarget-culture oriented).(4)The problems of the text can then be tackled at a lower linguisticlevel( as in the ST analysis in 2 above).In many ways, this synthesized approach brings together strengths of the various functional and action theories:●The translation commission analysis follows up Holz‟s work on the playerswithin the translatorial action.●The intended text functions pursue Reiss and Vermeer‟s skopos, butwithout giving overall dominance to the skopos.● The ST analysis, influenced by Reiss‟s work, gives due attention to thecommunicative function and genre features of the ST type and language, but without the rigidity of other taxonoimies.Secondly, according to the prevailing concept of translation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the author‟s opinion. It is the translator‟s moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyaltyexists in the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the ST authorand TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating.7.Tour’s classification of norms:Toury sees different kinds of norms operating at different stages of the translation process: initial norm, preliminary norms and operational norms.Initial norm refers to a general choice made by translators. Thus, translators can subject themselves to the norms realized in the ST or to the norms of the target culture or language. If it is towards the ST, then the TT will be adequate; if the target culture norms prevail, then the TT will be acceptable. The poles of adequacy and acceptability are on a continuum since no translation is ever totally adequate or totally acceptable. Shifts – obligatory and non-obligatory – are inevitable,norm-governed and …a true universal of translation‟ Preliminary norms contain translation policy and directness of translation, with the former referring to the factors determining the selection texts for translation in a specific language, culture or time and the latter relating to whether translation occurs through an intermediate language. Operational norms describe the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They include metrical norms and textual-linguistic norms, with the former relating to the completeness of the TT and the latter governing the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases and stylistic features.8.Chesterman’s translation norms:Toury‟s concept of norms is focused mainly on their function as a descriptive category to identify translation patterns. Chesterman states that all norms …exert a prescriptive pressure‟. Chesterman himself proposes another set of norms, covering the area of Toury‟s initial and operational norms. They are product or expectancy norms and process or professional norms. Product or expectancy norms …are established by the expectations of readers of a translation (of a given type) concerning what a translation (of this type) should be like‟. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations. Professional norms …regulate the translation process itself‟.They are subordinate to and determined by expectancy norms.Chesterman proposes three kinds of professional norm: the accountability norm (an ethical norm), the communication norm (a social norm), the “relation” norm (a linguistic norm).9.Constraints on translation within and outside the literary systemby Lefevere :Lefevere describes the literary system in which translation functions as being controlled by three main factors, which are: (1) professionals within the literary system, (2) patronage outside the literary system and (3) the dominant poetics.(1)Professionals within the literary system: These include critics andreviewers (whose comments affect the reception of a work), teachers (who often decide whether a book is studied or not) and translators themselves, who decide on the poetics and at times the ideology of the translated text.(2) Patronage outside the literary system: These are …the powers (persons, institutions) that can further or hinder the reading, writing, and rewriting of literature‟.Lefevere identifies three elements to this patronage: the ideological component; the economic component; the status component. For Lefevere, the most important consideration is the ideological one, which in this case refers to the translator‟s ideology, or the ideology imposed upon the translator by patronage.(3)The poetological consideration refers to the dominant poetics in the TL culture. Together these dictate the translation strategy and the solution to specific problems.10.Feminist translation theory ：(The representatives are Luise Von Flotow and Sherry Simon. The goal of feminis t translation viewed as “rewriting in the feminine”, is to make women visible in la nguage and to reveal increasing gender awareness The core for the feminists tra nslation theory is that the feminist theorists see parallel between the status of tra nslation, which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to original writing ,and that of women. Feminists seek to identify and criticize the tangle of concept s which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and lite rary ladder.)The feminist theorists see a parallel between the status of translation, which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to original writing, and that of women, so often repressed in society and literature. This is the core of feminist translation theory, which seeks to …identify and critique the tangle of concepts which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder‟. One strategy discussed by Simon is the treatment of linguistic markers of gender. Examples quoted from de Lotbinière-Harwood‟s translations include using a bold …e‟ in the word one to emphasize the feminine, capitalization of M in HuMan Rights to show the implicit sexism, the neologism auther (as opposed to author ) to translate the French auteure , and the female personification of nounssuch as aube ( dawn ) with the English pronoun she. Spivak suggests that feminists from the hegemonic countries should show real solidarity with women in postcolonial contexts by learning the language in which thosewomen speak and write.11.Postcolonial translation theory:Postcolonialism is generally used to cover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires, resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations, between colonized and colonizer.Postcolonialism has over the past decade focused on issues of translation, the transnational and colonization.// Specifically, the linking of colonization and translation is accompanied by the argument that translation has played an active role in the colonization process and in disseminating an ideologically motivated image of colonized peoples. The central intersection of translation studies and postcolonial theory is that of power relations. Niranjana‟s focus in on the way translation into English has generally been used by the colonial power to construct a rewritten image of the “East that has then come to stand for the truth. Niranjana sees all these groups as “participating” in the enormous project of collection and codification on which colonial power was base. She specifically attacks translation‟s role within this power structure: translation as a practice shapes, and takes shape within, the asymmetrical relations of power that operate under colonialism. Furthermore, she goes on to criticize translation studies itself for its largely western orientation and for three main failings that she sees resulting from this: (1)that translation studies has until recently not considered the question of power imbalance between different languages(2)that the concepts underlying much of western translation theory areflawed. (3)that the humanistic enterprise of translation needs to be questioned, since translation in the colonial context builds a conceptual image of colonial domination into the discourse of western philosophy.12.Steiner’s hermeneutic motio n, the four moves of translation : Steiner‟s description of the hermeneutics of translation, …the act of elicitation and appropriative transfer of meaning‟, is based on a conception of translation not as a scienc e but as …an exact art‟, with precisions that are …intense but unsystematic‟. The hermeneutic motion which forms the core of Steiner‟s description consists of four parts: (1) initiative trust; (2) aggression (or penetration); (3) incorporation (or embodiment); and (4) compensation (or restitution). The main points of each are as follows:(1)Initiative trust: The translator‟s first move is …an investment of belief‟, abelief and trust that there is something there in the ST that can beunderstood.(2)Aggression: S teiner describes the aggression involved as “penetration”.He uses the metaphor of an open-cast mine for the translator‟s seizure of the ST and extraction of meaning: …The translator invades, extracts, and brings home.(3)Incorporation: It refers to the ST meaning, extracted by the translator inthe second movement, being brought into the TL, which is already full of its own words and meanings.(4)Compensation：It is “the crux of the métier and morals of translation”.Steiner describes the aggressive appropriation and incorporation of the meaning of the ST which …leaves the original with a dialectically enigmatic residue‟. Dialectic because, although there has been a loss for the ST, the …residue‟ is positive.C．原文译文分析：字数要求不低于 250 词，题目为一段节选的原文和译文，原文长度 100-150 词，附背景和上下文介绍。

翻译概论期末考试和答案

翻译概论期末考试和答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译活动最早出现于哪个时期？A. 古代文明时期B. 古希腊罗马时期C. 古埃及时期D. 中世纪答案：B2. 翻译理论的系统化研究始于哪个世纪？A. 17世纪B. 18世纪C. 19世纪D. 20世纪答案：D3. 翻译的三大基本要素是什么？A. 源语、目标语、翻译者B. 源语、目标语、文化C. 源语、目标语、信息D. 源语、目标语、语境答案：A4. 翻译过程中，哪种类型的翻译是最为困难的？A. 直译B. 意译C. 机器翻译D. 人工翻译答案：B5. 翻译中的“信、达、雅”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 鲁迅D. 傅雷答案：A6. 翻译的等效理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：A7. 翻译中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”是由哪位学者区分的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：B8. 翻译中的“忠实性”原则是由哪位学者提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 鲁迅D. 傅雷答案：A9. 翻译中的“动态对等”和“形式对等”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：A10. 翻译中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译是一种跨文化______活动。

答案：交际2. 翻译的三个基本步骤是理解、转换和______。

答案：表达3. 翻译的忠实性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持对原文的______。

答案：忠实4. 翻译的通顺性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持译文的______。

答案：通顺5. 翻译的优雅性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持译文的______。

答案：优雅6. 翻译中的直译是指在翻译过程中尽可能保持原文的______和结构。

答案：形式7. 翻译中的意译是指在翻译过程中根据目标语的语言习惯和文化背景对原文进行______。

翻译概论总复习

翻译概论总复习
第一章翻译的本质
• 1. 对翻译及译者的宏观比喻 • 2. 对翻译过程的比喻 • 3. 翻译的本质（P13） • Q：试举几例并说明这些比喻如何体现翻译的本质
第二章翻译的原则
• 国内 • 1. 许渊冲： • 2. 严复： • 3. 鲁迅： • 4. 傅雷： • 5. 钱钟书：化境 • 6. 辜正坤：绝对-最高-具体最佳近似度
drawn from his innermost. • 照我所记得的，他从没有说过一句完全乏味的话；每一句话总是从心坎里掏出来的。
谢谢观赏 1. 翻译的创造性（P68) • 2. 创意与忠实（P75）
第六章翻译的目的
• 1. 翻译目的与翻译策略（P83) • 2. 翻译过程中哪些角色会影响到翻译目的 • 3. 雅各布逊从符号学将翻译分类为哪些（P87） • 4. 翻译的两大基本目的（P91）
第七章翻译的分类
• 1. 文学翻译与非文学翻译各自包括哪些文体 • 2. 翻译的变体有哪些
第八章机器翻译
• 机器翻译的分类及其英文表达 • 机器翻译的简史
第九章理解与翻译
• 1. Eugene A. Nida 的翻译步骤（P136） • analysis, transer, restructuring, testing • 2. Gorge Stainer 的翻译步骤 • initiative trust, aggresstion, incorporation, compensation
期末复习题
• 一、简答题 • 1. 简述翻译与理解的关系并举例说明。 • 2. 简述直译和逐字译的区别并举例说明。
期末复习题
• 二、综合论述题
•
请以下列译例为例，论述翻译策略和翻译方法之间的关系，以及它们在指导翻译实践中的优缺点。

翻译概论期末复习题 Microsoft Office Word 文档

翻译概论期末复习题 Microsoft Office Word 文档翻译概论期末复习题microsoftofficeword文档期末复习题《翻译概论》一、恳请将对应的译者理论与对应的译者理论家划线连接起来。

1异化理论a威密尔（hans.j.vermeer）2动态对等及功能对等理论b诺德（christianenord）3翻译目的论c支谦4宁信而不顺遂d奈达（eugenea.nida）5弃文存质e韦努蒂（lawrencevenuti）6功能+忠心f鲁迅7音美、形美、意美g道安8既市场需求真，又须喻俗h安世高9贵本不饰i玄奘10案本而传j许渊冲11信达雅k严复12重相像不轻形如l傅雷二、根据所学内容将最合适的词核对在空白处：1．从表面上看，翻译是两种语言之间的__________,但在深层次上，翻译传递的是__________。

从语言和文化的关系来看，语言就是文化的__________,轻易充分反映文化的现实和内涵。

2.在我国，传统翻译理论一直有着浓厚的__________色彩，从古代佛经翻译家鸠摩罗什的“嚼饭与人”，到严复的“信达雅”，再到傅雷的“__________”和钱钟书的“__________”，无不折射出我国传统翻译理论重经验、重感悟、重艺术传达的特性。

3.充分发挥译者的创造性存有一个度的问题，并不是__________充分发挥和__________充分发挥，而是基于对原作者负责管理、对读者负责管理、对__________负责管理的态度。

4.非文学翻译包括_________文体的翻译、_________文体的翻译、_________文体的翻译。

5.英语名词和介词采用较多，而汉语中则就是_________采用较多。

即为相对于汉语而言，英语女性主义于_________描绘，而相对于英语而言，汉语则多采用_________描绘。

6.直译和意译作为两种最基本的翻译方法，适用于不同的翻译目的、_______________、_______________和_______________，因而各有其优势和价值。

翻译概论期末考试复习题

翻译概论期末考试复习题一、选择题1. 翻译的定义是什么？A. 将一种语言的文本转换为另一种语言的文本B. 将一种语言的口语转换为另一种语言的口语C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是2. 翻译的基本原则有哪些？A. 忠实性、通顺性、可读性B. 准确性、流畅性、优雅性C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是3. 翻译过程中，哪种方法强调对原文的忠实度？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 以上都不是二、填空题4. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由________提出的。

5. 翻译过程中，________是指译者对原文的理解。

6. 翻译的三个层次包括：字面翻译、意译和________。

三、简答题7. 简述翻译的三个基本步骤。

8. 什么是翻译的“信、达、雅”原则？9. 翻译中的“直译”与“意译”有何区别？四、论述题10. 论述翻译中的文化因素对翻译实践的影响。

11. 分析翻译策略在不同文体翻译中的应用。

12. 讨论翻译伦理在翻译过程中的重要性。

五、案例分析题13. 阅读以下原文和译文，分析译者在翻译过程中可能采取的策略，并评价其翻译质量。

原文：_________________________译文：_________________________六、翻译实践题14. 将以下句子从中文翻译成英文，并解释你的翻译策略。

句子：_________________________15. 翻译以下英文段落到中文，并简述你的翻译过程。

段落：_________________________七、开放性问题16. 你认为翻译中最重要的因素是什么？请给出你的理由。

17. 在翻译实践中，你如何平衡原文的忠实度和目标语言的流畅性？八、结束语以上是翻译概论期末考试复习题，希望同学们能够认真复习，掌握翻译的基本知识和技能，提高翻译实践能力。

预祝大家考试顺利！[注：以上内容为示例，具体题目和答案需要根据实际教学内容和考试要求来设定。

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