词汇学ParadoxOxymoronIrony举例
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1
ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。
英语19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句英语中有19种修辞手法，它们分别是：Simile明喻、Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻、Metonymy 借喻，转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比，平行、Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法、Allegory 讽喻，比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照，对比，对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意法，逆喻、Climax 渐进法，层进法、Anticlimax 渐降法。
下面和大家分享一下这19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句，快来学习吧！1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as 等。
例如：1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。
2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out ofa fairy tale。
2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。
例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。
Paradox,oxymoron and subject complement
9. There are people who can best be described ascreative plagiarists.
Part Conclusion
Shine darkly暗淡地发光
Slowly hasten慢慢地加快
Heartily deplore由衷地痛惜
（5）n. + n.:
(反映同一事物或行为互为对立，护卫敌对的情感或状态。这种情况下两个名词之间的主次关系不是十分明显,往往用来形容二者之间的难以取舍,或进退两难的境地,或者是复杂难辨的感情。两个单词中间往往用“-”相连。)
Life-death moment生死关头
Love-hate relationship爱恨交织的关系
（6）分词+n.：
(反映互相矛盾、对立、复杂的情感或形式)
Deafening silence震耳欲聋的沉默
Organized chaos有组织的混乱
Long-lived death永生的死亡
（7）n. + of-phrase:
2. Many poor people lived on junk food and werefat from hunger.
6. The more I know, the more confused I become.
(其中，6,7,8都为the more….the more…结构)
Part Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)：
能力要求：
教学重点
Paradox，oxymoron and subject complement
Irony, climax and anticlimax
按时间的先后顺序排列
• I came. I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)
– 我来了，我扫视一切，我征服一切。
• Threaten him, imprison him, torture him, kill him: you will not induce him to betray his country.
因语出有典
Allusion
Irony 反语
• A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt. --- Oxford English Dictionary
• Irony的最大特点是：用正面的话表达反面 的意思，即反义正说，贬话褒说。 • 反语可以用于讽刺，但并非是讽刺都属反 语，也并非所有的反语都有讽刺意味。 • 在一定的语言环境中，反语比正说、直说 更有力量，更带强烈的感情色彩。
反语的应用
• The virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.
– 英迪拉· 甘地总理从一开始就决定采用强硬手段……这场危机绝不 会发展成为印度的水ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้事件。
oxymoron词根词缀
oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。
比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。
这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。
2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。
例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。
词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。
合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。
3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。
关于对比的英文花式表达
关于对比的英文花式表达Literary Devices for Contrasting Ideas: A Comprehensive Guide.In the realm of written expression, the ability to effectively convey contrasting ideas is crucial. Language possesses a myriad of nuanced tools that enable writers to juxtapose opposing concepts, highlight disparities, and underscore points of divergence. This guide delves into an array of literary devices that serve this specific purpose, providing a comprehensive understanding of their usage and impact.1. Antithesis.Antithesis, a staple of rhetorical discourse, places two opposing ideas side by side to accentuate their contrasting nature. Its essence lies in presenting a stark contrast that draws the reader's attention to the fundamental differences between two concepts.Example: "The world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel." (Horace Walpole)。
修辞借喻
Rhetorical Devices
Metonymy and Synecdoche
Metonymy和Synecdoche的含义与形式 1．Metonymy译作“借喻” ，Synecdoche译作“提喻”。这两种辞格十分相近， 其共同点是不直接说出所指对象的名称，而采取某种替代形式；它们的区别 在于：metonymy是借与此相关某事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物，因此亦 称之为“借代”，而synecdoche是以某事物的局部表示整体，或反过来以整体 表示局部。例如人在幼年离不开摇篮。因而借用the cradle表示“婴几时期”， 这就是Metonymy： He must have been spoiled from the cradle. 又如：“头”和“手”等是人体的部分，用它们表示整个人常见的Synecdoche形 式； More hands (=working men) are needed at the moment. 2.注意这两种辞格与其他比喻形式之间的区别、试比较： Greece was the cradle of Western culture. (Metaphor) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. (Analogy)
1.They were short of hands. 2.My TV is out of order. 3.He could hardly earn his everyday bread. 4.The soldier is a valiant heart. 5.We had dinner at ten dollars a head. 6. Yet there were some stout heart who attempted resistance.
常用英语修辞手法
☛Metaphor — SimileMetaphor和simile都属于比喻，metaphor更像是隐喻和暗喻，Metaphor一般句式为xx (be 动词) xx，不会用到like和as之类的明喻小词，而simile会用上，simile是明喻，simile构造了一个direct comparison。
➸举例：Metaphor:"Life is a journey. Enjoy the Ride."—Nissan"The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas."— Alfred Noyes, "The Highway man"Simile:"She dealt with moral problems as a cleaver deals with meat."—James Joyce, "The Boarding House""You know life, life is rather like opening a tin of sardines. We're all of us looking for the key."—Alan Bennett,Beyond the Fringe, 1960☛Metaphor — MetonymyMetaphor侧重“相似性”，Metonymy侧重“相关性”。
Metonymy是用借体代本体，借代的借体是客观实际中的事物，与本体有关联，它们中间没有比喻关系，重点在指称，Metonymy 是代而不喻。
Metaphor是用喻体(the vehicle)代本体(the tenor)，构成比喻的基础是本体和喻体的相似性，重点在"喻”。
简单来说，metaphor就是make comparisons，而metonym是make associations or substitutions。
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony
• 辩证思维的方法：注意事物的两面， 辩证思维的方法：注意事物的两面， 一定时期侧重事物的一面， 一定时期侧重事物的一面，在一定 条件下转化为侧重的另一面， 条件下转化为侧重的另一面，矛盾 修饰法具有认识论上的价值， 修饰法具有认识论上的价值，可以 引用高中时代哲学里讲过的矛盾分 引用高中时代哲学里讲过的矛盾分 析法来理解 来理解。 析法来理解。 • 反义关系和准反义关系 反义关系和
三个构成因素
• 1. 显而易见是自相矛盾的，是悖逆于公认的价值 显而易见是自相矛盾的， 标准的 • 2.由于表层含义和深层含义的背离 2.由于表层含义和深层含义的背离 （dissociation），往往是令人惊讶或怀疑的 dissociation），往往是令人惊讶或怀疑的 ）， • 3.蕴含的潜在真理或解决问题的方法，通常是被 3.蕴含的潜在真理或解决问题的方法 蕴含的潜在真理或解决问题的方法， 认为不可接受或甚至惊世骇俗的 • 总之这些就是所谓的 总之这些就是所谓的seems impossible at first 的， 但是又actually makes sense的
• Still waters run deep. 静水流深。 • The more you give, the more you have. 奉 献越多越富有(如爱心)。 • We’ve learned from history that we‘ve learned nothing from history. • 我们从历史中学到的教训就是：我们从历 史中什么也没有学到。
GROUP E
SKY， YVONNE, ECHO, EMILY, SKY， EDWARD,JUNGLE,DAIRY EDWARD, JUNGLE,DAIRY
•PaБайду номын сангаасadox Paradox •Oxymoron Oxymoron •Irony Irony
Irony&Oxymoron
Oxymoron can be formed in seven ways:
1. adj. + n.
proud humility
骄傲的谦卑
a thunderous silence 雷声般的沉默 a living death
活受罪
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.
changelessly changing
不变地变化 令人愉快地疼痛
deliciously aching
6. v. + adv.
shine darkly die merrily hasten slowly
暗淡地发光 快乐地死去
慢慢地快起来
7.of-phrase
the feather of lead the sound of silence
Oxymoron is a kind of compressed
paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply comtrasting : terms, which, in spite of their incogruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.
• Innuendo involves implication, but not all implications are innuendos. Innuendo is generally used to criticize, satirize or ridicule a person or thing, though in an indirect and a mild way. But not all implications are intended for this purpose.
英语修辞及举例说明
They call for you: the general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will.
Hale Waihona Puke 仿拟是学习英文格言美句的好办法，在仿拟 的过程中， 还可以对固有的词组和谚语进行创新 和改动，以达到修辞的效果。
Lady hermits who are down but not out (down and out 穷困潦倒) 穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们。
蝉联（anadiplosis） 是重复（repetition）一种变形，即在后一句 的开头重复前句末尾的词语。
换称 antonomasia
是借代的一种，所不同的是英语换称中所用的专有名词通 常源于西方宗教、历史以及文学作品中的专有名词或者形 象。如： Solomon 所罗门------a wise man 聪明人， 出自圣经 Judas 犹大------ a traitor 叛徒，出自圣经 Helen 海伦----------红颜祸水，美女海伦为斯巴达王的王后， 因她被帕里斯拐去而引起特洛伊战争。 Venus 维纳斯--------Beauty 美的化身，出自古希腊神话。 Reform is a Pandora’s box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and political control.
Metaphor 暗喻 对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所 不同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通 过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。 明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises . 暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises.
oxymoron and paradox
oxymoron矛盾修饰法and paradox隽语/悖论1)level•Oxymoron: putting self-contradictory ideas in a phase. Bitter-sweet memories•Paradox: putting self-contradictory ideas in the sentence. No news is good news.2)relationshipIn oxymoron, the two contradictory words are put together. One is used to modify the other.Parting is such sweet sorrow.In paradox, there is no such a relationship. Deep hate comes from deep love.DefinitionA paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study, may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.隽语指前后两句话或同一句话的前后部分字面内容表面上自相矛盾，荒诞不经或有悖常理，不合逻辑，甚至是荒谬的，但仔细想来或进一步研究，实际上其中富有哲理，内涵深刻，意味深长，言奇意深。
ExamplesProverb Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.众人事，无人管。
oxymoron
• genuinely • guest • good • • harmless
• fake • host • junk/ grief / garbage
• abuse/ crime/ lie/ pollution / sin
paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.
5. synecdoche
There sits my animal guarding the door to the henhouse.
6. metonymy
He is reading Dickens.
7. irony It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one's pocket. 8. oxymoron bitter sweet
11. euphemism senior citizen 12. alliteration delicate blossoms of pink and pearl The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them.
9. overstatement
I loved Oers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum --Hamlet
10. understatement
I spent a few dollars on this new car.
Oxymoron和Paradox这两种修辞的区别
Oxymoron和Paradox这两种修辞的区别“But in the thunderous silence that encapsulated them, she suspected it would bother O’Donnell, even if she wore earphones.”这句话里面用了矛盾修辞法（Oxymoron）。
大家可以试着翻译一下这句话，就会发现这种句子翻译起来很有意思，也有一定的难度，关键在于把看似矛盾的点合理化，让矛盾真正发挥出作用。
来看一下什么是矛盾修辞（Oxymoron):An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory words with opposing meanings, like “old news,” “deafening silence,” or “organized chaos.” Oxymorons may seem illogical at first, but in context they usually make sense.矛盾修辞法的例子有很多:accurate estimate, alone together, awfully good, bittersweet, climb down, close distance, grow smaller, only option, originally copy, passive-aggressive, same difference, seriously funny, small crowd, virtual reality.......Oxymoron 和Paradox （隽语，悖论）这两种修辞不太一样。
An oxymoron is a self-contradicting word or group of words (as in Shakespeare’s line from Romeo and Juliet, "Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!"/ Parting is such sweet sorrow. ).A paradox is a statement or argument that seems to be contradictory or to go against common sense, but that is yet perhaps still true—for example, "less is more."举几个paradox的例子:“You have to spend money to make money.”“Slow and steady wins the race.”“I can resist anything but temptation.”概括一下，矛盾修辞法和隽语之间的主要区别就是:The main difference between and oxymoron and a paradox is that oxymorons use contradictory words whereas paradoxes use contradictory ideas. An oxymoron is usually just two words (sometimes one, as in “bittersweet”), but a paradox is an entire statement, usually a standalone sentence or even a full paragraph.。
英语修辞及举例说明
矛盾修辞法 oxymoron 用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项 事物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它 是反论的一种浓缩形式。 Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能成为 不共戴天的朋友吗？ England Harrison worte a book with the title A savage Civilization The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.
回环（ 回环（regression） ）
回环（ 回环（regression）也是一种重复，它在一个句子或 ） 短文中以相反的顺序重复前面出现过的词语。回环是构成 名言警句的常见手段，有很强的生命力。 It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. 交友要诚挚，而不是轻率地交朋友。 Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like. 花儿可爱，可人儿如花。 Better to know everything of something than something of everything. 精通有限的领域，胜过万事都只知道点皮毛。（培根）
小提示： 英语词形的特殊构成（词根、前缀、后缀）使其 富于同源词，许多英文的名人隽语都是用同源格构成的。 Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (Shakespeare) 千寻百觅得来的爱情固然好，佳偶天成则更美妙。 双关 双关（pun）是英语修辞的一种常见形式。它巧妙地利用 同音异义或者同形异义现象使一个词语或句子具有两种不 同的含义。 We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) (团结、绞死) The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman. 那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那 个女人。 。
现代大学英语精读5修辞
● 1. Alliteration 头韵● 2. Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法● 4. antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称● 6. Chiasmus 交错法●7. Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻●9. metonymy借喻,转喻●10. oxymoron 反意法,逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12. Paradox 隽语●13. Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法，兼用法●17. Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19. Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. (para4)●As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. (para5)●Psychological freedom ......physical slavery (para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites--so that love isidentified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7) ●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality, integrated education. (para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair.(para26)●......and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. (para. 27)Metaphor●To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of hisown Olympian manhood.(para5)●Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weaponagainst the long night of physical slavery.(para5)●The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his ownbeing and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.(para5)●Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discriminationwhen they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle. (para13) Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated .(para14)●He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocksthe door to the meaning of ultimate reality. (para20)●We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place.(para21) ●America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia ofdeeds. (para. 25)●Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that ……(para. 25)●……shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. (para. 25)●……slums are cast into the junk heaps of history. (para. 25)●There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering points ofbewilderment.(para26)●When our days become dreary with low-hovering clouds of despair, ...... (para.27)●......working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil (para. 27) Chiasmas●What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive,and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best is loveimplementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love.(para8)It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.(para9)Simile●It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remainsecurely incarcerated behind bars.(para17)●......justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.(para. 25)Parallel struture●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder.(para19) ●And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs inthe South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear.(para20)Paradox●Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answersthat don't answer and explanations that don't explain. (para18)●......a power that is able to make a way out of no way. (para 27)Anaphora●And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concernedabout justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence.(para19)●So, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a"divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope arebrought into the metropolis of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity toparticipate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration●Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses agovernor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied.And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power.●Anaphora transferred epithet metaphor●Antithesis allusion metonymy simile●Alliteration allusion●When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when ournights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform darkyesterdays into bright tomorrows.●Metaphor●paradox●antithesisTwo kinds●Simile1.It was like a stiff embraceless dance between her and the TV set. (para21 )2.So that the fluffy skirt of her white dress cascaded slowly to the floor like the petals of a large carnation. (para24 )3.I would play after him, the simple scale, the simple chord, and then I just played some nonsense that sounded like a cat running up and down on top of garbage cans. (para 38 )4.He marched stiffly to show me how to make each finger dance up and down, staccato like an obedient little soldier. (para 39 )5.I felt the same way, and it seemed as if everybody were now coming up, like gawkers at the scene of an accident. (para 60 )6. It felt like worms and toads and slimy things crawling out of my chest. (para 73)7.Her face went blank, her mouth closed, her arms went slack, and she backed out the room, stunned, as if she were blowing away like a small brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless. (para 76)●8. …… as if she were blowing away like a sm all brown leaf, thin, brittle, lifeless.(para 76)Oxymoron1.She was proudly modest like a proper Chinese child. (para 24 )2.I heard a little boy whisper loudly to his mother. (para 53)●Alliteration.Chinatown’s Littlest Chinese Chess Champion. (para 42 )Irony1.You lucky you don’t have this problems, said Auntie Lindo with a sign to my mother. (para 44 )Hyperbole1.And now I realized how many people were in the audience, the whole world it seemed. (para 54)Metaphor1.We could have escaped during intermission. Pride and some strange sense of honor must have anchored my parents to their chairs. (para 55 )Ridicule1.She took me to a beauty training school in the Mission district and put me in the hands of a student who could barely hold the scissors without shaking. (para 6 ) SyllepsisThe lid of piano was closed, shutting out the dust, my misery, and her dreams. (para 81)Allusion●I was like the Christ child lifted out of the straw manger. (para 9)Metaphor●Telegraph, telephone, radio, and television tied together and more intricate knotsbetween …… (para 2)●…. will flatten every cultural crease. (para 4)●Metaphor●Apparently westernization is not a straight road to hell, or to paradise either. (para7)●We borrowed an American box. (para 8)●Earl y on I realized……some type of compass to guide me through the wilds ofglobal culture.Metonymy●……and suggesting that Hollywood be burned. (para 5)●…… to live in a museum while we will have shower that work. (para 6)●Antonomasia●……at country clubs in Beverly Hills and in apartments on Manhattan’s UpperWest Side. (para 14)Professions for Women●Synecdoche● 1.I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent,shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2 )Metonymy● 1.No demand was made upon the family purse. (para 1 )2. I have to admit that instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes, and stocking, or butcher’s bills. (para 2)Metaphor● 1.The image that comes to my mind when I think of this girl is the image of afisherman lying sunk in dreams on the verge of a deep lake with a rod held out over the water. (para 5 )2.You have won rooms of you own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men. (para 7 )Lesson Seven Invisible ManMetaphor● 1.It took me……and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to…….(p1)● 2. A sea of faces, some hostile, some amused, ringed around us…… (para 7)● 3. ……I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonouscottonmouths. (para 11)Simile●It was as though I had rolled through a bed of hot coals. (para 44)● 1.About eighty-five years……separate like the fingers of the hand.(p1)● 2.The young children……on the wick like the old man’s breathing.(p2)● 3.The hair was yellow like that of a circus kewpie doll.(p7)● 4. ……firm and round as the domes of East Indian temples. (para 7)● 5. ……and beads of pearly perspiration glistening like dew …… (para 7)6. the smoke of a hundred cigar clinging to her like the thinnest of veils. (para 8)●7.In my mind……as bright as flame.(para10)●8.For in those days……like a crisp ginger cookie.(para16)●9. But the blindfold was tight as a thick skin-puckering scab. (para 17)10.My saliva became like hot bitter glue.(p20)●11.The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs……(p21)●12. ……testing the smoke-filled air like the knobbed feelers of hypersensitivesnails. (para. 21)13. A blow to my head……like a jack-in-the-box……(p27)●14. A hot, violent force……like a wet rat.(p38)●15. some called like a bass-voiced parrot. (para 39)●16. glistening like a ci rcus seal,……(para 40)●17.Suddenly I saw……twitching like the flesh of a horse stung by manyflies.(p40)●18.I was careful……like a cloud of foul air……(p42)●19.Seeing their fingers……as a fumbled football……(p45)●20.I was limp as a dish rag.(p46)●21.But still……a s though deaf with cotton in dirty ears.(p55)●22. The laugher hung smoke……like in the sudden stillness.(p70)● 3. Alliteration● 1. I want you……to death and destruction……(p2)● 2. Some of the other……slipping and sliding……(p9)4.Transferred epithet● 1.We were a small……with anticipatory sweat……(p6)● 2.But now I……of blind terror.(p10)● 3.He kept coming, bring the rank sharp violence of……(p25)5. Irony● 1.What powers of endurance……! What enthusiasm!(p55)Simile● 1. Grasshoppers are everywhere in the tall grass, popping up like corn to sting theflesh. (para.1 line 7)● 2. The land was like iron. (para.8 line 1)● 3. Her long, black hair, always drawn and…, lay upon her shoulders and againsther breast like a shawl. (para. 10 line 10)● 4. Houses are like sentinels in the plain, old keepers of the weather watch.(para.11 line 1)● 5. My line of vision was such that the creature filled the moon like a fossil. (para14)Lesson 9 Metaphor● 1. Winter brings blizzards, hot tornadic winds arise in the spring, and in summerthe prairi e is an anvil’s edge.(para1 line4)● 2. The skyline in all directions is close at hand, the high wall of the woods anddeep cleavages of shade. (para.6 line 3)● 3. Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain.(Para 7 line 1)● 4. The great billowing clouds that sail upon it are shadows that move upon thegrain like water, dividing light. (para.7 line5)● 5. Not yet would they veer southward to the caldron of the land that lay below;● 6. They must wean their blood from……..(para 7 )●Alliteration1. The grass turns brittle and brown.(para.1 line 6)● 2. There are green belts along the rivers and creeks, linear groves of hickory andpecan, willow and witch hazel.(para1.line7)● 3. Great green-and-yellow grasshoppers are everywhere in the ………(p ara1line9)● 4. …but it belongs to the eagle and the elk, the badger and the bear. (para6 line5)● 5. There to beg and barter for an animal from the Goodninght herd.(para 9 line 9)6. So exclusive were they of all mere custom and company. (para10 line 8)●7. But there was something inherently sad in the sound, some merest hesitationupon the syllables of sorrow. (para10 line 14)●8. The aged visitors who came to my grandmother’s home when I was a childwere made of lean and leather. (para.12 line 6)●9. Full of jest and gesture , fright and false alarm. They went abroad in fringedand flowered shawls. ( para 12 4)Pun●It was a long journey toward the dawn. (para 4)●……for indeed they emerged from a sunless world. (para 4)。
英语中矛盾修辞的语用解读
- 188-校园英语 / 语言文化研究英语中矛盾修辞的语用解读福建华侨大学/袁美珍【摘要】矛盾修辞(Oxymoron)是英语修辞格之一，它把两个意义相反，互相矛盾的词有意识地放在一起，来表达一种表面矛盾实际统一的意思，从而产生一种特殊的语言效果。
Paradox 和Oxymoron一直很接近却又有差别的概念，本文首先将两者进行了分别阐释和对比，其次本文介绍了矛盾修辞的组成结构，最后举出文学作品中的经典案例来分析矛盾修辞在言语交际中产生的效果.矛盾修辞因其言简而含义丰富，因此掌握一定的矛盾修辞大大有利于日常交际。
【关键词】矛盾修辞 效果 矛盾&统一 言语交际【Abstract 】Oxymoron is a peculiar figure of speech and commonly used in both Chinese and English. By putting two superficially contradictory concepts together, Oxymoron actually conveys seemingly contradictory but actually compatible meaning, and then creates a special language effect. Paradox and Oxymoron are two concepts which are quite approximate but also different. In order not to confuse them, they will be explained first before further study continues. Then, the structure of Oxymoron will be introduced to equip us with a basic impression of what it looks like. In the end, with excerpt of typical examples from literary works, Oxymoron will be analysed for its effects in verbal communication. Because oxymoron is concise in form but profound in meaning, having a knowledge of some oxymoron is believed to benefit daily communication.【Key words 】oxymoron; effect; contradictory & compatible; verbal communication1. IntroductionOxymoron is a peculiar figure of speech. It originates from “oxusmoros ” in Greek, with “oxus ” meaning sharp, and “moros ” foolish. Together the word means “sharp foolish ”. Longman Modern English Dictionary(1976 )give its definition as below: “ a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect ”. A similar definition is also provided in Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics(1997), which says “ Oxymoron is a term in rhetoric for the deliberate coupling of words that are strictly contradictory ”. Many examples are available for us to better understand it, for example, joyful pain, a wise fool, idiotic wisdom, and so on.As to Oxymoron, quite a large number of studies have been done, mainly from the perspective of semantics, pragmatics(潘红,1997; 党少兵, 2000; 杨华,2007); cognition(张旭, 2006; 王文斌,2010; 邱云燕,2008; 蒋大山,2008; 谢梦,200), rhetoric(李月棉,2005; 薛玉凤,1994; 束金星,2002). Due to its seemingly contradictory feature, many studies have been devoted to explanation of its structure and inner relationship between its components, as can be seen in the studies of 薛玉凤(1994)，顾明栋(1985). A small percentage of studies explore oxymoron for itsaesthetic effect. After reviewing previous studies, I feel that most studies was conducted at least ten years ago, while in the recent ten years rare work appears. Owing to this, I am determined to do some contribution here by providing my analysis of oxymoron from the perspective of pragmatics.2. Oxymoron and ParadoxBefore entering into detailed study of oxymoron, we should make a distinction between oxymoron and paradox. In china, the distinction has not been given enough attention. Scholars, such as 李伟芳(2004)，赵永冠(2002), 党少兵(2000), 姚建华(2001)，李国南(2001)mentioned it ，but failed to make a clear comparison between them.窦小英(2009)made a relatively detailed comparison, arguing that oxymoron and paradox are the same in the effects they are creating, but are quite different because the former works on the level of sentences while the latter on phrases.Oxymoron and paradox are both tropes which are meaning-derivation processes whereby the hearer reinterprets the incongruity or incompatibility found within the conceptual structure of an utterance so that it fits in the context in which it has been produced. From the point of view of Pragmatics, by means of these tropes the contextual effects generated by the expression with the inner clash are highlighted. In fact, paradox has a propositional dimension while oxymoron works at predicate level. Further explanation of oxymoron and paradox will be stated below.2.1 ParadoxParadox can be divided into two types, namely verbal and situational. Verbal paradox presents two or more terms that generate input spaces whose conceptual structures stand in contrast. In order to solve this contrast a projection space is created by Herrero(2015) via integration and accommodation operations in such a way that the structure of the apparently contrasting input spaces is possible in a given context; from this space we can derive the contextual effects produced by the utterance. For example:1) I must be cruel only to be kind (Hamlet)Sometimes doing harm is a way of setting the stage for something good to happen. The idea is not necessarily that one is cruel and kind at the same time, but rather that being cruel will help you to behave kindly later. We are dealing with two contrasting mental spaces although they are interdependent, also linked by a CAUSE-EFFECT relationship.2.2 OxymoronOxymoron are characterised by the fact that one or more of the features in the matrix of features of one of the concepts used is either negated or contradicted by the other one. For instance,校园英语 / 语言文化研究in the oxymoron of Sweet Sorrow, ‘sorrow’ could include the following set of features: sadness, bitterness, grief, unhappiness, regret, etc. Hence, ‘sweet’(which leads to happiness, leisure,joy…) obviously antagonises ‘bitterness’ and the other features in such a way that opposition emerges.2) Parting is such a sweet sorrow!The example of Sweet Sorrow could be included in the following situation: imagine that you are in a party, and you hook up with a pretty girl, when it comes the farewell until seeing her the next day, that very moment could be considered to be full of ‘sweet sorrow’. Contrary to the belief that the meaning of ‘sweet’ is the pervading one in the expression rather than the innuendos expressed by ‘sorrow’, the two feelings are in opposition and balanced at the same time.According to 李国南(2001), despite their differences, both oxymoron and paradox share the same meaning “self-contradictory”. In this sense, oxymoron is called “expanded oxymoron”, and paradox “condensed paradox”.3. The Structure and types of OxymoronIn oxymoron, by combing two superficially contradictory words based on some rule, it aims to disclose the contradiction among subjective things and objective things, phenomenon and essence, and people’s profound inner world. Below will be the explanation of the outer structures and its different types from semantic perspective3.1 Structure of OxymoronAccording to 姚建华(2001)，an American linguist named Martin Ching make some limits on the scope of the contradictory constituents of oxymoron. First, The constituents should have at least one similar semantic marker and a pair of opposite semantic marker. Second, the above listed opposite semantic marker should be based on a common point. Generally, Oxymoron are often formed by words of different parts of speech. Although different scholars may vary a little in this part, I just summarize the main structures.1) Adj+n . This is the most common structure.orderly chaos tearful smile joyful paincruel kindness sorrow gladness2) Adj+adjpoor rich guys bad good news cold pleasant mannera miserable,merry Christmas honest unscrupulous merchants3) Adv+adjdarkly wise strenuously idle wastefully thriftyhard tender restlessly tired4) N+na live hate relationship a life death struggle5) V+advhasten slowly love harmfullydie merrily groan loudly6) -ing/-ed+nLiving death Dignified smallness3.2 Types of Oxymoron from semantic perspectiveYeshayahu Shen, a professor from Tel Aviv University, in his article named On the Structure and Understanding of Poetic Oxymoron, classified Oxymoron into two types: Converse relation and psedo-converse relation.1) Converse relationConverse relation relates to the fact that constituents of Oxymoron are total opposite in meaning. For example,cruel kindness, victorious defeat,creative destruction. a foolish wit, a witty foolish,2) Psedo-converse relationAlthough not so common as converse relation, it is also an inseparable part of Oxymoron. It differentiates from converse relation, for constituents of the oxymoron are not strictly opposite in meaning. For instance,Sweet torment, the Fortunate-Unhappycruel beauty, honorable villain,4. Pragmatic Functions of OxymoronFrom the semantic perspective, the constituents of oxymoron are contradictory and go against semantic rules. However, it is just the deviation in semantics that constrains us to explore its inner deep meaning. Apart from semantics, pragmatic is also extensively used in analysing linguistic items, and with context meaning involved, more satisfied and logical understanding can be achieved. Oxymoron is a kind of rhetoric, which highlights how to improve artistic effects of linguistic expression, and achieve communication goals. Therefore, it is very reasonable to analyse the effects of oxymoron from the perspective of pragmatics.4.1 Enhance the expressive force of language, and create an effect of humor and irony.1) It (New York) has the poorest millionaire, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the doleful pleasures of my town I ever saw. (O.Henry)O.Henry witfully employs oxymoron here by the six contradictory phrases which describe to us a prosperous metropolitan,New York. Actually, it is definitely an evident truth that New York has millionaires, great men, beggars, beauties, skyscrapers, pleasures of my town, but when added with modifiers like poorest, littlest, haughtiest, plainest, lowest,and doleful respectively, the meaning of the whole sentence is not as simple as it seems, but something profound. With the effect of irony produced by oxymoron, what it really wants to disclose is hypocrisy and degeneration in the capitalist countries.2) So there he is at last, man on the moon. The poor magnificent bungler.Poor and magnificent are considered to be antonyms, and in order to better understand them ,we should get to know about the context (also named background information). This is about American’s plan of landing on the moon, which is undoubtedly the most magnificent and greatest project. However, the success of this project is achieved at the cost of big budget- 189 -- 190-校园英语 / 语言文化研究and recessed/depressed economy which leads to endless outbreak of employment rates, violence and drug addiction. After a good knowledge of the context, we can now easily interpret oxymoron here as an irony for the government ’s behavior.4.2 Vividly portray people ’s complicated feeling and contradiction in their inner world.1) In faith to him their fickleness to me, their traitorous trueness, and their loyal deceitBetrayal to A means Loyalty to B. It is one thing seeing from two different perspective. “traitorous trueness ” and “loyal deceit ” are quite simple expressions, but perfectly summarize various kinds of delicate relationships to be elaborated later.2) Good night, good night!Parting is such sweet sorrow.That I shall say good night till it be tomorrow.(William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)Both “sweet ” and “sorrow ” are so easy words for us. But when combined together here, it requires our extra processing efforts to understand it. By that I mean, simple words here convey deep meaning. Romeo and Juliet have fallen in love with each other. So it is so sweet memory to stay together. However, when it comes the time for parting, neither of them are willing to leave, such a sorrow moment! In this way, by employing so simple words, two protagonists ’ (Romeo and Julie) complicated and contradictory feeling are utterly presented here.4.3 Provide the reader a very direct impression of people ’s suffering.1) The major again pressed to his blue eyes the tips of the finger that were disposed on the edge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness, after the Cleopatra model, and Mr Dombey bowed.The major is indeed a man, but he tries to imitate the way romantic Queen acts. To be more genuine, he is very careful in pretending he is careless, such an irony. With oxymoron used here, the major ’s ugly performance is utterly exposed.2) …He (Tom) began groaning loudly. Bud Sid slept on, unconscious. Tom took a rest, and then swelled himself up and produced one admirable groan after another.In most cases, groaning is pitiable, not admirable. People heaved a groaning when in agony, but may not make it loud to be heard. The use of “groaning loudly ” and “admirable groan ” exposed to us a naughty,lovely child of immense potential, never to be forgotten.4.4 Profoundly disclose the contradiction and congruity of matter itself, making the language vigorous and thought-provoking.1) Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat ”It is about a person who is charged with breaching the law due to his teaching Darwin ’s theory of evolutionism in middle school. In the court, lawyers was made dumb by his reasonable and powerful words, and thus the theory was expanded widely. However, he was convicted of guilt, for the jury did not believe inDarwin ’s theory at that time. Therefore, “victorious defeat ”, containing two contradictory words, can be interpreted here as “Though legally defeated , he was theoretically victorious ”2) The oxymoron also works in epigrams, mottoes and proverbs . see more examples below.One has to be cruel to be kind.Only the man who has known fear can be truly brave.There is nothing permanent except change Failure is the mother of success.The above-listed examples are mainly from literary works, which is pervaded with oxymoron. In fact, oxymoron also exists in our normal life. Let ‘s have an example.5. ConclusionOxymoron is a phenomenon in language, especially commonly used in the language of literary works. With its structure seeming contradictory, the interpretation of oxymoron needs more processing efforts before its amazing language effects come out to us. The example presented in this paper are mainly excerpts from literary works, which favor using Oxymoron due to its concise and profound meaning, rather than plain language use. This is also the case with many other studies.We are living in a fast-developed world with a strong sense of time management, of which effective communication with less words may also be advocated. What if everyone of us use some Oxymoron in our daily communication? By showing more knowledge about Oxymoron here, I hope we can have a better understanding of the language phenomenon, and if possible, strengthen our consciousness to employ it in our daily communication, that is, let the effects of oxymoron serve us in real contexts,rather than limited in literary works. References:[1]Javier Herrero Ruiz.Paradox and Oxymoron revisited[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015(173):199-206.[2]Owen Watson.Longman Modern English Dictionary[Z].London:Longman Group Ltd,1976.[3]P.H.Matthews.Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics[Z].New York:Oxford University Press,1997.[4]党少兵.矛盾修辞纵横谈[J].西安外国语学院学报,2000,8(1): 51-55.[5]窦小英.语用学视角下的矛盾修辞法研究[J].湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版),2000(1):119-121[6]顾明栋.Oxymoron 的内在联系及理解[J].外语教学与研究,1985(1):1-6.[7]蒋大山.矛盾修辞理解的认知研究[D].河南:河南大学,2008.[8]李国南.有关OXYMORON 的几个问题[J].外国语,2001(4): 28-32.[9]李伟芳.Paradox(似非而是的隽语)与Oxymoron(矛盾修辞)的比较与翻译[J].西安教育学学报,2004,19(1):86-87.[10]李月棉,李玉凤.论英语矛盾修饰法[J].华北电力大学学报(社会科学版),2005(1):123-126.[11]潘红.从语用角度看Oxymoron[J].外国语,1997:70-71.。
Lecture 7
sarcasm: a way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to make fun of somebody
12. Hyperbole
夸张
What is a Hyperbole ?
Examples
“How unselfish you are!” said Ellen as Mary took the biggest piece of cake.
Two forms of Irony
Innuendo(影射): a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout way; Sarcasm(挖苦): a strong form of irony, attacking in a bitter manner, to ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked.
Exercise of sarcasm
Congratulations! Susie told me you were pregnant. Oh yes, I forgot you were the English grammar expert.
You shouldn't use prepositions at the end of sentences.
What is an Irony?
Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant.
Oxymoron_and_Paradox
1)adj+n A wise fool Victorious defeat Cruel kindness Sweet sorrow
2)adj. + adj. A cold and warm embrace Cold and pleasant manner Bad and good news Poor an rich person
Definition of paradox
1)A person ,thing, or situation that has two opposite features there for seems strange. For example, he is a paradox, a loner who like to chat with strangers. It is curious paradox that professional comedians often have unhappy personal lives.
4)n+n A life-death problem Love-hate relationship Life-death struggle Fire-water state
5)v+adv To detonate the time bomb, the police have to hasten slowly. The moon shone darkly.
Definition of oxymoron
A phrase that combines 2 words that seem to be the opposite of each other For example ,a deafening silence.
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6、矛盾修饰法（Oxymoron）矛盾修饰法是一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在“震耳欲聋的沉默”和“悲伤的乐观”。
例：There was in her face，when she returned to her husband，look of radiant melancholy that he was not familiar with.此处的短语radiant melancholy 采用了矛盾修饰法，意为“快乐的忧郁”。
这种修辞格的使用很好地描述了艾琳的心态：她既为这个充满奸诈、虚伪的社会感到忧郁，又为自己刚做的一件善事而感到高兴。
这两种情感形成了鲜明的对比，发人深省。
9、反语（Irony）反语是用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法。
它是一种以对比达到幽默效果的修辞方式。
例：You dirty dog，you！First a surprise party-which I abhor …这个例子中存在两个反语即you dirty dog和abhor。
全意是：你这个坏小子，真有你的！先是出其不意地搞一个宴会——这我可不喜欢……句中第一个反语you dirty boy通常用作侮辱性语言，但此处确相反，是对对方的一种昵称，言语中透露出喜爱的意味；abhor原意是“憎恶”，用在此处医生激动不已的心情及其感谢露与其表，不言而喻。
用反语表达其感情比平铺直叙要强烈的多。
反语可分为词语反语、情景反语和戏剧性反语三大类,它的作用在于讽刺挖苦、幽默俏皮,有时也可表亲昵之情.电影《肖申克的救赎》运用了多种反讽方式，影片中一些语言“言在此而意在彼”，表达的是否定语言能指的含义，构成了最常见的语言反讽。
如典狱长诺顿引用圣经语言教导囚犯：“我是世界之光，跟随我的人不会行于黑暗，还会拥有生命之光。
”而实际上，在他管理之下的肖申克监狱罪恶累累，他加给狱犯的只有更深的黑暗。
在实行狱外计划时，诺顿口口声声自称这是“一个真正的、有进步意义的服刑和改造。
我们的服刑人员，被正确的监管的服刑者，将走出高墙，为各种公共服务进行劳动。
”他的话中反复强调“真正、进步、有意义、确实”等崇高的概念，而其真实的动机只是满足个人的贪婪。
而承包商为了保护自己的生意不被诺顿抢走，采取了贿赂的方式取悦诺顿：“尝一下我太太特意为你烤制的馅饼吧，然后再考虑一下。
”这里，表面上是温情的友谊，而实际上“馅饼”之下掩盖着肮脏的内幕交易。
这样各自冠冕堂皇的能指语言与追求私利的所指之间形成了鲜明对照，语言反讽的刀刃突显出其内在的锋利。
此外，像影片中喜欢鸡奸男犯的三恶徒命名为“三姐妹”，专横跋扈的守卫队长哈雷被捕时，叙述者黑人瑞德形容其“哭的像个小姑娘”，老布鲁克斯上吊自杀前在旅馆屋梁上刻下“布鲁克斯·哈特兰到此一游”等等，都具有非常明显的“言此意彼”的反讽意味。
情境反讽或命运反讽在影片中有诸多表现。
影片开头是庄严的法庭庭辩，一边是主人公安迪对谋杀妻子和其情人罪行的苍白无力辩护，一边是起诉律师滔滔不绝、言之凿凿、气势逼人的有罪推理，表象上看，一系列证据链均指向了安迪，而事实上雄辩的律师和庄严的法庭共同将无辜者的命运推入有罪的深渊。
1．英语中的Paradox 意思是似非而是的论点，似非而是的隽语。
如：More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。
此类妙语，古今中外皆有，它们看/听似有悖常理，其实却凝聚着人类的智慧！下面我整理了一些例子，看看哪一条与你“心有戚戚焉”。
If we want peace, be prepared for war. 想要和平，先准备好战争。
(比较：练武是为了不动武。
不赌为赢－－[某赌王的遗言] )There’s nothing permanent in life but change. 变是唯一的不变。
(比较：世上除了骗子是真的，其它都是假的。
)A creaking gate hangs long. 病夫多长命。
(比较：善游者溺，善骑者堕。
)Still waters run deep. 静水流深。
（深水流静）(比较：大智若愚；大辩稀音。
)The more you give, the more you have. 奉献越多越富有(如爱心)。
(比较：赠人玫瑰，手留余香。
)We’ve learned from history that we‘ve learned nothing from history.我们从历史中学到的教训就是：我们从历史中什么也没有学到。
(比较：程较瘦教课的规律就是没有规律。
)Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind.有时，为了实现你的善意，你不得不残酷无情。
(比较：打是亲，骂是爱。
)The teachers of English in China teach English so poorly largerly because they teach grammar so well.在中国，老师教英语教得这么差，主要由于他们教语法教得太好了。
A good teacher is one who does all he can to make himself unnecessary.一个好老师应努力使自己成为学生不需要的人。
People have one thing in common: they are all different.所有人都有一个共同点：他们都是不同的。
……于无声处听惊雷；此时无声胜有声；他穷得只剩下钱了；不知道自己的无知，就是最大的无知。
……IRONY 反讽原为文学批评上的一个术语，指由事物的表象与真实之间的矛盾而产生的一种意义。
譬如，《金屋泪》（1958）中，男主角劳伦斯夏威在另结新欢的宴会上，听到了被他遗弃的西蒙仙诺自杀的消息，可是来宾却唱起歌来赞美他是一个快乐的好人。
oxymoron(矛盾修饰法)2007-11-21 13:45share some interesting wordsplain beauty:相貌略显一般的美女wise fool:聪明的傻瓜cruel kindness:残忍的善良honest thief:诚实的盗贼living death:虽死犹生sweet sorrowdangerous calmhostile friendlinesspainful joy反讽的例子，英语修辞格Irony 是用与真正想要表达的意思意义相反的措辞来表达作者的意思, 它被用来或使语言幽默俏皮, 或进行讽刺嘲弄。
例如:1) He reported , “?one could set a t rap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night . ”(Noel Grove) (他报道说, “??你可以在任何地方设一个陷阱, 一夜就可捉到十几个比较有能力的人。
”) abler 原义为“更有能力的”, 这里反其义而用之。
2) This hard - working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时。
) 这里的hard - working 实指lazy , 深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰。
3) Yes , he is“lazy”. He just works at least 10hours every day. (嗯, 他是“懒”; 他每天不过至少才干十个小时。
) 这里的lazy 是反话正说, 是反驳[3 ] 。
(2) 情景式反语有些正话反说或反话正说不是光靠一两个词所能体现的,而是要靠语境来体现。
所以,情景式反语不属语义修辞范畴,而属超语义修辞范畴。
例如:1) He t ried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligentlyavoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding ,“?I knew more about ret reating than theman that invented ret reating. ”(Noel Grove) (马克·吐温当了为期二周的联邦杂牌军, 这些杂牌军千方百计地避免与敌人交战。
他决定离伍时写道: “我学到的退却知识要比发明退却的人知道得还要多。
”) 句子中两处正话反说, 讽刺了南方联邦军贪生怕死、胆小如鼠的特点。
2) Let those Chinese who are short - sighted ,muddle - headed liberals or democratic individualist slisten. Acheson is giving you a lesson ; he is a goodteacher for you. (Mao Tse - Tung) (那些近视的思想糊涂的自由主义或个人主义的中国人听着,艾奇逊在给你们上课了,艾奇逊是你们的好教员。
) 后两句正话反说,揭露了艾奇逊的虚伪与欺骗。
3) Let those Chinese who believe that“victory ispossible even without international help ”. Listen ,Acheson is giving you a lesson. Acheson is a goodteacher , giving lessons f ree of charge , and he istelling the whole t ruth with tireless zeal and greatcandour. (Selected Works of Mao Tse - Tung. IV)(那些认为不要国际援助也可以胜利的中国人听着,艾奇逊在给你们上课了。
艾奇逊是不拿薪水上义务课的好教员, 他是如此诲人不倦地、毫无隐晦地说出了全篇的真理。
) 这几句也是正语反说, 辛辣地讽刺、挖苦了艾奇逊, 揭露了美国当时的侵略阴谋和骗局[3 ] 。
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