英语定语从句的汉译

英语和汉语分属两种不同语系，其差别很大，翻译起来有诸多困难，英语定语从句汉译便是困难之一。由于定语从句在英语中应用十分广泛，因此，我们必须想办法、找方法、寻规律，从而很好地解决它。

一、限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句对所修饰先行项起限制作用，在意义上与先行项密切不可分。如被省去，主句意思就含糊不清，甚至变得毫无意义。关系词和先行项之间一般不用逗号分隔。

(一)定语词组

①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided. 我只有一盏指路明灯。

②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river. 火车站广大场地，河里鳞次梯比船只，她也同样不能理解。

③Before following her in her round of seeking, let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie. 我们暂且把她找寻工作事搁下来不谈，先看一看她前途所寄托这个世界。

④...and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……而那些把她和少女时代以及故乡轻轻系住柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。

(二)并列从句

1）省略英语先行项

①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. 肺易受几种疾病侵袭，但均可经手术治疗。

②A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. 又走了一些路，她看见一个大门，不知怎，引起了她注意。

③As a result, a hum of gossip was set going which moved about the house in that secret manner common to gossip. 结果就造成一阵闲话，暗中

在公寓里流传，闲话一般都是如此。

④A will had been made which divide the small tax –eaten property equally among the remaining four, so that it was really of no interest to any of them. 遗嘱已立好，把这片快要给税吃光薄产平分给四个孩子，但谁都对此不感兴趣。

上述定语从句例句比（一）里定语从句例句长些，因此，就不宜译成定语词组成形式。否则，译句就会显得太长且不符合汉语表达习惯。如④就不宜译成“把这片快要给税吃光薄产平分给四个孩子中遗嘱早已立好，谁都对此不感兴趣。”这类从句不是长、难复杂定语从句，一般就按原文顺序位置译。上面译句第二分句，有承前省略了主语，如

③④，有借用第一分句不定语作逻辑主语，如①②

2）重复英语先行项

①At dimmer I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradly, and a shy drab girl who seemed even younger than the other. 席间，我发现自己坐在布拉得雷太太和一腼腆乏味女孩子中间；她看上去比其余人都年轻。

②A writer--in fact every one of us in life--needs that loving-mother force from which all creation flows... 一个作家——实际上生活中每个人——都需要慈母力量，它是创造一切源泉。

③Man possesses an expressive faculty that goes far beyond gestures, that allows and even compels him to express his thoughts, feedings, dreams, and inituitions. 人类具有远远超过于手势表达官能，这种官能不仅使人能够，而且使他要把思想、感情、幻梦、直觉表达出来。

这些先行项重复，有时用是代词如①②，有时用是限定词如③。汉译时，需重复先行项地方，就要重复。否则会影响意思连贯和清楚。我们一般采用分述法将带定语从句英语复合句译成并列分词。分述法就将主句和从句分开翻译方法。此方法除了将定语从句译为并列分句外，还译为状语从句。

(三)状语从句

让我们来看看下例该怎么译：

He insisted on building another house which he had no use for.

上例能译成“他坚持再建一座他不用房子”或“他坚持再建一座房，这房他不用”吗？显然不能，因为这样译文令读者莫名其妙。这两种译文是套用定语词组和并列分句形式而译，然而错了。

正确译文是：他虽自己不用，但仍坚持再建一座房。此句之所以这样译，是因为它含有状语从句意思。英语定语从句——尤其是非限制性定语从句——有时兼有状语从句职能，可以表示时间、条件、原因、让步、目、结果等等关系。

兹再举几例说明限制性定语从句所表示状语意思：

①I think it will grow even on non-irrlgated land where there is a forest belt. 我想即使在没有灌溉土地上，只要有一条树林带，苜蓿还是会生长。（表条件）

②In a personed sense, I think of my eldest daughter, whose birthday is today. 就个人来讲，我想到我大女儿，因为今天是她生日。（表原因）(四)独立句

①He paid that peculiar deferente to women which every member of the sex appreciates. 他对女性殷勤令每个女人所赏识。

②What were the hopes and dreams that had made of them the incredibly stubborn warriors?是什么希望，什么目标，什么理想使他们成为顽强到令人难以置信战士呢？

翻译英语There be 句型和带定语从句复合句时，常用溶合法。溶合法就是把原主句主语同定语从句溶合在一起而译成独立句方法。溶合法要求改变句子构造形式。具体作法是，将原主句词或词组用作独立句主语，再将定语从句用作谓语，这样便译成独立句，如①将He paid that peculiar deference to women 压缩译为“他对女性殷勤”而定语从句“which every member of the sex appreciates”译为谓语“令每个女人所常识”。(五)复合宾语