外文翻译模板

西安欧亚学院
本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译译文
学生姓名：蔡阳
分院（系）：信息工程学院
专业班级：通信工程0701
指导教师：赵雨
完成日期：2011 年1 月5 日
不能触碰这个—无线电力传输
Can't Touch This—Wireless power transmission
作者：Bill Weaver, Ph.D.
起止页码：
出版日期（期刊号）：2006年10月25日
出版单位：（以上文字用小4号宋体，数字、字母用Times New Roman体）
外文翻译译文：
几年前，一个同事和我参加在校大学生团体的一个老式的实地考察，考察地位于新泽西州的爱迪生国家历史遗址的西橙。

我们随公众参观，并参观了设置于建筑物内的实验室，了解了白炽灯灯泡和电影技术的发展。

然而，令我最感动的是其中的两个复杂的附加功能。

首先，是配备了当时美国专利局的所有出版物的研究图书馆。

科学家和工程师的代表关注到适销对路的产品可能会在创造新技术中有所用途。

大学是随之而来的发现科学技术的伟大场所，但爱迪生的实验室却是作为一个企业而存在的。

在 19 世纪后期是没有互联网连接的，因此，图书馆便担任起了实验室的信息存储库。

就像今天，当研究人员所需要的信息是有关于化学反应、一个数学公式或他们最先进的工程解决方案而咨询目前的文献一样，只不过当时是通过纸张。

第二个令人印象深刻的事情是生产和加工设施的复杂性。

创建工具，使新的工具催化技术的发展，是爱迪生实验室的一个创新过程的早期代表性的例子。

通过快速采用标准，进一步简化此过程。

由于工具和设备大部分可以在本地发展，便可以在数英亩大小的校园中部署自己的标准并创造该设施。

这种标准之一是权力分配的方法。

最终已知的电网发展供电是著名的爱迪生灯泡，早期的爱迪生实验室使用的工具是由一个通用线路轴组成的机器。

组成一个类似于后轮驱动汽车传动轴的长旋转轴或像是一个海洋船只的螺旋桨轴，使整个工厂的旋转的势能形式分散了锅炉产生的机械能。

个别机器通过皮带和简单的离合器系统被连接到线路轴，通过使用周围的轴带来加强对杠杆的强度。

随着时间的推移，由于过多的摩擦，皮带便穿了出来。

但这种技术提供了一个相比早期高压蒸汽和液压系统来说不太复杂的动力分配方法。

随着时间的推移，以及电器及电子设备的开发，在不久之后我们的生产厂房、办公室和家庭中必须采用高压电源和更多的分配标准。

在美国，产生的电力是60赫兹，并最终产生在120，240和480伏特之间的标准额定电压。

典型的电源插座被规定制造为容纳15安培电流和配有熟悉的三个插脚，两个桨组成的垂直的和U型接地
的插脚。

具有前瞻性的零售商制造不同形状和取向标准的插脚，以防止其他不兼容的设备连接。

除非没有足够的电源插座、插头或延长线带，标准的三孔电源线是一种普遍存在的设备来“塞“进配电系统。

随着技术的不断发展，目前我们拥有的移动和手持设备正在蓬勃发展，因此电池企业随之产生。

将这些小型设备物理上连接到电网，将严重影响他们的功能。

正是因为这个原因，他们应把自己的自带电源一次性耗尽或生产充电电池。

电池制造商们快速的开发出自己的行业标准，其中包括“AA“和“C”型单元，以减轻消费者更换电池时可能产生的混淆。

虽然年初晶体管收音机、玩具用传感器流行，但一次性使用的化学电池不能为如笔记本电脑、智能手机和个人娱乐游戏机这些拥有复杂的计算要求的设备提供其所需的充足电流。

他们可充电的电池被收纳入设备的内部，很少需要用户自行更换。

这使设备制造商可以据此选择电池如何制造，例如大小，电池寿命和设备组件的内部配置功能。

电池的这一特性，授予了制造商的工业设计师们在造型、外观和感觉上区分他们产品的更多权利。

但充电电池的缺点是，他们最终依然需要充电。

我们很容易便可通过一个交直流电源适配器连接到电源。

然而较难是电池怎样连接到适配器或“充电器”，因为每个电池制造商都可以自由地设计电池的外形和接口。

什么？在此之后的可爱的百年创新中，其并未随着应有的模式有所改变。

一个阴谋理论也许可以说明，便携式设备制造商承认，电池充电器是一个利润丰厚的收入渠道。

类似气泡喷墨打印机制造商依赖于油墨在设备中的消耗作为销售渠道，以弥补销售价低于成本的差额，用户支付25美元至100美元更换损坏或丢失的电源适配器，这样便抵消了一个服务计划或低成本的笔记本电脑手机中的“自由的真实成本”。

一个无辜的非阴谋理论可能是与2000年（Y2K）问题相关。

程序员预想不到这个制造于两位数年份的设备会为未来制造多大的麻烦，同时也很少有便携式设备设计者可能预料到如今同时携带笔记本电脑、移动电话、MP3播放器和数字摄像机的消费者的数量。

这些功能最终可能会由一个独立的"超级智能手机"来提供，但是，目前，个别的充电器使用者还是很不方便。

充电器也有类似的，设备之间不兼容的问题，用户可能会导致交换升级或丢失设备。

如果你正在使用你的第五部手机，很有可能在你的车库的工作台上会有四个已过时的充电器。

今年2月，由欧洲联盟电信局（CEPT）和随后的欧洲联盟（EU）共同授权同意设立阳狮集团Speciale移动协会（GSMA），这是一个在2012年开发的标准的，供移动电话使用的微型USB接口充电器规范。

除了使用户更加的便利，这项规范也被应用到被丢弃的适配器的回收浪潮中。

虽然不是针对不同的移动设备之间的转接器的标准化问题，但它看起来是一个好的开始。

但是，试想一下，如果将AC/DC适配器完全可以消除。

这是无线能量转移的未
来，尼古拉·特斯拉于1893年首先将其效用发表出来。

电感耦合变压器利用无线技术可替换普通电源适配器，纠正了电感耦合变压器的两个感应线圈充电所需的直流电压由交流电源插座提供电力的弊端。

不幸的是，随着发射机和接收机之间的距离增加电感效应迅速减弱，经常受到干扰的影响。

在最近的其他事态发展中，马林索尔教授和他的同事们最近在麻省理工学院，制订可以使用调到特定的共振频率的电感耦合线圈，以克服这些限制。

这提高了电源的耦合效率，并减少了其他无关紧要的位于设备周围或线圈之间的干扰。

麻省理工学院称之为其发展的“Witricity”，它正在由富尔顿创新Ada MI商业化，并被称为 eCoupled 技术。

同时利用 Witricity 谐振感应的高效率，包括发件人和接收器的eCoupled 系统，适当的同步和优化共振频率之间的数据通信服务。

更像敌我识别（IFF）或无线射频识别（RFID）系统，发射器察觉到一个不包含无线射频识别芯片的金属设备或装置的开关后进入睡眠模式。

附加的数据服务健全和规范的通信，而且会在电池充满后自动断电。

如果被广泛采纳，无线电力传输将会被列为公共服务设施。

想象一下，eCoupled 发射机简单的取代了旅店夜间排队、航空公司充电台、图书馆的参考咨询台、实验室工作台、汽车的座充或大学的研究枕头。

当谈到有用来鞭策自己，通常采用两种主要方法的新标准。

说到新的标准，通常有两个主要方法用于推动其发展。

首先是有力的法规规范。

其次，发明一种技术使得制造商竞相模仿，使之广泛流行两种方法都强大，但我更喜欢后者那种不干预的方式。

外文翻译原文：
A few years ago, a colleague and I enjoined a group of undergraduates on an old-fashioned field trip to the Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, NJ. We took the public tour and visited the storied laboratories that witnessed the development of the incandescent light bulb and motion picture technology. However, I was most impressed by two additional features of the complex.
The first was the research library outfitted with a complete collection of the publications of the U.S. Patent office at the time. The scientists and engineers were concerned with the creation of new technology that could be leveraged into marketable products. Universities are great places for following scientific discoveries for the sake of the science, but the Edison laboratories existed as a business. Not having Internet connectivity in the late 1800s, the library served as the laboratory's information repository. Much like today, when a researcher needed information concerning a chemical reaction, a mathematical formula or cutting edge engineering solution they
consulted the current literature, albeit via paper.
The second impressive thing was the complexity of the production and machining facilities. Creating tools to make new tools catalyzes the development of technology, and the Edison laboratories are an early representative example of the process of innovation. This process is further streamlined through the rapid adoption of standards. Since a majority of the tools and equipment was developed on site, the facility created its own standards that could be deployed throughout the multi-acre campus.
One such standard was the method of power distribution. Ultimately known for the development of electrical grids to power the famous Edison light bulb, the early machine tools used by the Edison laboratories were powered by a universal line shaft. Consisting of a long rotating shaft similar to the drive shaft of a rear-wheel drive automobile or the propeller shaft of an ocean vessel, the mechanical energy produced by the factory boiler was distributed throughout the factory in the form of rotational momentum. Individual machines were connected to the line shaft via a belt and simple clutch system that tightened the belt around the shaft through the use of a lever. Over time, the belt would wear out due to considerable friction, but this technology provided a less complicated method of power distribution when compared to early high-pressure steam and hydraulic systems.
Over time, the development of electrical and electronic devices necessitated the distribution of high-pressure electrons throughout our manufacturing plants, offices and homes and additional standards soon followed. In the U.S., electrical power is generated at 60 Hz and is ultimately delivered in standard nominal voltages of 120, 240 and 480 volts. Typical electrical outlets are limited to 15 amps and accommodate plugs having the familiar three prongs, consisting of two vertical paddles and a u-shaped grounding prong. Higher amperage outlets sport differing standard prong shapes and orientations to prevent the accidental connection of incompatible devices. Apart from not having enough electrical outlets, plug strips or extension cords, the standard three-prong power cord is a ubiquitous way to "plug" devices into the power distribution system.
As technology continued to develop, our present menagerie of mobile, hand held devices flourished, and so too did the utility of battery power. Physically connecting these miniature devices to the power grid would seriously interfere with their function, and it is for this reason that they incorporate their own local source of power in the form of single use or rechargeable batteries. Battery manufacturers quickly developed standard form factors for their industry including "AA" and "C" size cells to ease consumer confusion when they needed to be replaced.
While popular for use by early transistor radios, sensors and toys, single-use chemical batteries cannot supply the large amount of current required by sophisticated computational devices such as laptop computers, smartphones and personal entertainment equipment. Their rechargeable batteries are incorporated into the interior of the device and rarely require user replacement. This allows the device manufacturers to select battery form factors based on features such as size, battery life and the internal configuration of device components. Increased numbers of battery form factors grant industrial designers additional freedom to sculpt and differentiate the look and feel of their products.
But the downside of rechargeable batteries is that they eventually need to be recharged. Connecting the battery to the power grid through a standard AC/DC power adapter is easy. The difficult part is connecting the adapter or "charger" to the battery since each battery manufacturer is free to design the form factor of this connection. What? After this lovely century-old narrative of "innovate and standardize," this step does not follow the pattern.
A conspiratorial theory may suggest that portable device manufacturers recognize battery chargers as a lucrative revenue channel. Similar to bubble-jet printer manufacturers relying on the sale of ink over the life of the device to offset the below-cost price of the machine, paying $25 to $100 to replace a broken or lost power adapter offsets the true cost of a "free" phone with service plan or low-cost laptop. An innocent non-conspiratorial theory may be in line with the Year 2000 (Y2K) problem. Programmers did not envision the future difficulties created by a two-digit year field, and few portable device designers may have predicted the number of consumers simultaneously carrying laptops, cell phones, mp3 players and digital video cameras. These capabilities may eventually be provided by a single "uber-smartphone" but, at the moment, the number of individual chargers is quite inconvenient. Chargers also are incompatible among similar devices that users may swap due to upgrades or lost equipment. If you are currently using your fifth cell phone, there is a high probability that you have four obsolete chargers on your garage workbench.
This past February, the Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) formed by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) and later endorsed by the European Union (EU) mandated the development of a standard mobile phone charger utilizing the micro-USB interface by 2012. Apart from increasing user convenience, this effort is being applied to stem the tide of discarded adapters entering the waste stream. While not addressing the adapter standardization problem between different mobile
devices, it looks to be a good start.
But, what if the AC/DC adapter could be eliminated entirely? This is the goal of wireless energy transfer, an effect first demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in 1893. Utilized inside the very adapters the wireless technology may replace, inductively-coupled transformers rectify the AC electricity available at the power outlet into the DC voltage required to charge the battery though the utilization of two induction coils. Unfortunately, the induction effect decreases rapidly as the distance between transmitter and receiver increases and often suffers from interference. Among other recent developments to overcome these limitations, Professor Marin Soljacic and his colleagues at MIT have recently developed the use of inductively-coupled coils that can be tuned to a specific resonance frequency. This increases the efficiency of the power coupling and reduces the amount of interference from extraneous objects located near or between the coils. MIT has dubbed their development "Witricity" and it is being commercialized by Fulton Innovation of Ada, MI, in a product called eCoupled Technology.
While exploiting the high efficiency of the Witricity resonant induction, the eCoupled system includes data communication services between senders and receivers that negotiate and optimize the appropriate resonance frequency. Much like the identification friend or foe (IFF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) system, incompatible metallic devices that do not contain an IFF chip are sensed by the transmitter and the device is switched into sleep mode. Additional data services communicate the heath and status of the rechargeable battery and also switch power transmission off when the battery is fully charged. Multiple devices can be charged simultaneously though the use of separate resonance frequencies.
If widely adopted, wireless power transmission could find itself incorporated into common objects. Imagine a thin eCoupled transmitter taking the form of a hotel night stand, an airline tray table, a library reference desk, a laboratory workbench, an automobile cup holder or a college study pillow. When it comes to new standards there are usually two main methods used to spur their adoption. The first is to mandate forceful regulations. The second is to invent a technology that is so widely popular that manufacturers race to imitate it. Both methods are powerful, but I prefer the latter hands-off approach.
注：本表单独作为一页。