外文翻译模板
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
英语作文四级翻译模板
英语作文四级翻译模板English Composition Level Four Translation Template。
Introduction。
Translation is the process of converting a text from one language to another while preserving its meaning and intent. The ability to translate effectively is a valuable skill in various fields, including academia, business, and international communication. For students preparing for English Composition Level Four, mastering translation techniques is crucial for achieving high scores. This article provides a comprehensive template for English Composition Level Four translation, guiding students through the essential steps and strategies to produce accurate and high-quality translations.Steps in English Composition Level Four Translation。
1. Understanding the Source Text。
Read the source text carefully and thoroughly to grasp its overall meaning and structure.Identify the main idea, supporting points, and any underlying cultural or contextual references.Pay attention to the tone, style, and register of the source text.2. Analyzing the Source Text。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
翻译格式模板
外文翻译（译文字数不少于2000字）齿叶夜睡莲对曼扎拉湖(尼罗河三角洲)周边栽培的水稻的生长及产量的化感作用*学生：×××指导老师：×××摘要：（黑体，小四）在埃及曼扎拉湖周边新开垦的与外界阻隔的湖田中，莲属侵入稻田是导致农作物破坏和谷粒产量下降的一个主要原因。
本研究针对齿叶夜睡莲对水稻的化感作用提出了深刻的见解(Oryza sativa cavr. Giza-177)。
莲根状茎的提取液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。
抑制的程度主要是受提取液的类型和浓度的影响。
其中乙醇提取液和水提取液的抑制作用要比氯仿提取液的抑制作用强。
乙醇提取液中的酚醛含量显示了它的最大的抑制作用。
在一个目标作物（水稻）和它的近邻（莲）的盆载实验中，大米的干重和相对生长率受种子年龄和莲根状茎密度的影响，生长率随着莲密度的增大而降低。
对一个生长了莲和未生长莲的稻田中的数据处理证明了生长莲的稻田中水稻的叶面积指数和产量均降低。
通过气相色谱法或质谱分析法识别潜在的化感化合物显示了莲根状茎中存在化感化合物酚醛。
（宋体，小四）关键词：（黑体，小四）莲提取液，酚醛，萌发，幼苗，生长，叶面积指数，谷粒产量，水稻，埃及（宋体，小四）引言(大标题，黑体，四号)在过去的几十年里，尼罗河上大规模面积的湿地都因为各种各样的发展目的而被开垦。
曼扎拉湖的大部分面积也被开垦，并且倾向于当作农田使用。
因为高水位和水稻土，水稻是新开垦区域种植的主要农作物。
很多农田中都有记录大米的产量严重降低。
但是明显的全年的栽培大米和苜蓿并相互更替并不是导致大米产量严重降低的主要原因，其中还包括很多其它因素，但是它们的重要性*原文：Ahmad K. Hegazy, W. M.Amer, A. A. Khedr. Allelopathic effect of Nymphaea lotus L. on growth and yield of cultivated rice around Lake Manzala (Nile Delta). Hydrobiologia, 2001,464: 133–142.还没有完全理解；比如，差的排水系统和部分稻子的不可收割。
水产养殖系统外文翻译【范本模板】
《Application of an expert system to monitoring and control in aquaculture》外文翻译专家系统在水产养殖监测和控制方面中的应用David D。
Harris,Feng Zhang,Peter H。
Sydenham摘要当任何测量任务接近于所需要的学科观点时，我们发现，这个学科通常包含一系列的数据，而且这个学科被解释为一整套的控制语言。
现在的应用程序中，测量和控制水质是鱼健康育种的基础。
这也是之前所说控制的基础,实时提供测量数据,对于确保鱼的健康来说是很重要的在。
计算机把简化专家系统的应用作为基础控制,以此来进行实时监控和控制。
这篇文章论述了计算机的基础发展、分布式监测和建立专家控制系统。
该系统集成了启发式和实时变化的知识，增强了自动决策的基础。
该系统一个重要的特佂是，仅仅使用简单的计算机技能，直接通过访问专家系统的创建者, 就能改变系统的应用程序和操作规程。
并允许陌生的用户，通过构建“传感器知识”来简化传感器的设计和操作，或指定所需的传感器，并通过系统提供的要求来建立它们。
测量和仪表系统中心（MISC）是一个澳大利亚南部大学的研究中心,它的目标是发展更好的测量方法和设备.所有项目的基础方法就是运用。
最近,这个研究中心正与澳大利亚南部的渔业部门开展一个项目，这个项目将把这方面的专业知识与特定应用程序应用到水产养殖的监测和控制当中.关键词专家系统、监测和控制、知识库、用户交互1 背景为了体现该地区一套以知识为基础的方法论，有必要开发一个基本的应用程序。
2 当前的水产养殖实践从海洋网箱到陆地上的池塘，世界各地普遍存在水产养殖.无论淡水或海洋鱼类都是养殖的对象,包括鳍鱼、甲壳类和软体动物等.然而一些常见的问题出现在这一课题中：•通常水产养殖设施的成本很高。
•水产养殖的可行性操作依赖于劳动力和运营成本。
•因为典型工业过程的差异和水产养殖情况，传统工业过程的方法和控制工程并不能简单的应用，•对鱼的生理和行为的了解,尤其是在集约农业的情况下，通常是有限的、局部的。
外文翻译合同模板
外文翻译合同模板甲方（委托方）：＿____法定代表人：＿____地址：＿____联系方式：＿____乙方（受托方）：＿____法定代表人：＿____地址：＿____联系方式：＿____鉴于甲方需要将具体文件名称等相关文件从源语言翻译成目标语言，乙方具备相应的翻译能力和资质，双方经友好协商，达成以下协议：一、翻译服务内容1、甲方委托乙方翻译的文件包括但不限于：详细列举需要翻译的文件名称、类型、主题等2、翻译的具体要求包括：例如，翻译的准确性、语言风格、格式要求等二、翻译质量1、乙方应保证翻译内容准确、完整、通顺，符合目标语言的表达习惯和专业要求。
2、对于专业术语和特定领域的词汇，乙方应遵循相关行业标准和规范进行翻译。
3、乙方应进行必要的校对和审核，确保翻译质量达到双方约定的标准。
三、交付时间1、乙方应在具体日期前完成翻译工作，并将翻译成果交付给甲方。
2、如因特殊情况需要延期交付，乙方应提前约定提前通知的时间通知甲方，并获得甲方的书面同意。
四、翻译费用及支付方式1、本次翻译服务的总费用为人民币具体金额元。
2、甲方应在收到翻译成果并验收合格后的约定的付款时间内，向乙方支付费用。
3、支付方式为：例如，银行转账、支票等，并注明具体的账户信息五、双方权利和义务（一）甲方权利和义务1、甲方有权要求乙方按照本合同的约定提供翻译服务，并对翻译成果进行验收。
2、甲方应向乙方提供翻译所需的相关资料和信息，并确保其真实、准确、完整。
3、甲方应按照本合同的约定按时支付翻译费用。
（二）乙方权利和义务1、乙方有权要求甲方提供翻译所需的必要资料和信息。
2、乙方应严格按照本合同的约定按时、按质完成翻译工作，并交付翻译成果。
3、乙方应对甲方提供的资料和信息严格保密，不得泄露给任何第三方。
六、保密条款1、双方应对在履行本合同过程中知悉的对方商业秘密、技术秘密和其他机密信息予以保密。
2、未经对方书面同意，任何一方不得向第三方披露或使用上述机密信息。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。
E。
卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
外文翻译模板也要一样么
外文翻译模板也要一样么
1、原文必须选用与课题相关的国外学者的学术专著或学术文章，不得选用教材或中国作者撰写的英文文章。
2、原文的处理方式针对所选资料不同，区别对待:
(1)学术专著、期刊、论文集，需包含其封面、目录。
提交影印电子文档，电子文档采用A4纸，页边距同本科毕业论文(设计)用纸要求。
(2)节选自网络文章，电子文档采用A4纸，页边距同本科毕业论文(设计)用纸要求。
内容采用英文TimesNewRoman字体，一级标题四号加粗，二级标题小四号加粗，三级标题五号加粗，正文五号。
原文为PDF格式的不需再录入成WORD 文档，用A4纸按规定的格式直接打印即可。
外文翻译 模板
外文翻译03汉语言文学 20034921112 莫庆才摘自：/2242/2005-11-24/177@280893.htmQin Qiang is not only the latest work by Jia Pingwa, but is also widely considered to be this writer's last major work. While previously Jia's most notable effort was The Abandoned Capital, an urban novel, Qin Qiang takes up his favorite topic, the Sha’anxi peasantry, and their lives during China's reforms and urbanization. The book is considered by some as another masterpiece, but others call it gloomy, difficult to read and nowhere near the quality of The Abandoned Capital.Unlike the Abandoned Capital, which provided insight into modern urban living, Qin Qiang is constructed within the rustic world, while its author, Jia Pingwa, happily expresses his love towards rural living. In fact, as the material for this earthy novel, Jia had used real life stories from his own family history."This book is about my own folks back home, my last and most precious resource for writing. I wouldn't touch this material if I had any other choice, as it directly tells a lot of things that happened to my own family. Before I began writing this book, I personally paid homage to all my dead family members from the past ten years, and gave a glass of wine as offering for those still living on Dihua street. During the writing process, incense burned night and day in a giant vase in my study, and the smoke swirled around my ceiling. Then all the spirits of the dead walked before me. I wrote down all those things that happened to my father's generation with respect and uneasiness, yet I needed only one year and nine months to complete this work."Although the title of the book, Qin Qiang, might not directly indicate the content, it actually provides a subtle connection with the rural area where this story takes place. Qin Qiang is the name of a local clapper opera, which dates back some two thousand years to the Qin dynasty, and is still a favored past-time for farmers on the loess plateau of Northern Sha'anxi. Indeed, for the old Sha’anxi generation, Qin Qiang opera represents the spirit of the land and its inhabitants, while the glamorous seduction of pop music disturbs people, leaving them eager to pull their muddy roots from the earth and move on.The book Qin Qiang is narrated by a madman named Yinsheng. Eccentric and asocial, he's obsessed by the beautiful Qin Qiang actress Bai Xue. In return, she is sympathetic to him but nothing more. After being beaten up and ridiculed by other villagers for his transgressions, Yinsheng mutilated himself.As told by Jia, Yinsheng is more ghost than man as he roams about the village,seeing, hearing and sensing those things which are out of reach for others. Through the observations of this wayward figure, we experience the whole panorama of village life; bawdy, brutal, joyful, and sad. As a result, this book is concerned with far more than just Yinsheng's own story.Author Jia Pingwa is a native of Danfeng county in Sha'anxi province. Born in 1953 to a farming family, he has since written several dozen books, with Turbulence, The Abandoned Capital and Shangzhou City his main works. The Abandoned Capital was released in 1993. Known as Feidu in Chinese, this thick, juicy story of contemporary life in an old Chinese city aroused much controversy, mainly because of its bold sexual content."Following that book a lot of people began to call my work vulgar and me an indecent rogue, because of the sexual descriptions. Newspapers also criticized me. Previously my works were all very "clean," and I think that I can’t just become a vulgar rogue overnight. Nevertheless, at that time, people talked about me everyday."Although The Abandoned Capital was banned in for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration, it's still described by journalists as "causing a great literary and publishing earthquake in 1993."In the case of his new work, Qin Qiang, some critics believe it is an epic on rural life. They hold that from this book, Jia Pingwa has returned to his most natural writing style, with a unique narrative angle--the angle of the madman Yinsheng.But criticism accompanies praise, for a book which certainly makes for an uncomfortable read. Nor is Qin Qiang a straightforward book to read, with all dialogue provided in the Sha’anxi dialect. Furthermore, some readers feel that the whole story lacks an obvious central plot; Jia Pingwa gives a strictly factual narrative on the lives of farmers and their experiences of invading urbanization, and abstains from any comments or value judgments."My hometown is on Dihua street. For my story I changed this to Qingfeng street. If Dihua street is the moon to me, then Qingfeng street is the reflection of this moon upon the water. Still, no matter how beautiful these streets are to me, they're made up of illness and death, parting and reunion, eating and drinking, and other everyday chores. Writing in this dry chronicler's style, I know that those who live or have lived in rural areas can understand it, but how about those living in the cities? Sha'anxi people can understand it, but can those living outside the province? It's not that I don’t understand this, nor that I refuse to, or have never writte n in a more meaningful and dramatic style. Instead it's because I'm only recording the petty affairs of everyday rural life, and as such, the book can only be written in this way."In his book's epilogue, Jia Pingwa states "I'm determined to erect a tablet for my home village on Dihua street…In the meantime my writing has proceeded with self-contradiction and pain. I don’t know whether I should sing praises to reality or curse life, to cheer for my folks or to feel sad for them…"Perhaps this is also why tho se who like his story will not be able to suppress an ambivalent sigh, upon completing the book and closing its pages.Readers also treasure the book because, although this may not be the last work of Jia Pingwa, the author did announce that he'd not write any major novels in the next ten years. He said this is because he'd used up his life experience with Qin Qiang and he'd been suffered too much during writing the book. Well, let's hope that there will be other good works coming out from thisprominent writer when he's fully recovered from the sufferings of Qin Qiang.秦腔不但是贾平凹的最新作品，而且被广泛地认为是作者最后的主要作品。
1-2015届本科毕业论文外文翻译模板(说明版)
1-2015届本科毕业论文外文翻译模板(说明版)
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外 文 翻 译
原 文 标 题 Our Country Commercial Bank Financial
Control’s Reform Innovates 译 文 标 题 我国商业银行的财务管理的改革创新
作者所在系别 会计系 作者所在专业 财务管理 作者所在班级 B11622 作 者 姓 名 张昊 作 者 学 号 20114062235 指导教师姓名 李娅捷 指导教师职称 教授 完 成 时 间
2014
年
12
月
30日
北华航天工业学院教务处制
整篇文档通用的页面设置参数为：A4打印纸（29.7厘米×21厘米）。
英文及阿拉伯数
本页空白单元格格式均为：宋体（
汉
字），小
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的
外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。
译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。
J。
Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。
1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。
Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。
外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印；2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。
五、忌自行更改表格样式。
毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目Xxx翻译（1）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目翻译（2）题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目系会计系以本模板为准）专业XXXXXX（以本模板为准）姓名XXXXXX（以本模板为准）班级XXXXXX（以本模板为准）学号XXXXXX（以本模板为准）指导教师XXXXXX（以本模板为准）正文3杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院本科毕业论文文献综述的写作要求为了促使学生熟悉更多的专业文献资料，进一步强化学生搜集文献资料的能力，提高对文献资料的归纳、分析、综合运用能力及独立开展科研活动的能力，现对本科学生的毕业设计（论文）提出文献综述的写作要求，具体要求如下：一、文献综述的概念文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面地反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。
外文翻译模板
Waste Management 30 (2010) 1544–1555Large-scale direct shear testing of municipal solid waste Dimitrios Zekkos a,*, George A. Athanasopoulos b, Jonathan D. Bray c, Athena Grizi b, AndreasTheodoratos ba Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2358 GG BrownLaboratory, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAb Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Patras, 26500 Rion, Greecec Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, CA94720-1710, USAABSTRACTLarge direct shear testing (300 mm _ 300 mm box) of municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from a landfill located in the San Francisco Bay area was performed to gain insight on the shear response of MSW. The study investigated the effects of waste composition, confining stress, unit weight, and loading rate on the stress–displacement response and shear strength of MSW. The amount and orientation of the fibrous waste materials in the MSW were found to play a critical role. The fibrou s material had little effect on the MSW’s strength when it was oriented parallel to the shear surface, as is typically the case when waste material is compressed vertically and then tested in a direct shear apparatus. Tests in which the fibrous material was oriented perpendicular to the horizontal shear surface produced significantly stronger MSW specimens. The test results indicate that confining stress and loading rate are also important factors. Based on 109 large-scale direct shear tests, the shear strength of MSW at low moisture contents is best characterized by cohesion = 15 kPa, friction angle = 36_ at a normal stress of 1 atmosphere, and a decrease in the friction angle of 5_ for every log-cycle increase in normal stress.1. IntroductionThe response in shear of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important consideration in landfill design, particularly for the evaluation of a landfill’s static and seismic stability. Several MSW landfill instabilities have occurred in recent years, including the Rumpke Landfill in Ohio (Eid et al., 2000), Dona Juanna Landfill in Colombia (Hendron et al., 1999), Payatas Landfill in Philippines (Kavazanjian and Merry, 2005), and Java landfill in Indonesia (Koelschet al., 2005). These failures had significant economic consequences and in some cases resulted in the loss of human life. An improved understanding of the shear response of MSW is required to support sound stability evaluations of landfills.With the aim of providing insights regarding the mechanical response of MSW, acollaborative research program that involved the University of California at Berkeley, Arizona State University, Geosyntec Consultants, University of Patras (Greece), and the University of Texas at Austin was undertaken. One of its primary objectives was to evaluate the static and dynamic properties of MSW by systematically characterizing and testing MSW in the field and laboratory. Findings of the collaborative investigation are summarized in Zekkos et al. (2008a). Recommendations for estimating the unit weight of MSW (Zekkos et al., 2006) and the dynamic properties of MSW (Zekkos et al., 2008a) have been presented elsewhere. An overall assessment of the shear strength of MSW using.2. Literature reviewThe strength envelope recommended by Kavazanjian et al. (1995) is often used in engineering practice to characterize the shear strength of MSW. This bilinear strength envelope consists of a purely cohesive material with cohesion (c) of 24 kPa for normal stresses up to 30 kPa and a purely frictional material with a friction angle (/) of 33_ at higher normal stresses. The envelope was intended to be a conservative estimate of the shear strength of MSW; it was based on a limited number of laboratory and field tests and the back-calculation of stable waste slopes. More recently,Eid et al. (2000) relied on a larger database of laboratory data and back-calculations of three unstable slopes in developing a linear shear strength envelope that was characterized on average by c = 25 kPa and / = 35_. Zekkos (2005) performed an extensive review of the literature and identified significant differences in the MSW shear strength parameters proposed by other researchers. Mohr–Coulomb strength parameters with cohesions varying from 0 to 80 kPa and friction angles varying from 0_ to 60_ have been proposed by several different researchers (Fig. 1). The selected value of the cohesion and friction angle used in conducting andfill analyses is obviously critical.3. Characterization of the waste tested in this studyTwo large-diameter (760 mm) borings were augered to depths of 10 m and 32 m using a bucket auger at the Tri-Cities landfill, located in the San Francisco Bay area in north California. Bulk waste samples from small and large depths, varying in age from 0 to 15 years old, were retrieved and stored separately in 39 sealed 55-gallon drums of bulk waste material. Excessive grinding of the waste particles was not observed, so the collected waste materials are assumed to be unprocessed. Two to four drums of waste were collected at each 3 m sampling interval. The in situ unit weight of waste was measured using the procedures described in Zekkos et al. (2006). Its unit weight increased from 10 kN/m3 near the surface to 16 kN/m3 at greater depths. Waste material was transported to the Richmond Field Station of the University of California at Berkeley, where it was characterized. Waste characterizationincluded separating the waste material into material larger and smaller than 20 mm. This segregation is considered useful, because material <20 mmis composed of soil-like material that is derived primarily from daily cover, other soil materials, and some fine waste inclusions, whereas material >20 mm generally consists of bulk and fibrous waste materials. Additionally, material <20 mm can be characterized using conventional soil mechanics index tests, such as sieve analyses and Atterberg limits, and it can be tested using geotechnical testing equipment.Waste samples that were collected as part of this study form three general classes. Class A is relatively ‘‘deep old waste” and included sample groups A1–A4. Class B is ‘‘deep old waste with fibrous <20 mm material” and included sample group B1. Class C is ‘‘shallow fresh waste” and included sample groups C1–C6. Classes A and B waste were placed in 1987; whereas Class C waste was placed after 1999. The percentage by weight of the <20 mm material and the amount of plastic, paper, wood, gravel and other constituents of the >20 mm material were measured for a total of 6 waste sample groups. The mass of the processed samples varied from 60 to 320 kg. About 50–75% of the total waste sample by weight was <20 mm material, and the >20 mm material consisted primarily of paper, plastic, wood, and gravel. Other constituents such as metals, glass, stiff plastics, and textiles, comprised a significantly lower percentage of the material by weight and by volume. Details of the field investigation and waste characterization are provided in Zekkos (2005).ReferencesAthanasopoulos, G., Grizi, A., Zekkos, D., Founta, P., Zisimatou, E., 2008. Municipal Solid Waste as a Reinforced Soil: Investigation Using Synthetic Waste. ASCE, GSP No. 177, pp. 168–175.Bray, J.D., Zekkos, D., Kavazanjian Jr., E., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M.F., 2009. Shear strength of municipal solid waste. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 135 (6),709–722.Caicedo, B., Yamin, L., Giraldo, E., Coronado, O., 2002. Geomechanical properties of municipal solid waste in Dona Juana sanitary landfill. In: Proceeding of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, vol. 1, pp. 177–182.Duncan, J.M., Wright, S.G., 2005. Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. Edincliler, A. Benson, C.H., Edil, T.B., 1996. Shear strength of municipal solid waste. Interim Report –Year 1, Environmental Geotechnics Report 96-2, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Eid, H.T., Stark, T.D., Douglas, W.D., Sherry, P.E., 2000. Municipal solid waste slope failure 1. Waste and foundation properties. Journal of Geotecnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 126 (5), 397–407. Gabr, M.A., Valero, S.N., 1995. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste. Geotechnical Testing Journal 18, 241–254.Grizi, A., 2006. Mechanical Behavior of MSW-Laboratory Test Results in Large Shear Box Apparatus. Diploma Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras (in Greek).Hendron, D.M., Fernandez, G., Prommer, P.J., Giroud, J.P., Orozco, L.F., 1999. Investigation of the cause of the 27 September 1997 slope failure at the Dona Juana landfill. In: Proceedings of Sardinia, p. 99. Houston, W.N., Houston, S.L., Liu, J.W., Elsayed, A., Sanders, C.O., 1995. In situ testing methods for dynamic properties of MSW landfills. Earthquake design and performance of solid waste landfills. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 54, pp. 73–82.Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Bonaparte, R., Schmertmann, G.R.,1995. Evaluation of MSW properties for seismic analysis. Geoenvironment 2000. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 46, pp.1126–1141.Kavazanjian Jr., E., 1999. Seismic design of solid waste containment facilities. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, pp. 51–89.Kavazanjian Jr., T., Merry S.M., 2005. The 10 July 2000 Payatas landfill failure. In: Proceedings of Sardinia.Koelsch, F., Fricke, K., Mahler, C., Damanhuri, E., 2005. Stability of landfills – the Bandung dumpsite disaster. In: Proceedings of Sardinia.Landva, A.O., Clark, J.I., 1986. Geotechnical testing of wastefill. In: Proceedings, 39th Canadian Geotechnical Conference Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 371–385.Landva, A.O., Clark, J. I., 1990. Geotechnics of waste fill. In: Landva and Knowles (Ed.), Theory and Practice, STP 1070, ASTM, pp. 86–103.Mahler, C.F., De Lamare Netto, A., 2003. Shear resistance of mechanical biological pre-treated domestic urban wast. In: Proceedings Sardinia 2003, Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 6–10 October 2003.Matasovic, N., Kavazanjian, E. Jr., 1998. Cyclic characterization of OII landfill solid waste. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124(3), 197–210.Mazzucato, N., Simonini, P., Colombo, S., 1999. Analysis of block slide in a MSW landfill. In: Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 4–8 October 1999.Pelkey, S.G., 1997. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of New Brunswick.Richardson, G., Reynolds, D., 1991. Geosyntetic considerations in a landfill on compressible clays. Procee dings of Geosynthetics ‘91, vol. 2. Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, MN. Siegel, R.A., Robertson, R.J., Anderson, D.G., 1990. Slope stability investigations at a landfill in southern California, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM. Special Technical Publication, STP 1070,pp. 259–284.Stoll, O.W., 1971. Mechanical properties of milled refuse. In: ASCE National Water Resources Engineering Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, January 11–15.Theodoratos, A., 2007. Evaluation of MSW Shear Strength With Laboratory Direct Shear Testing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras (in Greek).Vilar, O.M., Carvalho, M.F., 2002. Shear strength properties of municipal solid waste. In: Proceeding of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, vol. 1, pp. 59–64.Withiam, J.L., Tarvin, P.A., Bushell, T.D., Snow, R.E., German, H.W., 1995.Prediction and performance of municipal landfill slope. In: Proceedings nternational Conference the Geoenvironment 2000, ASCE GSP No. 46, NY, pp. 1005–1019.Zekkos, D.P., 2005. Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of municipal solidwaste. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of California at Berkeley.Zekkos, D., Bray, J.D., Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Rathje, E.M., Riemer, M.F., Stokoe, K .H., 2006. Unit weight of municipal solid waste. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132 (10), 1250–1261.Zekkos, D., Bray J.D., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M.F., Kavazanjian, E., Founta, X., Grizi, A., 2007. Compositional and loading rate effects on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. In: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 25–28, 2007, Paper No. 1525.Zekkos, D., Bray, J. D., Stokoe, K., Kavazanjian, E., Rathje, E., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M., Matasovic, N., Lee, J.J., Seos, B., 2008a. Recent Findings on the Static and Dynamic Properties of Municipal Solid Waste, ASCE-Geoinstitute Geocongress 2008a, Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation. Geotechnical Special Publication (GSP) No. 177, pp. 176–183.Zekkos, D., Bray, J.D., Riemer, M .F., 2008b. Large-scale cyclic triaxial characterization of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45 (1), 45–58.废物管理30 (2010) 1544–1555大规模的都市固体废物直接剪切试验Dimitrios Zekkos a,*, George A. Athanasopoulos b, Jonathan D. Bray c, Athena Grizi b, AndreasTheodoratos ba土木与环境工程学院，密歇根大学，布朗实验室，海沃德街，安阿伯，美国b土木工程系，大学。
外文翻译原文模板
1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。
英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。
外文翻译-参考模板
外文翻译:光催化剂CeFeO3的合成和表征及其光催化降解龙胆紫J. Ameta a, A. Kumar a, R. Ameta b,*, V.K. Sharma a and S.C. Ameta aa光化学与太阳能实验室，化学系，科学学院，穆汉拉尔苏哈迪亚大学，乌代布尔，印度b Meera女子公立学院，乌代布尔-313001（拉贾斯坦邦），印度摘要：三元氧化物作为有效的光催化剂已在众多化学反应中应用。
这些氧化物催化剂的制备方法对其催化性能有重要影响。
在近期研究中，铈铁氧化物催化剂通过共沉淀法和独特的加热周期已成功合成。
合成的催化剂用X射线衍射仪表征。
染料龙胆紫作为降解物，用合成的催化剂对其光催化降解，反应进行的程度用分光光度计检测。
文中讨论了一些影响因素，例如龙胆紫溶液的浓度，pH，半导体的用量和光照强度，并且提出了龙胆紫光催化降解的机理。
关键词：光催化剂，CeFeO3,光催化降解，龙胆紫引言治理水污染的方法很多，例如加热脱水，碳吸附等。
其中最经济环保的方法就是光催化反应。
下述是文献查阅到的光催化反应在污水治理方面的应用。
Alton和Ferry把SiW12O4作为光催化剂，光催化降解酸性橙7[1]。
Blajeni等人在SrTiO3和TiO2悬乳液中，把CO2和水光还原成甲醛和甲醇[2]。
Domen等人研究用催化剂NiO-SrTiO3光催化分解水蒸气[3]。
Priya和Madras研究用煅烧合成的纳米TiO2光催化降解硝基苯[4]。
Chen等人研究在紫外光和可光照射下，一维纳米TiO2光降解有色染料污染[5]。
Wang等人进行了Sn(IV)掺杂纳米TiO2降解橘黄G的动力学研究[6]。
Kako等人针对TiO2催化降解H2S的催化中毒提出预防措施[7]。
Chittora等人用ZnO,Fe2O3等光催化剂光还原CO2[8]。
Muradav等人用催化剂Pt/CdS胶粒在H2S溶液里脱氢[9]。
Swarnkar等人研究了龙胆紫在CdS半导体表面的光催化漂白[10]。
毕业论文翻译稿件【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166078学生姓名：谭柱森指导教师: 李颖日期: 二○一四年五月A solution procedure for type E simple assembly linebalancing problemNai—Chieh Wei , I-Ming ChaoIndustrial Engineering and Management，I—Shou University，No. 1，Section 1, Syuecheng Rd. Dashu District, KaohsiungCity 84001，Taiwan, ROC.对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程Nai-Chieh Wei , I-Ming Chao工业工程与管理，中华人民共和国，台湾省，高雄市，Syuecheng Rd。
Dashu街一号，义守大学，第一章第一节摘要本文提出了结合SALBP—1和SALBP-2的E型简单装配线平衡问题（SALBP—E），更多的,本研究为提出的模型提供了解决方法。
提出的模型在最小化空闲时间的同时优化装配线平衡率，为管理实践提供了更好的理解,计算结果表明：给出周期的上限ct以后,提出的模型可以最优的解决问题，因为它含有最少的变量,约max束和计算时间。
1前言从研究者第一次讨论装配线平衡问题以来，大约有50年了，在众多有关生产线平衡问题中,最基本的是简单装配线平衡问题，早在1954年，Bryton就定义并且研究了生产线平衡问题。
后一年，Salverson建立了第一个生产线平衡的数学模型并提出了定性的解决步骤,这引来了很大的兴趣，在Gutjahr 和Nemhauser说明生产线平衡是一种NP组合优化难题，大多数研究者希望开发一种能高效解决多种装配线问题的方法。
在随后的几年,生产线平衡成为了一个流行的主题，Kim，Kim，and Kim （1996）把生产线平衡分为五类问题，其中的问题1（SALBP —1）和问题Ⅱ（SALBP—Ⅱ)是两种基本的优化问题。
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西安欧亚学院本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译译文学生姓名：蔡阳分院（系）：信息工程学院专业班级：通信工程0701指导教师：赵雨完成日期：2011 年1 月5 日不能触碰这个—无线电力传输Can't Touch This—Wireless power transmission作者：Bill Weaver, Ph.D.起止页码：出版日期（期刊号）：2006年10月25日出版单位：（以上文字用小4号宋体，数字、字母用Times New Roman体）外文翻译译文：几年前，一个同事和我参加在校大学生团体的一个老式的实地考察，考察地位于新泽西州的爱迪生国家历史遗址的西橙。
我们随公众参观，并参观了设置于建筑物内的实验室，了解了白炽灯灯泡和电影技术的发展。
然而，令我最感动的是其中的两个复杂的附加功能。
首先，是配备了当时美国专利局的所有出版物的研究图书馆。
科学家和工程师的代表关注到适销对路的产品可能会在创造新技术中有所用途。
大学是随之而来的发现科学技术的伟大场所，但爱迪生的实验室却是作为一个企业而存在的。
在 19 世纪后期是没有互联网连接的，因此，图书馆便担任起了实验室的信息存储库。
就像今天，当研究人员所需要的信息是有关于化学反应、一个数学公式或他们最先进的工程解决方案而咨询目前的文献一样，只不过当时是通过纸张。
第二个令人印象深刻的事情是生产和加工设施的复杂性。
创建工具，使新的工具催化技术的发展，是爱迪生实验室的一个创新过程的早期代表性的例子。
通过快速采用标准，进一步简化此过程。
由于工具和设备大部分可以在本地发展，便可以在数英亩大小的校园中部署自己的标准并创造该设施。
这种标准之一是权力分配的方法。
最终已知的电网发展供电是著名的爱迪生灯泡，早期的爱迪生实验室使用的工具是由一个通用线路轴组成的机器。
组成一个类似于后轮驱动汽车传动轴的长旋转轴或像是一个海洋船只的螺旋桨轴，使整个工厂的旋转的势能形式分散了锅炉产生的机械能。
个别机器通过皮带和简单的离合器系统被连接到线路轴，通过使用周围的轴带来加强对杠杆的强度。
随着时间的推移，由于过多的摩擦，皮带便穿了出来。
但这种技术提供了一个相比早期高压蒸汽和液压系统来说不太复杂的动力分配方法。
随着时间的推移，以及电器及电子设备的开发，在不久之后我们的生产厂房、办公室和家庭中必须采用高压电源和更多的分配标准。
在美国，产生的电力是60赫兹，并最终产生在120，240和480伏特之间的标准额定电压。
典型的电源插座被规定制造为容纳15安培电流和配有熟悉的三个插脚，两个桨组成的垂直的和U型接地的插脚。
具有前瞻性的零售商制造不同形状和取向标准的插脚，以防止其他不兼容的设备连接。
除非没有足够的电源插座、插头或延长线带，标准的三孔电源线是一种普遍存在的设备来“塞“进配电系统。
随着技术的不断发展，目前我们拥有的移动和手持设备正在蓬勃发展，因此电池企业随之产生。
将这些小型设备物理上连接到电网，将严重影响他们的功能。
正是因为这个原因，他们应把自己的自带电源一次性耗尽或生产充电电池。
电池制造商们快速的开发出自己的行业标准，其中包括“AA“和“C”型单元，以减轻消费者更换电池时可能产生的混淆。
虽然年初晶体管收音机、玩具用传感器流行，但一次性使用的化学电池不能为如笔记本电脑、智能手机和个人娱乐游戏机这些拥有复杂的计算要求的设备提供其所需的充足电流。
他们可充电的电池被收纳入设备的内部，很少需要用户自行更换。
这使设备制造商可以据此选择电池如何制造，例如大小，电池寿命和设备组件的内部配置功能。
电池的这一特性，授予了制造商的工业设计师们在造型、外观和感觉上区分他们产品的更多权利。
但充电电池的缺点是，他们最终依然需要充电。
我们很容易便可通过一个交直流电源适配器连接到电源。
然而较难是电池怎样连接到适配器或“充电器”，因为每个电池制造商都可以自由地设计电池的外形和接口。
什么？在此之后的可爱的百年创新中，其并未随着应有的模式有所改变。
一个阴谋理论也许可以说明，便携式设备制造商承认，电池充电器是一个利润丰厚的收入渠道。
类似气泡喷墨打印机制造商依赖于油墨在设备中的消耗作为销售渠道，以弥补销售价低于成本的差额，用户支付25美元至100美元更换损坏或丢失的电源适配器，这样便抵消了一个服务计划或低成本的笔记本电脑手机中的“自由的真实成本”。
一个无辜的非阴谋理论可能是与2000年（Y2K）问题相关。
程序员预想不到这个制造于两位数年份的设备会为未来制造多大的麻烦，同时也很少有便携式设备设计者可能预料到如今同时携带笔记本电脑、移动电话、MP3播放器和数字摄像机的消费者的数量。
这些功能最终可能会由一个独立的"超级智能手机"来提供，但是，目前，个别的充电器使用者还是很不方便。
充电器也有类似的，设备之间不兼容的问题，用户可能会导致交换升级或丢失设备。
如果你正在使用你的第五部手机，很有可能在你的车库的工作台上会有四个已过时的充电器。
今年2月，由欧洲联盟电信局（CEPT）和随后的欧洲联盟（EU）共同授权同意设立阳狮集团Speciale移动协会（GSMA），这是一个在2012年开发的标准的，供移动电话使用的微型USB接口充电器规范。
除了使用户更加的便利，这项规范也被应用到被丢弃的适配器的回收浪潮中。
虽然不是针对不同的移动设备之间的转接器的标准化问题，但它看起来是一个好的开始。
但是，试想一下，如果将AC/DC适配器完全可以消除。
这是无线能量转移的未来，尼古拉·特斯拉于1893年首先将其效用发表出来。
电感耦合变压器利用无线技术可替换普通电源适配器，纠正了电感耦合变压器的两个感应线圈充电所需的直流电压由交流电源插座提供电力的弊端。
不幸的是，随着发射机和接收机之间的距离增加电感效应迅速减弱，经常受到干扰的影响。
在最近的其他事态发展中，马林索尔教授和他的同事们最近在麻省理工学院，制订可以使用调到特定的共振频率的电感耦合线圈，以克服这些限制。
这提高了电源的耦合效率，并减少了其他无关紧要的位于设备周围或线圈之间的干扰。
麻省理工学院称之为其发展的“Witricity”，它正在由富尔顿创新Ada MI商业化，并被称为 eCoupled 技术。
同时利用 Witricity 谐振感应的高效率，包括发件人和接收器的eCoupled 系统，适当的同步和优化共振频率之间的数据通信服务。
更像敌我识别（IFF）或无线射频识别（RFID）系统，发射器察觉到一个不包含无线射频识别芯片的金属设备或装置的开关后进入睡眠模式。
附加的数据服务健全和规范的通信，而且会在电池充满后自动断电。
如果被广泛采纳，无线电力传输将会被列为公共服务设施。
想象一下，eCoupled 发射机简单的取代了旅店夜间排队、航空公司充电台、图书馆的参考咨询台、实验室工作台、汽车的座充或大学的研究枕头。
当谈到有用来鞭策自己，通常采用两种主要方法的新标准。
说到新的标准，通常有两个主要方法用于推动其发展。
首先是有力的法规规范。
其次，发明一种技术使得制造商竞相模仿，使之广泛流行两种方法都强大，但我更喜欢后者那种不干预的方式。
外文翻译原文：A few years ago, a colleague and I enjoined a group of undergraduates on an old-fashioned field trip to the Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, NJ. We took the public tour and visited the storied laboratories that witnessed the development of the incandescent light bulb and motion picture technology. However, I was most impressed by two additional features of the complex.The first was the research library outfitted with a complete collection of the publications of the U.S. Patent office at the time. The scientists and engineers were concerned with the creation of new technology that could be leveraged into marketable products. Universities are great places for following scientific discoveries for the sake of the science, but the Edison laboratories existed as a business. Not having Internet connectivity in the late 1800s, the library served as the laboratory's information repository. Much like today, when a researcher needed information concerning a chemical reaction, a mathematical formula or cutting edge engineering solution theyconsulted the current literature, albeit via paper.The second impressive thing was the complexity of the production and machining facilities. Creating tools to make new tools catalyzes the development of technology, and the Edison laboratories are an early representative example of the process of innovation. This process is further streamlined through the rapid adoption of standards. Since a majority of the tools and equipment was developed on site, the facility created its own standards that could be deployed throughout the multi-acre campus.One such standard was the method of power distribution. Ultimately known for the development of electrical grids to power the famous Edison light bulb, the early machine tools used by the Edison laboratories were powered by a universal line shaft. Consisting of a long rotating shaft similar to the drive shaft of a rear-wheel drive automobile or the propeller shaft of an ocean vessel, the mechanical energy produced by the factory boiler was distributed throughout the factory in the form of rotational momentum. Individual machines were connected to the line shaft via a belt and simple clutch system that tightened the belt around the shaft through the use of a lever. Over time, the belt would wear out due to considerable friction, but this technology provided a less complicated method of power distribution when compared to early high-pressure steam and hydraulic systems.Over time, the development of electrical and electronic devices necessitated the distribution of high-pressure electrons throughout our manufacturing plants, offices and homes and additional standards soon followed. In the U.S., electrical power is generated at 60 Hz and is ultimately delivered in standard nominal voltages of 120, 240 and 480 volts. Typical electrical outlets are limited to 15 amps and accommodate plugs having the familiar three prongs, consisting of two vertical paddles and a u-shaped grounding prong. Higher amperage outlets sport differing standard prong shapes and orientations to prevent the accidental connection of incompatible devices. Apart from not having enough electrical outlets, plug strips or extension cords, the standard three-prong power cord is a ubiquitous way to "plug" devices into the power distribution system.As technology continued to develop, our present menagerie of mobile, hand held devices flourished, and so too did the utility of battery power. Physically connecting these miniature devices to the power grid would seriously interfere with their function, and it is for this reason that they incorporate their own local source of power in the form of single use or rechargeable batteries. Battery manufacturers quickly developed standard form factors for their industry including "AA" and "C" size cells to ease consumer confusion when they needed to be replaced.While popular for use by early transistor radios, sensors and toys, single-use chemical batteries cannot supply the large amount of current required by sophisticated computational devices such as laptop computers, smartphones and personal entertainment equipment. Their rechargeable batteries are incorporated into the interior of the device and rarely require user replacement. This allows the device manufacturers to select battery form factors based on features such as size, battery life and the internal configuration of device components. Increased numbers of battery form factors grant industrial designers additional freedom to sculpt and differentiate the look and feel of their products.But the downside of rechargeable batteries is that they eventually need to be recharged. Connecting the battery to the power grid through a standard AC/DC power adapter is easy. The difficult part is connecting the adapter or "charger" to the battery since each battery manufacturer is free to design the form factor of this connection. What? After this lovely century-old narrative of "innovate and standardize," this step does not follow the pattern.A conspiratorial theory may suggest that portable device manufacturers recognize battery chargers as a lucrative revenue channel. Similar to bubble-jet printer manufacturers relying on the sale of ink over the life of the device to offset the below-cost price of the machine, paying $25 to $100 to replace a broken or lost power adapter offsets the true cost of a "free" phone with service plan or low-cost laptop. An innocent non-conspiratorial theory may be in line with the Year 2000 (Y2K) problem. Programmers did not envision the future difficulties created by a two-digit year field, and few portable device designers may have predicted the number of consumers simultaneously carrying laptops, cell phones, mp3 players and digital video cameras. These capabilities may eventually be provided by a single "uber-smartphone" but, at the moment, the number of individual chargers is quite inconvenient. Chargers also are incompatible among similar devices that users may swap due to upgrades or lost equipment. If you are currently using your fifth cell phone, there is a high probability that you have four obsolete chargers on your garage workbench.This past February, the Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) formed by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) and later endorsed by the European Union (EU) mandated the development of a standard mobile phone charger utilizing the micro-USB interface by 2012. Apart from increasing user convenience, this effort is being applied to stem the tide of discarded adapters entering the waste stream. While not addressing the adapter standardization problem between different mobiledevices, it looks to be a good start.But, what if the AC/DC adapter could be eliminated entirely? This is the goal of wireless energy transfer, an effect first demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in 1893. Utilized inside the very adapters the wireless technology may replace, inductively-coupled transformers rectify the AC electricity available at the power outlet into the DC voltage required to charge the battery though the utilization of two induction coils. Unfortunately, the induction effect decreases rapidly as the distance between transmitter and receiver increases and often suffers from interference. Among other recent developments to overcome these limitations, Professor Marin Soljacic and his colleagues at MIT have recently developed the use of inductively-coupled coils that can be tuned to a specific resonance frequency. This increases the efficiency of the power coupling and reduces the amount of interference from extraneous objects located near or between the coils. MIT has dubbed their development "Witricity" and it is being commercialized by Fulton Innovation of Ada, MI, in a product called eCoupled Technology.While exploiting the high efficiency of the Witricity resonant induction, the eCoupled system includes data communication services between senders and receivers that negotiate and optimize the appropriate resonance frequency. Much like the identification friend or foe (IFF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) system, incompatible metallic devices that do not contain an IFF chip are sensed by the transmitter and the device is switched into sleep mode. Additional data services communicate the heath and status of the rechargeable battery and also switch power transmission off when the battery is fully charged. Multiple devices can be charged simultaneously though the use of separate resonance frequencies.If widely adopted, wireless power transmission could find itself incorporated into common objects. Imagine a thin eCoupled transmitter taking the form of a hotel night stand, an airline tray table, a library reference desk, a laboratory workbench, an automobile cup holder or a college study pillow. When it comes to new standards there are usually two main methods used to spur their adoption. The first is to mandate forceful regulations. The second is to invent a technology that is so widely popular that manufacturers race to imitate it. Both methods are powerful, but I prefer the latter hands-off approach.注：本表单独作为一页。