专业英语缩印

1.1 Metals and Nonmetals金属和非金属

Perhaps the most common classifidation that is encountered in materials selection is whether the material is metallic or nonmetallic. The common metallic are such metals as iron, coppor, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, titanium and the alloys of these metals, such as steel brass and bronze. They possess the metallic properties of luster, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity; they are relatively, ductile and some of them have good magnetc properties. The common nonmetals are wood, brick, concrete, glass, rubber and plastics. Their properties vary widely, but they generally tend to be less ductile, weaker and less derise than the metals, and they have no electrical conductivity and poor thermal conductivity.

翻译：也许在材料选择中遇到的最常见的分类是材料是金属的还是非金属的。常见的金属有铁、铜、铝、镁等金属。铯、镍、钛和这些金属的合金，如钢、黄铜和青铜。它们具有光泽、热导率和导电性的金属性质，是一种新型的金属材料。延展性和部分延展性具有良好的磁性能。常见的非金属有木材、砖块、混凝土、玻璃、橡胶和塑料。它们的性质差别很大，但一般倾向于l。Ess具有延展性，比金属更弱，也更少，没有导电性能，导热性能较差。

1. Metals and Nonmetals金属和非金属Ferrous Metals 黑色金属

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 有色金属和含金

2.Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are knows as ferrous metals;all the other metals are called nonferrous metals.The most important nonferrous metals are copper(Cu),aluminum(Al),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn),tin(Sn). 由铁和其他元素结合而成的金属被称为黑色金属，所有其他金属都称为有色金属，最重要的有色金属是铜、铝、铅、锌、锡。

3.Mechanical properties are the characteristic responses of a material to applied forces.These properties fall into five broad categories:strength,hardness,elasticity,ductility(plasticity) and toughness.

力学性能是材料对施加力的特性响应，这些性质分为五大类：强度、硬度、弹性、塑性和韧性。

Strength is the ability of a material to resist applied forces.

强度是材料抵抗作用力的能力。

Hardness is the ability of a material to resist penetration and abrasion.

硬度是一种材料的抗渗和耐磨能力。

Elasticity is the ability to spring back to original shape.

弹性是指能够弹回原来的形状。

Ductility(plasticity)is the ability to undergo permanent changes(plastic deformation) of shape without rupturing.

延展性（可塑性）是发生永久性变化的能力（塑性变形）而不破坏的形状。

Toughness is the ability to absorb mechanically applied energy. 韧性是吸收机械能的能力。

4.Heat treatment is a method used to alter the physical,and sometimes chemical,properties of a materials.

热处理是用来改变材料的物理性质，有时甚至是化学性质的方法

5.727℃steel is in a solid state with a structure called austenite,or gamma iron,a single phase fee solid solution.

翻译：727温钢处于固态状态，奥氏体结构，或γ铁，单相固溶体。

At temperatures below 910℃,pure iron changes to a stable phase called alpha ferrite,alpha iron,or ferrite.

翻译：在910度以下的温度下，纯铁变为α铁素体、α铁或铁素体的稳定相。

6.When steel with the eutectoid composition forms at 727℃,it produces a lamellar two-phase mixture of ferrite and cementite called pearlite.

翻译：当钢的共析成分的形式在727℃，它产生的片状铁素体和渗碳体两相混合物，称为珠光体

7.austenite奥氏体ferrite铁素体cementite渗碳体pearlite珠光体martensite马氏体Annealing 退火crystal defects晶体缺陷recrystallization 再结晶grain growth晶粒生长，颗粒生长normallizing正火Quenching 淬火tempering 回火

8.1）Bulk or massive forming operations.块状或块状成形操作。

2）Sheet forming operations.板材成形操作。

In both types of process,the surfaces of the deforming metal and the tools are in contact,and friction between them may have a major influence on material flow.In bulk forming,the input material is in billet,rod or slab form,and the surface-to-volume ratio in the formed part increases considerably uner the action of largely compressive loading.In sheet forming,on the other hand,a piece of sheet metal is plastically deformed by tensile loads into a three-dimensional shape,often without significant changes in sheet thickness or surface characteristic.

翻译：在这两种加工过程中，变形金属的表面与工具都是接触的，它们之间的摩擦可能对材料流动有很大的影响。在批量成形中，输入的材料在小方坯、棒材或板坯的形状，以及成形件的表面体积比，在很大程度上不受压缩载荷的作用下，都有很大的提高。另一方面，在金属片的形成过程中，金属片在拉伸载荷作用下塑性变形为三维形状，其厚度和表面特征通常没有明显变化。

9.Cold,warm and hot working冷暖热加工

Cold working refers to plastic deformation that (usually,but not-necessarily) is carried out below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature.Cold working can increase the strength of the product by a process called work hardening.Work hardening creates microscopic defects in

the metal,which resists further changes of shape.

翻译：冷加工指的是通常在环境温度以下的塑性变形（通常，

但不一定）是在再结晶温度以下进行的。产品的强度通过

一种叫做加工硬化的过程。加工硬化会在金属中产生微观缺

陷，从而阻止进一步的形状变化。

Cold working generally results in higher yield strength as a

result of the increased number of dislocations and the

Hall-Petch effect of the sub-grains,and a decrease in

ductility.The effects of cold working may be reversed by

annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery

and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density.

翻译：冷加工通常导致更高的屈服强度由于位错和亚晶粒的

Hall Petch效应的数量增加，和延展性下降，冷的影响。在

高温下退火可以逆转工作过程，在高温下恢复和再结晶可以

降低位错密度。

Hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically

deformed above their recrystallization temperature.Being

above the recrystallization temperature allows the material to

recrystallize during deformation.This is important because

recrystallization keeps the materials from stain

hardening,which ultimately keeps the yield strength and

hardness low and ductility high.

翻译：热加工是指在金属塑性变形过程中的再结晶温度以

上，在再结晶温度以上使材料的结晶过程G变形是很重要

的，因为再结晶使材料不受着色硬化，最终保持屈服强度和

硬度低，延展性高。

“Cold”and “hot”are relative terms,as can be seen from the

fact that deforming lead at room temperature is a

hot-working process,because the recrystallization temperature

of lead is at about room temperature.

翻译：“冷”和“热”是相对的，从室温下变形铅是一个热

加工过程可以看出，因为铅的再结晶温度在室温左右。脆

性转化温度.

10.Strain hardening Necking应变硬化的颈缩

Ultimate strength 极限强度

Fracture 断裂

Yield strength屈变力，屈服强度，抗屈强度

Rise

Run

Young’s Modulus杨氏模量=Rise/Run=Slope

Strain应变

3个阶段：1）弹性变形2）加工硬化3）断裂

11.The starting material has a relatively simple geometry such

as bar,billet,bloom or ingot;

翻译：起始材料具有相对简单的几何形状，如bar、billet、

bloom或ingot

Forging may be carried out at room temperature(cold

forging)or at elevated temperatures(warm or hot

forging),depending on the temperature.

翻译：锻件可以在室温(冷锻)或高温(温锻或热锻)下进行，取

决于温度。

12 4.1 Introduction of Forging Processes 锻造工艺介绍

Forging is a basic manufacturing process in which the

workpiece is shaped to the desired form by plastic deformation.

Among all manufacturing processes, forging technology has a

special place because it helps to produce parts of superior

mechanical properties with minimum waste of material. In

forging, the starting material has a relatively simple geometry

such as bar, billet, bloom or ingot [l) •this material is

plastically deformed in one or more operations into a product

of relatively complex configuration. The energy that causes

deformation is applied by a hammer, press or ring roller,either

alone or in combination.the shape is imparted by the tools that

contact the workpiece and by careful control of the applied

energy. Simple forging operations can be performed with a

heavy bammer and an anvil.as has been done traditionally by

blacksmiths .However,most forgings require a set of dies and

such equipment as a press or a powered forging hammer.

翻译：锻件是通过塑性变形将工件成形成理想形状的一种基本制造工

艺。在所有制造工艺中，锻造技术有着特殊的地位。它有助于生产零

件的优越的机械性能，减少材料浪费。在锻造中，起始材料具有相对

简单的几何形状，如棒、坯、坯或锭。这种材料塑性变形的一个或多

个操作进入一个相对复杂的配置产品。引起变形的能量由锤子、压力

机或环辊施加。其形状由接触工件的工具和仔细控制所施加的能量来

赋予。简单的锻造操作可以用重的BammerA来执行, 这是铁匠们传统

上所做的事情。然而，大多数锻件需要一套模具和设备，如压力机或

动力锻锤。

Because the metal flow in a die and the material's grain

structure can be controlled, forged parts have good strength

and toughness, and are very reliable for highly stressed and

critical applications.

翻译：由于金属在模具中的流动和材料的晶粒组织可以被控制，锻件

具有良好的强度和韧性，在高应力和关键的应用中是非常可靠的。.

The process is normally (but not always) performed hot by

preheating the metal. to a desired temperature before it is

worked. Forging may be carried out at room temperature (cold

forging) or at elevated temperatures ( wann or hot forging) ,

depending. on the temperature. Cold forging requires higher

forces, and the workpiece material must possess sufficient

ductility at room temperature to undergo the necessary

deformation without cracking. —Cold-forged parts have a

good surface finish and dimensional accuracy. Hot forging

requires lower forces, but the dimensional accuracy and

surfape finish of the parts are not as high as in cold forging

翻译：该过程通常（但并非总是）通过预热金属进行热处理。在工作

前达到所需的温度。锻造可以在室温下进行（冷锻）或在电梯取决于

温度的ED温度（WANN或热锻）。冷锻需要较高的力，且工件材料在

室温下必须具有足够的延展性必要的变形不开裂。-冷锻件具有良好的

表面光洁度和尺寸精度。热锻需要较低的力，但尺寸精度和表面粗糙

度要求较低。零件没有冷锻件那么高

Forging to net or to net shape dimensions drastically reduces

metal removal requirements, resulting in significant material

and energy savings. Forging usually requires relatively

expensive tooling. Thus, the process is economically attractive

when a large number of parts must be produced and/or when

the mechanical properties required in the finished product can

be obtained only by a forging process.

翻译：锻造净或净形尺寸大大减少金属去除要求，从而在重大的材料

和能源节约。锻造通常需要相对昂贵的模具。T 因此，这个过程是经

济上的吸引力，当大量的部件必须产生和/或当机械性能要求的成品只

能通过锻造工艺得到的senza sordini (Italian=without mutes) （意大利

语）（弹钢琴）不用弱音器

Forgings generally are subjected to additional finishing

operations, such as heat treating to modify properties and

machining to obtain accurate final dimensions and surface

finish .Tnese finishing operations can be minimized by precision

forging, which is an important example of net-shape or

near-net shape forming processes.

翻译：锻件一般受到额外的精加工工序，如热处理改性和加工获得准

确的尺寸和表面光洁度。这些整理OP 好几代人可以通过精密锻造最小

化，这是一个重要的例子，净形或近净形成形过程。

Advantages of forging.. Forging offers the designer

several basic performance advantages to a degree that

sets it above alternate processes.

翻译：锻造的优点。锻造提供了设计师的几个基本的性能优势，在一

定程度上使其高于替代工艺。

(1) Directional strength 定向力

Forging refines the grain structure and develops the

optimum grain flow, which imparts desirable

directional properties such as tensile strength,

ductility, impact toughness, fracture toughness and

fatigue strength. Fig. 4-1 illustrates the grain flow

of a part made by three different processes.

翻译：锻造细化晶粒组织并发展出最佳晶粒流动，使之具有理想的定

向性能，如抗拉强度、延展性、冲击韧性、断裂韧性和FA。提格力量。

图4-1示出了由三种不同工艺制成的零件的晶粒流动.

Fig. 4-1

Schemat

ic illustration of a part made by three different

processes showing grain flow ( a) Casting (b) Machining

(c) Forging

翻译;图三示出了晶粒流动（A）铸造（b）加工（C）锻造的不同部分

的示意图

(2) Structural integrity 结构的整体性

Forgings are free from internal voids and porosity. The

process achieves very consistent material uniformity,

which results in uniform mechanical properties and a

uniform, predictable response to heat treatment.

翻译：锻件没有内部空隙和气孔。该过程实现了非常一致的材料均匀

性，这将导致均匀的机械性能和对热的均匀、可预测的响应。治疗，

疗法.

(3) Dynamic properties [化] 动态性能

Through proper deformation and grain flow, combined

with high material uniformity, the forging process

maximizes impact toughness, fracture toughness and

fatigue strength. These properties are particularly

advantageous in safety related applications, such as

aerospace structural components and automotive

components, typically suspension, brake and steering

systems, which are subjected to shock , impact and

cyclic loads.

翻译：通过适当的变形和晶粒流动，再加上材料的均匀性，使锻件的

冲击韧性、断裂韧性和疲劳强度最大化。这些性质是粒子在航空航天

结构件和汽车部件等安全相关应用方面具有优势，通常是受冲击的悬

挂、制动和转向系统。 MPACT和循环负载。

(4) Optimum material utilization 最佳材料利用

The features of a forging can be made with varying cross

sections and thicknesses to provide the optimum amount

of material for the anticipated load. This capability,

plus the high mechanical properties of forgings, often

allows designers to minimize component part weight,

especially when compared with castings and assemblies

Of sheet metal stampings.

翻译：锻件的特点是具有不同的截面和厚度，为预期载荷提供最佳的

材料量。这种能力，再加上高的力学性能锻件的ES，通常允许设计者

最小化零件的重量，特别是当与铸件和钣金冲压件的装配相比时。

13 4.2 Economics of Forging 锻造经济

Several factors are involved in the cost of forgings.

Depending on the complexity of the forging, too! and

die costs range from moderate to high. However, as in

other manufacturing operations, this cost is spread out

over the number of parts forged with that particular

die set[1]. Ihus, even though the cost of workpiece

material per piece made is constant, setup and tooling

costs-per-piece decrease as the number of pieces forged

increase.