法律英语证书(LEC)报考指南【模板】
LEC法律英语复习方法
LEC法律英语复习方法LEC 法律英语复习方法1、如何阅读推荐教材？请考生首先通过阅读《法律英语证书LEC考试大纲》了解考试内容、题型及难度。
考试大纲附录一的样卷能够帮助考生测试自己的法律英语水平，考生可以根据测试结果，制定合理的复习计划。
《法律英语综合教程》针对LEC考试第一卷的内容，帮助大家系统地学习美国法的基本知识，考生需反复细心研读。
在阅读《法律英语写作》一书时，请考生重点掌握律师信函、法律备忘录和案件辩论书的写作格式。
这三本书是备考LEC的重点。
法律翻译能力和案例阅读能力是一个长期积累的过程，考生可以通过多做练习来提高。
我们建议考生多做一些标准法律文本的翻译练习，以及多阅读一些英文案例的原文。
在做翻译和阅读练习的同时，加强法律专业词汇的积累。
专业词汇的积累反之能够促进法律翻译和案例阅读水平的提高。
以上是我们在对考生答题情况进行分析总结的基础上，为考生如何阅读教材提供的一些建议，也希望考生能够通过不断学习总结出适合自己的法律英语学习方法。
2、如何安排复习时间？复习时间的长短因考生的法律英语基础不同而不同。
法律英语区别于普通英语，具有较强的专业性。
考生需多长时间备考取决于考生的专业背景。
我们认为具有法律专业背景、英语水平较好的考生，更容易通过考试。
3、是否需要参加培训课程？考生可以通过阅读教材，自己复习。
也可以有选择的参加法律英语培训课程，以提高复习效率。
LEC统考委应广大考生的要求，在网站上设立了培训信息一栏，供考生参考。
若您选择参加考前培训，我们建议您在选择培训机构及培训课程时可以考虑如下因素：1、课程的设置是否紧扣LEC考试大纲？2、课时安排是否科学合理？3、师资状况。
4、关注考试日程表了解考试时间安排将帮助您以良好的心态参加考试，我们建议您随时关注LEC考试官方网站，并经常浏览您在报名时留下的邮箱，以了解LEC最新考试动态，做好充分准备。
法律英语LEC参考书单
屈文生：《法律英语核心术语：实务基础》《法律英语核心术语:实务基础》按照字母顺序编排，内容涉及基础法律术语近300个，主要讲解英美法中最为基础的核心词汇，但又不乏对大陆法系中重要法律术语的探析。
每个词汇的讲解包括：实例及翻译、详细讲解、短评、活学活用等部分。
通过阅读《法律英语核心术语:实务基础》，读者可掌握涉外合同、涉外诉讼、法庭辩护、外国法律原著中最常见的英文专业术语，并为从事涉外法律实务及法学科研打下良好基础。
推荐理由：收词虽少，但解释非常详细，有很多例句和作者的短评，因此可以形成对一个术语的完整理解。
屈文生：《法律英语核心术语：实务高阶》《法律英语核心术语:实务高阶》按照字母顺序编排，内容涉及基础法律术语近300个，主要讲解英美法中最为基础的核心词汇，但又不乏对大陆法系中重要法律术语的探析。
每个词汇的讲解包括：实例及翻译、详细讲解、短评、活学活用等部分。
通过阅读《法律英语核心术语:实务高阶》，读者可掌握涉外合同、涉外诉讼、法庭辩护、外国法律原著中最常见的英文专业术语，并为从事涉外法律实务及法学科研打下良好基础。
推荐理由：同上本。
单词难度有所提高，拉丁文词变多。
孙万彪：《英汉法律翻译教程》本书为经济、法律和英语专业的学生及有志于从事法律翻译的人士提供极为实用的学习资料，填补了市场上同类教材的空白。
本书所选英文材料皆取自实际合同，共分15个单元。
每单元包括翻译练习及参考译文、注解、补充练习及翻译技巧，从实战到理论逐一详尽论述，帮助读者更为牢固地理解和掌握法律翻译的技巧和精髓。
书后还附有“词汇表”，列出各单元所涉及的常用法律经济词汇供读者参考。
推荐理由：法律英语新手入门的经典选择，根据合同的不同条款设置专章，中英对照翻译并提示重点。
孙万彪：《汉英法律翻译教程》《汉英教程》正文按所收的主题事项，共分成15个单元。
第一个单元由三大板块组成，第一块为“法规条文翻译实践”，第二块为“合同条款翻译实践”，第三块是在顡两项翻译实践基础上归纳出来的“翻译技巧”。
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试样题(含试卷一&试卷二)
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题试卷一本题为单项选择题，限时180分钟。
1. Bill of Rightsa. Domestic federal legislation.b. Legal protection against interference of rights by private individuals.c. A popular name given to the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.d. The federal constitutional provision which grants rights to state governments.2. Standinga. Abbreviation of “notwithstanding”b. The ability to bring a lawsuit because of a party’s actual injury for which the court can provide a remedy.c. The ripeness of a case or controversy.d. The status of a person, group, or organization appearing as a “friend of the court.”3. Considerationa. Process of judicial deliberation before rendering a decision in a contested case.b. The lengthy recitals of “boilerplate”language appearing in many contracts.c. The inducement to enter a contract, and a necessary element to prove the validity of a contract.d. The detrimental reliance of an offeree.4. Promissory Estoppela. A failure to prosecute a civil or criminal action.b. Power to make an offer to the public rather than a specific individual.c. Equitable doctrine recognized as substitute for consideration in some cases.d. Ability of an agent to bind a principal in matters beyond the scope pf agency.5. Punitive Damagesa. Damages to compensate for injury .b. Civil damages meant to punish the wrongdoer for causing injury.c. “Nominal”or minimal damages.d. Non-monetary damages, such as an injunction (injunctive relief) or”specific injunction (injunctive relief) or “specific performance”of a contract obligation.6. When airplanes fly over your home, are your property rights violated?a. No, never.b. Normally, no, unless the flights are low and frequent.c. Yes, because you own all the air above your home, into outer space.d. Normally, no, based on your right to quiet use and enjoyment of the property.7. Venuea. The street or avenue where a courthouse can often be found.b. Diversity of citizenship.c. The dates of a trial.d. The location of a trial.8. Depositiona. A tool of discovery used before trial.b. Statements made by a witness on the witness stand during trial (also known as “trial testimony”).c. The position a defendant is placed in while waiting for a trial.d. The court’s resolution of a case.9. Generally speaking, a limited partnership may be dissolved by which of the following events or occurrences?a. By the filing of a certificate of limited partnership.b. By a relocation of the partnership.c. By the marriage of a limited partner.d. By the bankruptcy of a general partner.10. A corporation is a legal entity:a. created by the local government.b. created and recognized by an entrepreneurial agency.c. managed internally by the federal government.d. created and recognized by state law in most cases.11. Jurisdictiona. A geographic area, used primarily for determining eligibility to vote.b. The presence of a defendant in a state where he or she can be served with a summons or a subpoena.c. The power of the executive branch to enforce the judgments of the courts.d. The power and authority of a court or other body to render judgment in a case.12.Paralegala. A secondary source of law.b. A lawyer’s assistant.c. One who holds an advanced law degree.d. A law student.13. Kirby Construction Co. in preparing its bid for the construction a new hospital received a quotation of $120,000 from Kat’s Interiors Inc．who offered to do the kitchen work in the new hospital．This bid was $30，000 lower than Kirby’s next lowest bid for the kitchen work．As a result，Kirby lowered his bid by $20，000 before submitting it to the hospital board．After Kirby was awarded the construction bid，and had accepted Kat's offer, Kat’s president discovered that in hispreparation of the quotation he had overlooked some subsidiary kitchen installments required by the plans．Immediately thereafter, Kat’s Interiors brings suit for rescission of the contract．They should(A)succeed，because of the unilateral mistake(B)not succeed，unless Kirby knew or should have known of Kat's error(C)succeed，because the mistake was an essential element of the bargain(D)not succeed，since the computation mistake was antecedent to acceptance of the bid14. In disputes over whether a partnership exists, which of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element?(A) An equal right in the management of the business.(B) The sharing of profits or losses.(C) The consultation on business strategy.(D) Joint ownership in the business.15. This jurisdiction makes suicide a crime. Jilly, a day trader, is despondent over a failed marriage and catastrophic financial losses during the recent 2,000 point drop in the Nasdaq stock exchange. Jilly went up to the roof of her fourth story apartment building and decided to jump off. She landed on top of two pedestrians, Alex and Jean Pietro, who cushioned her fall and saved her life. Unfortunately, Alex and Jean Pietro were seriously injured when Jilly crashed on top of them.Jilly is guilty of(A) battery(B) attempted murder(C) attempted manslaughter(D) reckless endangerment16. The Commonwealth of Delmarva has passed a law that provides that only residents of Delmarva who are citizens of the United States can own agricultural land in the state. Delp, a citizenof the United States who resides in the neighboring state of Agoura, has contracted with Barerra to purchase the latter’s farm which is located in Delmarva. Barrera, who is a resident of Delmarva, has been informed by his attorney that his sales agreement with Delp is null and void under state law.Which of the following is the best constitutional argument to contest the validity of the Delmarva statute?(A) The Contract Clause prohibition against a state from enacting any law that will impair the obligation of contracts.(B) The Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.(C) The Privileges and Immunities Clause under Article IV, Section 2.(D) The national property power provision under Article IV, Section 3.17. Alice is sitting on her front porch watching her husband Bruce，who is mowing the lawn．Carl，who hates Bruce but is a friend of Alice’s，whose presence is known to him，draws a pistol and threatens to kill Bruce．Alice，who is pregnant，Suffers severe emotional distress as a result of the trauma and soon afterwards has a miscarriage．In an action by Alice against Carl for mental anguish resulting in her miscarriage，Alice will(A)lose，because Carl did not know that Alice was pregnant(B)win，because it is highly probable that Carl’s extreme and outrageous conduct would cause emotional distress to Alice(C)lose，because Carl's actions were directed against Bruce，so only Bruce may recover for emotional distress(D)win，because she is Bruce's wife18. Clyde Cooch, a prominent judge, lived next door to Lester Biggs．Recently Judge Cooch had sentenced Lester Biggs' son, Dopey, to six months in prison on a narcotics charge．One afternoon while judge Cooch was mowing his lawn，Lester decided to avenge his son's conviction．Lester set up his water sprinkler behind some shrubbery separating their adjoining properties．As the judge was mowing his lawn and came within reach of the water sprinkler, Lester turned on the sprinkling device，and doused the judge with water．Judge Cooch would be able to recover against Lester for which of the following tort(s)：(A) negligence(B) battery(C) assault and battery(D) battery and trespass19. Cassie and her four-year-old son，Noah，were Christmas shopping at F.A.O. Schwartz Toy Store in midtown Manhattan．F.A.O. Schwartz，which operates one of New York's largest retail toy stores，sells a complete array of toys，games，dolls，hobbies and crafts．The iterns were displayed on a variety of tables and shelves which were easily accessible to the customers．While Cassie was walking down one of the aisles，her attention became focused on a "Howdy Doody”doll that was prominently exhibited on an overhead display shelf．When Cassie approached the doll display, she reached up to grab the "Howdy Doody" doll．As she did so, Cassie failed to see a “Buffalo Bob”doll lying on the floor．She tripped over the doll and fell down, fracturing her hip．If Cassie asserts a claim against F.A.O. Schwartz for her injuries，will the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur be applicable on the issue of the toy store's liability?(A)Yes，because Cassie was a business invitee on the premises of the toy store．(B)Yes，because F.A.O. Schwarfz was in control of the premises at the time of the accident．(C)No, because the "Buffalo Bob" doll may have been dislodged by another customer．(D)No，unless the “Buffalo Bob”doll had been displayed on the edge of the shelf in a negligent manner by one of F.A.O. Schwartz's employees．20. Amos is the owner in fee simple of Blackacre. a 7-acre tract, on which he maintains a dwelling house for himself and his family．Adjoining Blackacre is Whiteacre，a 10-acre tract，owned by Andy．In order to gain access to the highway, Amos has an easement to cross over Whiteacre．Amos has recently purchased Greenacre，a 12-acre tract，which abuts Whiteacre but is not appurtenant to Blackacre. Amos has begun constructing a farmhouse on Greenacre and is using the existing easement (across Whiteacre) to gain access to the 12-acre tract．Amos has never received permission from Andy to use the road across Whiteacre to gain access to Greenacre．In an appropriate action by Andy to enjoin Amos from using the existing easement to gain access to Greenacre，the plaintiff will most likely(A)succeed，because Amos is making use of the servient tenement beyond the scope and extent of the easement as it was originally created(B)succeed，because Amos has no right to use the servient tenement in connection with a tract of land which is not part of the dominant tenement(C)not succeed，because Amos has an easement by necessity(D)not succeed，because Amos has a right to use the easement in a manner not inconsistent with the rights of the owner of the servient tenement法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题试卷二本题包括翻译、写作两部分，共限时180分钟1 Translation(1)Please translate the following paragraph into English根据中国银监会的资料，截至2004年12月31日，中国境内共有12家持有全国性银行执照的股份制商业银行。
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分
目前国内三大法律英语考试证书的简介与区分严重声明：本站所有文章由上海优尔法律信息咨询有限公司拥有完整著作权，禁止非经授权的任何个人或组织基于经营性目的，对文章进行任意更改或转载；另外，用于非经营性目的个人或组织进行转载请注明文章出处，否则本公司保留对上述侵犯网络传播权的行为追究法律责任的权利。
一、三大法律英语考试的简介◆TOLES：TOLES(律思)，全称“TestofLegalEnglishSkills”，也就是TOLES法律英语水平考试。
TOLES考试是世界上第一个国际法律英语水平考试，是由世界知名的英语培训专家（TheLondonschoolofEnglish&Communicaid）和法律领域资深的专家（CambridgeLawStudio）共同合作开发的，并与多家律师事务所和法律机构定期进行磋商，对TOLES考试进行修订，使其适应当前法律行业的变化。
该考试的目的是以法律英语这门技术语言为媒介，来核查考生对英美法民商事部门法知识的掌握，从而满足律师事务所、公司、法律机构、律师和法律系学生测评个人法律英语水平的需要。
TOLES作为国际权威的法律英语水平考试，自2001年起至今，以其法律英语语言运用能力测试的精准度多年来赢得众多顶级世界知名律所的信赖和认可。
2008年TOLES被首次引入中国，从而受到众多法律英语爱好者和法律工作求职者的关注。
TOLES考试包括三个等级：TOLESAdvanced（固定日期费用2000RMB/人，任意日期费用2800RMB/人）;TOLESHigher（费用1700RMB/人）;TOLESFoundation（费用1400RMB/人）。
考生应该根据自身的英语水平和法律知识水平选择相应的考试，而不一定要三个等级考试全都参加。
TOLES考试每年3月、6月、和11月举行3次，其中，报考TOLESAdvanced的考生可以在增加费用的前提下指定任意日期考试。
TOLES考试指定教材5本，推荐参考教材12本，不指定培训机构和教材购买地点。
中国政法大学法律英语证书网络课程
中国政法大学法律英语证书网络课程（考前冲刺）招生简章法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate，简称LEC）考试是法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会面向全国推出的旨在为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所等提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语水平的高水平专业资格考试。
为进一步推动法律英语证书的普及，帮助报考人员有针对性地进行系统复习和考试准备，中国政法大学精心打造了法律英语证书网络课程考前冲刺班。
一、学习模式：◆所有讲授课程共计81课时二、授课方式：网络教学与线下自学、教师辅导相结合（网址：）三、课程特色：1.个性化学习:学员可以根据自身情况灵活安排课程学习，教师在线实时非实时答疑解惑；2.海量资料提供:配套专门的练习题、模拟题及真题，法律英语词库，阅读资料，美国法律视频，复习推荐书目。
3.专业教师评测:专业的法律英语水平测评，并针对翻译、法务写作，专家级教师定量批阅测评学员作业。
四、费用支持：冲刺班课程总费用1000元（不含教材资料费）。
为鼓励广大在校学生提升法律英语专业水平，凡属在校学生报名学习本课程班的，持有效证件享受优惠费用。
五、报名缴费方式：1.报名：网上报名，汇款缴费，获取网络课程账号。
2.汇款方式：收款人：中国政法大学汇款账号：801114995608094001（请注明用途为：继续教育学院法律英语考试网培学费）开户行：中国银行北京昌平支行六、联系方式：报名地址：中国政法大学学院路校区法苑楼206咨询电话：（010）58908484联系人：梁老师王老师张老师中国政法大学继续教育学院2010年11月。
(完整版)司法部律师职业资格证书英文翻译模板
Name: ********
Sex: Female
Date of Birth: ********** Ethnic Group: Han
ID card No.: ****************
Application Location: Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province
（完整版）司法部律师职业资格证书英文翻译模板
The People’s Republic of China Legal Professional Qualification Certificate
Photo
Special Seal for Certificate of Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China (embossed seal)
Certificate No.: A ***********
Issued in: Aug. 2023 Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China (sealed)
No. *************
Name: ****** Certificate No.: A *******
Remark:
3. In case of the loss or damage of the Legal Professional Qualification Certificate which affects the use of the certificate, the certificate holder may apply for a new Legal Professional Qualification Certificate to the judicial administrative institution in the place where the qualification is administered.
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试监考规则
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试监考规则第一条本规章所称监考人员是受法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会托付，负责在法律英语证书全国统一考试过程中监视应试人员考试，并依照规定权限对违纪行为进展处理的工作人员。
其次条各考点按规定条件选聘、培训监考人员。
监考人员应根据法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会的要求，仔细学习法律英语证书全国统一考试有关规定，全面履行监考职责，严格执行考场纪律，确保考试顺当进展。
第三条监考人员进入考场时须佩带法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会统一制发的监考标志。
第四条法律英语证书全国统一考试考点设总监考人一名、副总监考人若干名。
总监考人职责为：（一）负责本考点的监考工作；（二）依照规定权限处理考试过程中发生的状况和违纪行为；（三）组织、检查、验收答卷的封装；副总监考人负责帮助总监考人治理本考点的考务工作。
第五条考点设流淌监考员若干。
流淌监考员的职责为：（一）负责考场外秩序及联络事宜，协作各考场监考人员处理各种突发状况；（二）检查、监视考场监考人员的工作；（三）协作监考人员处理应试人员的违纪行为；（四）替换场内监考人员；（五）总监考人交办的其他任务。
第六条考场内的监考人员应于每场考试开考前规定时间内到达监考办公室领取试卷，并在检查试卷密封状况后签字确认。
监考人员领到试卷后须直接到达考场，不得携卷去其他任何地方。
监考人员严禁自行调换监考考场。
第七条监考人员在应试人员入场前应检查、清理考场。
第八条监考人员应引导应试人员准时进场入座，并负责查收制止带入考场的物品，包括书籍、资料、笔记、报纸、稿纸及电子设备、通讯设备等与考试无关的物品，检核证件，宣布考场规章和考试要求，宣读留意事项。
第九条监考人员不得擅自提前或者推迟考试开头时间。
第十条考试开头三非常钟后，制止迟到应试人员进场。
考试开头三非常钟内，不准应试人员交卷出场。
第十一条各场考试开头前5分钟，监考人员应面对应试人员启封试卷袋，并逐份清查数量，发觉问题的，应马上向总监考人报告。
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试评测标准
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试评测标准优秀（80—100）Excellent基础知识Fundamental Knowledge成绩优秀考生的能力表现如下：Test takers who receive scores at the Excellent level，typically 1. 对重要法律英语术语和基本法律概念有很好的掌握。
Have a good command of important legal English terms and basic legal concepts.2. 对美国法律知识有很好的掌握，擅长合同法、商法、知识产权法和民事侵权法案例的分析。
Have a good command of American legal knowledge and excel in analyzing cases on contract law，business law，intellectual property law and torts. 3. 能够确定复杂案例的关键问题，做出合理分析并得出正确结论。
Be able to define key issues of complex cases，analyze accordingly and then make correct conclusions.阅读、翻译和写作Case Reading，Translation and Writing成绩优秀考生的能力表现如下：Test takers who receive scores at the Excellent level，perform well in 1. 阅读Case Reading⑴充分解读案例Complete understanding⑵英语运用恰当、精确Good command of English with appropriate and accurate diction 2. 翻译Translation ⑴译文能真实反映原文，即使在词汇、句法、标点和拼写方面有一两处错误。
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识-最新范文
法律英语考试LEC考试美国法基础知识Sources of lawIn the United States, the law is derived from four sources. These four sources are constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and the common law （which includes case law）。
The most important source of law is the United States Constitution. All other law falls under, and is subordinate to, that document. No law may contradict the Constitution. For example, if Congress enacts a statute that conflicts with the Constitution, the Supreme Court may find that law unconstitutional, and declare it invalid.Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute （where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases） will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.。
法律英语证书LEC推荐用书
2010年法律英语证书（LＥC)考试推荐用书
ＬEC考试属水平考试，没有指定复习教材。
应广大考生的要求,我们推荐如下学习书目:ﻭ
１。
《英语证书LEC考试大纲》，证书全国统考委编,法律。
定价:10．00元
2．《法律英语综合教程》，张法连编著，山大学。
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00元
3．《法律英语写作》，张法连编著,山大学。
定价:20.00元ﻭ
４.《英语法律文本的语言特点与翻译》，卢敏著，大学。
定价:28．0０元ﻭ5。
《法律英语阅读教程》,张法连编著，山大学出版社。
定价：20。
０0元
6。
《法律英语探究》,杨俊峰，屈文生等编著,。
定价:２8。
８0元ﻭ
7.《商标法判例解读》，张法连、赖清阳编著，山大学。
定价：34．００元
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试委员会
ﻭ
ﻭ。
LEC考试
Multiple choices:
3.In disputes over whether a partnership exists, which of the following is NOT considered to be an essential element? (A) An equal right in the management of the business. (B) The sharing of profits or losses. (C) The consultation on business strategy. (D) Joint ownership in the business.
(a) by course of dealing or usage of trade (Section 1-205) or by course of performance (Section 2208); and (b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement .
2010年12月法律英语证书（LEC）全国统 一考试公告
三、报名方式 考生登录LEC考试官方网站 （）进行网上报名。
法律英语证书（LEC）考试
Legal English Certification Text
是由法律英语证书全国统一考试委员会具体组织
的一种与业英语水平考试。
法律英语证书(LEC)考试试题库
法律英语证书（LEC）考试试题库法律英语试题库说明:法律英语试题库共分两部分～第一部分为普通法律英语部分～侧重对一般法律英语知识的相关词汇、语篇阅读分析能力、法律翻译能力掌握情况的考察。
第二部分为涉外法律英语部分～侧重对涉外法律知识的相关词汇、语法、涉外法律文书及其法律翻译能力的考察。
Part One:普通法律英语部分I(Match each of the following numbered definitions with the correct term in the list below, Write the letter of your choice in the answer column.Exercise 1A. defendant F. adjudicateB. allegation G. reviewC. case law H. plaintiffD. law I. Common LawE. statutory law J. Jurist( )1. Judicial re examination of the proceedings of a court or other body; a reconsideration by the same court or body of its former decision. ( )2. Rules of conduct applicable to all people and enforceable in court.( )3. To decide a matter by legal means; for example, court, mediation, arbitration.( )4. The party being sued or tried in either civil or criminal action. ( )5. The major source of law in the U. S. A. or the U K; based on old English Law.( )w established by Congress, stare legislatures or any other law making bodies.( )7.A person who has a substantial knowledge of law and who has written extensively on legal matters; for example, judges, professors, and so on. ( )8. The party who initiates an action at law (law suit). ( )9. Law based on court decisions.( )10. A statement or charge made in a pleading which one intends to prove by legal evidence.Exercise 21A executive branch F devolutionB. federal G. defamationC. legislation H. legislative branchD. confederation I. allegationE. judicial branch J. constitution. Laws or written rules which are passed by Parliament and ( )11 implemented by the courts.( )12. The government department that is responsible for determining the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, andadjudicating rights and duties of others involved in disputes. It interprets and applies the Law.( )13.A written document defining fundamental legal principle for governance of the people. It may include grants of power and limitations of power.( )14.Passing of power to govern or to make decisions from a central authority to a local authority.( )15.The government department that is responsible for carryinglaws into effect.( )16.Group of independent states or organizations working together for common aims.( )17.The government department that is responsible for enacting statutory laws.( )18.Refers to the U. S government and its activities. The United States is a federation of 50 sovereign states.( )19.In pleading, an assertion of fact; the statement of the issue which the contributing party is prepared to prove.( )20.False statement, either oral or written, which tends to injure the reputation of the victim. It may be civil as well as criminal.Exercise 3A(separate property F. adulteryB(bigamy G. beneficiaryC(custody H. separationD(heir I. necessariesE(nonsupport J. guardian( )21. A situation in which parties are not living together but otherwise have legal duties of husband and wife.( )22. The care and possession of minor children of a marriageduring a divorce proceeding and after divorce is final.( )23. Property owned By either spouse before marriage or acquired during marriage by gift or inheritance.2( )24. A person appointed by the court to supervise and take care of another.( )25. Failure to contribute money, in accordance with one's ability, to the maintenance of a parent as required by law.( )26. Goods and services ordinarily required by and appropriate toan incompetent person's station in life, yet not available or providedby parent or guardian.( )27. The crime of being married to two or more persons at the same time.( )28. Sexual intercourse by a married person with someone otherthan the offender's spouse.( )29. Anyone who has a legal right to inherit the property of another. ( )30. Anyone who benefits under the terms of a will.Exercise 4A. proprietor F. dividendsB. limited partner G. general partnerC. dissolution H. proxyD. quorum I. liquidationE. merger J. subsidiary( )31. A person who conducts the business of a partnership and has unlimited Liability.( )32. A person who is the sole owner of a business.( )33. A company owned (by a majority of shares or interest) and controlled by another company.( )34. A combination of two or more corporations whereby one remains a legal entity and the other is absorbed.( )35. A person who invests capital and shares in the profits of the partnership but whose liability and share of profits are limited by the amount invested.( )36. The sale and/or distribution of the assets of a business to settle its accounts with creditor and/or stockholders.( )37. The termination of the existence of a legal entity, such as a partnership or a corporation.( )38. A portion of corporate profits divided among the share-holders, in cash and/or stock.( )39. The number of members who must be present at a meeting for business to be transacted; a majority.( )40. The authorization for another to act for a shareholder at a meeting; also, the paper granting the authority.II. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank. Change the form of the word if necessary. (15’)3Exercise 1Institution foundation startprovision statute knowcode experience jurisdictionstill-survive judicature advocateas exercise regardWe are about to pass into a world governed by _41__; and a few words will not be out of place as to the way in which codes are__42_in the countries where they form the __43__of the national law. In the first place a code is supposed, in theory at least, to provide a fresh__44_in all those parts of the law with which it deals. It is not conceived as resting upon a presupposed and__45_common law, but as standing upon its own foundations, _46__does, for example with us, a__47_introducing a novel principle, such as Workmen's Compensation. We shall not find in a continental code such language as that used in the Supreme Courtof_48__Act, 1925, where the jurisdiction of the High Court is defined as including "the _49___which was formerly vested in, or capable ofbeing__50_ by, all or any of the courts following ..." It was the intention of the authors of the French Civil Code that it should be interpreted only in the light of its own__51_and definitions. One of theearly commentators, Bugnet, said: “know nothing of civil law; I only teach the Code Napoleon."A very short__52_, however, was enough to show that this idea was impossible of realization. The judges and _53__, to say nothing of the not less important legal authors, whose task it was to expound and to apply the new Code, could not have done their work had they not been familiar with the old technical terms it adopted, and with the_54__which in substance it reproduced. Whatever pretence they might make of looking only to the text of the Code, they could not empty their minds of a large body of relevant professional knowledge, _55__ of something which we may, without great error, call the common law of France -- or atleast the common law of Paris.Exercise 2disputes justice pursuitprocedure plaintiff rootsprocedural reliance meansadversary jurisdictions claimsjudgment parties opposingIn all jurisdictions there is general agreement that the goal ofcivil _56_ is the just, prompt, and inexpensive determination of _57_ before the courts. There is similar agreement that _58_ of this goal requires4that the law of procedure provides some _59_ for performing each of the following basic functions: notifying the defendant that the _60_ is bringing suit, informing each party of the _61_ and contentions of the other, determining the nature of the dispute and the issues between the _62_, ascertaining the facts, deciding which principles of law govern the case, applying the law to the facts to reach a _63_, giving the judgment effect in some practical way, and having the official actions of lower courts checked by higher courts. With very few exceptions, the differences that exist in the _64_laws of the various_65_ are only differences with respect to the means chosen to perform one or more of these functions. In addition, American rules of procedure, with the exception of those in effect in Louisiana, have their _66_ in the early English common law. Consequently, most differences are not differences in kind; they are differences in the degree of evolution from early common law concepts. Finally, in all of our jurisdictions much _67_ is placed on the assumption that if each of the_68_ parties takes the steps and advances the propositions that appear to him or her to best serve his or her own cause, truth and _69_ will emerge. Because of this characteristic, our system is often referred to as the _70_ system.Exercise 3for court celebratinglater patted rejecteddrunk her withprison searched ofprosecutor declaring bothOne evening police officers saw a man and woman running down a street. The police __71__ them. The woman had a bag of money in her hand and a bulge in __72__jacket. They patted her down and found a gun. Then they __73__ down her companion; they found nothing. They took __74__ to the station, booked them and arrested them for armed robbery. Back on patrol __75__ that night they saw a group of rowdy college students__76__ a football victory. The group was in a quiet neighborhood. The two officers told the youths to “keep quiet”. Still later, they saw a __77__ stumbleand fell down; they took him to a nearby shelter.A few days later, a __78__ charged the two armed robbery suspects__79__ robbery, according to the state's criminal code. The woman went to __80__ ;the jury acquitted her because the only eyewitness died__81__ a heart attack the morning of the trial. After charging her companion, the prosecutor offered the male suspect a “deal.” In exchange __82__a plea of guilty, the prosecutor would reduce the charge to simple theft and ask the judge for a sentence to a newly instituted home confinement program instead of to prison. The man accepted the deal and pleaded guilty,5but the judge __83__ the request for home confinement. She sentenced the man to __84__ for two years. Because of good behavior and a courtorder __85__ the overcrowded prison to be in violation of the Constitution, prison officials released the man after six months, judging that he wouldnot seriously endanger the community.III. Vocabulary and StructureA. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.(8 points)86. strategy a) a legally registered design naming the originaldesigner as owner of the design87. tedious b) the name of a product or sometimes the name ofa company88. brief e) a memorable sentence used to advertise aproduct89. brand d) not very interesting and often repetitive90. e) tell someone about something, usually inshareholder connection with work91. slogan f) an owner of shares in a business92. spam g) junk mail93. patent h) a general plan intended to achieve somethingover a period of timeB. Complete the following sentences, using the appropriate phrasal verbs from the box below. Remember to put the verbs in the correct form. You should refer to the company structure of ABM plc for questions 1-3.(7 points)report to take off set up see to consist ofturn off do without put to go through694. ABM plc ______ four departments.95. Helen Grey ______ to the Personnel Manager.96. John Ross _______ the Maintenance Section.97. _______ the gas before you inspect the back of the cooker. 98. After inheriting a lot of money he decided to ______ his own business.99. I would like to _______ the sales figures with you and find out where the mistakes are.100. We really can't ________ his expert knowledge. Well have to reschedule the meeting to suit him.(三)Choose a word from the box for each space in the Exercise below. Remember to put the words in the correct form.manage post reference to arrangereach enclose require private moreoverstudy enable would particularly available46 Potters LaneWaltonLeicestershire23 April 2002 Mr Peter SellersDirector Human ResourcesCarney and Denham Consultants72 Cromwell RoadNottingham NT7 9GHDear Mr SellersWith 101 to your advertisement in the Independent on 21 April, I would like to apply for the 102 of Project Manager with your company.I am 35 years old and 1 have considerable experience in engineeringin both the public and 103 sector managing overseas construction projects. 104 , I have recently completed a course on Management and Communication and I am currently 105 for an MA degree in Engineering Management. This experience bas 106 me to develop the necessary leadership and Communication skills to 107 multidisciplinedconstruction teams. I am 108 interested in the position you are offering as I 109 like to become more involved with building refurbishment projects.I would be grateful if you could 110 an interview as soon aspossible as I am going abroad next month. I can Be 111 at the above address. I am 112 to start work from I June. Please find 113 my CV.Please do not hesitate to contact me if you 114 any furtherinformation.I look forward 115 heating from you.Yours sincerelyAnne ALexanderAnne Alexander (Ms)8IV. Read the materials and answer the following questions:Exercise 11. Read the following text and answer questions 116-120.Sometimes you might be asked to go to a selection or assessment centre. This is an extended interview which is made up of a series of group activities, rests and presentations. You will be assessed throughout the day by assessors who will be looking to see how well you work in a ream, whether your communication skills are good and whether you can work to deadlines. Team work is important. You don't do yourself any favors by trying to take over the group, but at the same time, don't sit back and let everyone else do the work.Don’t panic if you're asked to do a presentation on something you don't know much about as the way you give the presentation is often more important than the content itself. You should practice beforehand so you know how long the presentation takes. The best advice on dealing with a selection centre is to give it your best shot. If you sit timidly in the corner, the assessor cannot make any judgment about you.When you take a personality test, which is designed to find outabout your personality and character, what your values are and what motivates you, don't worry about answering questions incorrectly thereis usually no right or wrong answers. Answer the questions honestly and positively. There is no point in trying to give the answers you think the employer will want because firstly you might have the wrong ideaabout what the employer is looking for, and secondly, you don't want 1o gel tile job and spend the ensuing months trying to be someone whoyou're not. 116. What is the Exercise mainly concerned with?9117. How should you behave during the day at the selection centre? 118. How should applicants approach giving presentations?119. Does it matter if you answer questions incorrectly in a personality test? Why?120. What does the author say about lying in a personality test?Exercise 2Despite the attention paid within advertising agencies to the whole business targeting specific groups, there have been some spectacular failures to get it right when companies have tried to go international or global with their products. This has been for a variety of reasons. Sometimes, the brand name of the product has unfortunate associations when translated into foreign languages. Looking at this area can illustrate how powerful the operation of connotation is --the way in which words can call up associations in our minds. Because of the way we make connections between words and particular ideas, feeling and experiences, brand names are crucial for advertisers. They are very economic, acting as little concentrated capsules of meaning. Where advertisers get it right, readers will do the work to generate all the intended connotations.There are whole companies who specialize in offering research onbrand-name connotations to product manufacturers looking for a name fora new product, or looking at how best to market an existing product to new, foreign audiences. These companies—for example Inter-brand, and The Brand-naming Company typically organize brainstorming sessions where they ask groups of people to let their imaginations ‘roam free’, from which meetings they arrive at shortlists of names whosesuitability is then researched further. Names on the shortlists have to pass certain10tests: for example, that they are not too close to existing names; that they are pronounceable in all the world's major languages; thatthey have the right connotations. The latter, however, is a complex area. Even within one language, connotations can be about quite subtle distinctions. For example, when Pickfords Travel merged with Hogg Robinson two years ago, the shortlist for the new company had two main contenders: 'Destinations' ,arid 'Going Places'. The new company chose the latter, deciding that 'destinations' tended to suggest long haul flights to farflung places travel for the privileged. 'Going Places', on the other hand, was thought to describe all sorts of travel andtherefore be more suitable for the mass market, which was the company’s target.2. Mark statements 121-125 True or False according to theinformation provided in the text above.121. This Exercise is mainly about how to choose names for companies wishing to go global.122. Good names make the right connection between words and ideas. 123. ‘Going Places' is used as an example to show how hard it is to choose a name for a company.124. ‘Destinations' is likely to appeal to wealthy travelers. 125. One technique brand name consultants often use is to invite people to freely suggest any names on their mind.Exercise 3Material 1: Jurisprudence: An Overview11The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term jurisprudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law." In the United States jurisprudence commonly means the philosophy of law. Legal philosophy has many aspects, but four of them are the most common. Thefirst and the most prevalent form of jurisprudence seeks to analyze, explain, classify, and criticize entire bodies of law. Law school textbooks and legal encyclopedias represent this type of scholarship.The second type of jurisprudence compares and contrasts law with other fields of knowledge such as literature, economics, religion, and thesocial sciences. The third type of jurisprudence seeks to reveal the historical, moral, and cultural basis of a particular legal concept. The fourth body of jurisprudence focuses on finding the answer to such abstract questions as what is law? How do judges (properly) decide cases?Apart from different types of jurisprudence, different schools of jurisprudence exist. Formalism, or conceptualism, treats law like math or science. Formalists believe that a judge identifies the relevantlegal principles, applies them to the facts of a case, and logically deduces a rule that will govern the outcome of the dispute. In contrast, proponents of legal realism believe that most cases before courts present hard questions that judges must resolve by balancing the interests of the parties and ultimately drawing an arbitrary line on one side of the dispute. This line, realists maintain, is drawn according to the political, economic, and psychological inclinations of the judge. Some legal realists even believe that a judge is able to shape the outcome of the case based on personal biases.Apart from the realist-formalist dichotomy, there is the classic debate over the appropriate sources of law between positivist andnatural12law schools of thought. Positivists argue that there is no connection between law and morality and the only sources of law are rules that have been expressly enacted by a governmental entity or court of law. Naturalists, or proponents of natural law, insist that the rules enacted by government are not the only sources of law. They argue that moral philosophy; religion, human reason and individual conscience are also integrating parts of the law.There are no bright lines between different schools of jurisprudence. The legal philosophy of a particular legal scholar may consist of a combination of strains from many schools of legal thought. Some scholars think that it is more appropriate to think about jurisprudence as a continuum.The above-mentioned schools of legal thoughts are only part of a diverse jurisprudential picture of the United States. Other prominent schools of legal thought exist. Critical legal studies, feminist jurisprudence, law and economics, utilitarianism, and legal pragmatism are but a few of them.Material 2: Legal PhilosophyJurisprudence is the philosophy of law and of the legal system.There are many ways of classifying legal philosophy or jurisprudence. The four major schools of thought are natural law, positive law, sociological jurisprudence and legal realism.The natural law school of thought feels that the legal system should model the relationships found in nature and believe in the innate goodness of man.13The natural law school of thought began during the fifth century B.C. and states that there exists a sense of what is just and right in nature separate and distinct from the rules that may be developed by a state.Aristotle asserted that law existed in nature and could beascertained by man's exercise of his power to reason. The Stoic schoolelaborated on and expanded on the ideas of Aristotle in the thirdcentury B.C. Duringgentium (the law of nations) was the Roman period the concept of jus similar to the earlier Greek natural law theories.St. Thomas Aquinas combined the Greek and Roman schools of thoughtinto a Christian view that God reveals natural law to man through man's ability to reason. John Locke argued that man had a "bundle" of rights, only some of which he surrendered to the state in order to live in an organized society. According to Locke, the individual retained the remaining rights in the bundle. This view is recognized in the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.Beginning with the nineteenth century, there was a move away from reliance on natural law toward the concept of positive law. Natural law takes the position that law is based on fundamental truths. Thisposition is more a statement of faith than an assertion of fact. The advocates of positive law (sometimes called legal positivism oranalytical jurisprudence) believe that law should be more scientific and less reliant on blind faith. Thus, positive law deals with axioms and attempts to develop a legal system based on logic rather than on beliefs.Legal positivism originally developed in Europe. The legalpositivists believe that there is no law unless and until laid down by a sovereign. (The sovereign can be either a person or an institution. ) Asa result, positive law can be distinguished from morality because morality does not come from the sovereign, while law is, or at least should be, handed down by the sovereign. There are four basic components of legal positivism:1. Law consists of rules.2. Law is different from morals.3. The sovereign establishes the rules.4. Legal rules carry sanctions.Legal positivism is best exemplified in the views of Hans Kelsen andH. L. A. Hart. Kelsen was born in Austria in 1881 and served on the law14faculties of many European universities before immigrating to the United States in 1940. Kelsen viewed the law as being self-supporting and not dependent on any external values. He said, "A norm becomes a legal norm only because it has been constituted in a particular fashion, born of a definite procedure and definite rule. Law is valid only as positive law, that is, statute (constituted) law". In Kelsen's view, therefore, all the actions of any given government are valid so long as those actions are recognized as valid by statute within that country. Hart, on the other hand, expands this somewhat narrow view. Hart rays that the law must treat all like cases alike. He argues that legal positivism stands for the proposition that law does not necessarily have to relate to morality. To Hart, rules of law are more important than the process of how courts decide cases.The natural law proponents seem to have a "justification by faith" approach to jurisprudence. The advocates of legal realism have a seemingly coldhearted rationalism that rests on the effects of the law, with little apparent concern for what the law should be. A third school of legal thought adopts a position somewhat between these two previous schools of thought. This third school --sociological jurisprudence -- is concerned with the effects of law, but it is also concerned with the justifications and reasons that underlie the enactment of the law. Its supporters observe, analyze, and justify both the justifications for the law and the effects of the law by applying the modern tools of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Proponents of sociological jurisprudence believe that a law must be properly justified and have an appropriate effect in the society, based on the societal values andgoals of the given populace.The American legal philosophy can best be described as legal realism. Legal realism can be viewed as being on the opposite end of thepolitical spectrum from legal positivism. Legal realism has its roots in natural law, but it tries to take the "human element" into account, rather than relying on the innate nature of the universe as ajustification or explanation for the legal system. Natural law consists of four basic elements:1、 Law is based on the nature of man.2. Legal rights can be discovered by the exercise of reason.3. Law is constant.4. Legal principles must be just and fight.Legal realists have a somewhat more open view of the law, feeling that law reflects what "is" and not what it "ought" to be. Accordingly, legal realism can be viewed as consisting of two parts:1. The law is a social process, not a body of "rules".152. Law is what legal decision makers actually do about the statutes and rules.Legal realists concentrate on natural law than on rules. Legalrealists believe that law is based on the nature of man, but they also recognize that law is a social process based on logic, so thatlegal rules need to be just and fight.Each of the four schools has strong proponents and each has strong opponents. An application of each theory to the same set of facts leads to several different results. An understanding of the philosophy of law in any region allows one to understand the government of that region and basic attitudes commonly held by people within that region.Answer the questions according to the given materials:126. Is there any difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy?Why?127. How many schools of jurisprudence as you know? What?are the main legal ideas of the natural legal school? 128. What129. What are the main legal ideas of the positive legal school?。
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】【说明】【考试大纲】【评测标准】法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【简介】外语能力一直是衡量法律职业者素质和专业水平的一个重要方面，特别是经济全球化和我国对外开放不断深入的新形势对法律工作者的英语能力提出了更高的要求。
然而，由于法律英语的特殊性，国内一直没有一个科学的考核指标衡量法律从业人员专业英语的掌握程度。
法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate，简称LEC）全国统一考试的推出填补了国内相关领域的空白。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会依托中国政法大学和北京外国语大学具体组织考试工作，旨在为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语水平。
法律英语证书考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。
公检法机关和企事业单位从事涉外法务工作人员；从事涉外法务的律师，公司法律部门的从业人员；高等院校法律、英语、经贸等专业学生；愿意从事法律英语教学的教师以及社会上一切法律英语爱好者均可参加法律英语证书（LEC）考试。
该考试证书是从事涉外法律服务工作人员专业英语水平权威证明，通过考试并取得LEC证书也是赴美攻读法学专业及取得美国律师职业资格的可靠保证。
法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前已在北京、上海、广州等城市设主考点，法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会全面负责组考工作。
考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试【说明】一、法律英语证书（LEC）考试实行全国统一大纲、统一命题、统一考试制度。
欲了解考试相关信息，考生可随时登陆法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试官方网站.二、法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试指导委员会下设专家指导委员会，其主要职责是指导考试工作，提出理论学术新观点，参加全国统考委主办的学术研讨及座谈会议，负责制定法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试的考试大纲、研究开发考题、编写教材及考试辅导资料等。
各类资格证书考试
法律英语证书（LEC）考试简介法律英语证书考试试题由其专家委员会成员共同研究、开发，专家委员会由来自国内外的50名法律英语专家、学者、著名律师组成。
该考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。
考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。
试卷一为多项选择题，包括美国法基本知识和逻辑推理，内容涉及美国宪法、财产法、知识产权法、侵权法、商事组织法、民事程序法、刑法及刑事程序法等，重点考察合同法、商事组织法、侵权法、知识产权法及财产法的知识；试卷二是主观题，包括案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三项，其中法务写作将重点考察office memo, case brief 及律师信函的写作格式及写作内容。
公检法机关和企事业单位从事涉外法务工作人员；从事涉外法务的律师，公司法律部门的从业人员；高等院校法律专业、英语专业学生以及社会上一切有志于从事涉外法务的人员均可以参加法律英语证书（LEC）考试。
法律英语证书考试属水平考试，满分为200分。
130分以上，且主、客观两卷得分分别不低于60分为及格标准；170分以上，且主、客观两卷得分分别不低于80分为优秀。
该考试证书是从事涉外法律服务工作人员的专业英语水平权威证明；该考试证书也是赴美攻读法学专业，及取得美国律师职业资格的可靠保证。
法律英语证书考试每年举行两次，分别在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，目前只设中国政法大学一个考点。
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试委员会全面负责组考工作。
考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
ZHC国家职业汉语能力测试简介: ZHC国家职业汉语能力测试由劳动和社会保障部职业技能鉴定中心（OSTA）组织研制，主要测查应试者在职业活动中实际应用汉语的能力。
成绩合格者可以获得由OSTA颁发的《职业汉语水平等级证书》。
ZHC服务于政府机关、企事业单位和学校，服务于各种人力资源开发和培训部门。
法律英语证书——法律高端就业的“金钥匙
目前，越来越多的国际律师行和国内律师事务所开始认可和采用了这些法律英语证书，部分律师事务所明确在招聘条件中加入了对法律英语证书等级的要求，这无疑为那些迷茫求职的学生们指明了方向。“之前，我觉得我很优秀，通过了司法考试，英语6级，也参加了很多社会活动，但是找工作的过程中一次又一次的碰壁，到后来我才明白律所真正需要什么样的人才。” Ella谈到找工作的时候，她感慨万千，“大学里我们也学过法律英语，但是……大家都很清楚那个课程是怎么上的，考试之前老师会划范围的……”Ella一脸无奈，“我们大学学的和工作中真正要用的，相差太远太远……我们要就业，首先就要面对社会需要。”
2.使考生得以向雇主展示其运用英语与客户及同事进行交流的能力
3.使考生得以向教育和培训机构展示其有能力跟上主要以英语讲解的法律课程
4.使考试用户得以比较考生的成绩及与欧洲语言联合委员会等级相关的其他资质。
ILEC如何认证？
阅读考试部分
阅读考试的考试时间为1小时15分钟，试卷分六个部分，共含54个问题，其中1-36题为每题1分，37-54题为每题2分。各部分考试重点及形式见下表。
“让我疑惑的是，这些律所似乎对司法考试并不‘感冒’，他们更关心你的专业英语能力。”刚刚参加完贝克麦坚时国际律师行面试的张小说，“我的很多学长都没有通过司法考试，居然也进入了外资律师事务所，拿着令人羡慕的薪资。不过，他们的法律英语能力确实令人信服。我们了解到，很多国际律师行和跨国公司法务部招聘人才的时候并没有硬性规定司法考试证书，但是法律专业英语要求一点都不含糊。“这个不难理解，因为我们的员工，尤其是初级人员，每天都在做大量的英文文本工作，Legal Writing、Legal Research、Legal Translation，这几乎是他们的全部工作。”在DLA人力资源有着多年从业经验的Flora女士告诉Legal Union。“另外一方面，很尴尬，应聘者几乎都通过了中国的律师从业考试，我们不得不从专业语言能力方面作为筛选条件。”
法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试样题试卷二
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试样题试卷二本题包括翻译、写作两部分，共限时180分钟1 Translation(1)Please translate the following paragraph into English根据中国银监会的资料，截至2004年12月31日，中国境内共有12家持有全国性银行执照的股份制商业银行。
截至同一日期，就总资产规模而言，本银行是这些银行中最大的。
一般而言，股份制商业银行的股东架构各不相同，包括（但不限于）当地政府实体及国有企业。
这些股份制商业银行大多数是在八十年代后期和九十年代初期组建，整体市场份额逐年增加，而四大银行的市场份额逐年下降。
根据中国银监会的资料，截至2004年12月31日，这些银行占中国金融机构总资产约14.9%。
(2) Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese2-202. Final Written Expression: Parol or Extrinsic Evidence.Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented(a) by course of dealing or usage of trade (Section 1-205) or by course of performance (Section 2-208); and(b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement .2 WritingSuppose you were Marie Lin, a lawyer of SHICHENG LAW FIRM, you have known that Max Chen wants to retain a legal consulting firm from afriend. Now, please write a letter to Max Chen, persuade him to choose your law firm. You also send him your firm brochure.Max Chen’s address: ABC corporation, Cyber Tower, Suite 119, Haidian, Beijing, China.Please pay more attention to format of your letter.。
法律英语考试大纲
考试大纲考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。
试卷一为选择题。
试卷二是主观题，包括案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三项。
现将试卷结构列出以供参考：试卷（一），客观题（单选题），共100道小题，每题1分。
本部分试题有以下两部分内容组成：美国法基本知识（90-95%）和逻辑推理（5-10%）. 难易程度比例设置：容易题目占50%，中等难度试题占30%，高难度试题占20%。
(1)、美国基本知识各部门法比例设置： 1 合同法 10-15% 2 宪法 2-4% 3 侵权法 10-15% 4 证据法 5-7% 5 民事程序法 2-4% 6 刑事程序法 2-4% 7 知识产权法 5-7% 8 商事组织法 10-15% 9 证券法 5-7% 10 财产法 10-15% 11 票据法 2-4% 12 刑法 10-15% (2)、逻辑推理（5-10%）试卷（二），主观题，有案件阅读、翻译和法务写作三部分组成。
各部分分数分别为25分、40分和35分。
难易程度比例设置：中等难度试题占80%，高难度试题占20%(1)、案件阅读（case reading and comprehension）共25分本部分试题包括一篇美国真实案例。
要求应试者在准确、快速阅读案例后，根据获得的案例中的信息简略回答有关问题。
(2)、翻译（Translation）共40分本部分试题有两节，Section A 和Section B。
Section A 是中译英，Section B 是英译中，各占20分。
(3)、法务写作（Legal Writing）共35分要求应试者根据所给信息，用英文撰写一封律师函，或写一篇法律备忘录（Law Office Memo）;或根据所提供的案例，代表某一方写一篇案件辩论书（Brief）。
收费标准法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试收费标准为880元。
考试用书法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试大纲编著者：法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试委员会编出版社：法律出版社内容简介：本书共分为五部分，第一部分为考试说明。
LEC_考试备考重点
英语世界 2022·01
6. Conclusion（结论）
结论部分是在对案件涉及的一系列法律问题做出回答的基础上给出的
最终法律意见。对案件所涉法律问题逐个分析并回答后，需要结合客户的
具体情形进行分析和方案选择，给出一个较为合理的法律意见供客户决策
时参考。
结论部分的意见要和客户的问题相对应。如果客户的问题是从多个方
案中选择一个，那么结论部分就需要对多个方案进行利弊分析、横向比较，
二、legal memo 的写作结构 法律写作是法律思维的重要载体，不同类型的法律文书有着不同的
组织结构。许多大型律师事务所和法学院都制定自己的法律备忘录格式。 虽然目前没有统一标准的 legal memo 写作规范，但通常会包括以下六部 分：Heading、Question(s) Presented、Brief Answer(s)、Statement of Facts、 Discussion 和 Conclusion。
本题要求考生论述 communication 方式的变化。communication 有多种
* 上海外国语大学国际新闻硕士，讲师，专注大学英语写作教学十余年。
〔承前页〕
于当前案例，即体现出普通法系的 stare decisis（遵循先例原则）。这里要
处理各种“逻辑关系”，既需要 deductive reasoning（演绎推理），也需要
120 法律英语
LEC 考试备考重点： 如何撰写 legal memo（上）
文 / 汤文华
一、了解 legal memo 及其作用 legal memo（法律备忘录，亦称 legal memorandum、law office memo）
是美国律师处理事务时最常见的一种法律文书，它是起草人在研究和分析 的基础上，对某一法律问题做出书面解释、提出意见的法律文件。在中国 的红圈所和精品所中，多数项目都涉及与外国客户打交道，所以撰写 legal memo 自然成为涉外业务必不可少的一部分。
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法律英语证书（LEC）报考指南
考试介绍
随着中国入世和对外开放的逐步深入，法律英语的重要性日渐凸现。
然而，由于法律英语的特殊性，国内一直没有一个科学的考核指标衡量法律从业人员专业英语的掌握程度。
法律英语证书（Legal English Certificate简称LEC）全国统一考试由总部设在美国的美中友好交流促进会与中国政法大学共同研究推出，目的是为从事涉外业务的企业、律师事务所提供招募国际性人才的客观标准，同时督促国内法律从业人员提高专业英语的能力。
法律英语证书全国统一考试试题由其考试委员会全体委员共同设计、决定。
考试委员会五十名成员由来自国内外的法律英语专家、学者、著名律师担任。
该考试的题型、考察内容与美国的律师资格考试相近，同时又突出了法律英语语言运用的特色，并结合中国的实际增加了法律英语翻译测试。
从事涉外法律业务的工作人员，想提高自身专业英语能力的法律从业人员，立志从事涉外法律职业的在校法学院学生、外语学院学生，以及打算出国（尤其是美国、加拿大）攻读法学专业的人士都可以参加法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试。
报名事宜
考试不受年龄、性别、职业、地区、学历等限制，持本人有效身份证件即可报名参加考试。
考生可以通过以下两种方式进行报名：
1.网上报名
请考生登录www. 进行网上报名。
2.现场报名
考生直接到北京市海淀区中关村南大街2号数码大厦A座602室现场报名。
报名时请携带近期2寸免冠照片2张，身份证原件及复印件一份。
考试费用
报名费人民币880元。
1.北京地区可上门交款：北京市海淀区中关村南大街2号数码大厦A座602室
2.邮局付款
收款人详细地址：北京市海淀区中关村南大街2号数码大厦A座602室法律英语证书全国统考办收款人姓名：姜芳
邮编：******
注意：在汇款用途一栏中请注明：LEC报考费
3.银行汇款
公司名称：北京世晨国际咨询有限公司（注明：LEC报考费）
开户银行：中信银行北京首体南路支行
帐号：****************
汇款后请通过电话********或邮件：Lec@通知我们。
考试时间
法律英语证书全国统一考试每年举行两次，分别将在5月份和12月份的最后一个周六举行，暂时只设中国政法大学考点。
上午8:30—11:30
下午2:00—5:00
考试科目
卷一
1.合同法 10-15%
2.宪法 2-4%
3.侵权法 10-15%
4.证据法 5-7%
5.民事程序法2-4%
6.刑事程序法2-4%
7.知识产权法5-7%
8.商事组织法10-15%
9.证券法 5-7%
10.财产法 10-15%
11.票据法 2-4%
12.刑法 10-15%
卷二
1.法律英语翻译
内容涉及合同法、公司法、知识产权法、侵权法的法律条文或法律原则。
其中，合同法、公司法各占30%，知识产权法、侵权法各占20%。
2.法律英语写作
Office memo, case brief，letter各一篇，其中，Office memo, case brief各占40%，letter占20%。
考试题型
考试分试卷一和试卷二，各需三个小时完成。
试卷一为选择题，试卷二是主观题，包括法律英语英汉互译和法律英语写作两项。
现将试卷结构列出以供参考：
试卷（一）客观题（单选题），共100道小题，每题1分。
试卷（二）主观题，有翻译与写作两部分，每部分50分。
考试成绩
法律英语证书（LEC）全国统一考试合格分数线为：
试卷一：60分；
试卷二：60分；
总分：125分。
考试用书
因为LEC考试属水平考试，严格讲没有指定教材。
但根据我们国内法律英语教学的实践情况，我们向考生推荐山东大学出版社出版的高校法律英语精品套编教材《法律英语综合教程》、《法律英语写作》、《法律英语阅读教程》和《法律英语翻译教程》。