外文翻译-管理信息系统
外文翻译---物业管理信息系统
标题：物业管理信息系统资料来源: 《物业管理信息系统》作者：拉斯Basiura, 迈克Batongbacal 物业管理信息系统按照物业管理的类型和范畴主要分为两大类型：住宅小区物业管理信息系统和非住宅物业管理信息系统。
小区物业管理信息系统是围绕物业管理企业的内部管理与小区的功能管理这两方得需求进行设计的。
系统具有人力资源管理、房产管理、财务管理、设备管理、客户服务与业主投诉、数据维护和系统安全等功能模块，提供全方位的数据存储、计算、查询、统计、汇总、输出等日常处理，不但能管理文本数据，还可以管理大量的图片资料，操作简便，业务流程规范，对具有不同特色的物业管理小区有着广泛的适应性。
住宅小区管理房产管理：针对物业管理企业所属的一切房产，对房产信息进行集中管理。
包括：详细描述记录小区、楼盘、业主单元的位置、物业类型、房屋结构、房号、户型等信息。
客户管理：帮助物业管理企业建立起完整的客户档案，对物业管理企业所管房屋的业主进行管理。
可详细记录业主的姓名、身份证号等描述信息。
财务管理：主要包括水电费标准的建立，水电气费用台账、综合费用台账、物业管理费用台账等管理。
设备管理：对小区内所有公用设备、设施及固定资产从其采购到更换，对其位置、数量、价格、维修、保养进行全面的管理。
车辆管理：对小区内的车辆进行管理，主要包括管理客户的车辆档案及车辆事件，了解与业主相关的附属信息，为业主提供更周全的服务。
物业管理企业的内部管理物业管理企业的内部管理一般包括企业办公自动化、领导综合查询、财务计划与预算、人力资源管理、物资采购、外协单位管理、文件合同管理、企业知识管理功能。
办公自动化：包括电子邮件、公告通知、工作流审批、新闻管理、会议申请与安排、BBS等功能，支持在集团、分公司、管理处多层面上的直接沟通，强化管理力度、实现扁平化管理。
领导综合查询：专门供公司领导查询各区域公司、各管理处、各项业务的处理状况和所有管理处的综合统计数据，方便管理人员分析问题。
管理信息系统外文翻译--在管理信息系统中我们的工作
在管理信息系统中我们的工作有关信息系统的相关介绍：1.什么是管理信息系统？管理信息系统领域的研究起始于上世纪80年代早期。
那个时候在最终用户和技术开发人员（比如：程序员）之间存在着沟通问题。
管理信息系统主要考虑的是这样三个关键词（管理，信息和系统），这三个关键字之间存在着很强的牵连关系。
管理：管理信息中的管理资源包括人、机器（如技术和计算机）、资金和时间等等。
在管理信息系统中你必须把下面这三个管理要素联系在一起来考虑，这三个要素是：效力、效率和收益性。
·效力-一个公司怎么才能更好的实现他们所要达到的商业目的呢；有这样一个例子：提供高质量的产品和服务水平可以被示为一个商业目标，这个通常作为一个公司的使命来阐述的，此外还有目标管理（MBO）等等。
·效率-也就是说把资源最好的利用起来，在公司中所有支出和所有收入相除得出的就是生产力。
一般来说生产力是通过输出对输入的比例来衡量的。
这里，输出就象征着收入和市场共享等等。
同样输入象征着劳动力、原始材料、行政的花费、周转的成本和跟IT 有关的花费。
·收益性-在信息系统文学中经验的学习被报道这对管理者的信心起着相反的作用，在这之前和之后，新开发的信息系统的执行就利用率方面而言并没有存在很大的不同。
换句话说，就是新的信息系统不再对所有的增长产生很大的收益。
一般来说，在商业中一般有着下划线的文字就是收益的代表。
如果不加强收益性的重要性，那么什么才是我们要去克服所有的困难去开发并完成一个新的信息系统的要点呢？使用IT并不一定能够解决好所有的商业情形。
不管什么时候一个新的IT或者一个新的信息系统的被执行的情况下、都会招致一些附加的花费。
这些花费包括硬件花费、软件花费、培训花费、维护花费等等。
因此，对成本利益的分析应该对于一个新系统的执行处于一个优先的地位。
信息：信息跟计算机是相关联的，同时也涉及到一门学科。
对于信息来说数据就是资源。
如果这些数据在用一个特定的方法来处理的话，他们就成为了“信息”在IT业这是能够实现的。
管理信息系统外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 ：专 业：姓 名：学 号：外文出处： Madiha shah procedia-social and附 件 ：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文管理信息系统(MIS)对学校的影响-----文献报告Madiha Shah Malaysia. Malaya大学马来西亚摘要鉴于其快捷和有效性,教育管理信息技术的使用已迅速增加。
在其发展的初始阶段,管理信息系统(MIS)的主要目的和使用是改善学校办公室活动的效率。
它是用于存储的学生和全体职工的数据。
最重要的的是重要数据录入和整理,而不是在数据传输或分析。
管理信息的价值当时被人们公认。
在集成阶段，全盘回顾文献，其强调积极影响学校管理和管理信息系统管理,包括更好的可访问性信息,更有效的管理,学校资源更高的利用率同时也减少了工作量,更好的时间管理,提高报告的质量。
对于信息管理系统，大量的抑制剂的使用在文献中很明显,其中最重要的是缺乏时间,缺乏信心或能力,缺乏培训,缺乏高层管理人员的支持,缺乏技术支持等。
管理信息系统可以提供所需的信息通知计划、决策和评估方面相关的管理员和教师。
管理信息系统改变了学校管理领域的领导、决策、工作负载、人力资源管理、沟通、责任,规划等方方面面。
这些系统可以帮助学校管理者在决定学校的目标,制定战略计划,分配资源,评估员工的绩效以及组织时更加顺利。
关键词: 管理信息系统、MIS 、学校管理、学校管理。
1、介绍电脑被视为有潜力在教学、学习和学校的管理方面做出重大的贡献。
信息和介绍通信技术(ICT)进入到学校包括硬件、软件、网络和员工发展的广泛的投资被认为是值得的前提。
如果有证据表明,它使在学校的表现和产生相应的影响有效性(Condie et al .,2007)真实存在。
利用信息技术在教育管理就会由于其效率和迅速增加有效性。
学校管理人员花大量的时间用于解决复杂的分配问题(如人员分配、资源分配、时间安排)和监控学校的操作已经有了更好的选择旨运用发展该技术。
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译nXXX universities。
The management of these laboratories is a critical component of the overall management system。
Implementing scientific and modern management practices can XXX the level of teaching and research。
The laboratory n management system utilizes computer XXX n to manage computer are。
hardware systems。
and testing through the n of computer technology and management science.nXXX ns。
With the help of computer orks。
these XXX n。
The system can manage laboratory resources。
including equipment。
materials。
and personnel。
and provide real-time data on laboratory ns.The laboratory n management system can also XXX。
The system can automate data n and analysis。
cing the time and effort required for manual data entry。
The system can also streamline laboratory workflows。
XXX.XXX efficiency。
the laboratory n management system can enhance the quality of teaching and research。
信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计
附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理
传播媒体必须经过仔细选择，平衡每个媒体的优点和缺点，这个选择决定网络的速度。改变一个已经安装好的网络媒体通常非常昂贵。最实用的传播媒体是电缆，光纤，广播，光，红外线。
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料译文
（2009届）
论文题目
基于Javamail的邮件收发系统
学生姓名
学号
专业
计算机科学与技术
班级
指导教师
职称
讲师、副教授
填表日期
2008年 12月 10 日
信息科学与工程学院教务科制
外文资料翻译（译文不少于2000汉字）
1．所译外文资料：信息系统的管理Managing Information Systems
数据共享是网络的重要应用之一。网络可以共享交易数据，搜索和查询数据，信息，公告板，日历，团队和个人信息数据，备份等。在交易的时候，连接一个公司的电脑的中央数据库包括现有库存信息和出售的数据信息。如果数据被储存在一个中央数据库中，搜查结果便可从中获取。电子邮件的发送已经成为同事之间最常用的信息共享的方式之一。
自从信号在空中传输后，广播，光以及红外线作为传播媒体已经不需要电缆。
传输能力，即一个传播媒体一次性传输的数据量，在不同的媒体中，材料不同，安装时付出的劳动不同，传输的能力有很大的区别。传播媒体有时候被合并，代替远地域之间的高速传播媒体，速度虽慢，但是成本低，在一幢大楼中进行信息传播。
连接设备包括网络连接卡NICS，或者在计算机和网络间进行传输和信号传递的局域网LAN卡。其他常用的设备连接不同的网络，特别是当一个网络使用不用的传输媒体的时候。使用一个对很多用户都开放的系统很重要，比如windows/NT,Office2000，Novell，UNIX.
外文翻译----管理会计和综合信息系统
文献翻译院班级学生姓名学号译文要求1、译文内容必须与课题（或专业）内容相关。
2、外文翻译后中文不少于1500字。
3、译文原文（或复印件）应附在译文后备查。
译文评阅导师评语（应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生外文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价）指导教师：年月日管理会计和综合信息系统1.未来的研究方向在关于管理会计和IIS前一段的研究已经进行了审查。
该审查的结构上的第3节发展的理论框架的基础。
论文学的理论框架的基础上在七个方面之间的关系管理会计和IIS进行了审查。
未来研究的许多建议，可以确定在文献回顾的基础。
而不是开发一个全面的清单研究机会，本节将提请人们注意一个数量有限的研究机会这似乎是未来研究的最有前途的领域。
1.1 管理会计技术和IIS：面向分析的信息系统不幸的是，它是目前的文献，要在很大程度上它着重于特征ERP系统。
有限的研究已进行了对IIS中的其他组件。
这似乎因为研究不透明论ERP系统与管理会计的关系技术没有找到IIS和管理会计之间的牢固关系。
几种这些研究甚至认为，如扫描电镜系统和分析为导向的信息系统专门的软件似乎能够更好地支持管理会计（如见马尔米，2001年Granlund及马尔米，2002）。
幸运的是，一些研究也开始出现在其他的IIS组件，看起来比ERP系统（如：法希和Millea，2001年; Hyvönen，2003）。
更多的研究，然而，是必要的。
未来研究的机会存在，特别是在关系专门的软件和管理会计方法。
这种软件的例子美国广播公司，BSC或预算软件。
研究问题的例子包括：如何平衡记分卡支持标准，如Corporater平衡计分卡平衡计分卡软件？哪些变量可以解释不同的方式，ERP的对比分析为导向的信息管理系统支持会计？如何使用这种系统的影响和决定作用管理会计和其他管理人员？在这方面的研究应协助争取因为管理会计核算的重要的新见解，主要是这些软件支持（例如马尔米，2001）。
外文翻译---信息系统项目管理在物流企业中的应用研究
英文原文The Applied Research of Information System Project Management In LogisticsEnterprisesLance AthrunDepartment of Lab Construction & AdministrationErzincanUniversityIstanbul, TurkeyAbstract:The rapid development in the growing field of project management provides the opportunity for application in the construction of logistics enterprise information. From the function and characteristics of the logistics information system, this articleintroduces the life cycle of a project, analyses the logistics information system project management process, points out the problems and countermeasures of the logistics information system project management.Project management thought in the application of logistics information system brings to the enterprise information success and income increase, which fully plays an important role in enhancing core competitiveness of enterprises.Keywords:Logistics, Information system, Project managementI.INTRODUCTIONWith the continuous economic development, more and more logistics companies continue to expand the business scope in order to carry out modern logistics services, and gradually take the initiative transition to modern logistics enterprises from the simple logistics operators. The transformation of modern logistics enterprise's core philosophy is to use information systems to integrate the management of customers,dealers, transporters, manufacturers, logistics companies, suppliers, logistics best purpose and economy, thereby enhancing the entire social resources the level of utilization. Therefore, the information technology has become a decisive factor in logistics enterprises in the rapid development. Strengthening logistics enterprise information technology infrastructure, building enterprise information platform, making full use of the Internet, carrying out business e-commerce, business, sales information, the establishment of an integrated logistics information management system is an important way to enhance the competitiveness of the logistics enterprises . The integrated logistics information system projects related to the scope is very wide, large-scale project into a huge project, is a complex systems engineering. This relates to the procurement, production, sales and information processing in complex systems, there is an urgent need for professional project management.II.FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICSLogistics information system is a modern logistics system of thought based on the use of IT which fully utilize the information in the planning, management and control and operational aspects, fast feedback, which provide thebasis for decision-makers and decision support, which improve logistics efficiency and optimize the supply chain integration of information systems[1]. Simply speaking, logistics information system logistics activities and the integration process is linked to this integration process. It can be divided into four subsystems: subsystem of the transaction, management control subsystem, decision analysis subsystem, as well as strategic planning subsystem.Specifically, the basic functions of logistics information systems have the following:.1) Order processing, inquiries and information storage capabilities.2) Scientific management control planning and implementation functions.3) Accurate and timely feedback function.4) Timely statistical analysis of data and scientific decision-making functions.Logistics information system has five characteristics:1) Span large. Modern logistics is a large span of the system. It can be decomposed into several sub-systems. Span performance on the geographical span and the time span, logistics management is difficult, a high degree of reliance on the network.2) Dynamic. Logistics information system connects multiple enterprise users, with the demand, supply, channel, price changes, the system elements and operation of the system often change, so the stability of the system dynamic.3) Preview poor. System prior to the implementation of a clear system description of the structure, function, performance, etc. but constantly in the process of system implementation and stereotypes, which makes it preview.4) Complexity. Elements of the logistics system is very complex, its running objects across various social material resources which bring the complexity of the logistics information system.5) Systematic. Systematize logistics business decisions, making the overall optimization of the pursuit of corporate logistics activities.III.PROJECT LIFE CYCLELogistics information system project life cycle is from the initial planning of the system by the construction, operation, expansion or upgrade, until the system end-of-life experience at all stages of the order of combination. Through 2012 Second International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization the full life cycle management system project, the project management fully gives full play to the investment of the project management in the construction process of the logistics information system, schedule, quality control role, and enhances the performance and management level of the logistics management.According to the functions and features of the logistics information system, the logistics information system project is divided into the conception, development, execute, finish of the four stages of the project[2].The conception phase of the project is proposed the Feasible demonstrate.According to the initial study and the preparation of the logistics enterprises in the development of information technology planning, project planning, project proposal, and then after the feasibility study until the project report approved projects up to the early stage.The development phase of the project refers to the human, financial, material and all hardware and software to prepare viable projects to do the pre-construction, is the project's overall planning, whose main task is to project tasks and resources to carry out detail planning and configuration. The execute phase of the project is that implement of the logistics information system projects with the project plan .The implementation phase is the longest in the project life cycle, the largest amount of work completed up to the stage of the resource consumption. This stage, according to the project work breakdown structure (WBS) and network planning organization and coordination to ensure that the shelf life of the tasks completed on schedule.The finish stage of the project is the end of the life cycle of the project. It is to complete the project, forming the final product. Project organizers want to project the financial liquidation, the document summarizes, the evaluation and acceptance.Due to the particularity of the logistics industry, logistics information system project life cycle is based on the actual situation and specific needs to modify and determine the life cycle .Then, the project is expected is ensured.Logistics information systems project management is a typical process management, model of life cycle theory, emphasizing the importance of the project management process, project life cycle model for us to successfully carry out the activities in the actual project management provides various the theoretical basis and support[3]. Logistics information systems project life cycle stages, the size of their workload and property investment in great uncertainty and the success rate is affected by many factors. Generally the conception phase is quite short, as long as the project manager and key actors in the project approval would be sufficient. the development phase requires intensive work, and usually has a large amount of work. the execute phase isthe period of the specific implementation of project tasks, a lot of work done at this stage. when the workload is significantly reduced at the end stage. Uncertainty and the success rate curve of the logistics information system project phase as shown in Figure 1. Only well-planned project life cycle for each phase of the mission, and strengthening the control of key processes, carrying conscientiously out the project management, the logistics companies are possible to achieve the logistics information system data, the implementation of the integrated management of the process, resource integration. So the logistics companies must reduce the project management process randomness and the interference of human factors in order to achieve the standardization of the management of information technology projects[4].Figure 1 uncertainty and the success rate curveIV.PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROCESSThe nature of the logistics information systems project management is product of the combination of the project process and management process, shown in Figure2. The realization of the project consists of a series of project phase , any project can be dividedinto four different project phases. Similarly, for the management of the whole process of a project carried out by an independent process, this project management process can be further divided into different phases or activities. Throughout the entire life cycle of the project, the logistics information systems project manage- ment has five management process - initiating, planning, executing, controlling, closing[5]. Logistics information system project management process, each stage has its own start and end range, the phase of the input file and at this stage to produce an output file. The same time, each stage has a stage control barrier, namely the completion of this stage will produce important documents into the next phase of the input file. Completion of each stage must control mark this stage into the next phase of work[6].The initiating process: defining the logistics system work and activities of the project stage, the beginning of the decision-making phase of the project or not, and whether to continue to carry on work.The planning process: formulation, preparation and revision of the logistics phase of the project objectives, work plans, programs, resources and supply plans, cost estimates, planning emergency measures aspects of the work. The executing process: organization and coordination of various resources, the tasks and work. motivating the project team to complete its work plan, generating the work of the project outputs and materials. Logistics system detailed operation process and the user's KPIs (key business performance indicators) are generated in this process, the success of the logistics information system is strongly dependent on the executing process.The Controlling process: the development of standards, monitoring and measurement system to analyze the differences and problems and take corrective measures and other management tasks and activities.The closing process: the logistics system project phase of the transfer and acceptance of conditions, and the outcome of the transfer. In the phase, the key milestones of thelogistics system project are established, so that logistics system project is successfully closed. It lead a logistics information system to a virtuous circle.Figure 2 Logistics information system management process and project processV.PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS ANDCOUNTERMEASURESA.Problems1) Lack of uniform standardsOur national logistics standardization system is imperfect. despite the logistics labeling standard system has already been established and a number of important national standards have been developed, such as the "barcode", "storage unit bar code", "logistics unit barcode, these standards application exist problems. The lack of uniform standards lead to difficult logistics information coordinated, has seriously hampered the development of logistics information[7].2) Logistics information system building needs is not clearWhat are the logistics companies do not know their own business development strategy and set of information objectives? Its construction are lack of unified planning, and focus only on theconstruction of local information, such as system security, the reaction rate, reports on an important position local range to achieve timely information and a valid pass. There are poor transmission of information in the different departments of the enterprise, different enterprises, different business and government. The results lead to isolated islands of information. Information islands caused by the enterprises are unable to share information resources, information resources idle, it is difficult to help the business processes a full range of information systems and business needs are difficult to one. business processes and information systems business processes do not always match.3) Lack of adequate research and comprehensive talent Logistics enterprises lack information technology professionals in the logistics information system. So construction of the logistics information system outsource to software companies, but the software company does not have a strong project management background of logistics information system. Project managers are not familiar with the elements of management, management processes but after several meetings or research in accordance with the requirements of the customers. In particular, some customers demand is not very clear on their own time, resulting in the developed information system is not holistic, global ill-considered, the software does not have the operability and ease of use, extremely powerful and complex operating . Through the long-term training users can be a good operator, the operator do not want to use the system. Therefore, It is imperative that the logistics companies must train talent who not only understand the business but also understands the development of software.4) Lack of effective organization and managementThe construction of logistics information has not been established in the management of logistics enterprises in positions of power, coupled with the lack of a mature and effective methodology guidance system operational and implementation aspects of leadership and lack of execution.B.Countermeasures1) Logistics enterprises in a variety of resources should establish a standardized and unified coding, channels and methods of information collection.and it must be standardized, open, stable, while research on information science and rational, in-depth processing flow way. Logistics enterprises should establish a standardized system of standards with international logistics, and increase the enforcement of the standard. For example, information exchange of EDI and e-commerce industry standards, the standardization of logistics enterprise information network standards enforcement. 2) The information system is a systematic project, involving all aspects of logistics management, logistics companies, financial, material, and a variety of management methods, management practices, management procedures. they need to use the computer and related technologies such as network technology communications technology.Application development should be organic combination of management and technical. the logistics enterpriseEnterprise must design information system from the entire logistics enterprise view, and access, analyze demand demand, a rational, comprehensive, proper requirement specification with the special group, covering logistics enterprise management, management of each link.3) Logistics enterprises should actively improve corporate personnel training system. On one hand,through internal training ,public recruitment and cooperation with universities, research institutes, enterprises introduce and develop information technology personnel. On the other hand, enterprises retain talent, also make them to play an important role in enterprises.4) Enterprises must establish informatization manage- ment structure-logistics management information center.Logistics enterprise system should try to strengthen the role of clearing-house function. Logistics Information Center, is responsible for the informatization construction of enterprises in the long-term development planning and implementation plans; responsible for the purchase of equipment and maintenance; responsible for the unified development of the application system; responsible for industry sector construction sector to develop IT norms and standards; coordination with other industry resources sharing platform.中国矿业大学2013届本科生毕业设计（论文）第56页中文译文：信息系统项目管理在物流企业中的应用研究兰斯阿斯兰实验室建设与管理系Erzincan大学伊斯坦布尔，土耳其摘要：在不断发展的项目管理领域的快速发展提供了机会，在物流企业信息化建设的应用。
学生宿舍管理系统简介外文翻译
1．外文资料翻译译文学生宿舍管理系统简介威廉·西德尼·波特随着社会信息技术的提高，计算机已被广泛应用于当今社会的各个领域，成为推动社会发展的首要技术动力。
在软件技术的应用中，软件的开发技术，尤其是应用型软件产品的开发技术成了重中之重。
不断开发适应用户需求、市场需要的新型软件产品，参与市场竞争，获取最大利润是全球信息企业追求的目标。
学生公寓管理系统正是一个非常实用的应用型软件产品，它的应用范围就是十分广泛的，只要学校为学生提供了住宿条件，都可以采用。
当今大学校园内的学生公寓来说，其数据量大，各种信息管理内容复杂，查询和管理学生信息和校园内的公寓信息等工作由人工完成将是很累的，也许还很不切实际，不仅浪费了许多人力物力资源，而且还很容易出现差错，有一个符合要求的软件对其进行智能化的学生公寓管理是最好不过的，节省了人力物力资源，并且对各种信息的把握和操作也更加方便了，对所有信息有了一个全局的掌握。
传统模式下利用人工进行学生宿舍管理，存在着较多的缺点，如：效率低，保密性差，时间一长将产生大量的文件和数据，更不便于查找，更新，维护等。
令学校管理者对学生的信息管理带来了很大困难，严重影响了教育工作者的工作效率，针对这些情况，我们可使用日趋成熟的计算机技术来代替传统的人工模式，来实现学生信息的现代化管理，这一技术具有手工管理所无法比拟的优点，如：检索迅速，查找方便，可靠性高，存储量大，保密性好，寿命长，成本底等。
这些优点能够极大地提高学生信息管理的效率，使我们的学校在市场经济的发展过程中具有一定的竞争优势，也是学校实现科学化，正规化，现代化的重要条件。
实现了科学、统一管理，避免了人工操作产生的错误，大大提高了工作效率。
2.外文原文Introduction of student hostels ManagementSystemWilliam Sydney PorterWith the improvement of social information technology, computers have been widely used in today's society in various fields, promote social development as the primary driving force for technology. In the application of software technology, software development technology, in particular application software product development technology has become top priority. Continuously adapt to the development of user needs, the needs of the market of new software products that compete in the market, reap the maximum profit is the global information business pursuit of the goal. Student housing management system is a very practical application of software products, its scope of application is very broad, as long as the schools to provide students with accommodation, can be used.Today's campus of the University of student apartments, the volume of data, information management complexity, query and management of student information and campus apartment information, and other manual work will be completed very tired, very probably unrealistic, Not only a waste of many human and material resources, but is still prone to error, a software meet the requirements of its intelligent management of student housing is the best, however, a saving of human and material resources, and to grasp and all kinds of information Operation is also more convenient, with all the information on the overall situation of a master.Under the traditional model of using manual management of student hostels, there are more shortcomings, such as: efficiency at the end of the confidentiality of poor, Shijianyizhang will have a large number of documents and data, not easy to find, update and maintenance. The school administrators to students in information management has brought great difficulties, a serious impact on the efficiency of education workers, in these instances, we can use increasingly sophisticated computertechnology to replace the traditional manual mode, to realize the modernization of information students Management, technology management manual is incomparable advantages, such as: search quickly to find convenient, high reliability and large capacity storage, security and good, long life, such as at the end of the cost. These advantages can greatly improve the efficiency of information management students, to make our schools in the development of market economy in the process has a competitive advantage, but also schools to achieve a scientific, standardized and modernized the important conditions. To achieve a scientific, unified management, to avoid the mistakes of the operation, greatly improving the work efficiency.。
订单管理信息系统外文翻译
Order Management System 订单管理系统Abstract 摘要This document describes the background design and what results thatwere obtained when devloping the software called PHP Order Manager.PHP Order Manager is a software for helping a small company managetheir orders. This includes entering the orders when they arrive andhandle changes during the production. The system uses MySQL for thedatabase back end and PHP for interfacing the database. PHP OrderManager has great support for modules and has a nice user adminstrationtool.本文档描述了开发PHP 订单管理系统软件的背景，设计，以及该软件所会产生的结果。
PHP 订单管理系统是一个帮助小型企业管理订单的软件。
这包括，订单产生时订单的输入以及订单在生产过程中及时更新信息的输入。
该系统采用了MySQL 数据库以及采用PHP 技术访问MySQL。
PHP 订单管理系统支持模块化，是一款很好的用户管理工具。
1 Introduction 1 简介The project started with a request from DesginaDoors AB DD. DD is asmall company situated in rnskldsvik with fifteen to twenty employees.They manufacture custom made wooden doors to both private personsand companies. Today DD use a paper-based order management systemwhich is very inconvienient for the company because when for example achange is made new papers has to be printed out and be delivered outinto the factory. All the papers are made in Excel but they also have asmall Access database that they don’t use so much because they have to have Access on every computer. DD wanted a better solution for theirorder management system a database with a web based interface thatcould contain all the information that today is in Excel and Access. Themain feature of the wanted system is that you should be able to regísternew orders change existing ones and delete orders that have beencancelled. To be useful the system should also support some kind of userand group management so that the personnel only can access informationthat is relevant to their line of work. The system will also give thecompany benfits becasue it will allow for statistical analysis of the orderintake and the production time. With such a system you could forexample check the time every order spend in each section of the factoryand thereby find slow phases in the production.这个项目是根据DesginaDoors AB（简称DD）公司的需求开发的。
外文翻译---基于GIS的城市规划和管理信息系统的分析和设计
外文资料Urban planning and management information systemsanalysis and design based on GISIn 2000 October the Central Committee of Communist Party of China fifteen 5 in plenary meeting passes the" CPC Central Committee on national economic and Social Development tenth five year plan suggestion", put forward clearly to want to accelerate national economy and social informatization pace, advance national economy and social informatization to be put in first place. In 2001March, the ninth session of the National People's Congress approved by the fourth meeting of the" people's Republic of China national economy and social development Tenth Five Year Plan", the realization of information also made the following provisions: according to the application of dominant, market oriented, network construction, resources sharing, technology innovation, competition and opening up the development train of thought, realize our country information industry hard span type develops, accelerate advance informatization, improve the information industry the proportion in national economy. " City planning, construction, management and services of digital engineering" ( referred to as the city of Digital Engineering ) has also been through the Ministry of science and technology new and high division of acceptance by experts. By the international and domestic situation is not difficult to see that the city planning information and the importance of the obtained good opportunity. From the economic and technical point of view, the rapid development of science and technology and the social economy make a spurt of progress of city planning management concept, methods and means raised new taller requirement. By means of modern science and technology especially the information means to improve city planning and management, improve the level of the city planning has become the inevitable trend of history. On the political and economic background, city planning and management information system of this discipline emerge as the times require. China city planning management information technology application start sub nineteen eighties later, in Changzhou, Luoyang and Shashi three city world bank loan for city planning and management information system construction for mark. After 15 years of development, city planning and management industry of China has become the most influential OIS application, development rate is the rapiddest, achieved practical results most industry. The application of GIS for city planning and managementprovides a fast and efficient means of acquiring information, information analysis method, provides a new planning management technology, new plan, new forms of public participation and public supervision mechanism. But we can see, at present there are some problems in city planning. Many city more use of a developing system, resulting in a lot of manpower and resources to repeat investment, also shows that the city planning information standardization degree is relatively low; a lot of city planning management information system office automation is more significant than, decision support function is weak, although the city planning and management information system presents from the document to text based change, but its manifestations are still in need of further research and improve; public supervision implement is not common, this and government affairs and resources sharing is the target of a considerable gap. Therefore, based on the GIS city planning management information system research and application of the subject still need further reflection and exploration, and strive in the existing system design based on the way of reasonable summary, follow industry information standardization, enhance the role of decision support, will form is optimized further, and further implementation of public participation and supervision.Based on the analysis of existing relevant systems on the basis of inadequate, after a detailed investigation and research, urban planning and management information system will be designed for three-tier structure system, under the LAN using C / S mode architecture. Related functions for the system designed in accordance with the requirements of the architecture design of the functional relationships between the modules. Analysis of the relevant interface and design, data storage solutions proposed. The design for small and medium urban planning information system provides a viable building program.I．INTRODUCTIONAt present, many small cities have developed their own planning and management information systems, management information systems which have their own characteristics. According to its development platform, can be divided into three categories: First, the office automation management information systems based on the existing database management software, such systems can only be a simple document information storage, information, operation, and graphic information can do nothing, No GIS (geographic information system) functions. Clearly, such systems can not meet the Planning Board's business office and information management requirements,the system lacks integrity. Another single GIS platform as the basis for the development, but generally more difficult this way, the development cycle is longer[1]. As a result, many developers choose to develop a third way, namely, cross-platform development - MIS capabilities in database management software platform, GIS functionality in GIS platform development. This will be a complete office management information systems planning artificial division into two parts, between the two parts of the switching frequency, not only easily lead to system instability, a waste of valuable computer resources and will increase the system overhead and costs , resulting insubstantial increase in the user's development costs[2].Since a system using two platforms, but also limits the system scalability, maintainability of the system will also be greatly reduced. Comparison of three methods based on the development, as well as a large number of practical engineering experience in project development, the key to this design is truly the first "integrated graphics", especially in the deep data integration to achieve "integrated graphics"; second is to how to adopt a flexible, adaptive, tool-based management; addition is to ensure system scalability, as set multiple functional interface to realize the special needs of the user service customization and with the outside world the data import and export data[3]. Thus, the OA office and closely integrated GIS technology in one system, speed, scalability, availability and maintainability have been very good guarantee.II．BUSINESS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSThis article will assist small and medium urban planning and management of business functions can be divided into "Planning and Management", "file management" and "administrative office", "auxiliary management", "sales chart and technical services", "information dissemination" of six parts. All the features of the system are closely around the "Planning and Management" Business expand, each business function is another link between the interaction.III．SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGNUrban planning and management information system is mainly a business process, do the text focus on process control management system to be divided into three structural system, the use of the LAN under the C / S mode architecture. Manage use of specialized GIS software and components, maintenance of spatial datamanagement and data conversion. Three-tier structure: the data layer, including databases, spatial data engine, ArcSDE, function is to store and provide data; business layer (the application logic layer), including application servers, GIS component MapObjects, other components, and network servers, providing network and data application tools; presentation layer, application logic layer using a tool developed to provide different user applications, such as data management, data query functions. The architecture with ArcSDE spatial data engine, the spatial data stored in relational database management system (RDBMS), through the support of a unified database, stored in different databases in the business data (general office data processing) and graphics data (spatial data ) for distributed management, implementation of spatial data and attribute data integrated management; VB using MapObjects GIS component can browse, query spatial data. The document data, VB can access, map data and business data associated with keywords through the project label. Therefore, the user through the visual interface, in the same platform, to achieve the document for (OAS) and the map application (GIS) integration, to achieve the true meaning of "integrated graphics" in the planning and management information systems.IV．FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOFTWARE MODULES DESIGNEDThe system according to the user's business system is divided into several independent modules that can either be used independently, can also be installed together as a complete system can be divided into joint, flexible. Users according to their actual situation step by step, first some of the modules, when conditions are ripe in order to implement other modules, the final completion of system construction. The purpose of this not only reduces the user's risk in the system implementation, the system can also update the effective protection of previous investments. And each module can be intelligently aware of the other modules associated with the information, and so determine its own processing logic. Such as: When the "standard Filmography" sub-module is installed, the toolbar will automatically appear on the "normative Filmography" icon, otherwise there is no "standard Filmography" icon.V．OPEN DESIGN INTERFACESystem according to different functions, set the number of functional interfaces. These interfaces can use Microsoft's "plug-in" technology, can realize the special needs of the user service customization and with the outside of the data import andexport data to address the special needs of the user developers were forced to modify the source of embarrassment. The application of the technology, not only to meet the special needs of users, but also realize the old system and user data conversion problems, and even future data can be output in a specific format for the use of higher-level management, real information sharing between systems.VI．DATA STORAGE DESIGNAccording to the reasonableness of the data structure, data storage and management of security and ease of maintenance. Base system libraries, including user information, organizational information, rights information, feature configuration, the system uses the log information, holiday setting information; the flexibility to set database configuration information including system tables, office processes configuration information, query statistics configuration information, property and geographic information set the configuration information, program approval and the property based on configuration information; in the library to do the project, including storage of all project information in the office, the project after the winding into the history of archives; Historical archives, including all of the files stored profile information; graphical database, including storing topographic maps, plans, video plans and a variety of property information, all kinds of national standards for classified information; expert knowledge base, including storage of a variety of planning regulations, information, typical cases, planners and other empirical knowledge; administrative office library, including sending and receiving text storage, access and other administrative office reception record data and information; technology services, including library records, "Technical Services" module in the required information; release information database including information release ( touch screen, Internet, etc.) the release of information.VII．SUMMARYThis article is the analysis of relevant existing system is inadequate, based on the lessons of the Urban Planning Management Information System on the merits, conducted a detailed analysis and design. And as far as possible with the OA office in one closely integrated GIS technologies, the system's speed, scalability, availability and maintainability can get a good guarantee. The system design is the key to achieve "integrated graphics", aims to improve planning and management of office efficiency and work quality, the specification of a book the two card approval of administrativelicensing work processes, and to improve planning and management of external services and public image.中文译文基于GIS的城市规划和管理信息系统的分析和设计在2000年10月中共中央十五届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济社会发展第十个五年计划的建议》中，明确提出要加快国民经济和社会信息化的步伐，把推进国民经济和社会信息化放在优先位置。
运动会信息管理系统外文翻译
运动会信息管理系统外文翻译引言运动会是学校和机构中的重要活动，涉及到参赛人员的报名、成绩管理、场地安排等诸多方面。
为了提高运动会的组织效率和管理质量，开发一种运动会信息管理系统是至关重要的。
本文将对一篇关于运动会信息管理系统的外文进行翻译，并把翻译内容以Markdown文本格式输出。
原文以下是原文的部分内容。
Sports Event Information Management System Abstract: In order to improve the efficiency of s ports event organization and the quality of manag ement, a sports event information management syst em is developed. The system includes functions su ch as participant registration, result management, venue arrangement, and data analysis. The system is designed to be user-friendly and flexible, pr oviding a convenient platform for sports event or ganization and management.1. IntroductionSports events are important activities in schoolsand institutions, involving various aspects such as participant registration, result management, and venue arrangement. Traditionally, these tasks are carried out manually, which is time-consumin g and prone to errors. With the development of in formation technology, the application of informat ion systems in sports event management has becomea trend.2. System FeaturesThe sports event information management system ha s the following features:2.1 Participant RegistrationThe system provides a user-friendly interface for participants to register for sports events. Part icipants can input their personal information, ch oose the events they want to participate in, and submit their registration online. The system will automatically generate unique participant IDs an d store the registration information in the datab ase.2.2 Result ManagementOnce the sports events are completed, the system allows administrators to input the results. The s ystem will automatically calculate the scores and rankings based on the input results. The results can be easily accessed and displayed in real-tim e, providing a clear view of the performance of p articipants.2.3 Venue ArrangementThe system provides a function for administratorsto arrange the venues for sports events. Adminis trators can choose the suitable venues based on t he requirements of different events, and assign t he time slots for each event. The system will gen erate a venue arrangement schedule, ensuring the smooth progress of the sports events.2.4 Data AnalysisThe system provides data analysis tools, allowing administrators to generate various reports and s tatistics based on the collected data. The report s and statistics can help evaluate the overall pe rformance of the sports events, identify potentia l areas for improvement, and make informed decisi ons for future events.3. ConclusionThe sports event information management system is a powerful tool for organizing and managing spor ts events. It improves the efficiency of event or ganization, reduces the workload of administrator s, and enhances the overall quality of management. With the user-friendly interface and flexible fe atures, the system provides a convenient platform for participants, administrators, and other stak eholders in sports events.翻译内容运动会信息管理系统摘要：为了提高运动会组织的效率和管理的质量，开发了一种运动会信息管理系统。
信息管理系统中英文翻译
外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThis invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.BACKGROUDN OF THE INVENTIONOn-line information retrieval systems are utilized for searching and retrieving many kinds of information. Most systems used today work in essentially the same manner; that is, users log on (through a computer terminal or personal microcomputer, and typically from a remote location), select a source of information (i.e., a particular database) which is usually something less than the complete domain, formulate a query, launch the search, and then review the search results displayed on the terminal or microcomputer, typically with documents (or summaries of documents) displayed in reverse chronological order. This process must be repeated each time another source (database) or group of sources is selected (which is frequently necessary in order to insure all relevant documents have been found).Additionally, this process places on the user the burden of organizing and assimilating the multiple results generated from the launch of the same query in each of the multiple sources (databases) that the user needs (or wants) to search. Present systems that allow searching of large domains require persons seeking information in these domains to attempt to modify their queries to reduce the search results to a size that the user can assimilate by browsing through them (thus, potentially eliminating relevant results).In many cases end users have been forced to use an intermediary (i.e., a professional searcher) because the current collections of sources are both complex and extensive, and effective search strategies often vary significantly from one source to another. Even with such guidance, potential relevant answers are missed because all potentially relevant databases or information sources are not searched on every query. Much effort has been expended on refining and improving source selection by grouping sources or database files together. Significant effort has also been expended on query formulation through the use of knowledge bases and natural language processing. However, as the groupings of sources become larger, and the responses to more comprehensive search queries become more complete, the person seeking information is often faced with the daunting task of sifting through large unorganized answer sets in an attempt to find the most relevant documents or information.3.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that are readily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.4.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in the invention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting search results.5.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, source selection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
管理信息系统外文翻译1
英语专业资料Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS (Management Information System), emphasizing the management, stressed that the information in modern society it has become increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific management and system science, operations research, statistics and computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal cutting system.Management information system of modern information management is an indispensable part of the work, is to meet modern standards of high-tech information management requirements, to promote scientific management, standardization of the necessary conditions. Only information practices, in order to offer better living environment and convenient living space.Information management is an extremely important resource, management depends on the success or failure of an effective decision-making, and the correct degree of decision-making depends largely on the quality of information.In the 21st century, mankind will enter the knowledge economy era, the era of knowledge economy is the rapid development of technology and knowledge, information was explosive expansion of the times. The threat of the so-called information that this is the human face to deal with the large amount of information it difficult to deal with the state, and cause confusion results.The emergence of a computer to solve this problem, because the computer quickly and accurately as information collection, processing, use,may be provided for.With computer technology, communications technology, network technology as the representative of modern information technology leap in development, human being from the industrial age into the information age, there is growing importance of information resources development and use of "information" has become a country Economic and social development of the key links, the level of information has become the level of a country's level of modernization and an important indicator of overall national strength.Management Information System is a computer and composed, to manage information collection, transmission, processing, preservation, maintenance and use of the system, it measured the national economy and enterprises, to help achieve its planned objectives.The development of computer-aided management has experienced four stages: transaction processing, handling systems to support decision-making, integrated services.In modern society, social trends and the expansion of social demand for our products so that enterprises in production and business activities relating to the expansion of the accumulation of internal and external information, with the rapid progress of science and technology and rapid development of production, so that human knowledge of the accelerating growth rate, the increase in the amount of information , Changes in the external environment becomes faster, artificial have not qualified. How to collect sufficient information resources, strong message and take advantage of the positive and timely development of effective use of information explosion of information resources has become a modern social problems. The emergence of a computer to solve this problem, because the computer quickly and accurately as information collection, processing, use, may be provided for. Computer technology and communications technologies with great modern information technology to promote the development of national information to speed up the process, the international community to build the information highway and an upsurge of Chinese workers, "the" famous works as the representative of national projects undertaken, so that China's Enterprise Information facing the new situation.Electronic computers adapt to modern society rapidly growing amount of information management, information life short, require timely conversion problem. Information systems from electronic data processing, information reporting system, decision support system to the further development of expert systems and support the leadership of the implementation of the decision-making process information in support of strategic decision-making competition in the strategic information systems. Today's society of modern information technology extensively to the rapid penetration of social life in various fields but in the management information system applications are still very imperfect, is the initial stage. Computer support for the work of the management, not only data processing, but also to support decision-making tools, from the mass of information collection, collation, analysis provided to managers, policy-related information, relevantpolicy analysis, and even managers Interactive dialogue to generate decision-making. At present the various sectors of the computer processing of information management, in large part are still individual business rationale, in the electronic data-processing stage, and units from transaction processing system to support system to deal with the real has also established a predictive control and support functions of management decision-making Information systems. Although the information system has a certain development, business process automation control office has made great progress, but far from perfect. Should make full use of the computer processing of information, we must start from the current situation, look to the future, the development of suitable units, a small industry management system, or even one-step, such as salary management system, and then gradually improve, and constantly expanded. Management Information System is one of the characteristics of centralized data, using the database. Use database technology to address data sharing issues. Database with a certain data model organization of data, data-oriented systems, procedures independent of the data, and data independence, to reduce data redundancy and inconsistency, and easy programming, expansion, removal. In particular, the 20th century the late 1970s distributed, in the face of object database, so that data and data from the operation as an object database management system to better use and reduce the possibility of problems. Attribute their inheritance in object share data And operation of great convenience to the users. All in all management information system is set scientific。
外文文献及翻译-供应链管理系统(SCMS)
外文文献及翻译-供应链管理系统(SCMS)摘要本文介绍了供应链管理系统（SCMS）的概念、功能和优势。
供应链管理系统是一种集成的信息技术解决方案，旨在优化供应链的运作和管理。
通过实时跟踪和监控，SCMS可以实现供应链的可见性、协调和效率。
引言随着全球贸易的发展，供应链的复杂性和竞争性也在不断增加。
供应链管理系统的出现为企业提供了一种解决方案，可以有效地管理供应链中的各个环节，并提高整体效率和竞争力。
SCMS的概念和功能供应链管理系统（SCMS）是一种综合性的信息技术解决方案，用于管理和优化供应链的运作和管理。
其主要功能包括：1. 订单管理：SCMS可以帮助企业实现订单的自动化处理和跟踪。
从订单的生成到交付的整个过程可以通过SCMS进行监控和管理。
2. 库存管理：SCMS可以提供准确的库存信息，并帮助企业优化库存的管理和控制。
通过实时的库存监控和预测功能，企业可以避免库存过剩或缺货的问题。
3. 运输管理：SCMS可以协调和优化供应链中的运输活动。
通过实时的运输跟踪和路线规划，SCMS可以减少运输成本、提高运输效率，并及时解决运输中的问题。
4. 供应商管理：SCMS可以帮助企业管理供应商的信息和合作关系。
通过供应商评估和选择功能，企业可以选择最适合自身需求的供应商，并建立长期的合作关系。
SCMS的优势使用供应链管理系统（SCMS）可以带来以下几个优势：1. 提高运作效率：SCMS可以实现供应链的可见性，帮助企业实时了解各个环节的情况，并及时作出调整。
这样可以减少不必要的等待和浪费，提高整体运作效率。
2. 降低成本：通过优化库存管理和运输规划，SCMS可以帮助企业减少库存成本和运输成本。
此外，SCMS还可以提高供应链中各个环节的协同效率，进一步降低企业的成本。
3. 提升客户满意度：SCMS可以提供准确的订单跟踪和交付信息，帮助企业提高客户满意度。
客户可以实时了解订单的状态和预计到达时间，减少不确定性和等待时间。
科研实验室信息管理系统外文翻译
科研实验室信息管理系统外文翻译科研实验室信息管理系统（Research Laboratory Information Management System，简称RLIMS）是一种用于管理科研实验室数据和操作的信息技术系统。
其目标是提高实验室的工作效率和数据管理的准确性。
RLIMS主要包括以下功能模块：实验室信息管理RLIMS允许实验室管理人员维护实验室的基础信息，包括实验室名称、地址、联系人等。
这些信息可以方便地进行更新和修改，并与其他模块进行关联。
实验任务管理实验室中的各项实验任务可以通过RLIMS进行管理。
研究人员可以创建任务、设置任务的截止日期和优先级，并与其他任务进行关联。
RLIMS可以提醒研究人员任务的进度，并支持任务之间的依赖关系。
数据采集和存储RLIMS提供了数据采集和存储的功能。
研究人员可以通过系统记录实验数据和观测结果，并对数据进行分类和归档。
数据的可视化和分析也是RLIMS的一项重要功能。
设备管理实验室中常用的设备可以通过RLIMS进行管理。
系统可以记录设备的基本信息、存放位置和使用情况，并进行设备的预约和借用管理。
这有助于避免设备的冲突使用和提高设备的利用率。
安全管理RLIMS还包括安全管理的功能。
研究人员可以在系统中记录实验室中的危险品和安全事故信息，并进行安全知识的共享和传播。
这有助于提高实验室的安全意识和应急响应能力。
总结来说，科研实验室信息管理系统可以有效地提高实验室工作效率和数据管理的准确性。
通过集成实验室各项管理功能，RLIMS为实验室管理人员和研究人员提供了统一的工作平台，促进了实验室的规范化运作和科研成果的积累。
*以上内容仅供参考，具体实现可能因系统需求和功能定制而有所不同。
信息系统信息技术中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献Information Systems Outsourcing Life Cycle And Risks Analysis 1. IntroductionInformation systems outsourcing has obtained tremendous attentions in the information technology industry.Although there are a number of reasons for companies to pursuing information systems (IS)outsourcing , the most prominent motivation for IS outsourcing that revealed in the literatures was “cost saving”. Costfactor has been a major decision factors for IS outsourcing.Other than cost factor, there are other reasons for outsourcing decision.The Outsourcing Institute surveyed outsourcing end-users from their membership in 1998 and found that top 10 reasons companies outsource were:Reduce and control operating costs,improve company focus,gain access to world-class capabilities,free internal resources for other purposes, resources are not available internally, accelerate reengineering benefits, function difficult to manage/out of control,make capital funds available, share risks, and cash infusion.Within these top ten outsourcing reasons, there are three items that related to financial concerns, they are operating costs, capital funds available, and cash infusion. Since the phenomenon of wage difference exists in the outsourced countries, it is obvious that outsourcing companies would save remarkable amount of labor cost.According to Gartner, Inc.'s report, world business outsourcing services would grow from $110 billion in 2002 to $173 billion in 2007,a proximately 9.5% annual growth rate.In addition to cost saving concern, there are other factors that influence outsourcing decision, including the awareness of success and risk factors, the outsourcing risks identification and management,and the project quality management. Outsourcing activities are substantially complicated and outsourcing project usually carries a huge array of risks. Unmanaged outsourcing risks will increase total project cost, devaluatesoftware quality, delay project completion time, and finally lower the success rate of the outsourcing project.Outsourcing risks have been discovered in areas such as unexpected transition and management costs, switching costs, costly contractual amendments, disputes and litigation, service debasement, cost escalation, loss of organizational competence, hidden service costs,and so on.Most published outsourcing studies focused on organizational and managerial issues. We believe that IS outsourcing projects embrace various risks and uncertainty that may inhibit the chance of outsourcing success. In addition to service and management related risk issues, we feel that technical issues that restrain the degree of outsourcing success may have been overlooked. These technical issues are project management, software quality, and quality assessment methods that can be used to implement IS outsourcing projects.Unmanaged risks generate loss. We intend to identify the technical risks during outsourcing period, so these technical risks can be properly managed and the cost of outsourcing project can be further reduced. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the different phases of IS outsourcing life cycle, and to discuss the implications of success and risk factors, software quality and project management,and their impacts to the success of IT outsourcing.Most outsourcing initiatives involve strategic planning and management participation, therefore, the decision process is obviously broad and lengthy. In order to conduct a comprehensive study onto outsourcing project risk analysis, we propose an IS outsourcing life cycle framework to be served as a yardstick. Each IS outsourcing phase is named and all inherited risks are identified in this life cycle framework.Furthermore,we propose to use software qualitymanagement tools and methods in order to enhance the success rate of IS outsourcing project.ISO 9000 is a series of quality systems standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).ISO's quality standards have been adopted by many countries as a major target for quality certification.Other ISO standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 9000-3,ISO 9004-2, and ISO 9004-4 are quality standards that can be applied to the software industry.Currently, ISO is working on ISO 31000, a risk management guidance standard. These ISO quality systems and risk management standards are generic in nature, however, they may not be sufficient for IS outsourcing practice. This paper, therefore,proposes an outsourcing life cycle framework to distinguish related quality and risk management issues during outsourcing practice.The following sections start with needed theoretical foundations to IS outsourcing,including economic theories, outsourcing contracting theories, and risk theories. The IS outsourcing life cycle framework is then introduced.It continues to discuss the risk implications in precontract,contract, and post-contract phases. ISO standards on quality systems and risk management are discussed and compared in the next section. A conclusion and direction for future study are provided in the last section.2. Theoretical foundations2.1. Economic theories related to outsourcingAlthough there are a number of reasons for pursuing IS outsourcing,the cost savingis a main attraction that leads companies to search for outsourcing opportunities. In principle, five outsourcing related economic theories that lay the groundwork of outsourcing practice, theyare:(1)production cost economics,(2)transaction cost theory,(3)resource based theory,(4)competitive advantage, and(5)economies of scale.Production cost economics was proposed by Williamson, who mentioned that “a firm seeks to maximize its profit also subjects to its production function and market opportunities for selling outputs and buying inputs”. It is clear that production cost economics identifies the phenomenon that a firm may pursue the goal of low-cost production process.Transaction cost theory was proposed by Coase. Transaction cost theory implies that in an economy, there are many economic activities occurred outside the price systems. Transaction costs in business activities are the time and expense of negotiation, and writing and enforcing contracts between buyers and suppliers .When transaction cost is low because of lower uncertainty, companies are expected to adopt outsourcing.The focus of resource-based theory is “the heart of the firm centers on deployment and combination of specific inputs rather than on avoidance of opportunities”. Conner suggested that “Firms as seekers of costly-to-copy inputs for production and distribution”.Through resource-based theory, we can infer that “outsourcing decision is to seek external resources or capability for meeting firm's objectives such as cost-saving and capability improving”.Porter, in his competitive forces model, proposed the concept of competitive advantage. Besanko et al.explicated the term of competitive advantage, through economic concept, as “When a firm(or business unit within a multi-business firm) earns a higher rate of economic profit than the average rate of economic profit of other firms competing within the same market, the firm has a competitive advantage.” Outsourcing decision, therefore, is to seek cost saving that meets the goal of competitive advantage within a firm.The economies of scale is a theoretical foundation for creating and sustaining the consulting business. Information systems(IS) and information technology(IT) consulting firms, in essence, bear the advantage of economies of scale since their average costs decrease because they offer a mass amount of specialized IS/IT services in the marketplace.2.2. Economic implication on contractingAn outsourcing contract defines the provision of services and charges that need to be completed in a contracting period between two contracting parties. Since most IS/IT projects are large in scale, a valuable contract should list complete set of tasks and responsibilities that each contracting party needs to perform. The study of contracting becomes essential because a complete contract setting could eliminate possible opportunistic behavior, confusion, and ambiguity between two contracting parties.Although contracting parties intend to reach a complete contract,in real world, most contracts are incomplete. Incomplete contracts cause not only implementing difficultiesbut also resulting in litigation action. Business relationship may easily be ruined by holding incomplete contracts. In order to reach a complete contract, the contracting parties must pay sufficient attention to remove any ambiguity, confusion, and unidentified and immeasurable conditions/ terms from the contract. According to Besanko et al., incomplete contracting stems from the following three factors: bounded rationality, difficulties on specifying or measuring performance, and asymmetric information.Bounded rationality describes human limitation on information processing, complexity handling, and rational decision-making. An incomplete contract stems from unexpected circumstances that may be ignored during contract negotiation. Most contracts consist of complex product requirements and performance measurements. In reality, it is difficult to specify a set of comprehensive metrics for meeting each party's right and responsibility. Therefore, any vague or open-ended statements in contract will definitely result in an incomplete contract. Lastly, it is possible that each party may not have equal access to all contract-relevant information sources. This situation of asymmetric information results in an unfair negotiation,thus it becomes an incomplete contract.2.3. Risk in outsource contractingRisk can be identified as an undesirable event, a probability function,variance of the distribution of outcomes, or expected loss. Risk can be classified into endogenous and exogenous ris ks. Exogenous risks are“risks over which we have no control and which are not affected by our actions.”. For example, natural disasters such as earthquakes and flood are exogenous risks. Endogenous risks are “risks that are dependent on our actions”.We can infer that risks occurring during outsource contracting should belong to such category.Risk (RE) can be calculated through “a function of the probability of a negative outcome and the importance of the loss due to the occurrence of this outcome:RE = ΣiP(UOi)≠L(UOi) (1) where P(UOi) is the probability of an undesirable outcome i, and L(UOi) is the loss due to the undesirable outcome i.”.Software risks can also be analyzed through two characteristics :uncertainty and loss. Pressman suggested that the best way to analyze software risks is to quantify the level of uncertainty and the degree of loss that associated with each kind of risk. His risk content matches to above mentioned Eq.(1).Pressman classified software risks into the following categories: project risks, technical risks, and business risks.Outsourcing risks stem from various sources. Aubert et al. adopted transaction cost theory and agency theory as the foundation for deriving undesirable events and their associated risk factors.Transaction cost theory has been discussed in the Section 2.2. Agency theory focuses on client's problem while choosing an agent(that is, a service provider), and working relationship building and maintenance, under the restriction of information asymmetry.Various risk factors would be produced if such agent–client relationship becomes crumble.It is evident that a complete contract could eliminate the risk that caused by an incomplete contract and/or possible opportunistic behavior prompted by any contracting party. Opportunistic behavior is one of the main sources that cause transactional risk. Opportunistic behavior occurs when a transactional partner observes away of saving cost or removing responsibility during contracting period, this company may take action to pursue such opportunity. This type of opportunistic behavior could be encouraged if such contract was not completely specified at the first place.Outsourcing risks could generate additional unexpected cost to an outsourcing project. In order to conduct a better IS outsourcing project, identifying possible risk factors and implementing matured risk management process could make information systems outsourcing more successful than ever.rmation system outsourcing life cycleThe life cycle concept is originally used to describe a period of one generation of organism in biological system. In essence, the term of life cycle is the description of all activities that a subject is involved in a period from its birth to its end. The life cycle concept has been applied into project management area. A project life cycle, according to Schwalbe, is a collection of project phases such as concept,development, implementation, and close-out. Within the above mentioned four phases, the first two phases center on “planning”activity and the last two phases focus on “delivery the actual work” Of project management.Similarly, the concept of life cycle can be applied into information systems outsourcing analysis. Information systems outsourcing life cycle describes a sequence of activities to be performed during company's IS outsourcing practice. Hirsch heim and Dibbern once described a client-based IS outsourcing life cycle as: “It starts with the IS outsourcing decision, continues with the outsourcing relationship(life of the contract)and ends with the cancellation or end of the relationship, i.e., the end of the contract. The end of the relationship forces a new outsourcing decision.” It is clear that Hirsch heim and Dibbern viewed “outsourcing relationship” as a determinant in IS outsourcing life cycle.IS outsourcing life cycle starts with outsourcing need and then ends with contract completion. This life cycle restarts with the search for a new outsourcing contract if needed. An outsourcing company may be satisfied with the same outsourcing vendor if the transaction costs remain low, then a new cycle goes on. Otherwise, a new search for an outsourcing vendor may be started. One of the main goals for seeking outsourcing contract is cost minimization. Transaction cost theory(discussed in the Section 2.1)indicates that company pursuing contract costs money, thus low transaction cost will be the driver of extending IS outsourcing life cycle.The span of IS outsourcing life cycle embraces a major portion of contracting activities. The whole IS outsourcing life cycle can be divided into three phases(see Fig.1): pre-contract phase, contract phase, and post-contract phase. Pre-contract phase includes activities before a major contract is signed, such as identifying the need for outsourcing, planning and strategic setting, and outsourcing vendor selection. Contract phase startswhile an outsourcing contract is signed and then lasted until the end of contracting period. It includes activities such as contracting process, transitioning process, and outsourcing project execution. Post-contract phase contains those activities to be done after contract expiration, such as outsourcing project assessment, and making decision for the next outsourcing contract.Fig.1. The IS outsourcing life cycleWhen a company intends to outsource its information systems projects to external entities, several activities are involved in information systems outsourcing life cycle. Specifically, they are:1. Identifying the need for outsourcing:A firm may face strict external environment such as stern market competition,competitor's cost saving through outsourcing, or economic downturn that initiates it to consider outsourcing IS projects. In addition to external environment, some internal factors may also lead to outsourcing consideration. These organizational predicaments include the need for technical skills, financial constraint, investors' request, or simply cost saving concern. A firm needs to carefully conduct a study to its internal and external positioning before making an outsourcing decision.2. Planning and strategic setting:If a firm identifies a need for IS outsourcing, it needs to make sure that the decision to outsource should meet with company's strategic plan and objectives. Later, this firm needs to integrate outsourcing plan into corporate strategy. Many tasks need to be fulfilled during planning and strategic setting stages, including determining outsourcing goals, objectives, scope, schedule, cost, business model, and processes. A careful outsourcing planning prepares a firm for pursuing a successful outsourcing project.3. Outsourcing vendor selection:A firm begins the vendor selection process with the creation of request for information (RFI) and request for proposal (RFP) documents. An outsourcing firm should provide sufficient information about the requirements and expectations for an outsourcing project. After receiving those proposals from vendors, this company needs to select a prospective outsourcing vendor, based on the strategic needs and project requirements.4. Contracting process:A contract negotiation process begins after the company selects a probable outsourcing vendor. Contracting process is critical to the success of an outsourcing project since all the aspects of the contract should be specified and covered, including fundamental, managerial, technological, pricing, financial, and legal features. In order to avoid resulting in an incomplete contract, the final contract should be reviewed by two parties' legal consultants.Most importantly, the service level agreements (SLA) must be clearly identified in the contract.5. Transitioning process:Transitioning process starts after a company signed an outsourcing contract with a vendor. Transition management is defined as “the detailed, desk-level knowledge transfer and documentation of all relevant tasks, technologies, workflows, people, and functions”.Transitioni ng process is a complicate phase in IS outsourcing life cycle since it involves many essential workloads before an outsourcing project can be actually implemented. Robinson et al.characterized transition management into the following components:“employee management, communication management, knowledge management, and quality management”. It is apparent that conducting transitioning process needs the capabilities of human resources, communication skill, knowledge transfer, and quality control.6. Outsourcing project execution:After transitioning process, it is time for vendor and client to execute their outsourcing project. There are four components within this“contract governance” stage:project management, relationship management, change management, and risk management. Any items listed in the contract and its service level agreements (SLAs) need to be delivered and implemented as requested. Especially, client and vendor relationships, change requests and records, and risk variables must be carefully managed and administered.7. Outsourcing project assessment:During the end of an outsourcing project period, vendor must deliver its final product/service for client's approval. The outsourcing client must assess the quality of product/service that provided by its client. The outsourcing client must measure his/her satisfaction level to the product/service provided by the client. A satisfied assessment and good relationship will guarantee the continuation of the next outsourcing contract.The results of the previous activity (that is, project assessment) will be the base of determining the next outsourcing contract. A firm evaluates its satisfaction level based on predetermined outsourcing goals and contracting criteria. An outsourcing company also observes outsourcing cost and risks involved in the project. If a firm is satisfied with the current outsourcing vendor, it is likely that a renewable contract could start with the same vendor. Otherwise, a new “precontract phase” would restart to s earch for a new outsourcing vendor.This activity will lead to a new outsourcing life cycle. Fig.1 shows two dotted arrowlines for these two alternatives: the dotted arrow line 3.a.indicates “renewable contract” path and the dotted arrow line 3.b.indicates “a new contract search” path.Each phase in IS outsourcing life cycle is full of needed activities and processes (see Fig.1). In order to clearly examine the dynamics of risks and outsourcing activities, the following sections provide detailed analyses. The pre-contract phase in IS outsourcing life cycle focuses on the awareness of outsourcing success factors and related risk factors. The contract phase in IS outsourcing life cycle centers on the mechanism of project management and risk management. The post-contract phase in IS outsourcing life cycle concentrates on the need of selecting suitable project quality assessment methods.4. Actions in pre-contract phase: awareness of success and risk factorsThe pre-contract period is the first phase in information systems outsourcing life cycle (see Fig.1). While in this phase, an outsourcing firm should first identify its need for IS outsourcing. After determining the need for IS outsourcing, the firm needs to carefully create an outsourcing plan. This firm must align corporate strategy into its outsourcing plan.In order to well prepare for corporate IS outsourcing, a firm must understand current market situation, its competitiveness, and economic environment. The next important task to be done is to identify outsourcing success factors, which can be used to serve as the guidance for strategic outsourcing planning. In addition to know success factors,an outsourcing firm must also recognize possible risks involved in IS outsourcing, thus allows a firm to formulate a better outsourcing strategy.Conclusion and research directionsThis paper presents a three-phased IS outsourcing life cycle and its associated risk factors that affect the success of outsourcing projects.Outsourcing life cycle is complicated and complex in nature. Outsourcing companies usually invest a great effort to select suitable service vendors However,many risks exit in vendor selection process. Although outsourcing costs are the major reason for doing outsourcing, the firms are seeking outsourcing success through quality assurance and risk control. This decision path is understandable since the outcome of project risks represents the amount of additional project cost. Therefore, carefully manage the project and its risk factors would save outsourcing companies a tremendous amount of money.This paper discusses various issues related to outsourcing success, risk factors, quality assessment methods, and project management techniques. The future research may touch alternate risk estimation methodology. For example, risk uncertainty can be used to identify the accuracy of the outsourcing risk estimation. Another possible method to estimate outsourcing risk is through the Total Cost of Ownership(TCO) method. TCO method has been used in IT management for financial portfolio analysis and investment decision making. Since the concept of risk is in essence the cost (of loss) to outsourcing clients, it thus becomes a possible research method to solve outsourcing decision.信息系统的生命周期和风险分析1.绪言信息系统外包在信息技术工业已经获得了巨大的关注。
外文翻译----管理信息系统
英文原文The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalManagement Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but alsomake known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. Thatsystem may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early da ys of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal datanetwork, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MISsupplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique developme nt tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to producethe term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and conti nuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。
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是一门新的学科，它跨越了若干个领域，比如管理科学、系统科学、运筹学、统计学以及计算机科学。
在这些学科的基础上，形成信息收集和加工的方法，从而形成一个纵横交织的系统。
1．管理信息系统概述20世纪，随着全球经济的蓬勃发展，众多经济学家纷纷提出了新的管理理论。
20世纪50年代，西蒙提出管理依赖于信息和决策的思想。
同时期的维娜发表了控制论，他认为管理是一个控制过程。
1958年，盖尔写到：“管理将以较低的成本得到及时的、准确的信息，做到较好的控制”。
这个时期，计算机开始用于会计工作。
数据处理一词已经出现。
1970年，给刚刚出现的管理信息系统一词下了一个定义：“以扣头或书面的形式，在合适的时间向经理、职员以及外界人员提供过去的、现在的、预测未来的有关企业内部及其环境的信息，以帮助他们进行决策”。
在这个定义里强调了用信息支持决策，但并没有强调应用模型，没有提到计算机的应用。
1985年，管理信息系统的创始人，名尼苏达大学的管理学教授给了管理信息系统一个较为完整的定义，即“管理信息系统是一个利用计算机软硬件资源以及数据库的人-机系统。
它能提供信息支持企业或组织的运行、管理和决策功能。
”这个定义全面的说明了管理信息系统的目标、功能和组成，而且反映了管理信息系统在当时达到的水平。
1.1管理信息系统的发展历史管理信息系统在初级阶段是统计系统，所研究的内容是数量数据间表面的规律，它可以把数据分成较相关和较不相关的组，然后把数据转换为信息。
第二阶段是数据更新系统，其典型代表是美国航空公司于20世纪50年代建成的预约订票系统。
它设有1008个订票点，可以存取600000个旅客记录和27000个飞行段记录。
它的操作比较复杂，在任何“点”都可以查到某一航班是否有空座位。
但从概念上来讲，它只是一个数据更新系统，比如它不能告诉你以现在的售票速度何时票将售完，从而采取补救措施。
因而它也是管理信息系统的低级阶段。
第三阶段是状态报告系统，它可以分成生产状况报告、服务状态报告和研究状态报告等系统。
比如生产状况报告系统，它的典型代表是公司的生产管理系统。
众所周知，公司是世界上最大的计算机公司，1964年它生产出中型计算机360，使计算机的水平提高了一个台阶，但同时组织生产的管理工作却大大复杂化了，一台计算机又超过15000个不同的部件，每个部件又有若干个元件，加之的工厂遍及美国各地，不同的订货有不同的部件和不同的元件，必须指出什么工厂什么设备生产什么元件，因此不仅生产复杂，装配、安装和运输都十分复杂。
为了保证生产以及其他环节的顺利进行，必须要有一个以计算机为基础的生产状态报告系统。
因此同年建立了先进管理系统,它能进行450个业务的操作。
1968年，公司又建立了公用制造信息系统,运行很成功，过去需要15周的工作，该系统只用3周就可以完成。
状态报告系统还有一种形式是数据处理系统，它用来处理日常业务和生产报告，重点在于将手工作业自动化，提高效率和节省人力。
数据处理系统一般不能提供决策信息。
最后的阶段是决策支持系统，它是用来辅助决策的信息系统。
该系统可以计划、分析方案，审查解答和求解的误差。
它应有较好的人-机对话方式，可以和不怎么熟悉计算机的人员通话。
它一般包括一些模型用以产生决策信息，但不强调全面的管理功能。
1.2管理信息系统的应用管理信息系统起初应用于最基础的工作，如打印报表、计算工资、人事管等，进而发展到企业财务管理、库存管理等单项业务管理，这属于电子数据处理(9c ) 系统。
当建立了企业数据库，有了计算机网络从而达到数据共享后，从系统观点出发，实施全局规划和设计信息系统时，就达到了管理信息系统阶段。
随着计算机技术的进步和人们对系统的需求进一步提高，人们更加强调管理信息系统的阶段。
随着计算机技术的进步和人们对系统的需求进一步提高，人们更加强调管理信息系统能否支持企业高层领导的决策这一功能，更侧重于企业外部信息的收集、综合数据库、模型库、方法库、和其它人工智能工具能否直接面向决策者，这是决策支持系统()的任务。
在20世纪70年代初期，世界范围内有少数企业开始的局部应用。
到目前，在世界各国已经有了相当的普及率，几乎覆盖了各个行业及各部门。
1.3管理信息系统的发展方向近20年间，国外大公司出现了3种变化：●抓管理着重于建立系统，使管理技术走向成熟。
●信息是决策的依据，随时为经理提供信息服务。
●经理通过使其经营计划和具体的业务活动联系在一起。
由于以上的变化。
应用得到了迅速的发展。
不仅大中型企业普遍建立了自己的,一些小型企业也不例外，普遍建立了公用数据网络，如电子邮件、电子数据交换等，尤其是近年来的飞速发展，技术的应用，为企业提供了良好的支持环境。
从国际技术发展趋势看，20世纪90年代出现了几种全新的管理技术1.企业过程重组()一个企业应该重视对时间、产品质量、生产成本和技术服务等几个部分的管理，把目前的机构和过程重新组合，做到功能集成化、运营过程化、机构组织扁平化。
2.智能化决策支持系统()充分考虑了企业高层人员的要求和工作特点，将把中层管理人员的服务转向为经理的决策服务。
3.精量生产()应用准时生产、全面质量管理、并行工程等技术，最大限度的缩短产品设计和生产周期、提高产品质量、降低再制品库存，并在生产中提倡团队精神，以满足客户不断变化的需求。
4.灵捷制造()一种有远见的企业管理模式，其特点是职工素质高，组织机构精简、多功能小组效率高、信息存放灵活、响应客户要求迅速。
2.理信息系统的发展对企业管理的影响管理信息系统的发展对企业和企业管理的变革产生了和正在产生着深远的影响。
管理信息系统可以辅助决策，特别是战略决策，它的好坏直接影响到企业的生存和发展。
正在促使管理方法由定性和定量相结合的方向发展。
这表现在管理中运用预测和各种数学模型来定量分析企业中的问题。
过去管理问题难以进行试验，而则可以结合管理需要，提供充分的数据，为管理模拟创造条件。
随着的发展，许多企业把分散的信息集中起来成立了直属经理的信息系统部，信息系统部的负责人一般为副经理级。
企业的权力集中到高级管理人员手中以后，似乎使许多科室的工作减少了，因此有人预言，中层管理将消失。
实际上，再现阶段用了信息系统后中层管理不仅没有减少，反而稍有增加。
这是因为，虽然中下层管理人员从繁琐的事务性工作中解脱出来，但需要他们用更多的精力去分析研究工作，进一步提高管理决策水平。
随着的发展，企业对高技术人才的需求不断增加，而能力不足者将逐步被淘汰。
这就迫使人们通过学习、培训，不断提高个人素质。
随着通讯、网络和文档传输系统的发展，企业职员可以在远地或家中上班。
美国兰克·施乐公司( )的网上办公系统，已经使该公司大大节省了开支，工作效率明显上升，为提高办公人员的创造性创造了优越的条件。
目前许多国家正在酝酿一种更先进的制造业战略，成为敏捷制造企业。
它完全根据用户需求来组织设计与生产，可以通过信息流调动不同地域的企业为同一个产品进行大协作，通过对机器的重新编程和对资源、人员的重新组织，构成了一个新的制造系统，使得生产成本与批量几乎无关。
敏捷制造企业与用户建立一个完全崭新的战略依存关系，将会引起产业结构的又一次革命。
管理信息系统正在朝着自适应、自学习的方向发展，也就是能更好的模拟人的决策过程。
西方某些企业家梦想完善的是包治企业百病的灵丹妙药；但也有人说，过多的依赖会导致管理上的失败。
了解对企业的影响，有利于我们在开发和研究工作中，使企业的组织机构、管理体制和管理方法更好的与的发展相适应，建立更有效的。