礼貌原则 英语
商务英语写作中礼貌原则的应用
商务英语写作中礼貌原则的应用
在商务英语写作中,礼貌原则是非常重要的,以下是一些常用的礼貌原则的应用:
1. 使用礼貌的称呼:在写作中使用尊敬和礼貌的称呼是非常重要的,例如在称呼客户时可以使用"Dear valued customer",在
称呼业务伙伴时可以使用"Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms."等等。
2. 表达感谢和请教:在商务写作中,表达感谢和请教是礼貌且重要的一部分。
例如,在信件的开头或结尾表达感谢,或不确定某个问题时请教对方的意见。
这样可以展示您的尊重和关注。
3. 使用恰当的语气和措辞:在商务英语写作中,使用恰当的语气和措辞非常重要。
要尽量避免使用过于直接或冷漠的措辞,而应该使用礼貌和委婉的措辞来传达自己的意愿和请求。
4. 遵守规定和约定:在商务英语写作中,遵守规定和约定是维系良好商业关系的关键。
无论是对于双方约定的付款时间,交货日期或其他商业协议,都应该遵守并相应地写明。
5. 考虑他人的权益和利益:在商务英语写作中,要尽量考虑其他人的权益和利益。
避免使用过于强硬或自私的语言,要尽量平衡彼此的利益,注重双方的关系和合作。
总之,在商务英语写作中,礼貌原则是建立和维护良好商业关系的重要一环。
遵循礼貌原则可以增加对方的尊重,加强沟通效果,并塑造出积极的商业形象。
合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则
合作原则、会话含义及礼貌原则摘要:“合作原则”(cooperative principle)是美国哲学家Grice 提出的一套假想的原则,合作原则这条根本原则可以具体体现为四条准则,即数量准则,质量准则,关联准则和方式准则。
但是在实际的日常生活中人们并不总是遵循这四条准则,其实也就是因为对合作原则下的这四条准则的违反才产生了“会话含义”(conversational implicature)。
但是Grice 并没有解释人们为什么要违反“合作原则” (cooperative principle)。
在此之后,Leech 又提出了“礼貌原则”(politeness principle),作为对合作原则的补充。
Leech 认为在日常会话中,人们往往因为遵守礼貌原则而违反了合作原则。
但是实际上,人们并不总是因为礼貌才违反合作原则的。
关键词:合作原则;会话含义;礼貌原则一.合作原则和它的四个准则合作原则(cooperative principle)是Grice1967年在哈佛大学的一次演讲中提出的,他认为,合作原则是一切成功的语言交际活动的基础,所以我们可以这样认为,所有参加交谈的人在他们进行交谈活动时采取的是合作的态度。
首先让我们来搞清楚什么是合作原则。
它是一套设想的准则,如果在交谈过程中交谈双方都希望更好的理解对方的话语意思,就得遵循合作原则,Grice把它具体化为四条准则。
质量准则(quality maxim)——也就是说要尽量说真话(1)不要说自己认为是不真实的话;(2)不要说缺乏足够证据的话例1:A:你认为他适合做这个工作吗?B:当然了,完全适合。
数量准则(quantity maxim)A:使自己所说的话达到现时的交际目的所要求的详尽程度;B:不能使自己所说的话比要求的更详尽。
也就是说,数量准则规定,我们向对方传递的信息只能是对方想得到的,不能多也不能少,不要说对方不想听到的。
例2:A:这学期你修了几门课程?B:五门。
英语语言礼貌原则作文
英语语言礼貌原则作文English:In the English language, there are several principles of politeness that are important to follow in order to communicate respectfully with others. One key principle is using appropriate forms of address, such as addressing someone by their preferred title or using polite pronouns like "please" and "thank you". Another principle is being mindful of others' feelings and avoiding rude or offensive language. It is also important to listen actively to others and show interest in their opinions and experiences. Additionally, being considerate of others' time and personal space is essential in demonstrating respect. Overall, by adhering to these principles of politeness in language, we can create a positive and respectful communication environment.中文翻译:在英语语言中,有几个礼貌原则是必须遵循的,以便与他人尊重地交流。
礼貌原则的英语
礼貌原则的英语Politeness principles are essential in our daily interactions with others. They help to create a respectful and harmonious environment in both personal and professional relationships. Here are some key politeness principles in English:1. Greeting people: It is important to greet people witha smile and a friendly "hello" or "good morning" when you meet them.2. Using polite language: Using "please," "thank you," and "excuse me" are simple yet powerful ways to show respect and consideration for others.3. Showing interest: Asking about someone's well-being, listening actively, and showing empathy are important ways to demonstrate care and respect.4. Respecting personal space: Giving others their personal space and not invading it without permission is a crucial aspect of politeness.5. Being punctual: Being on time for appointments or meetings shows respect for other people's time and demonstrates your reliability.6. Apologizing when necessary: If you make a mistake or unintentionally offend someone, it is important to apologize sincerely and take responsibility for your actions.7. Avoiding interrupting: Allow others to speak without interrupting them, and wait for your turn to express your thoughts.8. Using appropriate tone and body language: Maintaininga calm and respectful tone of voice, as well as positive body language, can help convey politeness in communication.中文:礼貌原则在我们日常与他人的交往中是至关重要的。
Leech礼貌原则在英语课堂教学的运用-4页精选文档
Leech礼貌原则在英语课堂教学的运用1. 引言邹金宏在《礼仪》中将“礼貌”定义为“人与人之间和谐相处的意念和行为,是言谈举止对别人尊重与友好的体现”。
作为润滑剂,礼貌削弱矛盾和冲突,调节人际关系。
教师在课堂教学中也应遵循礼貌原则,与语言教学有机结合起来,营造愉悦的教学环境,达到推动课堂教学、提高教学质量的效果。
2. 理论概述在H. P. Grice提出了语言交际的重要原则――合作原则(Cooperative Principle, 简称CP)之后,G. Leech认为其不足以概括语言交际的语用功能,于1983年在《语用学原则》(Principle of Pragmatics)中提出了礼貌原则(Politeness Principle,简称PP)。
得体准则(Tact Maxim):尽量减少别人吃亏,尽量多使别人得益;慷慨准则(Generosity Maxim):尽量少让自己得益,尽量多让自己吃亏;赞誉准则(Approbation Maxim):尽量少贬低别人,尽量多赞誉别人;谦虚准则(Modesty Maxim):尽量少赞誉自己,尽量多贬低自己;一致准则(Agreement Maxim):减少双方的分歧,尽量增加双方的一致性;同情准则(Sympathy Maxim):尽量减少双方的反感,尽量增加双方的同情。
以上六准则互相联系、互相制约。
得体与慷慨准则、赞誉与谦虚准则分别是一个问题的两个方面,谈如何对待别人和如何对待自己。
一致准则表明不宜直接表达不同的看法,同情准则强调注意表达与对方相同的心情。
从而使对方感到被尊重,获得对方好感,有助于实现交际的目的,促进交际成功。
3. 理论评价礼貌原则是语言语用研究的重大贡献,但本身仍有不足之处。
在实际交际中语境是决定礼貌原则的一个重要变量,语言形式不能孤立地决定言语行为是否礼貌,而是语言形式、语境、交际双方关系三者之间相互作用的结果。
在一定语境下的礼貌话语,在另一语境下就可能显得不够礼貌。
英语语言学中的礼貌原则概要
英语语言学中的礼貌原则概要Title: An Overview of the Politeness Principle in English Linguistics.In the realm of English linguistics, the politeness principle is a fundamental concept that governs effective and harmonious communication. This principle, first proposed by the British linguist Geoffrey Leech in his 1983 book "Principles of Pragmatics," outlines six key maximsthat guide our language use in social interactions. These maxims aim to minimize conflict and maximize understanding, fostering positive relationships and mutual respect.The first maxim is the Tact Maxim, which focuses on minimizing the cost to others and maximizing the benefitfor them. This principle encourages us to be considerateand respectful when communicating with others, avoiding any language that could potentially harm or offend. For example, when making a request, it is polite to phrase it in a way that minimizes the inconvenience to the listener, such asusing "could you please..." instead of "you must..."The second maxim is the Generosity Maxim, which calls for minimizing the benefit to oneself and maximizing the cost to oneself. This principle reflects a self-sacrificing attitude, where one is willing to incur a cost or inconvenience to themselves in order to accommodate others. When offering help or advice, it is polite to downplay the personal benefits one may gain from it, emphasizing instead the benefits for the other party.The third maxim is the Approbation Maxim, which aims to minimize dispraise of others and maximize praise. This principle encourages us to be generous with our praise and cautious with our批评, focusing on highlighting the positive aspects of others' actions and qualities. By doing so, we foster a positive and supportive communication environment.The fourth maxim is the Modesty Maxim, which calls for minimizing praise of oneself and maximizing dispraise of oneself. This principle promotes humility and self-deprecation, encouraging us to be modest about our own abilities and achievements. By downplaying our ownqualities and accomplishments, we avoid appearing boastful or arrogant, thus maintaining a harmonious social dynamic.The fifth maxim is the Agreement Maxim, which aims to minimize disagreement between parties and maximize agreement. This principle emphasizes the importance of consensus and mutual understanding in communication. By seeking common ground and avoiding contention, we can establish a sense of unity and cooperation that fosters positive relationships.The sixth and final maxim is the Sympathy Maxim, which calls for minimizing antipathy between parties and maximizing sympathy. This principle emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion in communication, encouraging us to show understanding and compassion towards others' feelings and situations. By expressing empathy and understanding, we can create a supportive and compassionate communication environment that fosters trust and closeness.In conclusion, the politeness principle is a fundamental aspect of English linguistics that governs effective and harmonious communication. By adhering to the six key maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement, and Sympathy, we can minimize conflict and maximize understanding, fostering positive relationships and mutual respect. By practicing polite language use, we contribute to a more harmonious and understanding society.。
浅析礼貌原则在英语交际场景中的应用
浅析礼貌原则在英语交际场景中的应用作者:张雯雯来源:《智富时代》2018年第06期【摘要】本文针对中式英语不礼貌的问题,简单介绍了几种现有的相关理论并选择Leech 的“礼貌原则”(Politeness Principle)进行讨论。
文中通过例句介绍并分析了“礼貌原则”的六大准则及次准则,进而在此理论基础上提出了几种用英语进行交际时的实用技巧,意在为英语学习者在交际场景中运用“礼貌原则”提供指导。
【关键词】礼;礼貌原则;交际;准则;交际技巧一、引言中国素有“礼仪之邦”之称。
早在2000多年以前,《周礼》、《仪礼》和《礼记》就集中论述了我国古代“礼”的重要内容,被誉为“三礼”。
“三礼”集先秦以前典章制度之大成,不仅记载了夏、商、周三代人的各种行为规范,更汇总了修身、齐家、治国、平天下的全部要领。
由此可见,我国礼仪文化源远流长,是人际交往中非常重要的文化要素。
近年来,随着“一带一路”的持续推进,我国与国外的政治、经贸、教育、人文交往日益增多,对外交际愈加频繁:仅2017年,中国出国留学人数首次突破60万大关,持续保持世界最大留学生生源国地位;外贸进出口总值达到27.79万亿元人民币,持续增长;全国新设立外商投资企业35652家,实际使用外资8775.6亿元人民币,全年利用外资规模创历史新高。
在此大背景下,作为世界通用语言,英语在我国对外交往中发挥着不可替代的作用。
然而,很多外国友人认为中式英语“不礼貌”,这无疑影响了交际的顺利进行。
二、“礼貌”理论综述其实,有关言语交际的“礼貌性”,早在上世纪80年代就有学者进行了研究。
1978年,英国人类学家Brown & Levinson提出了“面子理论”(Face Theory),并将“面子”分为“正面面子”(Positive Face)和“负面面子”(Negative Face),探讨如何维持对方的“面子”;1983年,英国语言学家Leech提出了“礼貌性原则”,分析人际交往中策略、慷慨、赞誉、谦逊、赞同、同情六大准则;1992年,顾曰国在其论作《礼貌、语用与文化》中首次立足中国文化,总结了与汉文化有关的礼貌准则;21世纪初,英国语言学家Spenser-Oatey在上述“个体面子”的基础上增加了对群体、社会关系的考量,提出了以“面子、社会权利与义务和交往目的”为核心概念的关系管理理论(Rapport Management Theory)。
英语语言礼貌原则作文
英语语言礼貌原则作文## English Answer ##。
Politeness principles are a set of guidelines that govern how people communicate with each other in a respectful and considerate manner. These principles vary from culture to culture, but there are some general principles that are common to most cultures.One of the most important politeness principles is the principle of respect. This means that we should show respect for others, regardless of their age, gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic status. We should always address others politely, use respectful language, and avoid making offensive or derogatory remarks.Another important politeness principle is the principle of cooperation. This means that we should try to cooperate with others and make their lives easier. We should be willing to help others out, even if it means putting ourown needs aside. We should also be considerate of others' feelings and try to avoid doing things that might hurt or offend them.One final politeness principle that is worth mentioning is the principle of modesty. This means that we should not brag or boast about ourselves. We should also be aware of our own limitations and avoid making promises that wecannot keep.Politeness principles are important because they helpus to create a more harmonious and respectful society. By following these principles, we can show others that we care about them and that we want to make their lives easier.## 中文回答 ##。
礼貌原则
商务英语信函的礼貌原则一、商务英语信函的写作原则写作商务信函并不要求您使用华丽优美的词句。
您需要做的就是,用简单朴实的语言,准确的表达自己的意思,让对方可以非常清楚的了解您想说什么。
一般地,商务信函有以下几个方面的写作原则:1、礼貌原则(courtesy)礼貌不仅仅是指有礼而已,并不是简单用一些礼貌用语比如your kind inquiry, your esteemed order 等就可以,它是从一个“您为重”(You - attitude) 的角度考虑问题。
为了使商务英语文书更具礼节,撰写者还应避免过激、冒犯和轻视的用词。
2、体谅原则(consideration)体谅原则强调对方的情况而非我方情况,要体现一种为他人考虑、多体谅对方心情和处境的态度。
当撰写商务英语文书时,要将对方的要求、需要、渴望和感情记在心中,寻找最好的方式将信息传递给对方。
3、完整原则(completeness)在信函写作中,信息完整很关键,所以商务信函中应包括所有必需的信息。
4、清楚原则(clarity)清楚是商务英语信函写作最重要的原则.一封含糊不清、辞不达意的书信会引起误会与歧义,甚至会造成贸易损失。
清楚表达应注意选择正确、简练的词以及正确的句子结构。
一般地,商务文书的撰写者必须将自己的意思清晰地表达出来,以便对方准确理解。
5、简洁原则(conciseness)要求我们用最少的语言表达最丰富的内容。
在写作中, 我们应当用简短、易懂、直接、朴素的英语, 要避免重复、罗嗦, 不要将读者的时间浪费在你那难懂的字眼上[1](P1)6、具体原则(concreteness)使所表达的内容准确而又生动。
当涉及到数据或具体的信息时,比如时间、地点、价格、货号等等,尽可能做到具体。
这样会使交流的内容更加清楚,更有助于加快事务的进程。
7、正确原则(correctness)正确原则是指不仅是语法、停顿和拼写正确,也指语言标准、叙述恰当、数字精确、以及对商业惯用语的正确理解[2](P1)二、商务英语信函中的礼貌表现(一)、商业信函中的积极礼貌表现按照布朗和列文森的礼貌理论,积极礼貌策略就是说话人为了满足听话人对积极面子的需求而采取的措施。
英语中的礼貌原则知识讲解
5同意原则(agreement maxim),即尽量减小对听者的不同意,尽力增加对听者的赞同。
6同情原则(sympathy maxim),即尽量多的表示积极的感情,尽量少的表示消极的感情。这一原则主要适用于祝贺,哀悔等场合。
其次,为了给听者更多的愉悦,在谈到愉快的事情市要使之尽量具体。所以,说That was the great news about Jenifer's Oscar就比That was the great news about Jenifer's效果好一些。
再次,为了减少听者的痛苦,在谈到消极的事情时要尽量模糊。如I was sorry to hear about your husband比I was sorry to hear about your(irony and banter)
有时要表示讽刺,但又不能不顾及双方的面子和身份,只有以礼貌的性质来表达感情。如:Do your self!(对没有邀请却大吃者)Well, thank you very much.(有人把车停在前面,你出不去了)
对朋友的戏谑,往往是没有恶意的,这时候礼貌从表面上看不存在,然而实际上他有时礼貌的。例如,你对做错事的朋友说:You stupid bitch.着也算是礼貌的。
3称赞原则(praise maxim),即尽量减小对听者的批评,尽量增加对听者的赞扬。这一原则一般分为两类,一是否定式称赞,就是说,不直接的批评别人反尔说好话。如:
-Do you like my dress?
-Well, yes, but it's not my favorite.(不直接说no)
英语语言学中的合作原则有哪些内容
英语语言学中的合作原则有哪些内容合作原则在英语语言学中是指在交际过程中的一种合作行为规范,用于确保语言交际的顺利进行和信息的准确传递。
合作原则的提出者为国际语用学家格里克·夏姆斯基(Grice)。
以下是合作原则的几个重要内容:1. 足够信息原则(Maxim of Quantity):在交际中,说话人应该提供足够的信息,使得对方能够理解其所要表达的意思,但同时也不能提供过于多的信息,以免引起混淆或信息过载。
2. 信息质量原则(Maxim of Quality):在交际中,说话人应该提供真实的、准确的信息,而不是误导性或不真实的信息。
说话人应该避免说谎、夸大或隐藏信息,保持信息的可信性。
3. 批判性原则(Maxim of Relevance):在交际中,说话人应该尽量提供与话题相关的信息,避免无关或无意义的信息。
说话人应该根据语境和对方的背景知识选择合适的信息,以使交际更加高效和顺畅。
4. 清晰度原则(Maxim of Clarity):在交际中,说话人应该尽量清晰地表达自己的意思,避免模糊或含糊不清的表达方式。
说话人应该使用简单明了的语言,避免过于复杂或晦涩的措辞,以确保信息的准确传递。
5. 语用校正原则(Maxim of Manner):在交际中,说话人应该使用得体、得体的语言和说话方式,避免粗鲁或冒犯他人的言辞。
说话人应该遵守社交礼仪,注重说话的方式和语言的使用,以确保交际的和谐和友好。
6. 礼貌原则(Politeness Principle):在交际中,说话人应该表现出礼貌和尊重,遵循社会交际习俗和规范。
说话人应该避免冒犯他人的言辞,尊重对方的权利和意愿,以保持良好的交际关系。
合作原则的提出为语用学研究者提供了一种理论基础和指导原则,有助于理解和解释交际中的语言现象。
在实际应用中,合作原则也被广泛运用于语言教学、口译和翻译等领域,以提高语言交际的效果和质量。
商务英语写作中的7C原则
例句
As to the streamers sailing from Shanghai to New York, we have bimonthly direct services. (从上海到纽约有直达船) We have a direct sailing from Shanghai to New York every two months.
请尽快告知,你方希望我方就此事做些 什么? or 请告知,你方希望我方就此事尽 快做些什么?
提示: 违背了“清晰”(Clarity)原则
Case Studies (案例分析)
We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of July 1.
Your Try(思考题)
4. Please airmail us the latest price list and sample for our reference. Hint: violates the courtesy principle(违反了礼貌原则) 5. We request you to open the covering L/C as soon as possible. Hint: violates the consideration principle(违反了体谅原则) 6. Please extend the L/C for ten days. Hint: violates the concreteness principle(违反了具体原则)
Case Studies (案例分析)
We have received with thanks your check. The amount has been placed to your credit.
商务英语社交及事务书信写作中leech礼貌原则的引入
商务英语社交及事务书信写作中leech礼貌原则的引入随着世界经济的发展,英语在商务领域的运用不断普及,英语的书面表达技能成为获取更多经济利益的重要条件之一。
在商务英语书面表达中,Leach礼貌原则具有重要作用,下面就就介绍一下leech礼貌原则在商务英语社交及事务书信写作中的应用。
Leach礼貌原则是英国最著名的语言学家、教育家和社会理论家Ronald Leach(1912-1992)制定的礼貌原则,他认为,人们在交流过程中,要注意言语本身和言谈行为的那种关系,让双方在交流时获得最好的效果。
Leach礼貌原则包括六个基本原则:要维持责任、施加影响力、表达对对方的关心和尊重、保持礼貌和关系维护、有效传达信息以及关注整体结果,其中最重要的是表达对对方的关心和尊重。
Leach礼貌原则在商务英语社交及事务书信写作中具有重要作用,其中最重要的是表达对对方的关心和尊重。
在书信写作中,要充分考虑到书信的收信人,尊重收信人的价值观、宗教观,不要冒犯他们的宗教信仰,避免使用难懂的词汇、口语或成语,需要尽量坚持礼貌的语言,并要尊重收信人的时间和精力,尽可能简短而有效地表达出来,这样才能使书信得到更好的宣传效果。
另外,在商务社交中,要注意表达自己的观点,不要只顾自身利益而忽视他人,更不要强行要求对方满足自己的要求。
同时,在商务社交中,要慎重表达自己的情绪和意见,以保护双方的关系,不要违背Leach原则表达过度激烈的情绪和意见。
Leach礼貌原则对商务英语社交及事务书信写作有重要的指导作用。
这六条基本原则的实施,有助于增强沟通效果,减少误解,建立良好的人际关系,进而改善商务事务的效率,提高商家的商业形象,增进双方的友谊,从而提升获得经济利益的可能性。
书信写作是Leach礼貌原则的重要实践方面,商务书信可以使用具有礼貌性的称谓进行开头和结尾,可以采用礼貌的语言,避免使用贬低、蔑视或侮辱性的词语,并避免使用夸张的句式,以使书信读起来较为婉转。
礼貌原则商务英语写作
礼貌原则商务英语写作Business English Writing: The Principle of PolitenessIntroduction:Importance of Politeness in Business Writing:1. Maintaining Professionalism:2. Fostering Positive Relationships:Politeness shows respect and empathy towards the receiver of your message. It can contribute to loyalty, cooperation, and long-term partnerships. Business writing should always strive to build and maintain positive relationships.3. Enhancing Clarity:Polite language can help in clarifying your message and avoiding misinterpretations. It encourages the reader to pay attention and understand the content more thoroughly.Application of Politeness in Business Writing:Below are some tips and examples on how to apply the principle of politeness in business writing effectively:1. Greeting and Closing:Begin your email or letter with a polite greeting such as "Dear Mr. Smith" or "Good morning," followed by the recipient's name. Use appropriate closings such as "Sincerely," "Bestregards," or "Thank you." This sets a polite and professional tone right from the start.2. Avoiding Negative Language:Instead of pointing out mistakes or problems directly, use constructive language. Focus on solutions and suggestions rather than dwelling on the negative aspects.Example: "Thank you for sharing your concerns. We appreciate your feedback and will work towards finding a suitable resolution."3. Using Please and Thank You:Include "please" when making requests or asking for assistance. Express gratitude by using "thank you" whenever someone has helped you or provided information.Example: "Could you please send me the report by the end of the day? Thank you for your prompt assistance."4. Apologizing When Necessary:If you make a mistake, apologize sincerely and take responsibility. Avoid blaming others. Accepting responsibility shows professionalism and respect.Example: "I apologize for the oversight in the previous email. I take full responsibility for the error and will ensure it doesn't happen again."5. Avoiding Impersonal Language:Example: "Dear Mr. Johnson, I understand your concerns regarding the delayed shipment. We are actively working to resolve the issue and will update you as soon as possible."Conclusion:。
英语语用学举例
英语语用学是研究语言在特定情境下的使用方式以及其与意义之间关系的学科。
它涵盖了言语行为、礼貌原则、隐含意义等方面,以下是一些英语语用学的例子:1. **言语行为(Speech Acts):** 言语行为是指通过语言实现的行为,如请求、命令、承诺等。
例子:当一个人说 "Could you pass me the salt?"(你能把盐递给我吗?),这是一个请求言语行为。
2. **礼貌原则(Politeness Principles):** 礼貌原则涉及到在交流中如何尊重他人的感受和保持社交和谐。
例子:在请求时,可以使用更委婉的表达,比如 "Would you mind if I borrow your pen?"(你介意我借用你的笔吗?)。
3. **隐含意义(Implicature):** 隐含意义是指除了字面表达之外,通过上下文和说话人的语气,读者/听者可以理解的更深层次的信息。
例子:如果有人说 "It's a bit cold in here."(这里有点冷),可能暗示着对方希望调高室温。
4. **歧义(Ambiguity):** 歧义是一种一个句子有多种可能的解释的情况。
例子:"She saw the man with the telescope."(她用望远镜看到那个男人。
)这句话中,"with the telescope"可以解释为女人或者男人使用望远镜。
5. **指称(Reference):** 指称是指通过词语来引用特定的事物、人物或概念。
例子:"The cat is on the roof."(那只猫在屋顶上。
)这里的 "the cat" 指的是特定的猫。
6. **倒装句(Inversion):** 倒装句是语序颠倒的句子,用来强调、疑问或者其他语用目的。
英语语言礼貌原则作文
英语语言礼貌原则作文The Essence of Politeness in the English Language.Politeness, a fundamental aspect of human communication, plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining harmonious relationships. In the English language,politeness is not merely a matter of using certain words or phrases but rather an attitude that is reflected in one's choice of vocabulary, tone, and overall communication style. This essay delves into the intricacies of politeness in English, exploring its importance, various manifestations, and the cultural context that surrounds it.The importance of politeness in English communication cannot be overstated. It is a crucial element of social etiquette that helps to create a positive and respectful environment. Polite language fosters trust andunderstanding among individuals, promoting effective communication and cooperation. In professional settings, politeness is essential for maintaining professionalboundaries and fostering positive working relationships. In casual contexts, it helps to establish and maintain friendships and social connections.Politeness in English is manifested in several ways. One of the most basic manifestations is the use of formal and informal language. Formal language, characterized byits use of third-person pronouns, respectful titles, and polite verbs, is appropriate in professional or formal settings. Informal language, on the other hand, with its use of first-person pronouns, contractions, and colloquial expressions, is more suitable for casual or familiar contexts. The choice of language reflects one's respect for the listener and the occasion.Another significant aspect of politeness is the use of hedges and qualifiers. Hedges, such as "maybe," "perhaps," and "sort of," allow speakers to express their opinions or requests in a more tentative and non-committal manner. Qualifiers, like "really," "truly," and "honestly,"强调说话人的真诚和 sincerity. These devices help to mitigate the potential for conflict or misunderstanding, maintainingharmony in communication.Politeness in English is also reflected in the use of polite formulas and greetings. Polite formulas, such as "Could you please...?" or "I would appreciate it if you could...," express requests in a respectful and non-demanding manner. Greetings, like "Good morning," "Hello,"or "How are you?" acknowledge the presence of others and foster a sense of community and connection.Cultural context plays a crucial role in understanding the nuances of politeness in English. Different cultures have their unique norms and expectations regarding politeness, which are often reflected in their language use. For example, some cultures may value directness and frankness, while others may prefer indirectness and subtlety. It is, therefore, essential to be aware of and sensitive to these cultural differences to ensure effective and respectful communication.In conclusion, politeness is an integral part ofEnglish communication, shaping the way we interact andrelate to others. It is manifested in our choice of vocabulary, tone, and overall communication style, reflecting our attitude and respect for the listener and the occasion. Understanding and practicing politeness in English not only enhances the quality of our communication but also contributes to building stronger and more harmonious relationships. As we engage in English communication, it is important to remember that politeness is not just a matter of words but a way of life.。
商务英语交际中的礼貌原则
在商务英语交际中,遵循礼貌原则是至关重要的,它有助于建立良好的商业关系并展示专业素养。
以下是一些常见的商务英语交际中的礼貌原则:1.礼貌的称呼:使用适当的称呼来称呼对方,如先生(Mr.)、女士(Ms.)或尊姓大名(Lastname)。
在邮件或正式场合中,可以使用尊敬的称呼,如亲爱的先生/女士(Dear Mr./Ms.)。
2.礼貌的问候:始终用礼貌和友好的方式进行问候,例如“您好”(Hello)或者“请问...”(May I ask...)。
根据情况,也可以使用更正式的问候,如“早上好”(Good morning)或“下午好”(Good afternoon)。
3.注意言辞:用文明、得体的语言表达自己的意思,避免使用粗鲁、侮辱或攻击性的词语。
保持语气温和、客观,并尽量避免过度使用缩略语、俚语或行业术语。
4.尊重时间:尊重他人的时间,准时出席会议、回复邮件,并在沟通中有效地传达自己的意思。
如果需要取消或推迟会议或约会,提前通知对方,并表示歉意。
5.表达感激之情:当别人帮助你、提供信息或做出贡献时,要及时表达感谢之意。
使用礼貌的词语,如“非常感谢您的帮助”(Thank you very much for your assistance)或“我非常感激您的时间和合作”(I greatly appreciate your time and cooperation)。
6.尊重文化差异:在国际商务交际中,尊重不同文化的习惯和信仰是至关重要的。
要注意文化敏感性,避免触犯他人的文化规范或价值观。
7.适当的礼节:在具有正式性质的商业场合中,遵循适当的礼仪和礼节。
这包括穿着得体、保持良好的仪容仪表、正确使用餐桌礼仪等。
这些礼貌原则可以帮助你在商务英语交际中与他人建立良好的关系,展示出专业和成熟的形象。
同时,也要根据具体情况和对方的文化背景进行灵活调整,以确保与合作伙伴之间的有效沟通和良好合作。
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Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
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Speech-regulating
A: I can drop you in town if you like. B: It’s very kind of you, but it will cause you
Reminder
Tact Maxim > Generosity Maxim Approbation Maxim > Modesty Maxim
Submaxim-a > Submaxim-b
Illocutionary goals vs. social goals --- politeness Competitive acts: requesting, ordering, refusing, etc. Convivial acts: offering, inviting, thanking, etc. Collaborative acts: reporting, instructing, etc. Conflictive acts: threatening, cursing, etc.
----------------------------------------------I can offer you my car if you need it.
You can offer me your car because I need it
I can drop you in town if you like.
A: Oh no, I don’t think so at all - but since it’s such a big garden, of course, it must be quite a tremendous task to take care of it all by yourself; but even so, you certainly do manage to make it look nice all the time: it certainly is nice and pretty any time one sees it.
direct
10
Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)
a. Minimize dispraise of other b. Maximize praise of other
Maxim of modesty (in expressives and assertives)
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Minimize cost to self
8
Politeness scale: Cost – benefit (have to do with content-regualting)
benefit to h
Have another sandwich. Enjoy your holiday. Look at that. Sit down. Hand me the newspaper. Peel these potatoes.
cost to h
9
Politeness scale: Directness/optionality (have to do with manner-regualting)
a. Minimize cost to other b. Maximize benefit to other
Generosity Maxim (in impositives/directives and commissives)
a. Minimize benefit to self b. Maximize cost to self
What an awful meal you cooked! A:This is one of the best articles I’ve ever read. B:Yes, it’s brilliant, isn’t it?
我这个大老粗,不会说话。
13
Leech’s Politeness Principle
B: Yes, it’s beautiful, isn’t it?
19
A: My, what a splendid garden you have here - the lawn is so nice and big, it’s certainly wonderful, isn’t it?
B: Oh no, not at all, we don’t take care of it at all any more, so it simply doesn’t look as nice as we would like it to.
regulating senses) (ii) At the conversational level (a) Maximize benefit received
The Generosity Maxim (in commissives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Maximize benefit to other (including content- and manner-
friends. Let me put that way.
15
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Sympathy Maxim
a. Minimize antipathy between self and other b. Maximize sympathy between self and other
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
14
Partial agreement / token agreement
A: That’s where you live, Florida? B: That’s where I was born. A: You hate your mom and dad.. B: Sometimes. A: Have you got friends? B: I have friends. So-called friends. I had
indirect
Could you possibly answer the phone? Would you mind answering the phone? Can you answer the phone? Will you answer the phone? I want you to answer the phone. Answer the phone.
some inconvenience, won’t it? A: No, not at all. I’m going in that direction. B: Thank you very much.
12
Examples
Maxims of approbation and modesty
What a marvelous meal you cooked!
3
Leech’s Politeness Principle
Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and Maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.
You can drop me in town.
7
Gu Yueguo (1990)’s revision:
The Tact Maxim (in impositives) (i) At the motivational level (a) Minimize cost to other (including content- and manner-
6
Examples
Maxims of tact and generosity
Take a seat. /Have a banana. Wait a second. Could you sharpen these pencils, please. (less polite) Could these pencils be sharpened, please. (more polite)
Source: Leech 1983: 81, 132.
16
Politeness: Examples
Maxim of sympathy
I’m terribly sorry to hear about your cat. I’m delighted to hear about your cat.
17
B: No. I’m afraid not, not at all ...
20
When two maxims come into conflict, we have to allow one maxim to take priority over the other.
In the above example, the Japanese woman put Modesty Maxim at a prior position over Agreement Maxim, while English-speakers would be inclined to find some compromise between violating the Modesty Maxim and violating the Agreement Maxim.