TPO 34综合写作阅读材料 与范文
TPO34独立写作综合写作
TPO34独立写作综合写作TPO34综合In this set of material，the reading passage mainly introduces three theories that cause the see cow's extinction. However，in the following lecture，a questionable attitude has been raised. What's worse，the real reasons for their extinction are still unknown and these theories are all have problems.To begin with，the lecture mentions that Siberian people are unlikely to cause the extinction of sea cows，which fully rejects the content that they have probably overhung the species. According to the lecture，sea cows are massive creatives with nine meters long and over 10 tons in weight，and a couple of them could feed small number of Siberians for months. Since the number of people in the village is small，they might hunt some of them，but they do not have to hunt a lot of them.In addition，the evidence that the decline of kelp，main food source for sea cow，makes the extinction of the species is problematic. The listening section shows kelp might grow just fine，and sea cows might have not experienced a food shortage. To be more specific，if something really severe happened，it would not only affect sea cows，but also other species，like whales. Since there were no signs of report in the decline of other marine animals，sea cows would not likely to be declining.Finally，the lecture claims its theory towards European fur traders with alternative perspective. It regards that Europeans are the last to arrive and should be concluded as the main cause of the extinction. According to his theory，by the time European traders came to the island，the population of sea cow was already very small. Based on the showed record，there was atime that the animal was at its peak in number hundreds of years ago，and there must have been something serious happened or happening that decreased the population of sea cows.TPO34独立Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, an increasing of people use cell phones and the Internet to do various kinds of things. More and more children spend much time on cell phone, online games and social networking Web site. Some people may believe that it is more difficult to educate children today than in the past because of this. From my perspective, however, I firmly insist that educating children is easier task today than in the past.Cell phones and the Internet can be used to learn and study by the children with the leading of their parents. The Internet and smartphones now have a plenty of online-education resourses of which parents are able to take advantages. Many teachers and lessons based on the Internet are the best in the field. When parents help their kids learn from these high-quality classes, education is easier than ever before.Children are able to use social networking Web site to make friends who can learn together, which makes their parents save much time to superior the children to do assignments. Children with their friends can learn from each other so that they all can make a better acedamic performance. If a child study himself, he will feel lonely and will soon get bored on study.Children can use cell phones and social networking Web site to study and learn better than before, so it is not a more diffcult task for their parents to educate children today than it was in the past.。
TPO 31-34 综合原文
托福TPO31综合写作题目 Reading Part:A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic as h, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists int erpret the lines as evidence that Sinosauropteryx had feathers. However, critics have opposed the idea that Sinosauropteryx was a feathered dinosaur, citing se veral reasons.First, the critics points out that the fine lines may not even represent functiona l structures of a living dinosaur, but rather structures that were formed after th e animal’s death. After the animal died and was burie d in volcanic ash, its ski n may have decomposed into fibers. The skin fibers then became preserved as lines in the fossil; the lines were misinterpreted as evidence of feathers.Second, even if the fine lines are remains of real structures of a Sinosauropter yx, scientists cannot tell with certainty what part of the dinosaur’s anatomy the structures were. Many dinosaurs had frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures gr owing out of some parts of their bodies. Some of the critics argue that the lin es surrounding the skeleton are much more likely to be fossilized remains of f rills than remains of feathers.A third objection is based on the fact that the usual functions of feathers are t o help animals fly or regulate their internal temperature. However, the structure s represented by the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil were mostly located alo ng the backbone and the tail of the animal. This would have made the structu res quite useless for flight and of very limited use in thermoregulation. This s uggests that the lines do not represent feathers.托福TPO31综合写作题目 Listening Part:The evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is v ery strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dino saur ’s skin, because we don’t see any such decomposition in the fossils of ot her animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have bee n beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the oth er fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx’s lines are also well-preserve d functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important che mical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of a protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contai n beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills. Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful fe athers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That’s a di stinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the str uctures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact that they were co lorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.托福TPO32综合写作题目Reading Part:Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Alantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they cal led the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female ocra whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are gaint marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from so me military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectableby sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.托福TPO32综合写作题目Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.Female professor: Quackers are certainly a very strange phenomenon. Experts still debate what the source of the sound was. No one can be sure exactly what caused them. But these experts cite certain problems with all of the theories that you just read about. Here are a few of the arguments that they made.First, the idea that the sounds were caused by Orca whales seems plausible at first but is ultimately highly unlikely. It’s that there are Orca populations in the general areas that the Russian submarines were patrolling. But Orca whales mostly live near the surface of the water. The submarines typically remain deep in the ocean and should not have been able to hear the whale sounds from near the surface. Also the Orca whales would have been detected by the Russian sonar if they were nearby.Giant squid may be a better candidate but one critical fact speaks against this squid theory as well. Russian submarines first detected quacker sound in the 1960s and reports of them continued for about two decades. But the sounds disappeared entirely by the 1980s. However, as far as we know, squid have always lived in the ocean where the submarines were patrolling and continue to live there today. If these were squid sound, there would be no reason to suddenly start hearing them in one decade and then suddenly stop hearing them twenty years later.Third, the idea that the quackers were caused by a secret submarine from another country does not hold up. The sources of the sound appear to move around and change direction very quickly. Submarines cannot move or change direction that quickly. Also all submarines make some engine noise. But no such noise accompanied the quackers. Even today, we don’t have the technology to build submarines that are that fast and have engines that are that silent.托福TPO32综合写作题目Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.TPO 33 Writing - Integrated WritingReading PartCarved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size - at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.Listening PartNone of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker. A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.Sample answerThe author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.大家好，下面对今天的写作课做出反馈。
托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本： Program to Provide Free Tutoring The university has announced that starting with the fall semester, free tutoring will be available to all new students for their entire first year. The academic dean, James Maxwell, commented, “The university is aware of the academic problems that many first-year students face when making the transition from high school to college.”The new tutoring program, he said, is designed to assist first-year students who want or need additional support with their academic course work. The program will also be organized so that individual students can arrange to work with tutors majoring in their own chosen field of study. 托福TPO34口语Task3听力文本： (man) Hey, did you read about this plan? (woman) Yeah, and I think it's really a great idea. (man) Why's that? (woman) Well, a lot of new students really need this, I mean, it's not just about getting extra help with the course material, they'll probably also get information about things like taking notes or the best way to study for exams.(man) Yeah, I barely even knew how to do those things when I first came here.(woman) Neither did I. So these are things most students wind up having to learn on their own at first. That's why so many of them have a hard time.(man) And it's probably good that they can work with somebody who has the same interests. (woman) Right, that will be a real advantage: to get information about the classes you're gonna need to take from somebody who's already taken those classes. And they could recommend professors and tell you who the best advisers in the department are, things like that.(man) I see what you mean, so new students could get access to information about the program from another student’s point of view. (woman) Exactly! 托福TPO34口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she givesfor holding that opinion. 托福TPO34口语Task3满分范文： Well, according to the plan, the university is offering free tutoring to all new students for the entire first year to help the students who need additional support for their academic course work, and help from tutors in the same major. Accordingly, the woman agrees with the plan for two main reasons. Firstly, she believes that the students will not only get extra help with the course material, but also information like ideas or strategies for cracking exams. Therefore it'll be a lot easier for the freshmen to get their study started. Secondly, the woman thinks it will be a real advantage for the freshmen because they could receive information from the tutors who have already taken the classes, about past learning experience, such as recommended professors or best advisers and things like that. All in all, the woman agrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (146 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Development of Steam Power蒸汽机的发展By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remained tremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material.Processed wood(charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.在18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。
托福TPO34综合写作(阅读+听力文本)
小编为托福考生们准备了托福综合写作TPO34,希望各位考生们在TPO写作真题里能够得到锻炼，祝广大托福考生能够取得理想成绩。
ReadingA huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the watersaround Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by GeorgW. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Hereare three theories about the main cause of the extinction.First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberianpeople. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would haveoriginally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by thenative people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source offood in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been themain cause of extinction.Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because ofecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp(a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number ofecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering islandsome time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows dependon.Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have beenEuropean fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that thefur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believethat hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them toquickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’sextinction.托福TPO34独立写作题目Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the pastbecause they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and socialnetworking Web site.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.，。
TPO 34托福综合写作+独立写作范文
TPO 34综合写作：The reading passage propose three possible theories about why the gigantic Steller's sea cow became extinct. However, the professor in the listening states that all of the theories have problems, and he has proposed sufficient evidence to refute these three hypotheses.First of all, the first theory stated in the reading article claims that these sea cows became extinct because of the hunting by the native people in the Siberia since they were a good source of food in a harsh environment. However, the lecturer in the listening contradicts the theory by contending that these animals were extremely massive: nine meters in length and ten tons in weight. Therefore, even though the Siberian people did really hunt them for food, these people only needed a few of them, which could provide the food for months. This negates the first theory.Next, the second theory in the passage maintains that they became extinct because of the ecology disturbances, which led to the main source of food, Kelp, for the sea cows diminished. On the contrary, the speaker in the listening seriously challenges the theory by pointing out that if the ecosystem really had some disturbances, there must be other declines for other animals, such as whales. Nonetheless, there is no evidence to the decrease for other animals, and this fact refutes the second theory.Lastly, the reading article has a statement that it is because the European fur traders coming in this island in 1741 by giving the evidence that these people hunted the last sea cow, and led to the extinction. Conversely, the professor questions this theory: at the time the European fur traders arrived, the population of the sea cows had decreased a lot; in fact, the number of the sea cows had reduced for hundreds of years before these people arrived. Accordingly, this theory could not stand to reason.独立写作：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Educating children is a more difficult task today than it was in the past because they spend so much time on cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It is universally acknowledged that various technologies such as cell phone, online games, and social networking Web sites play a more important role in education than before. In my opinion, I disagree with the statement that nowadays it is more difficult to educate children than in the past because children can take advantage of those high-technologies to enhance their study.First and foremost, compared to in the past, at present the cell phone is enabled to create a good positive effect on children’s study.Thanks to various advanced software on the cell phone, student find it not difficult to grasp the most scientific learning methods. For instance, in the past, children learned the new words by the text book without audio format, which led to that children couldn’t speak the words with correct pronunciations, while today, children are allowed to study those new words by the cell phone and they can imitate the native speaker’s voice through the audio format in the cell phone. As a result, more and more children can speak English fluently. From this fact, we can learn that the cell phone makes educating children much easier and comprehensive than before.Furthermore, teaching children is easier than before by the way of playing online games, which can cultivate children’s ability of cooperation. Through competing and interacting with others in the online games which can be called as a miniature of society, children can experience a sense of cooperation and responsibility intangibly. For example, due to the limitation of real situation, children had few opportunities to practice the ability of cooperation before. Nevertheless, it is much easier today, since in an online game, children are assigned to different tasks. Only when they cooperate well can they get final success. From this experience, children can have a sense of teamwork, which cannot be learned from the class. This example tells us Obviously，in the modern society, children have kinds of chances to practice their cooperation’s ability as a result of internet , which is better for their education.Finally, contrary to the past, today social networking can expand children’s horizon, which is also beneficial for their education. various information filling in the web provides children with more broaden world without stepping outside. For example, ten years ago, with limited technology, only through travel can children learn different cultures and languages. However, it spent more money and more time; what’s more, children were too young to go for a trip by themselves. So it was not easy to come true. But today, children just need to sit in front of the computer and type some key words through Google, and then they can get plenty of information as they want immediately. In addition, Children can learn other countries’ culture and languages by watching the video online. Consequently, we can realize that social network Web site is a useful way to educate children.In a nutshell, I strongly disagree with the statement. The advanced technology, like cell phone, online games, and social networking Web site, can facilitate children’s education and help them be successful more easily in their future.。
托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本： The Familiarity Principle People tend to develop a preference for this they have previously encountered, things they are familiar with. Social psychologists refer to this tendency as the familiarity principle. Given a choice between two similar items, one they have experienced before and another that is new, most people will choose the familiar item. This principle operates even when people are not conscious of their previous experience with an item. Once people have been exposed to an item – even if they do not recall having been exposed to it – they will tend to prefer that item over other items to which they have not been previously exposed. 托福TPO34口语Task4听力文本： Professor：Some researchers did an experiment related to this. What they did was they assembled a group of subjects, a group of students, and they showed these students a series of geometrical shapes. These were very distinctive shapes, a little unusual, not the kind of shapes students often see. But they only showed the students the shapes for a very short period of time, about a second. They also lowered the light in the room to make it even more difficult for the students to see the shapes. So the shapes were there for a split second in dim light and then they were gone.In the next step of the experiment, the researchers again showed the students some shapes, but this time they gave the students a longer time to look at them. And this time they showed the images in pairs, two at a time. In each pair, one shape was a shape the students had already seen for just a split second in dim light. And the other was some other shape that hadn't been shown to them before. After presenting each pair, the researchers asked the students to say which of the two shapes they liked better. Most of the time, the students preferred the shape they’d already seen earlier in the experiment. Now, if you asked them if they’d already seen that shape, they probably wouldn’t know for sure. But that didn’t matter. They still tended to prefer the shapes they’d already seen. 托福TPO34口语Task4题目： Explain how the experiment described by the professor illustrates the familiarity principle. 托福TPO34口语Task4满分范文： Familiarity principle is the tendency that people usually prefer things thatthey're familiar with to new ones, even when they're unconscious of their exposure to the item. And the professor illustrates this with an experiment. In the experiment, a group of students were first shown several geometrical shapes, which were really uncommon, for a very short period of time in dim light so that they hardly perceived the objects consciously. Then the researchers showed the students a pair of shapes, and allowed them longer time to look at those shapes, one of which was the shape they had seen in dim light in a flash, while the other, a new one. After that the researchers asked these groups of students which shape they preferred because of familiarity principle, they tended to prefer the one they had already seen to the one they hadn't seen even though they were uncertain whether they'd seen the shapes. (161 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO34口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO阅读34原文+题目答案解析
频道整理发布托福TPO34阅读原文+答案解析，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。
Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing,developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the mostcharacteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came aboutfrom two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as themajor medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected sothat they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because oftheir angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artisticexpression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers andpainters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored byprinces and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the bookcontaining the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the mostcommon type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range ofbooks were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include,of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, butscientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were alsocopied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most weremade for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets)where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known asthe Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of themost luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particularprince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in theeighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whoseconsequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly。
TPO34IslamicArtandtheBook
Islamic Art and the BookThe arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wantedto read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Bookse llers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets –slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdadwas using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain – but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across – were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually,six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.Para.1The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books aresome of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced inthis period. This came about from two major developments: paperbecame common, replacing parchment as the major medium forwriting, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so thatthey replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, whichbecause of their angularity were uneven in height. Books becamemajor vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who producedthem, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, andtheir workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts.Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing theteachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the mostcommon type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons.These continued to include, of course, manuscripts of the Koran,which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories,romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in finehandwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most weremade for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks(markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque ofMarrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxuriousbooks were specific commissions made at the order of a particularprince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.1. Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:A) Books were an important form of artistic expression.B) A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.C) They were sold primarily near mosques.D) Most books were intended for sale on the open market.2. The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) visitedB) ownedC) praisedD) supported3. The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) majorB) nearbyC) ancientD) well-known4. According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic worldA) included a wide range of subjectsB) did not contain any calligraphy or decorationC) used rounded scriptsD) were usually written on parchment5. In paragraph 1, why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ MosqueA) To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common peopleB) To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular princeC) To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets wereD) To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic landsPara.2Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinesepapermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle foughtnear Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, andthe technique of papermaking – in which cellulose pulp extractedfrom any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on afine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets – slowly spreadwestward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad wasusing paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlikeparchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had theadvantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily andSpain – but it was several centuries before paper supplantedparchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In westernIslamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.6. The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) taken out ofB) produced usingC) discovered inD) combined with7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.B) Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.C) Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.D) Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain. 托福备考QQ群小伙伴根据网络材料整理：306612832Para.3The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books,Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosedwithin a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively smallsheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of thefourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers andartists had more space on which to work. Paintings became morecomplicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250,encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such asarchitectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easytransfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from onemedium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had beendifficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.8. In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?A)It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.B) More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.C) Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights andthicknesses.D) More people could buy books made of paper because it wascheaper.9. Why does the author include the following information: “At first,paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets – as much as a meter across –were available.”?A) To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slowB) To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become todayC) To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complexD) To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets 10. According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representationA) encourage more people to make their own drawingsB) made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easierC) made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to readD) allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scale Para.4Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. Hestandardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other lettersshould be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms ofhandwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.11. According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around theyear 900?A) He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens intorounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.B) He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional tothe size of the first letter of the alphabet.C) He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the useof rounded letters in religious texts.D) He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles insteadof more angular scripts in their documents.12. The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning toA) made up ofB) developed fromC) in addition toD) similar to13. Look at the four squares 【】 that indicate where the followingsentence could be added to the passage.This change occurred for good reason.Where does the sentence best fit?Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. 【】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking –in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexiblesheets – slowly spread westward. 【】Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. 【】Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. 【】Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt – and eventually to Sicily and Spain –but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.14. Prose SummaryIslamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.Answer Choices:A) Books became major vehicle of artistic expression forcalligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded toinclude more and more kinds of works.B) The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market forthem was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.C) After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique ofpapermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.D) The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made booksextremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.E) The popularity of books led to major advances in thedevelopment and transfer of new artistic ideas.F) Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabichandwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.。
综合写作25-34文本(附解析)
综合写作TPO25阅读材料：In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have been attached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinders inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.阅读段观点：考古学家发现的2200年的容器不太可能在当时被当做电池使用。
托福TPO34阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO34阅读Passage3原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Protection of Plants by Insects 昆虫对植物的保护 Many plants–one or more species of at least 68 different families–can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms,because they bear extra floral nectaries(structures that produce nectar)on stems,leaves,leaf stems,or other structures.These plants usually occur where ants are abundant,most in the tropics but some in temperate areas.Among those of northeastern North America are various plums,cherries,roses,hawthorns,poplars,and oaks.Like floral nectar,extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and,in some plants,small amounts of amino acids.The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects,but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown.Nevertheless,most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant. 即使不开花，很多植物也能分泌花蜜(在至少68个不同的植物科里就有一种或多种分泌花蜜的植物)。
托福阅读TPO34-1 WORD 打印 Protection of Plants by Insects
Protection of Plants by InsectsMany plants-one or more species of at least 68 different families-can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures. These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.According to paragraph 1, floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in that∙they are likely to be produced by the same plants∙they basically consist of the same chemical components∙they attract only insects that will defend the plant∙they are produced by the same parts of the plantAnts are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. []Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.[] To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.[] Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. []To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means that∙they defend plants against a wide variety of threats∙they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened∙they are successful defenders of plants∙they are easily observable defenders of plantsWhat can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to the extrafloral nectaries?∙They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.∙They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.∙They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.∙They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing "protectionist" hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the "protectionist" hypothesis?∙Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.∙Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.∙The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant's internal functioning.∙Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning to∙curious∙doubtful∙open-minded∙practicalWhich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.∙We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.∙Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.∙In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.∙Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments. One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on whichthe pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compared the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females as they lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?∙It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.∙It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.∙It explains how insects find sources of nectar.∙It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following ways EXCEPT∙driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet∙catching and eating adult beetles∙eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits∙making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruitsLook at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods in which the plant is not flowering.∙∙∙Answer ChoicesA.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectaroriginated in the tropics.B. Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar andis more attractive to ants and other insects.C. The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nectar attracts ants, and thatthe ants, in order to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that antsprovide significant benefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E. Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protectedby ants produce significantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of largeinsect species as well as their eggs and larvae.。
托福TPO34综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡A huge marine mammal known as Steller¡¯s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction. First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction. Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on. Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow¡¯s extinction.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The truth is we don¡¯t know what the main cause of extinction of Steller¡¯s sea cow was. There are problems with each of the theories that you read about.First, the sea cows were massive creatures. They were up to nine meters long and could weigh over ten tons, just enormous. A couple of sea cows could feed a small Siberian village for months. And the population of the native Siberian people wasn¡¯t very large. So while the Siberians certainly did hunt the sea cows, they didn¡¯t need to hunt a lot of them. So it¡¯s unlikely they were the ones who brought the sea cows to the point of extinction.Second, about a hypothetical decrease in kelp caused by ecological disturbances, well, if something severe really happened in the ecosystem near Bering Island sometime before 1768, it would have affected not just the kelp but also other parts of the ecosystem. For example, it would have caused the decline in other marine animals like whales. But fishing ships in the area did not report a whale decline. Since there is no indication of broader ecosystem problems, the kelp was probably growing just fine and the sea cows did not experience food shortage.Third, it might seem like the European traders were responsible because the sea cows became extinct soon after the Europeans arrived. But, actually, by the time that the Europeans arrived, the sea cow population was already quite small. We have evidence that thesea cow population was at its largest hundreds of years before the 1700s. So something was causing a serious and on-going decrease in the sea cow population long before the Europeans arrived in the Bering Island area. Whatever this something was, it shouldbe considered the main cause of the extinction, not the European traders who were just the last to arrive.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡According to the reading passage, the author claims that there are three theories elaborating the reasons for declineof sea cows. However, the lecturer entirely challenges these theories. First of all, in the reading passage theauthor believes that overhunting by Sibrian for food is the major factor forthe decrease of sea cows.In contrast, the lecturer opposes this view and maintains that sea cows, a kind of animal with approximately ten tons, are tooenormous for people to eat, and another contributor refuting the view in thereading is that the population of people was not substantial at that time,which do not have the capacity to kill the majority of sea cows. Furthermore, contrary to the statement inthe reading passage that the extinction of sea cows is due to the fact that it is the quantity of Kelp, regardedas the food resource of sea cows, decreased by the destruction of ecosystem, the lecturer asserts that Kelp also is thefood resource for whales, which means if the population of Kelp decreases, thenumber of whales will decline as sea cows do. But there is no report about the decline of them. Eventually, the lecturer casts doubton thepoint made by the author that the extinction of sea cows may be caused by Europeanfur traders, and he proposes that actually when European fur traders firstly arrived there, the population of sea cows had already been small;therefore, there must be other fatal events causing the decrease in the population of sea cows before fur traders being there.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO34×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage proposes three possible theories about why the gigantic Steller's sea cow became extinct. However, the professor in the listening states thatall of the theories have problems, and he has proposes sufficient evidence to refute these three hypotheses. First of all, the first theory stated in the reading article claims that these sea cows became extinct because of the hunting by the native peoplein the Siberia since they were a good source of food in a harsh environment. However, the lecturer in the listening contradicts the theory by contending that these animals were extremely massive: nine meters in length and ten tons in weight. Therefore, even though the Siberian people did really hunt them for food, these people only neededa few of them, which could provide the food for months. This negates the first theory. Next, the second theory in the passage maintains that they became extinct becauseof the ecology disturbances, which led to the main source of food, Kelp, for the sea cows diminished. On the contrary, the speaker in the listening seriously challenges the theory by pointing out that if the ecosystem really had some disturbances, there。
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】
TPO阅读1-34汇总【含原文翻译解析答案】TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (20)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26) TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27) TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28) TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29) TPO11 (30) 1. 阅读部分 (30) 3. 范文赏析 (30) TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34) TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38) TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41) TPO15 (43) 1. 阅读部分 (43)3. 范文赏析 (45) TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49) TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54) TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55) TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56) TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57) TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58) TPO22 (59) 1. 阅读部分 (59) 3. 范文赏析 (59) TPO23 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60) TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61) TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62) TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63) TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64) TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65) TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66) TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。
托福tpo34阅读第1篇IslamicArtandTheBook题目解析
托福tpo34阅读第1篇IslamicArtandTheBook题目解析This （in turn ）allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs （1）over great distances from one medium to another, （2）and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, （if not impossible, ）in the previous period.这(反过来)使艺术思想和主题在一种媒介到另一种媒介之间的很长距离内容易地转移，并以上一时期难以(如果不是不可能)的方式以不同的方式进行。
a meter across 一米宽The technique of papermaking –in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets.a fine screen 细筛子suspended in water 悬浮在水中Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decoratorsspecific commissions 特别的委托after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons.after that date 此后a broad spectrum of=a wide range of。
tpo34阅读及答案
tpo34阅读及答案tpo34阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in thatA.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.B.they basically consist of the same chemical components.C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.2.To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means thatA.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.C.they are successful defenders of plants.D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to theextrafloral nectaries?A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D.They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the"protectionist" hypothesis?A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plants internal functioning.D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.curious.B.doubtful.C.open-minded.D.practical.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information jn thehighlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information.A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have onplants.A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B.It prevents the stigma from developing.C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8.The word "devour" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.attack.B.eat.C.damage.D.prefer.9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10.The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.harmful.C.open to attack.D.difficult to locate.11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentleys comparative study show?A.Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where they were absent.B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupiedby ants.D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those thatgrew in places where ants were present.12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles ineach of the following ways EXCEPT:A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet.B.catching and eating adult beetles.C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.。
托福TPOextra 答案解析和原文翻译
TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。
化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。
约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。
太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。
这能使地球避免温度过高。
但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。
温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。
二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。
大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。
事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。
【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。
人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。
IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。
IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。
可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。
这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。
这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。
【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。
全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。
这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。
TPO34综合写作
Integrated writingIn the reading, the author puts forward three theories about the extinction of Steller’s sea cow that once lived in the waters around Bering Island and became extinct in 1768. However, the professor considers those theories unconvincing for the following reasons.First, the author points out that the sea cows which were a source of Siberian people in a tough environment were overhunted by native people. On the contrary, the professor refutes it by claiming that the sea cows were massive creature and weighed more than 10 tons, and one sea cow could support the native people for months. Therefore, the small Siberian village did not need to overhunt sea cows for food.Second, it is suggested in the reading that the sea cows went extinct because their main food, kelp declined due to dramatic ecosystem disturbance. By contrast, the professor challenges the theory by arguing that if something really severe happened in the ecosystem in 1768, other species like whales would also be affected, which is contrary to the fact that no changes were detected in whales at that time. Therefore, the sea cows did not suffer from the shortage of food.Third, the author addresses that it was the European fur traders who caught the last sea cow in 1768 that caused the extinction of sea cows. Besides, they had weapons to enable them to quickly kill the sea cows. However, the professor maintains that although sea cows went extinct soon after the European fur traders arrived to the island, the population of the sea cows had already been declining long before the traders came to the island. Therefore, it was something else that should be considered as the main cause of extinction.。
tpo34综合写作范文
tpo34综合写作范文The reading passage and the lecture discuss the difference between the tropical rainforest and the temperate deciduous forest. While the reading passage argues that these two types of forests are distinctly different in terms of their rainfall, the lecture refutes this claim by presenting evidence that there are more similarities between the two.The reading passage mentions that tropical rainforests receive more annual rainfall compared to temperate deciduous forests. It states that tropical rainforests receive an average of 250 centimeters of rainfall annually, while temperate deciduous forests receive only 75 centimeters. However, the lecture challenges this claim by pointing out that the passage fails to address the issue of seasonal variations in rainfall. The lecturer argues that while the average annual rainfall in a tropical rainforest may be higher, it does not mean that it receives constant rainfall throughout the year. In fact, tropical rainforests have distinct wet and dry seasons, with rainfall being concentrated in the wet months and significantly decreasing during the dry months. On the other hand, temperate deciduous forests may receive less annual rainfall on average, but they experience rainfall more evenly distributed throughout the year. This suggests that the difference in rainfall between the two types of forests is not as drastic as the reading passage suggests. Moreover, the lecture goes on to explain that both tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests have similar biodiversity levels. The reading passage claims that tropical rainforests have higher biodiversity compared to temperate deciduous forests due to their higher rainfall. However, the lecturerrefutes this claim by providing evidence that both forests have equally high levels of biodiversity. The lecturer explains that the high levels of biodiversity in tropical rainforests are due to the stable climate and long growing seasons, rather than just high rainfall alone. Similarly, temperate deciduous forests also have a rich diversity of plant and animal species, despite their lower annual rainfall. The lecturer argues that climate stability, soil quality, and various other factors contribute to the biodiversity of both forests, highlighting that rainfall is just one of many factors determining the ecological balance of an ecosystem.In conclusion, while the reading passage claims that tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests are distinctly different in terms of their rainfall, the lecture presents evidence that challenges this claim. The lecturer argues that both forests experience seasonal variations in rainfall and have similar levels of biodiversity. Therefore, it can be inferred that the difference in rainfall between tropical rainforests and temperate deciduous forests is not as significant as the reading passage suggests.。
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TPO 34 综合写作
Reading
A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction.
First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction.
Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on.
Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of t he animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’s extinction.
Sample Answer
According to the reading passage, the author claims that there are three theories elaborating the reasons for the decline of sea cows. However, the lecturer entirely challenges these theories.
First of all, in the reading passage the author believes that overhunting by Siberian for food is the major factor for the decrease of sea cows. In contrast, the lecturer opposes this view and maintains that sea cows, a kind of animal with approximately ten tons, are too enormous for people to eat, and another point refuting the view in the reading is that the population of people was not substantial at that time, which do not have the capacity to kill the majority of sea cows.
Furthermore, the reading passage maintains that the extinction of sea cows is due to the fact that the quantity of Kelp, regarded as the food resource of sea cows, is decreased by the destruction of ecosystem. On the contrary, the lecturer asserts that Kelp also is the food resource for whales, which means if the population of Kelp decreases, the number of whales will decline as sea cows do. But there is no report about the decline of them.
Eventually, the lecturer casts doubt on the point made by the author that the extinction of sea cows may be caused by European fur traders, and he proposes that actually when European fur traders firstly arrived there, the population of sea cows had already been small; therefore, there must be other fatal events causing the decrease in the population of sea cows before fur traders being there.
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