cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段
CohesionandCoherence资料
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
(13 14)商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯解析
二、衔接手段
包括：语法衔接（grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
1. grammatical cohesion （语法衔接)
Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify four major devices with which to achieve grammatical cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction. 1.1. Reference / anaphora （照应） For example: The manager likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
Second, the decision-making process of Chinese companies is generally slow and time-consuming. This is because most Chinese companies keep to the “bottom-up, then top-down and then bottomup” decision making principle which involves many people at different levels. American companies, on the other hand, usually operate with quick decisions made by the top management. I hope American businessmen in China will understand these differences and adjust to the Chinese way. 译文
Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
衔接
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph.Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc.衔接语篇的有形网络连贯语篇的无形网络语段中的句际关系从逻辑意义来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。
构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系，分述如下：1）平列关系平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并立的地位，互不相属，只是组合起来，共同说明一个话题。
按平列关系组织起来的句群，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意义。
例如：All the people on our block give us trouble．Mrs Brown calls the police whenever we go to play ball on the street．Mrs Johnson complains that skateboarding makes too much noise．If we happen to stray into Mr Hardy's yard，he yells at us．街区里所有的人都跟我们过不去：每逢我们在街上踢球，布朗太太就打电话叫警察；我们一玩溜冰车，约翰逊太太就抱怨太吵闹；如果我们偶尔误入哈代先生家的院子，他就对我们大声呵斥。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(7-12章)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2.Given and new information已知信息与新信息3.Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4.Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I.Definition of discourse and discourse analysisrmation structure1.Given and new information2.Topic and comment3.ContrastIII.Cohesion and coherence1.Cohesion.(1)Reference(2)Substitution(3)Ellipsis(4)Conjunction(5)Lexical cohesion2.CoherenceIV.Discourse markers1.Definition2.Functional-pragmatic nature3.Features of discourse markersV.Conversational analysis1.Adjacency pairs2.Preference structure3.PresequencesVI.Critical discourse analysisI.Definition of discourse and discourse analysis(语篇及语篇分析的定义)1.Discourse(语篇)A general term for examples of language use,nguage which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations,and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
(13 14)商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯解析
二、衔接手段
包括：语法衔接（grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
1. grammatical cohesion （语法衔接)
Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify four major devices with which to achieve grammatical cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction. 1.1. Reference / anaphora （照应） For example: The manager likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
第十三单元 商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯 (Cohesion and coherence)
※ 语篇中的衔接
一、 什么是语篇的衔接？
※ 语篇中的衔接
一、 什么是语篇的衔接？ Cohesion refers to the structural and/or semantic relationships holding between the different elements of a text. For example: A: Paris? B: They ’ve always wanted to go there. The link (called anaphora/reference照应) is between Paris and there. 衔接手段在语篇中发挥着重要的纽带作用，各种衔 接手段在解读原语语篇、构建译文语篇连贯的过程中 起着积极的导向作用。
2. 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯CohesionCoherence讲义-新高考一轮复习
Cohesion & Coherence高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯性Cohesion（衔接性）：是通过一些代词、连接词等看得见的手段来使行文流畅完整（强调语法结构）。
Coherence（连贯性）：是指上下文内容和逻辑的连贯。
如前因后果，铺垫等等（强调逻辑语境）。
Imagine you are playing a jigsaw puzzle：Four Cohesive Devices•Pronouns (P)•Repetition (with exact word or parallel term/synonym) (R) *4•Transitions (T)•Parallelism (PllM): the use of similar grammatical forms and sentence structuresFour T ypes of lexical cohesion1.Repetition 原词复现2. Synonyms 同义词/近义词复现2.Antonyms 反义词复现 4. Hyponyms and Superordinates 上下义词复现suggest that a lack of communication between children and parents is one of the key issues.[阅读理解]T are among the most popular places. ...Q-A writeB. They give people spirit ual support.platform for business links[阅读理解]According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eatingcompanions can influence our food existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.A.Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [高考真题实战] 七选五1.上下义词：B. Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.→In a journal or on a piece of paper, put the heading “Personal strengths.”____37____ Are you caring? Creative? Generous? A good listener? Fun to be around? They don’t have to be world-changing, just aspects of your personality that you’re proud of.「2023新高考I」2.词汇(近义词)复现: G. Whatever the mistake, remember it isn’t a fixed aspect of your personality.→It’s something of a cliché (陈词滥调) that most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes. The thing is, it’s true. ____40____ We’ re all changing and learning all the time and mistakes are a positive way to develop and grow.3.词汇(近义词)复现: A. Get out of your comfort zone.→·Continually challenge yourself to try something new. ___38___ Artistic growth can be a bit painful. Welcome to the club；we’ve all been there. I love taking on challenges. I once took up a challenge to create a painting every day for a month and post the works online.4.词汇(近义词)复现: E. You’ll hit roadblocks, and you’ll feel discouraged at times.→The journey you’re on won’t follow a straight path. ___40___ Push through, give it time and put in the effort.5.上下义词→Will Spoelstra, who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens, says, “____38____. I find during the winter months, plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity, focus and memory. There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. ____39____.C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoorsE. Plants like peace lilies and de vil’s ivy are among the best6. 平行结构: C. You'll work harder if you train with someone else.→Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled "Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner." One reason was: "You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym," while another read: " 36 " With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle（微妙）competition.7.平行结构: D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?→First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.8.代词指代:→Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). 38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. ... Hospital patients Who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.G.All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.C. Being in nature refreshes us.9. 词汇(反义词)复现: →Hands or Utensils (餐具)with a utensil in each hand. ___38___, instead preferring to use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food withC. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils。
cohesion_and_coherence语篇分析_衔接手段
Conjunction
I told him years ago, but he won’t listen.
He was drowned because he fell off the pier.
With the following conjunctions in sentences or passages:
2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。
3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。
4.转折： But/however/yet/nevertheless;
on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。
5.引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等。
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
语篇分析的基本内容
语篇分析的基本内容语篇分析包括以下几点：1、衔接手段：常见手段有：1）语法手段（照应、替代、省略等）和词汇手段（复现关系、同现关系等）的使用都可以表现结构上的粘着性，即结构上的衔接。
衔接是语篇的有形网络，或称为形连（cohesion）。
2、连贯（connection）指的是语篇中语义的关联连贯存在于语篇的底层，通过逻辑推理来打到语义连接，它是语篇的无形网络，或称为意连或连贯性（coherence）3、影响意连的几种因素：语篇中句子的排列会影响到句与句之间在语义上的连贯，句子的排列如果违反逻辑那就会影响到语篇的连贯性。
语义连贯是个十分复杂的问题，有时语篇的连贯取决于说话的前提和发话者与受话者双方的共有知识。
在有些现代小说中，有些句子的排列不符合逻辑这主要是为了表示人物的潜意识活动，展现人物的心理结构。
而诗篇的连贯性主要依靠读者的联想和想象。
编辑本段语篇分析与语境语篇与语境的关系体现在以下几点：1、语篇的含义主要依赖于语境。
语篇与语境相互依存、相辅相成。
语篇产生于语境，也是语境组成的部分。
2、语言性语境与非语言性语境：前者通常指的是上下文。
后者通常是指话段或句子的意义所反映的外部世界的特征。
非语言性语境有时可以告诉我们句子所陈述的内容是哪一种言外之力（illocutionary force）.如：I warn you that I will tell everything to your boss. 此句不是说了就完了，而是在说的过程中就实施了警告，这种言外之力可以说是允诺、也可以是预言。
因此，要研究用来交际的一句话或动作，就必须从以下几个方面来考虑问题：这句话（动作）是谁，在何时，何地，何种场合发出的？交际双方的关系如何？说出这句话（做出这个动作）之前发生了什么事情？交际的双方期待着什么？当时双方的心境如何？发话人说这句话的目的和动机是什么？受话者的感受和反应如何？等等。
语篇的指向性（textual orientation）包括了上述四个部分（时间、地点、场合和交际双方的关系）当语篇的指向性不明确时，就需要受话人或读者去想象、去联想，然而，由于读者对事物的接受能力存在差异，生活阅历不尽一致，想象力的强弱不一，学养的高低也不同，对语篇的指向性理解和感受各不相同。
语篇分析
语篇的衔接手段cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯⏹他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。
⏹照应（reference）是一些起信号作用的词项。
它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。
照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。
内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。
外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。
内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。
下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
The snail is considered a great delicacy.As the child grows, he learns to be independent.It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.⏹替代（substitution）指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。
英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。
Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。
由于前述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s).We rent a house, but they own one.A: Black coffee, please.B: The same for me.They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do.I think so.■省略EllipsisHe prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish.---Do you understand?---I tried to.---You haven’t told him yet.---Not yet.连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
CohesionandCoherence衔接与连贯
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那 么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
•二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替 代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’）
我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’ (clausal substitution)
cohesion and coherence
我被连在邮局的柜台旁独自排了一小时 的队。
省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代” （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可 使之意义明确的成分。
连接是句际间意义相互联
系的一种衔接手段，常用 的有递进、转折、因果、 时间。词义衔接是实现衔 接的又一手段。它是通过 词义的选择来实现的。
词义衔接主要可划分为重
复、同义词、反义词、局 部词、上座标词、下义词 和搭配。
连贯
文本或话语因其构成成分在逻辑、 语义和句法上错互依存而形成的 一种性质。连贯性是各种因素作 用而形成的：言语序列、词汇的 选择、词汇群体、逻辑关系、对 意义的说明中连接词语的使用。 与和语言相关的衔接相对，连贯 性反映的是文本内概念的相关性。 要求各个部分的语义连接应当通 顺而流畅 。
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义
依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依
赖于后述词项的词项。
替代指用一个词项去代替另一个
或几个词项，是词项之间的一种 代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 one(s), do, same。Halliday和 Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动 词性替代和从句性替代。由于前 述句子或上下文使得意义明确而
e.g.（缺乏逻辑连贯性）
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衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence ) 衔接语篇的有形网络连贯语篇的无形网络(1) Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 语篇的衔接手段众所周知，大树是通过许许多多众所周知，的树叉把大大小小的枝条同树干连接起来形成一个完美的整体。
连接起来形成一个完美的整体。
其实语篇就好比是一棵大树——其实语篇就好比是一棵大树——一个条理清晰，上下连贯（一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？回答是靠衔接手段。
么形成的呢？回答是靠衔接手段。
衔接“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。
后来在他与1962年首次提出的。
后来在他与Hasan合著的Cohesion Hasan合著的Cohesion in English一书中把衔接定义为English一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”（Halliday& 篇的意义关系”（Halliday& Hasan, 1976:4）。
他们认为，1976:4）。
他们认为，衔接是产生语篇的必要（尽管不足）的条件（1976：298-299）。
足）的条件（1976：298-299）。
在他们看来，有了衔接不一定产生语篇，但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。
他们系统地将衔接分为五大照应（reference）、）、替类：照应（reference）、替substitution）、）、省略代（substitution）、省略ellipsis）、）、连接（ellipsis）、连接conjunction）（conjunction）及词汇衔接cohesion）。
（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法手段，其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。
一类属于词汇衔接手段。
是一些起信号作用的词项。
照应是一些起信号作用的词项。
它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息1976:31）。
（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。
照应分为外照应（exophora）照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。
）。
内照和内照应（endophora）。
内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）anaphora）和上照应（（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（）（cataphora）。
前照应）（cataphora）。
外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。
内照应指意义外的词项。
依赖于上下文的词项。
依赖于上下文的词项。
下照应（后照应）指意义依后照应）赖于前述词项的词项、赖于前述词项的词项、上前照应）照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
赖于后述词项的词项。
Reference The snail is considered a great delicacy. As the child grows, he learns to be independent. It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open. 替代指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。
代替关系。
英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。
Halliday和same。
Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动将其分为名词性替代、词性替代和从句性替代。
由于前词性替代和从句性替代。
述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代”它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），1976:142），省去一些上下文可），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。
使之意义明确的成分。
Substitution Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s). We rent a house, but they own one. A: Black coffee, please. B: The same for me. They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do. I think so. Ellipsis He prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish. ---Do you understand? ---Do ---I tried to. ---I ---You haven’t told him yet. ---You ---Not yet. ---Not 连接是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用系的一种衔接手段，的有递进、转折、因果、的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
时间。
词义衔接是实现衔接的又一手段。
接的又一手段。
它是通过词义的选择来实现的。
词义的选择来实现的。
Conjunction I told him years ago, but he won’t listen. He was drowned because he fell off the pier. With the following conjunctions in sentences or passages: 英语逻辑关系表示法1. 先后或列举：first, second…; in the 先后或列举：second place; nest/then; for one thing…for another…; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。
and等。
2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ 因果：hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。
because/since/for 等。
3.特例或举例：in particular; 3.特例或举例：specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。
/namely等。
4.转折：4.转折：But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。
neither…nor等。
5.引出结论：in 5.引出结论：conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ up；actually; of course等。
course 等。
6. 表示频率：frequently/often; 表示频率：occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again 等。