10.脊柱模型及腰椎生物力学

1.SPINAL MODELING AND LUMBAR SPINAL BIOMECHANICS

脊柱模型及腰椎的生物力学

Ray Wiegand,D.C.

Adjunct Faculty Logan College of Chiropractic

2.INTRODUCTION介绍

*The purpose of this presentation is to develop a geometric spinal model using frontal and sagittal plane radiographs.

本讲座的目的是介绍用正面和侧面X-光片创立一个脊柱几何力学模型

3.PURPOSE OF THE SPINAL MODEL脊柱模型的作用

*Provide a method to record the architecture and geometry of the spinal pelvic system to investigate its organization and function.

提供一个方法以记录和测定脊柱和骨盆系统的结构极其几何力学，用以研究其组成和功能*Identify abnormal segmental alignment for the purpose of spinal adjusting

确定异常的关节排列以确定脊柱调整方案

4.BIOMECHANICAL ORGANIZATION生物力学结构

*All living organisms demonstrate optimum efficiency through structural and functional organization

所有有生命的肌体组织都会通过其结构和功能组成来达到其最佳和最有效的生存方式

*The human skeleton is structurally and functionally organized including the alignment of the bones and the symmetrical

attachment of the ligaments and muscles

人体的骨骼系统是以骨骼的排列、韧带和肌肉的对称附着来达到结构和功能的有机结合的*Any injury to the spine or pelvis causes functional compensation within the spine,pelvis and extremities

所有对脊柱或骨盆的伤害都会引起脊椎、骨盆和四肢的功能代偿

*For every action there is a reaction每一个作用都存在着一个相应的反应

5.SPINAL REACTION TO INJURY(COMPENSATION)IS PREDICTABLE脊椎对损伤的代偿反应是可预见的

*Once injured,the spinal system predictably reorganizes脊椎系统一旦受到伤害随即会发生可预见的重新整合

*From Optimum form and function

*To Organized compensation with reduced function

从最佳形态功能到有组织的代偿并伴随功能下降

*With repeated injury the spinal system moves

*To Disorganization with dysfunction

反复的伤害脊椎系统就会发展成组织紊乱伴随功能障碍

*Patients usually have multiple injuries and the spine is disorganized and dysfunctional

病人通常都是由于多次的损伤导致组织紊乱和功能障碍

6.DEVELOPING THE SPINAL MODEL脊椎模型的建立

使用X-线的投影原理

7.SPINAL GEOMETRY脊椎的几何学

*The spine demonstrates different geometry dependent on the viewing angle从不同的角度观察，脊椎呈现出不同的几何形态

*The viewing angle is the positional relationship of the object to the observer.观察角度是物体与观察者之间的位置关系

*There are usually two viewing angles of the spine,the frontal and sagittal planes通常有两种观察角度：正面和侧面

8.THE OPTIMUM SPINE FRONTAL PLANE最佳状态脊柱正面观图形

Optimum geometry produces maximum resistance to gravity

最佳几何形态产生对重力的最大承受力

*In the frontal plane the spine is从正面观察脊柱是

Vertical垂直的

Symmetrical对称的

Balanced left to right左右平衡的

9.THE OPTIMUM SPINE SAGITTAL PLANE最佳状态脊柱的侧面观

*Optimum Geometry and Alignment Produces Optimum Joint Function

最佳几何形态和排列产生最佳关节功能

In the sagittal plane there are four reciprocating curves侧面观脊柱有四个弯曲曲线

Three are functional curves有三个功能曲线

Cervical颈椎

Thoracic胸椎

Lumbar腰椎

One is a static curve一个静态曲线

Sacral底部

The head is positioned over the center of the pelvis头位于骨盆中心上方

The spine is balanced front to back脊柱前后平衡

10.PROJECTIONAL X-RAY GEOMETRY X-线投影几何学

*Three Dimensional Objects Form Predictable Two Dimensional Images根据三维空间物体可预测出两维画面

*When the true architectural shape is known只要我们知道其真实结构

*When the effects of x-ray distortion are known知道X-线的变形影响

*When the effects of the viewing angle are known知道观察角度的影响

11.PRIMARY OBJECTS IN AN X-RAY FIELD X-线区域内的没有弧度的物体

*Images of primary objects are not effected by central ray position物体的图形不受中心线位置的影响

*Off centering of the central ray or object malposition results in magnification and displacement

*The characteristic shape is maintained偏离中心线或物体位移导致图形的放大或位移但形状不会改变