第三章定语从句的翻译与四字格的运用
大学英语四级常用翻译方法和技巧：定语从句的翻译.doc
2018年大学英语四级常用翻译方法和技巧：定语从句的翻译定语从句在英语中大量出现，它有长有短，结构有简有繁，对先行词的限制有强有弱。
定语从句有时起补充说明和分层叙述的作用，或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件、让步和结果等等意义。
在语序上，英语的定语从句位于被其修饰的词语之后。
所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念，合理安排译文的语序，按汉语的表达方式处理行文。
1)压缩法这种译法就是把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分，也就是译成汉语中带的的词组。
当定语从句较简短而且与先行词关系密切，则把这个带的的汉语定语词组置于被其修饰的词语之前，从而把英语的复句译成汉语的单句。
[例1]Thats the reason why she spoke.这就是她为什么发言的理由。
[例2]The war, which had gone on for more than ten years, was over.那场延续了十年之久的战争结束了。
2)溶合法把定语从句译成汉语的谓语，同时把主句译成汉语的词组作主语，二者溶合，译成独立的简单句。
由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，所以此法较适用于翻译带限制件定语从句的复合句，尤其是翻译there be结构的句子。
[例1]There was another man who seemed to have answer.另外有一人似乎胸有成竹。
[例2]This poem which almost everybody knows is by Tennyson.丁尼生写的这首诗几乎人人皆知。
3)拆译法如果定语从句冗长复杂，不论是限制性的或是非限制性的.往往可以译成并列句，放在主句的前后，有的还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句。
[例1]There will come a day when he will become a well-known musician.将来总有那么一天，他将成为一位著名的音乐家。
定语从句翻译技巧
定语从句翻译技巧在英语中, 定语从句很常见, 翻译时如不进行仔细分析就会出现误译。
通过实例对定语从句的翻译技巧做一探讨, 并将这些翻译技巧赋予理论概念, 即定语从句定语化, 定语从句谓语化, 定语从句状语化。
在把汉语翻译成带有定语从句的英语时，中国学生常常会受到母语的影响会出现误译。
因此我们要对比英汉两种语言，以便避免汉语的负迁移。
一英译汉时定语从句翻译中的易错点英语中的定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的结构, 通常分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
进行英译汉翻译时如不进行仔细分析，就会造成误译。
比如，下面两个句子仅有一个逗号之差，含义却不同：His brother who is a soldier is eighteen years old now.His brother, who is a soldier, is eighteen years old now.第一句应译为：他那个当兵的哥哥今年十八岁了。
（含义为：他不止一个哥哥。
句中的限制性定语从句起到限定的作用。
）第二句应译为：他的哥哥今年十八岁了，他在当兵。
（含义为：他只有一个哥哥。
句中的非限制性定语从句起到补充说明的作用。
）定语从句在英语中大量出现, 它有长有短, 结构有简有繁, 对先行词的限制有强有弱, 定语从句有时起着补充说明和分层叙述的作用, 或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件, 让步和结果等意义。
在语序上, 英文定语从句置于先行词之后.。
所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念, 合理安排译文的语序。
二英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法英语定语从句虽然种类繁多, 变化复杂, 但一般均可以用以下三种方法翻译。
1 定语从句定语化限制性定语从句往往要译成前置定语结构, 翻译成带“的”的定语词组, 这是因为它与所修饰的词关系甚密, 若分开译会影响主句意思的完整。
也有一些非限制性定语从句, 或因结构短小, 或因与被修饰词关系较密切, 或因拆译后会造成译文结构松散, 在这种情况下, 可以译成前置定语结构。
第三章定语从句的翻译与四字格的运用
3．5. Translation of Attributive Clauses 定语从句的翻译For the short attributives, we can often put them before the head nouns they modifies in translation, no matter they are restrictive or non-restrictive ones.It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully all his life. （strive for sth. faithfully 为……奋斗不渝）了解到他们一定会继承爱德加·斯诺终生为之奋斗不渝的事业，这是令人欣慰的。
His laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.他富于感染力的笑声打破了沉默。
For longer attributives, we can often translate them into another clause(小句) or sentence through division.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力奋斗，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为此献出了自己的生命。
A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。
第三章现代汉语段落英译
第三章 现代汉语段落英译
从表达的角度看，翻译在很大程度上类似于写作， 应该遵从英语的遣词、造句、构段、谋篇的规范，突 破规范一般只是局部范围内的事。必须注意，英语遣 词、造句、构段、谋篇时首先应考虑文章的统一性 (unity)与连贯性(coherence)，要考虑使用恰当的衔接手 段(cohesive device)，使文章语意连贯，主题鲜明，如 有断裂，应及时修补；其次要考虑文体，要考虑遣词、 造句、构段、谋篇的正式程度。另外，译文的读者对 象与原文的读者对象不同，写作有一个为什么人的问 题，翻译也有一个为什么人的问题，读者因素是翻译 表达中的重要因素。还有，一个汉语段落往往有多种 翻译方法，有时还要对原文的意义层次进行适当的调 整甚至重组，否则，虽然翻译出来了，读起来总感到 不顺。
第三章 现代汉语段落英译
议论文与说明文往往以从一般到个别（from general to specific） 的 方 式 展 开 ， 或 者 说 以 deductive development或演绎方式展开；或者相反，以从个别到 一 般 （ from specific to general） 即 以 inductive development或归纳方式展开。具体地说就是，一个典 型的演绎式的大段往往由主题陈述(thesis statement)开 始 ， 衬 托 段 落 ( supporting paragraphs) 居 中 ， 总 结 (conclusion)段落或文字收尾。一个典型的演绎式的自 然 段 往 往 由 主 题 句 ( topic sentence) 开 始 ， 衬 托 句 (supporting sentences)居中，总结(conclusion)句收尾。 一个典型的归纳式的大段往往由衬托段开始，主题陈 述断后。一个典型的归纳式的自然段则往往由衬托句 开始，主题句断后。当然演绎与归纳方式往往会交错 使用。
定语从句的翻译方法
定语从句的翻译方法
定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，常常用来给出额外的信息来
进一步说明该名词或代词。
翻译定语从句时，一般可以采用以下方法：
1.将定语从句翻译为一个完整的句子，放在被修饰的名词或代词后面。
例如：
- The girl who is sitting next to me is my best friend.
-坐在我旁边的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。
2.将定语从句翻译为一个介词短语，并用该介词短语修饰被修饰的名
词或代词。
例如：
- The book that I am reading is very interesting.
-我正在看的那本书非常有趣。
3.将定语从句翻译为一个形容词短语，并用该形容词短语修饰被修饰
的名词或代词。
例如：
- The man who is wearing a hat is my father.
-戴着帽子的那个男人是我爸爸。
注意：翻译定语从句时要注意上下文的语境，并使得翻译后的句子通顺、流畅。
高一英语重点语法英语笔记--定语从句
高一英语重点语法英语笔记--定语从句定语从句是高中英语第一大语法内容，必需清楚把握。
接下来我为大家整理了高一英语学习的内容，一起来看看吧!高一英语重点语法--定语从句01定语从句基本概念在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
02定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词包括that，which，who(宾格whom，全部格whose)，as 等。
关系副词包括where，when，why等。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
03定语从句的分类依据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不行省去。
例如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。
2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
例如：The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很美丽,是我们上个月买的.留意：非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词that。
04关系代词的用法1. thatthat既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。
在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。
例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜爱轻柔的音乐。
(that作主语)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(that作宾语)2. whichwhich 用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。
定语从句的翻译课件
They went to Mr. Chang, who gave them a hearty welcome.
他们去看张先生，张先生热诚地欢迎他们。
I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting.
Those who do not wish to go need not go.
凡是不愿意去的人就不必去。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
She had been too proud to admit the emotion (情感) which her heart felt.
我遇到了一个问题。当我就要
出席会议时，这个问题越发明
显。
（独立句）
同处理限制性定语从句的转换法一致，这 种译法同样适合非限制性定语从句。
We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
另一种理论认为该地区的地形 是造成船只和飞机失踪的罪魁祸 பைடு நூலகம்。
一是作为领导干部一定要树立正确的 权力观 和科学 的发展 观，权 力必须 为职工 群众谋 利益， 绝不能 为个人 或少数 人谋取 私利
Many people have found these explanations difficult to believe.
定语从句的翻译方法
定语从句的翻译方法关于定语从句的翻译方法大家了解过多少呢？可能很多人都不是很清楚，下面就是店铺分享的定语从句的翻译方法介绍，一起来看一下吧。
定语从句的翻译方法篇1定语从句的翻译方法众所周知，英语句子按照其结构可分为三大类：简单句、并列句和主从复合句。
而主从复合句中的定语从句又是考研英语翻译中的一个重点和难点。
如果能掌握定语从句的翻译技巧，对广大考生将大有裨益。
英语中的定语有两种：前置定语和后置定语。
而无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句都是后置定语。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的主要区别在于限制意义的强弱之分。
然而，在汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其修饰词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分。
海天考研英语李波老师告诉我们，限制与非限制在翻译成汉语中并不起十分重要的作用。
英语中定语从句的往往非常复杂，而我们翻译成汉语中的定语不宜太过复杂臃肿。
所以，我们在翻译定语从句时一定要考虑汉语的表达习惯。
李波老师说为了更好的处理考研英语翻译中的定语从句的翻译，下面浅谈几种翻译技巧：第一、前置翻译法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
但前置翻译法往往适用于较短的定语。
如：Yao Ming is a basketball player who is ver great.姚明是一名非常伟大的运动员。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter，which was infectious，broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
第二、后置翻译法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
定语从句的翻译
定语从句的翻译第一篇：定语从句的翻译定语从句的翻译英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。
他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。
而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。
英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。
所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。
如果英语的定语从句太长，无论是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜译成汉语中的定语，而应用其他方法处理。
常见的定语从句翻译有以下几种方法。
一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。
既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。
He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。
Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。
二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。
英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。
这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。
翻译时可以用两种方法来处理。
（一）重复先行词。
由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
定语从句的译法
定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和⾮限制性定语从句两种，两类定语从句在翻译⽅法上基本类似，因此我们把它们放在⼀起介绍。
在翻译定语从句时，我们经常采⽤下列的翻译⽅法：⼀、前置法把英语原⽂的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组，放置于被修饰的词之前，将英语原⽂的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句，这种⽅法⼀般⽤于限制性定语从句⽐较短的情况。
⼀些较短的具有描述性的⾮限制性定语从句也可采⽤前置法，但没有限制性定语从句使⽤得普遍。
例如：例1.For example， one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that itsupports the image we have of ourselves， and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.例如，友谊的⼀个作⽤似乎是⽀持我们在⾃⼰⼼⽬中的形象，并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。
例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared， if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.（92年考题）如果要从智⼒⽅⾯进⾏任何⽐较的话，那么对所有被⽐较者来说，前两个因素必须是⼀样的。
例3.The first method is to give a synonym， a word that has nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define： face for countenance， nervousness for anxiety.第⼀种⽅法是同义词法，即给出⼀个与 要释义的词在意义上⼏乎相同的，如⽤face表⽰countenance，⽤nervousness表⽰anxiety.例4.Behaviourists， in contrast， say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. （90年考题）相反，⾏为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于⿊⼈常常被剥夺了⽩⼈在教育及其他外界环境⽅⾯所享有的许多有利条件⽽造成的。
定语从句的英语翻译方法
定语从句的英语翻译⽅法英语和汉语分属两种不同语系，其差别很⼤，翻译起来有诸多困难，英语定语从句汉译便是困难之⼀。
由于定语从句在英语中应⽤⼗分⼴泛，因此，我们必须想办法、找⽅法、寻规律，从⽽很好地解决它。
⼀、限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句对所修饰先⾏项起限制作⽤，在意义上与先⾏项密切不可分。
如被省去，主句意思就含糊不清，甚⾄变得毫⽆意义。
关系词和先⾏项之间⼀般不⽤逗号分隔。
(⼀)定语词组 ①I have but one lamp by which my feed are guided. 我只有⼀盏指路明灯。
②It was so with the vast railroad yards with the crowded array of vessels she saw in the river. ⽕车站⼴⼤场地，河⾥鳞次梯⽐船只，她也同样不能理解。
③Before following her in her round of seeking, let us look at the sphare in which her future was to lie. 我们暂且把她找寻⼯作事搁下来不谈，先看⼀看她前途所寄托这个世界。
④...and the thread which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were irretrievably broken ……⽽那些把她和少⼥时代以及故乡轻轻系住柔丝，不得不就此断绝了。
(⼆)并列从句 1）省略英语先⾏项 ①The lungs are subjecd to several diseases which are treatable by surgery. 肺易受⼏种疾病侵袭，但均可经⼿术治疗。
②A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. ⼜⾛了⼀些路，她看见⼀个⼤门，不知怎，引起了她注意。
翻译 第三章 篇章的翻译
译文：在田纳西州加特林堡古老的河滨旅店，他坐在游廊 里一把硕大的山核桃木摇椅上，相形之下显得又矮又小， 跟“小人国”的居民差不多。可是在四月中旬那个温暖的日 子里，我们不能不注意到他，因为别人都穿着便装在旅店 周围闲逛，他却穿着一套浅色条纹的深蓝色西服，扎着哈
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照 应
佛式深红领带，带着平顶硬草帽。一条金表链横挂在紧扣 的背心前襟上，随着他晃动摇椅的节奏，在阳光下闪闪发 光。一直在若有所思地注视着我们，看着我走下我的捷豹 XK-150型轿车（它令我感到骄傲和欢欣），绕到另一边给 我的新娘打开车门。我们跟在提着沉重行李的侍应生后面 拘束地走着，他的目光一直跟着我们。当我们走近他的摇 椅时，他露出了会心的微笑。“你们好，相爱的年轻人，” 他说。我们的新婚夫妇和蜜月游客身份是显而易见的，没 有人会弄错。第二天早上，我们进餐厅较晚。当时，那位 老人，也就是我们后来结识的B先生，正独自坐着，面前放 着一杯茶。
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解析：文章开篇就用he介绍主人公，随后又用了一系列与 之相照应的人称词，如him, his等。对于作者本人，文章 也未做身份交待，而是一直用we，our引领着读者进入故 事情节。使读者读到后面才搞清he, him, his所指的这个 具有神秘色彩的老人原来是B先生，而we, our指的是作者 夫妇，一对相爱的年轻人。本段文章所采取的并非是常见 的照应手段，但是照应关系始终按照两条主线展开：一条 是指Mr. B先生的he系列，一条是指作者夫妇的we系列。 这种人称照应的形式在文学作品里相当常见。作者的目的 往往是为了留下悬念，吸引读者渐入佳景，以求得到对疑 问的答案。
照 应
（三）比较照应 英语的比较照应可以通过词汇和句法手段表达，也可以通 过改变形容词和副词的形态表达，还可以通过一些其他有 比较意义的词语表达。如用same、 so、 as、 equal、 such、 similar、different、 other、 otherwise、 likewise等来表示照应关系。在汉语中，形容词和副词是 没有形态变化的，其比较意义一般通过词汇或句法手段来 表达。
[全]英语语法-定语从句的翻译方法详解
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[全]英语语法-定语从句的翻译方法详解定语从句的翻译中文的定语从句：1、前置定语（1）一个词修饰另一个词，一般是前置：例如：一个漂亮的女孩清香的茶叶著名的诗人（2）一个短语或是一个句子或是多个句子修饰一个词，一般是前置：例如：坐在门口的孩子拿着手机的小姑娘昨天晚上趴在房上的小白猫2、后置定语古代汉语中存在定语后置的情况：例如：中国疆域之辽阔，人口之众多，资源之丰富。
“之”引起的定语后置的情况。
China has a vast territory, a large population and plentiful resources.territory: n. 领土；地盘；范围英文的定语从句：一个单词修饰另一个单词，1、一般是前置：e.g: a pretty girla famous poet2、后置：（1）过去分词修饰名词，可以是后置定语，但不等同于所有的过去分词在修饰名词时都后置e.g.: a child adopted（2）以a-开头的形容词（也称为表语形容词）修饰名词时，一定要后置，基本上所有a-开头的形容词做定语时都要后置e.g.: a physician alive所有词组和句子修饰一个单词时都是后置,没有前置——定语从句。
英文中的定语翻译成中文时，一定是前置e.g: a boy standing under the treetwo women waiting for youa kind of knowledge which can enlighten the whole worlda book which may help you pass this exam英译汉的步骤：第一步：断句第二步：翻译第三部：重读e.g: On the whole, /such a conclusion can be drawn /with a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom he is being compared, /and only if he was not punished /by lack of relevant information /which they possessed.第一步断句第二步翻译：字对字翻译译：总体上来说1，得出这样一种结论2需要3一定程度的把握，只要假设这个孩子对于测试的态度，和与之相比较的其他孩子的4态度相同5，也只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有6的相关信息而受到惩罚7。
定语从句的翻译方法ppt课件
Behaviorists suggest that / the child / who is raised in an environment / where there are many stimuli / which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response / will experience greater intellectual development.
4．这个“他或她”的翻译不是很地道，因为中文里 一般不用这样的表达法，这可以到第三步重读的时 候进行调整。
5．这个“他”就是在翻译过程中出现的增词现象， 因为把定语从句后置之后，主句的谓语也就缺少了 主语，那么我们在翻译的过程中需要增加主语，这 属于“自然增词法”。
第三步：重读
正：行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长 在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些刺激促进 了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子 就会有着更大的知识发展。 这一步极其关键，因为在处理整个句子关 系的时候，我们增加了“如果……那么”、 “而”等词，将“他或她”变成了“其”，将“发展” 变成了“促进了……的发展”。所以直到这时 我们才能说这个句子算是翻译完毕了。
翻译改进
1．一般来说，一个人或是一群人的后面出 现了一个动词，动词后面有宾语从句，即 使我们不认识这个单词，我们都会把这个 词翻译成“认为”，这是一种十分适合于 考试的方法。
2．定语1和定语2合在一起翻译，但是定语 2比较短，少于八个单词，所以要放在定语 1的前面翻译。
3．“这些刺激”就是句子当中的which，这里把 which翻译出来，就是我们讲的要把后置翻译的定语 从句中的关系词翻译出来的方法。在这里一定要明 确which指的是什么
至简英语--定语从句--四个字
至简英语---定语从句 四字方案
判断是否是定语从句 定义：1.大句套小句，小句作定语---定语从句
2. 翻译理解（……的） 形式：n/pron+--------------
n
I like the house that stands there.
考点：定语从句关系词的选择 定语从句的谓语是否及物
whose+n
=the+n+of which
=of which+the+n as 1.正如2.与know、see、expect等连用3.可句首 4.搭配such…as the same…as 5.指代一个句子 which1.不可句首2.可指代句子
Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from____B___effects the people are still suffering.
○关系副词(3选1） when/where/why 时间when: =介词+which 地点where: =介词+which reason why: =for +which
I w joined the party. This is the house_w__h_e_re__he was born. Tell me the reason _w_h_y__you were late this morning.
关系副词代词区别：
on(in) which
1. I’ll never forget the day(s) _w_h_e_n_=_____my
hometown was liberated. 2. I’ll never forget the days __3__we spent
定语从句的译法
(5)以as引导的限制性定语从句
值得注意 关系代词经常与such，the same…as as many, as much等配合，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语等 译法较固定
*
such+(名词)+as 或such as
*
The considerable success of these studies has brought a theoretical unity to the whole field of organic chemistry which has the effect of making its principles easier to teach and to learn． 这些研究的重大成就给有机化学的整个领域带来了理论上的统一，从而使有机化学原理的教和学变得较为容易。 (表结果)
*
Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible are called unsaturated hydrocarbons． 不含有最大氢原子数的烃可能叫不饱和烃。 不含有最大可能氢原子数的烃叫不饱和烃。
*
which that
限制性定语从句省略了关系词，翻译时也同样采用合译法译成定语。如： The rate at which the molecules move depends upon the energy they have． 分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。(省略了关系代词which或 that)
*
When fuels burn，they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made． 燃料燃烧时，又转变成原来构成它们的那些更加简单的物质。
定语从句的译法
定语从句的译法英语定语从句在句法结构上虽属次要成份，在语言作用上却占有重要的地位，应用极广。
英语定语从句的结构有简有繁，对先行词的限制有强有弱，翻译时需分别灵活处理。
汉语里没有类似英语中定语从句的结构，一般说来，定语放在它所修饰的词之前，往往只起修饰或限制的作用，而英语定语从句的功能却并不止于此。
另外，定语从句可以写得很长，可以由几个从句并列同时修饰一个名词，可以借助关系代词由一个从句套出另一个从句，而汉语名词前一般少用结构复杂、描写性的长定语。
因此，翻译英语定语从句时不能一律把它提前译作定语。
定语从句的译法很多，常用的有以下几种：4.1 译成前置定语一般说来，限定性的定语从句可提前译成定语。
还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限定性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语关系紧密，也可译为前置定语。
如：例1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
例2. There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.在科学上没有平坦的大道，只有不畏劳苦、沿着陡峭的山路攀登的人，才有希望达到光辉的顶点。
例3. When I went to China, I went to teach; but every day that I stayed I thought less of what I had to teach them and more of what I had to learn from them. Among Europeans who had lived a long time in China, I found this attitude not uncommon; but among those whose stay is short, or who go only to make money, it is sadly rare.我到中国是去教书的。
《定语从句》的翻译方法
《定语从句》的翻译方法一：中、英文定语差异：1.中文：一个词修饰另一个词时，如：清香的茶叶、有趣的书籍。
可见在中文中，一个词修饰另一个词时，定语部分是前置的。
（清香的、有趣的）一个句子修饰另一个词时，如：趴在门口的猫、昨晚睡得很晚的茶茶。
可见在中文中，一个短语、一个句子甚至多个句子修饰一个词时，定语也是前置的。
（趴在门口的、昨晚睡得很晚的）当然也有特例，如中国古代汉语：中国疆域之辽阔，“之辽阔”就是后置定语，翻译时要翻译成China has a vast territory.2.英文：一个词修饰另一个词时，如：a beautiful girl,a child adopted.可见在英文中，一个词修饰另一个词时，定语可以前置也可以后置。
（beautiful,adopted）一个句子修饰另一个词时，如：a boy standing under the tree.可见英文中，所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词时一定是后置的。
(which may help you pass the exam,standing under the tree.)看到这里，问题来了：因为英文中所有的定语从句都是放在被修饰词后面的，而中文是放在前面的，所以英译中时，一般需要将定语从句放到被修饰词前面翻译。
（前置译法）如：a book which may help you pass the exam.一本能帮助你通过考试的书。
当然也有将定语从句放到被修饰词后的译法（后置译法），之后再讨论。
二：中英文语序差异：先看一段话：中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
翻译1：China is a major developing country and attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.翻译2：As a major developing country,China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.这两种翻译看上去都是对的，因为两种都不影响理解。
定语从句用法归纳
定语从句用法归纳篇一：定语从句的用法一、定语从句的有关概念所谓定语从句;就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句..学习定语从句;首先要弄清两个重要概念——先行词和关系词..先行词是我们汉语中从来没有听过的一个新概念;它其实指的就是被定语从句所修饰的词..由于定语从句修饰名词或代词时;定语从句通常是后置的;所以人们就将放在定语从句前被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词..那什么是关系词呢其实它就是用于引导定语从句的引导词..事实上;英语中的各类从句;不管性质如何;它们都需要有一个词来“引导”;正如人们给引导状语从句的词语取了个名字叫从属连词一样;人们也给引导定语从句的词语取了个名字;叫它关系词;因为它通常被放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用;以表明两者之间的修饰关系;同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分..二、定语从句中关系词与所修饰先行词的关系为了更好地理解定语从句;我们还有必要研究一下关系词与先行词之间的关系..但在研究这种关系之前;我们先来看看关系词有哪些..根据关系词在定语从句中的作用;我们可以将关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种..所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词;它们在引导定语从句的同时;还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等;英语中比较常用的关系代词有that; which; who; whom; whose等..类似地;关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词;它们在引导定语从句的同时;还在定语从句中充当状语等;英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个;即when; where和why..许多初学定语从句的人弄不清关系词与先行词之间到底是什么关系..其实啊;关系词与先行词之间的关系很简单;简单得可以划一个等号..因为;关系词的含义在本质上等价于先行词;它与先行词指的就是同一个人或同一个事物..为便于理解;下面我们来看几个例子吧..I know the man who lives next door. 我认识住在隔壁的那个人..这是一个含有定语从句的复合句..句中的the man为先行词;who lives next door为修饰the man的定语从句；在定语从句中;who是关系词;它在定语从句中用作主语;从意义上说;它在此所表示的意思与先行词the man等价;换句话说;上面这个句子与下面这个句子等价：I know the man. He lives next door. 我认识这个人;它就住在隔壁..She will never forget the day when she got married. 她永远不会忘记她结婚的这一天..句中的the day为先行词;when she got married为修饰the day的定语从句；在定语从句中;when是关系词;它在定语从句中用作状语;从意义上说;它在此与“介词+先行词”所表示的意思等价;也就是说上面的句子与下面这个句子等价：She will never forget the day. On that day she got married. 她永远不会忘记这一天;在这一天她结婚了..三、定语从句的翻译许多英语初学者往往弄不明白为什么引导定语从句的关系词which 不能译为“哪一个”;who不能译为“谁”;when不能译为“什么时候”;where不能译为“什么地方”;等等..首先;我们必须要明白一点;那就是引导定语从句的which; who; when; where; why等是关系词关系代词或关系副词;而不是疑问词;所以不能按疑问词的意思来理解..前面我们讲到;英语中的定语从句总是后置的;即要放在被修饰名词或代词之后；但在汉语中;定语通常是前置的;也就是说定语要放在被修饰名词的前面;并通常表现为“……的”这样的形式..当我们翻译英语中定语从句的时候;一般可以按汉语习惯;将定语从句翻译在被修饰的名词或代词之前;而其中的关系词一般就是译成汉语中的“……的”..如：He showed me the article that he had written. 他把他写的文章拿给我看..句中的that he had written为修饰名词the article的定语从句;翻译时就可译为“他写的文章”;其中的关系代词that在此译成了“的”字..She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上..句中的which arrived just now为修饰名词the train的定语从句;翻译时就可译为“刚才到的那列火车”;其中的关系代词which在此也译成了“的”字..Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子..句中的when very few people go to work为修饰名词the day的定语从句;翻译时就可译为“没什么人去上班的日子”;其中的关系副词when在此也译成了“的”字..That’s the hote l where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆..句中的when very few people go to work为修饰名词the day的定语从句;翻译时就可译为“没什么人去上班的日子”;其中的关系副词when在此也译成了“的”字..Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由..句中的why we should help you为修饰名词onereason的定语从句;翻译时就可译为“我们应当帮助你的理由”;其中的关系副词why在此也译成了“的”字..当然;我们上面介绍的是翻译定语从句最简单同时也是最基本的方法;由于英语句子千变万化;定语从句的表现形式也灵活多样;有些含有定语从句的句子可能用此方法翻译会显得别扭;但只要掌握了这个基本的方法;再加上适当的变通;翻译定语从句也就不难了..四、定语从句中关系代词的省略省略关系代词最典型的情形就是当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候..在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有that; which; who; whom..如：Those books that you lent me were very useful. 你借给我的那些书很有用..句中的that you lent me为修饰those books的定语从句;引导定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句中用作动词lent的宾语;故可以省略..I wore the necklace which my mother had left me. 我戴着我妈留给我的项链..句中的which my mother had left me为修饰the necklace 的定语从句;引导定语从句的关系代词which在定语从句中用作动词left的宾语;故可以省略..Do you still remember the boy who; whom I was going out with 你还记得那个跟我约会的小伙子吗句中的who; whom I was going out with为修饰the boy的定语从句;引导定语从句的关系代词who / whom在定语从句中用作句尾介词with 的宾语;故可以省略..注意：我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句;在非限制性定语从句中;即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略..另外;当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时;此时也不能省略..如：I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人..此句中的关系代词which虽然也是用作宾语;但不能省略;因为它是直接跟在介词with后面作宾语..但是;如果将此句改写一下;将介词with 置于句末;则可以将关系代词whom省略..如：I wanted to find someone whom I could discuss books and music with. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人..五、引导定语从句的主要关系代词1. that的用法that是所有关系代词中最常用的;它既可指人也可指物;既可用作主语也可用作宾语..如：This is the photo that I took. 这就是我拍的照片..引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指事;且在定语从句中用作宾语;故可以省略..They live in a house that was built 200 years ago. 他们住在一座两百年前盖的房子里..引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指物;且在定语从句中用作主语;故不可以省略..The man that I saw told me to come here. 我见到的人让我到这里来..引导定语从句的关系代词that在此指人;且在定语从句中用作宾语;故可以省略..2. who / whom的用法关系代词who和whom均只能指人;不能指物；从理论上说;who是主格;在定语从句中用作主语；whom是宾格;在定语从句中用作宾语..但在实际运用中;除非是直接用作介词后作宾语;否则凡是用宾格whom的地方..如：I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人;他说认识你..引导定语从句的关系代词who在此指人;且在定语从句中用作主语;故不可以省略..She is the girl who; whom you saw in school. 她就是你在学校见到的那个女孩..关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语;从理论上说应用whom;但也可以用who；由于是用作主语;所以它们也可以省略..注意;如果关系代词是直接用作介词后作宾语;不可以用who来代替whom..如：The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 我和她谈话的那个姑娘是我表妹..句中的whom直接用在介词to的后面作宾语;故不可省略..3. whose的用法不要以为关系代词whose只用于指人;其实它也可以用于指事物；whose在定语从句中主要用作定语..如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的人..It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛;名字我忘了..第一句中的关系代词whose指人;第二句中的关系代词whose 指物..六、引导定语从句的主要关系副词1. when的用法关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语;表示时间;用以修饰表示时间的先行词；在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价;其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定..如：1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年..句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句;关系副词when 在此相当于in which..表示在某一年;英语习惯上用介词in;如in 1988;in 2008等;所以此处用in which..I’ll never for get the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天..句中的when I first met you为修饰the day 的定语从句;关系副词when在此相当于on which..表示在某一天;英语习惯上用介词on;如on that day; on Friday等;所以此处用on which..Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘记婚礼开始的时间..句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time 的定语从句;关系副词when在此相当于at which..表示在某一时刻;英语习惯上用介词at;如at that time; at the moment等;所以此处用at which..2. where的用法关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语;表示地点;用以修饰表示地点的先行词；在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价;其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定..如：What is the name of the town where you live 你住的那个城市叫什么名字句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句;关系副词where在此相当于in which..表示在住在某城市;英语习惯上说明live in a city;所以此处用at which..This cross marks the spot where she died. 这个十字符号标明她死去的地点..句中的where she died为修饰the spot的定语从句;关系副词where在此相当于at 3.3.why的用法关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语;表示原因；why引导定语从句时;其先行词只有一个;那就是the reason；在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which..如：These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由..句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句;关系副词why 在此相当于for which..Do yo u know the reason why she doesn’t like me 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason 的定语从句;关系副词why在此相当于for which..whyfor which外;有时也可换成that;甚至省略..如：篇二：英语中六大从句用法总结英语中六大从句用法总结1.主语从句1主语从句可直接位于主语的位置;如果从句较长;谓语又较短;可用it作形式主语;而将从句放在句末..常见的句型有：It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...It is clear\important\likely\possible that...It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.It seems that the performance is very useful.2what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”;一般不用it作形式主语..What we lack is experience.3what;who;when;why;whether等词含有各自的疑问意义;但它们引导的主语从句;都用陈述语序..How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.I did know why I felt like crying.2.宾语从句1宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后..连词that常可省略..介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句..in that因为;except that 除了;but that只是已构成固定搭配;其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句..I promised that I would change the situation.All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.2宾语从句后如有宾补;要用形式宾语it来代替;而把宾语从句移至宾补之后..He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.3在think;believe;suppose;expect等动词后的宾语从句中;如果谓语是否定的;一般将否定词移至主句谓语上;宾语从句则变成肯定形式..He didn't think that the money was well spent.3.表语从句表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中..表语从句除可用that;what;when;why;whether;how等引导外;还可由because;as ifthough等引导..that常可省略..如主句主语为reason;只能用that引导表语从句;不可用because.Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.4.同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明;一般用连词that 引导;由于先行名词的意义不同;也可用whether;who;when;where;what;why;how等引导..常见的先行名词有fact;idea;belief;news;hope;conclusion;evidence;suggestion;order ;problem;report;decision.有时由于谓语较短;将同位语从句位于谓语之后..She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their team had won the championship.5.定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词;也可以是一个句子..定语从句通常位于先行词之后;由关系代词或关系副词引导..限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词;对先行词起修饰作用;紧接先行词之后;无逗号;若省去;原句意思不完整..引导定语从句的关系代词有who;whom;whose;which;that等..who;whom;whose用于指人;whose有时也可指物;相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物;但只用于限制性定语从句中..关系代词除了引导定语从句;替代先行词外;还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等..The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.1当先行词是all;anything;everything;something;nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first;last;any;few;much;some;no;only以及形容词最高级修饰时;只能用关系代词that引导从句..That is all that I've heard from him.He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.2关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略..关系代词紧跟介词;作介词宾语时不可用that;只可用which或whom引导从句;并且不可省略;但当介词位于宾语从句句末时;作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that;也可省略..This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things which\that we have to put up with.3引导定语从句的关系副词有when;where;why等..关系副词在从句中作状语;意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构..Even in comic books where=in which there are no words;the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why=for which he was so angry that day.5.定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词;也可修饰整个主句;起补充说明作用;与主句之间有逗号隔开;若省去;原句意思不受影响..不可用that引导非限制性定语从句..关系词不可省略..Every object has a gravitational pull;which is rather like magnetism.“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句;也可引导非限制性定语从句;该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配;或先行词的习惯搭配..This is the computer on which he spent all his savingsIt is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.as引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中;代替先行词是人或物的名词..as引导非限制性定语从句时;代替整个主句;从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间..These are not such problems as can be easily solved.as代替先行词problemsAs is mentioned above;no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.as代替主语6.状语从句时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：1when;whenever;while;as;after;before;since;till;until;once 等..We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.2as soon as;hardlyscarcely...when;no sooner...than;eachevery time;the moment;immediatelythat等..As soon as I sent an e-mail message;I received positive responses.The moment he heard the good news;he jumped with joy.地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where;wherever.Wherever she went;she took her little daughter with her.原因、结果和目的状语从句1引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because;as;since;nowthat;seeing that;considering that;in that等..Considering that he is a freshman;we must say he is doing well.2引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that;such...that;so that;that;so等..Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.3引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that;in order that;for fear that;lest等;从句常使用may;might;can;could;would等情态动词..We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.条件和让步状语从句1引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if;unless;asso long as;on condition that;in case;providedproviding that;supposing等..As long as you have the right equipment;you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.2引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though;although;whether;even though;even if;no matter whatwhen;how...;whateverwhenever;wherever;however....等..though;even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构;具有强调意义..其结构为“形容词副词、动词、名词+as+主语+谓语”..No matter what you may say;I would not change my mind.Young as he is;he is quite experienced in this work.=though he is youngChild as he is;he can speak English fluently.=though he is a child方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有as;just as;as if;as though等..asif;as though引导的状语从句中;谓语动词常用虚拟语气;表示与事实相反..The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.总结从句Subordinate Clause是复合句中不能独立成句;但具有主语部分和谓语部分;由that、who、when等引导词Connective引导的非主句部分..编辑本段分类从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类..前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词;所以通称名词性从句；后两类定语从句和状语从句功用相当于形容词;称为形容词性从句..状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句..1.主语从句Subject Clause：用作主语的从句叫主语从句..引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等..2.表语从句Predicative Clause：用作表语的从句叫表语从句..引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样..3.宾语从句Object Clause：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句;介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句..编辑本段宾语从句第一部分一.、定义：宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语..二、学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态..连接词一般都是that指事务或人;which指事;who指人1．从句为陈述句;常选择连接词that或将that省略;直接与主句相连..2．从句为一般疑问句;常选择连接词if或whether..在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换..3．从句为特殊疑问句;常选择what;when;where;which;who;how等的疑问代、副词作连接词..★当who为主语时;句式为：who+谓语+其他判断时态情况：1.主句是一般现在时;从句为各种时态情况2.主句是一般过去时;从句为各种相应过去时态注意：从句描绘客观事实;用一般现在时3.主句是一般将来时;一般从句为一般现在时“主将从现”例题：〈1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.A. wasB. isC. wereD. are〈2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.A. winB. wonC. will winD. wins〈3. I don’t know＿＿＿＿ to visit the old man.A. whetherB. ifC. thatD. who〈4.The soldiers soon reached was once an old temple the villagers used as a school.A.which;whereB.what;whichC.where;whichD.what;where答4：选B;动词reach后接宾语从句;从句缺少宾语;where不可;which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个…”而此句中并非疑问含义;不知道哪一座庙宇;而是用what从句表陈述含义;意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句;用关系代词which代替;并在从句中作动词used的宾语;use sth. as…“把…用作…宾语从句;在复合句中作宾语;位于及物动词后；Tell him which class you are in ．Do you know what he likes1主、从句时态一致：主句谓语过去时;从句相应过去时；He answered that he was listening to me.篇三：中考英语定语从句用法归纳总结中考定语从句用法归纳总结定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子叫作定语从句..先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词..关系词：引导定语从句的词;分为关系代词who;whom;that;which;whose和关系副词where;when;why;..复合句： The manwho that came is Mike.先行词关系代词Li Ming is the onethat got full marks in our class.先行词关系代词上句的黑体字为复合句中的主句;蓝体字为定语从句.一定语从句的关系代词 Which的用法: 若先行词指物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语.This is the penwhich was given by my friend.先行词指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语This is the penwhich my friend gave to me.先行词指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语二定语从句的关系代词 Who的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语如果前面带介词则必须用whom The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语She is the girl with whom I went there.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前.三定语从句的关系代词 Whom的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语包括介词的宾语 ;与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whomThis is the teacher whom\who we like best.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语She is the girl whom\ who I went with there.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾.在从句中作定语..如：The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你..This is the house whose window was broken in the winds last night.四定语从句的关系代词 that的用法: 若先行词指人或物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语The animal that \which is lost is a panda.先行词指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语She is the person that \who we are worried about.先行词指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语注意1.that \which在代物时常常可以通用;但有时只宜于用which ;不用that1 关系代词前有介词时.This is the hotel in which you will stay.2 如有两个定语从句;其中一句的关系代词是that;另一句宜于用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open 开放to us.3先行词本身是that时;用which.eg; What’s that which flashed in the sky just now 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么东西注意2.that \which在代物时常常可以通用;但有时只宜于用that ;不用which.1 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时This is the best that has been used against air pollution反对空气污染 in cities.English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.He’s the cleverest boy that my teacher likes.2 先行词是序数词;或它的前面有一个序数词时He is the last person that I want to see.3 主句中已有疑问词who\which时Which is the bike that you lost Who is the person that is standing at the gate4 先行词既有人又有物时The bike and its rider that had run over 撞倒了an old man were taken to the police station. I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.5 先行词是all;much;little;few;some;something;everything;anything;nothing; none;the one等代词时 You should hand in all that you have.We haven’t got much that we can offer you. I mean the one that you talked about just now.6 先行词前面有only;any;few;little;no;all;one of;the same;the very;the last;the right等词修饰时 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is the only one that got full marks 满分in our class.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class. He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.他正是把那个女孩从水里救出来的那个男人..7 有两个定语从句;其中一个关系代词已用which;另外一个宜用thatEdison built up a factory办了一个工厂 which produced things that had never been seen before。
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3．5. Translation of Attributive Clauses 定语从句的翻译For the short attributives, we can often put them before the head nouns they modifies in translation, no matter they are restrictive or non-restrictive ones.It is a consolation to know that they will surely carry on the cause for which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully all his life. （strive for sth. faithfully 为……奋斗不渝）了解到他们一定会继承爱德加·斯诺终生为之奋斗不渝的事业，这是令人欣慰的。
His laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.他富于感染力的笑声打破了沉默。
For longer attributives, we can often translate them into another clause(小句) or sentence through division.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力奋斗，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为此献出了自己的生命。
A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.燃料是一种物质，在适当的温度下能够燃烧并放出热量。
For those sentences whose main clause is short while the attributive is long with the focus of message in it, we can usually combine the attributive clause with main one.We are a people that have inherited ancient wisdom, that know the worth of biding one’s time and recognized opportunity for combat.我们的民族继承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善于抓住战机。
A true revolution is one that is devoted to human progress in all domains and that makes human progress the supreme and final object.真正的革命，致力于人类的全面发展，并以此作为行动的终极目标。
There are some special attributive clauses which are attributives in form but equivalent of temporal, causal, adversative adverbial clauses, etc. (时间、原因、让步等状语从句)in meaning. Such clauses should be understood profoundly as to their relation to the main clause and translated flexibly as demonstrated below.They were very angry with their daughter, who insisted on marrying that ugly old man.他们非常生女儿的气，因为她坚持要嫁给那个丑陋不堪的老头儿。
Her refusal to obey him greatly incensed him who had never met that kind of opposition before.她拒绝服从他，这使他大为生气，因为他从来没有遭到过那样的反对。
He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人胆敢公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意孤行,那他一定是个卤莽之徒。
Don’t you feel it strange that she should be so much ungrateful to Jack, who did so much for her when she was in poverty? ungrateful：忘恩负义杰克在她困难时帮了她那么多，她却对杰克如此忘恩负义，你不觉得奇怪吗？Flexibly Translating Attributive Clauses Introduced by “as”(灵活翻译由as 引导的定语从句)：▼It is absolutely wrong to think foreign languages useless, as quite a few people did before.认为外语无用是绝对错误的，不少人过去就有这种想法。
▼It was very cold that night, as it usually was.那天晚上寒冷刺骨，这里的天气常常这样。
Exercise of this time:Americans have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think. They are considered sentimental. When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag, or attend parades celebrating America’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. Reunions with family and friends tend to be emotional, too. They like to dress correctly, even if “correctly” means flamboyantly. They love to boast, though often with tongue in cheek.The Americans have a passion for grandeur. Their skyscrapers, bridges and dams often have a splendor which matches in beauty and scale the country’s natural wonders.自学：汉语四字结构英译汉中的运用3. 5. The Use of Chinese Four-character Expressions in E-C Translation 汉语四字格在英译汉中的运用Reasons for the Profusion of Four-character Expressions in Chinese:Chinese traditional culture favors symmetry as a kind of beauty. A demonstration/ proof of this preference is the prevalence of parallel style and antithetical sentences in Six Dynasties. Their flowery diction and the harmonious rhythms conform to the Chinese mode of thinking which stresses unity and the aesthetic psychology which emphasizes balance and symmetry. This aesthetic ideology has been exerting subtle influences on Chinese language, resulting in the profusion of four character expressions. 中国传统文化以均衡匀称为美，六朝时文无不骈(骈文: 大量使用对仗结构的一种文风)，句无不俪(俪句: antithetical sentences)的文风更是这种美学观点极致的体现。
其华丽丰富的辞藻与优美和谐的音韵既符合中国人注重整体和统一的思维模式，又切合我们讲究均衡对仗的审美心理，这种传统的审美心理对汉语有着潜移默化的影响，并突出地体现在四字格这种语言形式上。
Features of Four-character Expressions:Four character expressions are balanced in structure, harmonious in sound and concise in diction. They even appear in the form of parallelism, flowing in succession with unique charm, making a piece of writing graceful and forceful. In short, they are an important form of art which demonstrates the beauty of Chinese language. 四字格具有结构工整、音韵和谐、简洁明快等鲜明的特色。
四字格还常以排比的形式出现，形成连珠四字句，读来酣畅淋漓，连绵不断，别具魅力。
因此成为汉语行文中表现文字美感的重要艺术形式。