医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型

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英语学术论文常用句型总结版

英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。

6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。

7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。

9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。

英文摘要写作技巧..

怎样写好医学论文英文摘要
2010年11月
第一部分
英文摘要的固定句型
文题
文题包括样本、参数和处理三要素，其中样本和参数随文章而变，处理则涉及关联、效应、
比较和检测四类，通常有4种固定句型。
1、关联句
A样本中B参数和C参数的关联(Association B para meter with C parameter in A sample)
“To explore association event related potential P300 with clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia”.
少数情况下，文题用于Objective时，要稍作变动，但框架不变。如文题为：
“Epidemiological survey of depression prevalenc
“There was no significant different in total number of whit e blood cell between depression group and normal contr之间对C参数进行比较研究 (A comparative study of C parameter between A sample and B sample (or among multiple sample) 。例如“在电针、氟西汀和安慰剂治疗的抑郁症病人之间进行疗效比较研究” 可译作“A comparative study of antidepressive effect among patients with depression taking electroacupuncture, fluoxetine and placebo”.

摘要常用句型及其翻译

摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。

例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。

█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型

学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。

医学英语论文摘要常用句型

医学英语论文摘要常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。

B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。

C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective） of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim） of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。

医学考博作文摘要模板

医学考博作文摘要模板英文回答：In my opinion, writing a medical Ph.D. essay requires a well-structured and comprehensive approach. Firstly, it is important to provide a clear introduction that highlights the significance of the research topic. This can be done by discussing the current gaps or limitations in the field and explaining how the proposed research aims to address these issues.中文回答：在我看来，撰写医学博士论文需要一个结构合理且全面的方法。

首先，重要的是提供一个清晰的引言，突出研究课题的重要性。

可以通过讨论领域中当前的差距或限制，并解释拟议的研究如何解决这些问题来实现这一点。

英文回答：The next step is to present a thorough literature review that demonstrates a deep understanding of the existing research and knowledge in the field. This can be achieved by critically analyzing and synthesizing relevant studies, identifying gaps in the literature, and explaining how the proposed research will contribute to filling these gaps.中文回答：下一步是提供一个全面的文献综述，展示对领域中现有研究和知识的深入理解。

医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型

01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型

英文摘要写作技巧四种固定句型

4、检测句
在A样本中对B参数的检测，可套用： “Detection of B parameter in A sample”。例如，在抽动障碍儿童中对A蔟溶血性链球菌抗体的测定，可译作： “Detection of group A streptococcal antibody in childre n with tic disorders”。
3、相关句
在C组中A参数与B参数之间有显著正相关、负相关或无相关，可套用：“There was a significantly positive or negative correlation between parameter A and parameter B in group C”。
例如，在38例精神分裂症病人中脑脊液多巴胺水平与5 羟色胺水平之间有显著正相关，译作There was a significantly positive correlation between CSF Dopamine level and CSF 5-hydroxytryptamine level in 38 patients with schizophrenia”。
分析: ① 词语搭配不当：effect 应与on 连用; ② 选词不当：轻病区用mild 一词。
修改为: Effects of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China
二、英文摘要
1、目的（Objective)
在目的中，因为是反映将要做什么，故用不定式。格式为 “探索（调查或研究）+文题”

SCI摘要常用句型(自己整理)

Abstract部分是文章的浓缩与精华，整理一下5个部分常用的句型：The Stock Phrases for Stating the Background Information about the Investigation：1.Less is known about the later survival or reproduction of such persons.2.It is not known, however, whether there is a threshold weight below which morbidityand mortality are significantly greater.3.The use of systemic corticosteroids is a risk factor for the development of posteriorsubscapsular cataracts, but the association between inhaled corticosteroids andcataracts is uncertain.4.Data are limited on the attitudes and practices of physicians regarding assisting thesuicide of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.5.Limited information is available on trends in the incidence of and mortality due tocarcinogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.6.There is a dearth of literature in the area of the psychopharmacological management ofdepression in cancer patients.7.The role of climate has received relatively little attention.8.Previous studies have demonstrated that a small number of the 125 medical schools inthe United States receive a disproportionately large share of the research awardsgranted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) .9. A growing body of evidence suggests that electromagnetic interference may occurbetween cardiac pacemakers and wireless hand-held (cellular) telephones, posing apotential public health problem.10.Posteroventral medial pallidotomy sometimes produces striking improvement in patientswith advanced Parkinson’s disease, but the studies to date have involved small numbersof patients and short-term follow-up.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Objective(s) and Scope of the Investigation：1.We tested the hypothesis that early therapy with inhaled glucocorticoids woulddecrease the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants.2.We conducted a randomized trial to evaluate early revascularization in patients withcardiogenic shock.3.We hypothesized that pre-patient charges would increase during the base year and thendecrease in subsequent years.4.We examined the relation between physicians’ experience with AIDS and the survival oftheir patients with AIDS.5.We investigated the potential role of anorexic agents and other suspected risk factorsfor primary pulmonary hypertension.6.We assessed whether the distributes of NIH research awards to medical schoolschanged between 1986 and 1977.7.We performed a study to determine whether routine testing helps reduce the incidenceof intraoperative and postoperative medical complications.8.To evaluate the relation between elective cesarean section and vertical transmission ofhuman immunodeficiency virus type ( HIV-1), we performed a meta-analysis using dataon individual patients from 15 prospective cohort studies.9.The aim of this study was to detect the extent of non-compliance with treatment ofschizophrenic patients and assess the effectiveness of the intervention program.10.The purpose of our study was to determine the value of noninvasive measurements ofthe velocity of blood flow in the fetal middle cerebral artery for the diagnosis of fetal anemia.11.This study focused on physicians’ assessments of changes in the scope of care providedby primary care physicians and their assessments of the appropriateness of the scope of the care that primary care physicians are expected to provide.12.To address this question, we studied the function of airway epithelial cells anddetermined the frequency of pulmonary symptoms in patients with systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism, a salt-losing disorder caused loss-of-function mutations in the genes for the epithelial sodium channel.The Stock Phrases for Describing the Methods Employed：1.We conducted a randomized, multicenter trial of inhaled beclomethasone or placebo in253 infants.2.We analyzed the neonatal outcomes of death.3.We conducted an observational study of9076 residents of metropolitan Worcester,Massachusetts.ing data from the Civil Registration System in Denmark, we established apopulation-based cohort of 1.75 million persons whose mothers were Danish women born between 1935 and 1978.5.Data on preterm infants (those born at 24 to 36 weeks of gestation) were analyzedseparately from data on infants delivered at term (37 or more weeks of gestation).6.Our study included periods before and after the advent of reperfusion therapy.7.The surveillance system was based on voluntary reporting with the use of a standardcase-report form.8.The children with cerebral palsy were compared with randomly selected controlchildren with respect to characteristics noted in the birth records.9.Cluster analysis was chosen as it offers a statistically sound means of delineatingnatural grouping within data.10.Medical records were reviewed for clinical data.The Stock Phrases for Summarizing the Results：1.The results of a multivariable regression analysis indicated that the patients hospitalizedduring recent study years were not at a substantially lower risk for shock than patients hospitalized in the mid-to-late 1970s.2.The incidence of cardiogenic shock remained relatively stable over time averaging 7.1percent among patients with acute myocardial infarction.3.Results suggested that the effects of stress have more to do with the characteristics ofthe work environment and overall workload than with the degree of specialization on the unit.4.Blood pressure was correlated inversely with monthly maximal temperature anddirectly with minimal humidity.5.There was no clinically significant interference when the telephone was placed in thenormal position over the ear.6.Adjusting for the use of systemic corticosteroids and other potential confounders hadlittle effect on the magnitude of the associations.7.Being on leave was found to be associated with the need for assistance withtransportation, limitations in upper-body strength, and employment in jobs requiring physical activity.8.After adjusting for these factors, the racial difference was reduced and no longerstatistically significant.9.The trial did not have sufficient statistical power to detect differences in survival tohospital discharge, which differed only slightly between the two groups.10.These associations persisted when the data were stratified according to and controlledfor 16 biologic, sociodemographic, and behavioral risk factors.11.There were no significant adverse effects of vitamin E.12.Electron microscopic analyses revealed that the cone angles of synthetic cores wereindeed quantized into the five allowed angles.The Stock Phrases for Stating the Principal Conclusion(s)：1.These findings may have relevance to human neurodevelopment disorders involvingprenatal (drug-abusing mothers) or postnatal (pediatric anesthesia) exposure to drugs that block NMDA receptors.2.This finding emphasizes the importance of achieving cures and of preventing anyonewith infectious tuberculosis.3.These findings may have implications for antihypertensive therapy in different parts ofthe world.4.These observations suggest that the core of HIV is organized on the principles of afullerene cone, in analogy to structures recently observed for elemental carbon.5.Selective manipulations of activity at these sites may offer therapeutic possibilities fortreating chronic pain.6.The discovery of this DNA demethylase should provide a basis for the molecular anddevelopmental analysis of the role of DNA methylation and demethylation.7.This new technique shows promise as a noninvasive method of diagnosing pulmonaryembolism without the need for ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast material.8.Efforts to increase the rate of surgical treatment for black patients appear to be apromising way of improving survival in this group.9. A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against IgE has potential as atreatment for subjects with moderate or severe allergic asthma.10.Our data do not support the hypothesis that everyday exercise is related to the risk ofbreast cancer.11.Our analyses suggest that the lower survival rate among black patients with early-stage,non-small-cell lung cancer, as compared with white patients, is largely explained by thelower rate of surgical treatment among blacks.12.Infliximab is an efficacious treatment for fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease.13.High-frequency microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer is independently predictiveof a relatively favorable outcome and, in addition, reduces the likelihood of metastases.。

医学论文摘要翻译 (简)

• 例如: 为了防止出现新的症状, 请立即与医生联系找医生。 • Contact your physician immediately in case of any new symptoms.
• 例: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
compare to: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase which is used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
Translation of Abstracts
1. Voice
2. Tense
3. Faithfulness
4. Conciseness
5. Consistency
4. Conciseness
• 1. 选词力求简单，正确，正式，规范使用术语。
• 2. 句式尽量采用- ing 分词和- ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词which , who 等引导的定语从句,既能简化语句,又能减少时态判定的失误。
3) 正确选词 “病灶” ill kitchen arrange × perifocal “膏药” “阿胶” medical cream × dog – skin plaster donkey-skin glue× ass-skin glue
“清凉油” essential balm

医学英语学术论文常用经典句型

医学英语学术论文常用经典句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxxis presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to,natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that areused in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way,including the ….. and also discusses h ow to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory inthe analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 whileSection 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole modelof human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical studycurrently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies andnotations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choiceof a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatilexx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged fromintuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact onthe4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developedin a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non expertsto utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。

医学英语论文摘要写作模板

• Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature
title写作举例
• Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical symptom or a psychiatric symptom ?
• Vitamine D and prevention of colon cancer : Doses, duration and side effects
title写作举例
• A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures
（二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式
4．用…治疗… Use of …in the treatment of …(病）in …（生物） Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer
5．A是B A as B
C-reactive protein as a predictor of myocardial infarction in ICU patients.
• Pituitary gland enlargement during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging
title写作举例
• A preliminary study on doses, duration and side effects of Vitamine D in prevention of colon cancer

医学论文英文摘要 III

二、摘要中表示“方法”的常用词 1. 介绍研究或实验过程常用词有：test, study, investigate, examine, determine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 1) Cluster analysis was performed to classify the patterns of structured abstracts objectively. . Articles of original contributions published by each journal in January 2001 were examined.
2)
2. 说明研究或试验方法常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。 3) We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). 4) This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbility Survey.
1.
展示研究结果
常用词汇有：show, result, present 等。 1) We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. 2) Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyslic guanosine monophosphate system in nervous system.

医学考博英语作文必背20个万能句

医学考博英语作文必背20个万能句英文回答。

1. The etiology of this disease remains elusive.The cause of this disease is still unknown.2. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.More research is needed to understand the fundamental processes involved.3. The clinical presentation of this condition varies widely.The symptoms of this disease can differsignificantly from one individual to another.4. The prognosis of this disease is generally favorable.The outlook for people with this disease is typically good.5. The treatment of this disease typically involves a multimodal approach.Treatment for this disease usually involves a combination of different methods.6. The prevalence of this disease is increasing.The number of people with this disease is rising.7. This disease is a major public health concern.This disease poses a significant threat to the health of the population.8. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes.Identifying and treating this disease early on is essential for better patient outcomes.9. The molecular basis of this disease is not fully understood.The genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying this disease are still being investigated.10. This disease has a significant impact on the quality of life.This disease can have a profound effect on the well-being and daily functioning of individuals.11. The development of new therapeutic strategies is urgently needed.There is a pressing need for more effective treatments for this disease.12. This disease is a significant cause of morbidityand mortality.This disease is a major contributor to illness and death.13. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex and multifactorial.The development of this disease involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.14. The clinical manifestations of this disease can be highly variable.The signs and symptoms of this disease can differ widely, making diagnosis challenging.15. The diagnosis of this disease is based on a combination of clinical findings and laboratory tests.A definitive diagnosis of this disease typicallyrequires a thorough evaluation and testing.16. The management of this disease requires a tailored approach.Treatment for this disease needs to be individualized based on the specific characteristics of each patient.17. The prognosis of this disease depends on several factors.The outlook for individuals with this disease varies depending on factors such as age, overall health, and the severity of the disease.18. This disease is associated with a number of complications.This disease can lead to a range of secondary health problems.19. The prevention of this disease is essential for protecting public health.Measures to prevent the spread of this disease are crucial for safeguarding the health of the population.20. Further research is essential for improving our understanding of this disease and developing more effective treatments.Ongoing research is vital for gaining a better understanding of this disease and finding new ways to manage it.中文回答。

如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全

如何撰写医学论文英文摘要全Writing an extended abstract for a medical research paper, consisting of over 1200 words, requires a systematic approach to cover all essential aspects of the study. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write an extended abstract for a medical research paper:1. Introduction (around 200 words):- Start by providing background information on the broader topic of your research.- Clearly state the research question or objective of your study.- Describe the significance and relevance of the research topic to the medical field.- Summarize the gaps in the existing literature that your research aims to address.- Briefly mention the research methodology employed in your study.2. Methods (around 300 words):- Describe the study design, including the type of study (observational, experimental, etc.).- Specify the population or sample size, including any inclusion or exclusion criteria used.- Outline the data collection methods employed in your study (interviews, surveys, laboratory tests, etc.).- Explain the statistical analyses used to analyze the data.3. Results (around 400 words):- Present the key findings of your research.- Use appropriate tables, graphs, or charts to illustrate the results.- Provide relevant statistical measures (e.g., mean, median, odds ratios, p-values, etc.).- Highlight any significant associations or correlations found.4. Discussion (around 400 words):- Interpret the results in the context of the research question and hypothesis.- Explain the implications and potential applications of your research.- Discuss the limitations of your study and suggest areasfor future research.- Emphasize the novelty and contribution of your study to the existing knowledge base.5. Conclusion (around 100 words):- Summarize the main findings and their clinical or scientific significance.- Reiterate the implications and contributions of your research.- Conclude by highlighting the strengths and limitations of your research.6. References:- Include a list of all the references cited throughout the abstract.- Follow an appropriate referencing style (APA, MLA, etc.).Remember to proofread your extended abstract for grammar, clarity, and consistency. Take into account that the specific word count distribution may vary depending on the requirements of the journal or conference to which you plan to submit your research paper.。

医学类英文摘要模板

I (introduction/background) M (method) R (results) A D (discussion/conclusion) Objective:1. To evaluate(评价) the utility(效用) of 方法with ... in the assessment(效果) of 疾病2. To study the diagnostic(诊断) value of ... for ...3. To assess, compare, determine, perform, develop, demonstrate, investigate, ascertain, design, establish4. The aim/purpose/goals/objective of this study/research was (to)...Background and what you have done1. This study was designed to ...2. We hypothesized that ...3. We compared/investigated ...4. The relationship between ... is not clear. This study was ...5. Although several early trials(尝试) indicate(表明) treatment of ... is ..., ... Has been questioned. The objective of this report is to ...Materials and methods1. N patients with ... Were included.2. ... Was performed in N patients with ...3. Quantitative/qualitative analyses were performed by ...4. Patients were followed clinically for ... months/years.5. We examined the effects of ...Results1. The clinical manifestations(显示) of the main kinds of ... were ...,2. Not significantly different(显著性差异)3. (but) there were certain characteristic features(有某些独特特征)4. Obviously smaller than ...5. Showed a better, positive linear correlation(积极的线性相关)6. 阳性数were abnormal in the 总数with 研究内容7. The masculine(阳性) rate was ...%Conclusion1. Improvement(改善) in ... compared with ..., suggesting ...2. A satisfactory result can be achieved to ...3. The proposed(上述) ... Might be useful for ... in the future.4. The study data demonstrate(证明) ...5. In conjunction with ..., ... should be considered for ...。

如何写医学论文英文结构式摘要

proliferation and the dissemination of gastric
carcinoma.
a
16
这种格式是国际医学期刊编辑委员会
制定的《生物医学期刊投稿统一要求》（温哥华格式，1997年第五版）所
规定的四层次摘要，包括：目的、方
法、结果和结论，并在文字上要求结构式摘要的英文不超过250词(我国编辑标准要求中文摘要为200-300字)。
predicate assessment of prognosis. MCD was
related to the expression of p185, ER, and
PCNA in gastric carcinoma. It suggests that
mast cell accumulation may inhibit the
a
4
例：论原发性胃肠道淋巴瘤
本文综述了治疗原发于胃肠道淋巴瘤的主要
经验，并就该病的临床、病理及治疗等问题进行了讨论。
Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract
An institutional experience with
primary gastrointestinal Lymphoma (PGL)
document/illustrate/explain/find out/ elucidate；介
绍/报道：report/present/describe；寻找：
seek/find/look for/search for；建立：develop/
establish /set out；比较/对比：
compare/correlate/associate /contrast…with；区别

医学摘要及标题英译

• 摘要内容应包括以下四个方面：目的、方法、结果、结论。 • 摘要中“目的”在英语中一般用词为 objective（也可作复数objectives），也有刊物译作“aim”。而“方法”和结果”一般则分别作 method 和 result，也可用复数。 “结论”一项除了称作 conclusion 外，也有用 interpretation 的。
• ［结果］治疗组、对照组总有效率分别为95.0％和55.0％，差异有显著性(P<0.01)； • ［Results］The total effective rate of the treatment group and the control group was 95.0 % and 55.0% respectively with significant difference (P<0.01). • 治疗组与对照组心电图疗效总有效率分别为87.5 ％和55.0％，两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)； • The ECG effective rate of the treatment group and the control group was 87.5% and 55.0% respectively with significant difference (P<0本文例句均选自《世界手法医学杂志》 2006年12月第2期
• 例一：旋转复位手法治疗椎间盘突出症的临床观察及机理探讨Observation on Treating Prolapse of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc with Twisting-reposition Therapy and Exploring Its Mechanism • Effectiveness and mechanism of twistingreposition therapy in the treatment of prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc