英语国家概况PPT22

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Lily Catherine Coral Blue
Social Services in the UK
• • • • • Family Social Security The National Health Service Personal Social Services Housing
family structures and demographic factors,among other things.As new social structures emer The provision of contemporary social services,in both public and private sectors,is conditioned by changes in ge,the traditional British family is falling apart,,failing to provide for its elderly and disabled,suffering from social and moral problems,lacking parenting skills,and looking automatically for support.These features of the family influence the contemporary state and private provisions for Social Security,health,social services and housing.Marriage has decreased in popularity and in 2001,it accounted for 55 per cent of the adult population.Due to the falling birth rate,nuclear families,whether or not the parents were married,were smaller at the end of the twentieth century than at the beginning,but they still account for a majority of households.Since the early 1980s,there has been a significant increase of cohabitation.The rising proportion of older adults relative to younger ones is one of the striking of contemporary British society.Current projections suggest that by the second decade of the 21st century,those over 65will outnumber those over 65 will outnumber those aged under 16.
Health is an emotional and political topic.Some reforming governments have been remembered for seeking to remedy shortcomings in the British health-care systems by introducing legislative programmes.Two landmarks are the National Health Insurance Act in1911 by the Liberal government and the National Health Service Act of 1946 by the Labour government.The former was an incomplete revolution,applying national health insurance to a small portion of the population,while the latter,formally established in 1048,was to ensure that all people had eqal access to health care with the service funded entirely from general taxation and National Insurance contribution.
The Social Security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need “from the cradle to the grave”.The National Insurance Act of 1964 consolidated earlier welfare legislation,expand coverage and increased,industrial injuries,retiree pensions,sickness insurance,maternity and widows„benefits,and death grants.Today,there are family allowances for children up to the age of 16〔18,if the child is still in school,full time〕,as well as allowances for guardians and windows.Pensions for the elderly,or retirement benefits,begin at the age of 65 for men and 60 for women.Almost one-third of the population receives some from of state benefit,including over two million people〔a three-fold increase between the early 1980s and the late 1990s〕who receive benefits and severe disablement allwance for being unable to work.
Housing in the UK is divided into public and private sectors.Of the 25 million domestic dwellings,the majority are in the private sector,with 68 per cent being owner-occupied and 11 per cent rented out by private landlords.Some 21 per cent are in the publicly subsidized sector,rented by low-income tenants from local government authorities.In both public and private sectors,over 80 per cent of the British population live in house or bungalows and the remainder in flash and maisonettes.Houses have traditionally been divided into detached〔22 per cent〕,semi-detached〔30 per cent〕and terrced housing〔28 per cent〕,with the greater prices and prestige being given to detached property.
social service of USA
• Public social service • Voluntary service • Health care service • housing
Background
In American culture,two images from its past stand out,reflcting Americas’views on social service.The first image is that of self-reliant frontiersman,who goes out into the wilderness alone and servives.He asks no man for help.The second historical image is that of the pioneer community,sharing food with and renderingh help each other when things go tough.In a sense,social sevice in the united states have always been torn between the concepts of the independent,self-reliant individual and the interdependent,caring community.
Personal social service refer to provision of practical help and support for people such as the elderly,the disabled,the mentally ill,families,children,and young people,These services may be residential,day care,short-break or“domiciliary”〔provided for people needing support to live in their own homes〕.In certain circumstances,direct cash payments may be made to enble individuals to obtain relevant services for themselves.The personal social services are operated by local government being responsible for establishing national policies,securing resources,issuing guidance and overseeing standards.In recent decades,the personal social service have been confronting an increasing pressure,as the elderly population grows and the ranks of the disadvantage rise.