第一章英语语言学引论-PPT精选
语言学导论前三单元概要整理PPT课件
01) velum: The soft palate. 软腭 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉 块
Unit1 Introduction
What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。
In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: (1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language
英语语言学第一章
functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
《英语语言学》ppt课件
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
语言学导论课件 语言学LINGUISTICS
duality二重性: language as a system with 2
subsystems/structures/levels---meaningless sounds and units of meaning grouped and regrouped with sounds
creativity (productivity)创造性: provides opportunities for sending
4.The functions of Language
6 functions(by Jacobson): referential,poitic,emotive,conative,phatic,
metalingual function(所指、诗学、感情、意动、
元语言功能)
3 functions(by Halliday):
COMMENT: Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's distinction are very similar. They differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
communication system. Human language is ‘unique’,or,language is human specific.
英语语言学完整版
Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
chapter 1 linguistics 课件 刘润清版本
Grace Tan 2011.09
通常女性会先看到月亮，男性会先看到人脸。 如果相反，表示你体内的异性荷尔蒙偏高哦
Many things can be interpreted in different ways.
Same with language
Word: Bachelor Sentence: The beauty is too hot to eat. What is language? Language is a sign .
1.4 Origin of Language
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”—Gospel of John, 1:1
1.3.3 Creativity/Productivity
Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness递归性 1) create new meanings: 2) Potential to create endless sentences EG: A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed.
Language distinguishes us from animals
Do the following words sound or look like the animal shown here: canis , chien , hund , perro ?
(They all are words for dog in European languages.)
《语言学导论(1)》课件
短语是由词汇组成的固定搭配，句子由单词和短语组成，用于表达完整的意思。
四、语言的语法
什么是语法？
语法是研究句子构成和句 子内部关系的学科，包括 形态、句法和句子语义。
语法的分类
语法可以分为形态语法、 句法语法和语义语法，各 自研究不同的语言现象。
语法的规则
语法规则描述语言中单词 和短语的组合方式，以及 句子的结构和语义。
《语言学导论(1)》PPT课 件
# 语言学导论(1) PPT课件
一、引论
什么是语言学？
语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语言的结构、语音、语法、语义和语用等方面。
为什么要学习语言学？
学习语言学可以帮助我们更好地理解语言及其使用规律，并提升我们的语言表达能力。
二、语音学
语音学的概念和研究 对象
语音学研究语音的产生、 传播和接收，探索语音的 各种特征及其规律。
言语交际原则
言语交际原则包括合作原则、准Βιβλιοθήκη 原则、追踪原则等，指导有效的交际沟通。
语用学的应用
语用学的应用领域包括教育、社会科学、人机交互等，帮助改进语言使用和交流。
七、总结
语言学的作用
语言学有助于深入理解语言及其运作规律，对语言教学和语言技能提升具有重要意义。
学习语言学的建议
学习语言学可以通过阅读经典著作、参与学术讨论和实践语言技能等方式进行。
展望语言学的未来
语言学将继续深入发展，结合技术的进步，突破更多语言现象的研究。
五、语义学
语义学的概念和研究 对象
语义学研究词义和句义， 探索语言中词汇和句子的 意义及其逻辑关系。
词义和句义
词义指单词的意义，句义 指句子的意义，两者都与 语境有关。
语言学ppt课件
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
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“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
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“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
lesson1引论篇PPT教学课件
2020/12/12
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高级篇课程大纲（基于ARM）
22.Linux虚拟机的安装 23.uCLinux开发介绍 24.uCLinux启动代码分析 24.uCLinux内核调试 24.uCLinux任务管理 25. 字符设备驱动 26. GPIO字符驱动 27. 中断字符驱动 28. ADC字符驱动 29. RTC字符驱动 30.块设备驱动 31.网络 Email：
------之引论篇
2020/12/12
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本节内容
嵌入式技术体系简介 课程内容框架 课程特色
2020/12/12
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嵌入式技术体系
44B0
2020/12/12
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嵌入式技术体系
模数混合系统的框图 数字输入设备：按键、键盘、遥控器等 数字输出设备：LED、数码管、液晶显示器等 模拟输入设备：话筒、电位器、各种传感器 模拟输出设备：扬声器、电动机、灯泡等
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高级篇课程大纲（基于ARM）
1. ARM开发环境的使用 2. 启动代码分析 3. IO端口操作 4. 中断 5. 定时器 6. 串口 7. 看门狗 8. Flash和SDRAM 9. LED，蜂鸣器 10.AD的使用 11.音频IIS的使用
12. 操作系统基础知识 13.ucOS-II的内核结构 14. 任务的基本概念 15. ucOS-II中任务管理 16. ucOS-II中时间管理 17. ucOS-II中任务同步和通信 18. ucOS-II中内存管理 19. ucOS-II的应用程序 20. ucGUI图形显示 21. ucOS-II综合应用
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中级篇课程大纲（基于AVR）
1. AVR与51的比较 2. ICCAVR的安装与使用 3. 熔丝位 4. 看门狗 5. 电源管理和休眠模式 6. LED、继电器、蜂鸣器 7. 数码管、点阵 8. 独立按键 9. 矩阵键盘 1. 10.定时器 2. 11.10.PWM
语言学第一章课件
Linguistics●Why study linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. (Lyons,1968).the process of linguistic study1st : O bserving & questioning2nd: Formulating hypotheses3rd: Verifying the hypotheses4th: Proposing a theoryFour principles in linguistics study:●exhaustiveness●consistency●economy●objectivity(大连外语考研)●Language and LinguisticsLinguistics:a brilliant and fascinating exploration of the basic weapon by which man has advanced from savagery to civilization.-----Mario Pei马里奥·佩●“We sometimes overlook the fact that th ere is much that we can knowand need to know about our universe and ourselves. By the same token, we are too prone to reject knowledge for which we cannot find an immediate practical application.”Chapter 1When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence”, the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man. (Noam Chomsky, 1972, Language and Mind)●乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928--）●“Chomsky is currently among the most-cited writers in all of the humanities(behind only Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristotle, Plato, and Freud) and the only living number of the top ten.” (Pinker,1994)● 1. What is Language?●Definitions of Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Key words:Language as systemSound <Phonetics发音学< Phonology 音韵学Structure <morphology 形态学<Syntax 句法学meaning <Semantics语义学<Pragmatics 语用学●Definitions of Language:●Language is a means of verbal communication.It is instrumental; it is social and conventional.(P3)2.Origin of language●The …Divine‟ origin:●The “bow-wow” theory “汪汪理论”●Imitation of the sounds of the animal●OnomatopoeicProblematic (P9)●The “pooh-pooh” theory噗噗理论●instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.●interjections●Problematic (P9)●The “yo-he-ho” theory“哟-嗬-哟理论”rhythmic grunts●Problematic (P9)● 3. Design Features of Language●Design features (本质特征) refer to the defining properties of human languagethat distinguish it from any animal system of communication. (P4)●Language distinguishes human beings from animals in that it is far moresophisticated than any animal communication system.● 2.Design features2.1 Arbitrariness2.2 Duality2.3 Creativity2.4 Displacement● 1. Arbitrariness●--Ferdinand de Saussure 索绪尔(Swiss)●the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural (logical, intrinsic)relationship to their meaning●At lexical level:词汇层面“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”---Shakespeare in Romeo and JulietCan onomatopoeia change the arbitrary nature of language?●at the syntactic level●language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.●(a) He came in and sat down.●(b) He sat down and came in.●(c) He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention●Duality(双重性)●Duality means that language has two levels of structure, the primary leveland the secondary level.●At secondary level are elements which have no meaning but which combine toform units at primary level which do have meaning.●Secondary level is made up of meaningless sounds, and primary level ofmeaningful words.●Does the traffic light system have duality?Creativity （创造性）Recursiveness （递归性）means that one sentence can expand into endless possible sentences in a way of recurring.Displacement （移位性）●Displacement enables us to talk about a wide range of things.Unlike animal communication systems, human language is （）（电子科大2003考研）(p8)A.Stimulus freeB.Stimulus boundC.Under immediate stimulus controlD.Stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest4. Functions of language1 Informative(信息功能)2 Interpersonal function(人际功能)It embodies the use of language to express, establish and maintain social relations. The ways you talk to different people show your social status.3 Performativ e (施为功能)It means that language is also used to “do things”, to perform actions.It is primarily to change the social status of a person, or the state of a thing.4 Emotive function(感情功能)It is the use of language to reveal some feelings and attitudes of the speaker.5 Phatic communion (寒暄功能)It refers to language used for maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas.6 Recreational function (娱乐功能)It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it.7. Metalingual function (元语言功能)The metalingual function is used to clarify meanings or what the other personhas said.5. Important Distinctions1 Descriptive vs. prescriptive2 Synchronic vs. diachronic3 Langue vs. parole4 Competence vs. performance1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive (描写式和规定式)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.The description of a language at any one time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.__________ studies a particular state of language;__________ studies the historical development of a language.Parole refers to the realization of langue._______: abstract_______: specific_______: stable and systematic_______: subject to personal and situational constraintsAs a social product, langue is a set of conventions that members of a speech community seem to abide by. Parole, on the other hand, is the concrete use of the conventions.Competence is the language user’s intuitive knowledge of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.A speaker’s competence is s_____, but his performance is often influenced by p___________ factors.Where does the knowledge of language come from?Chomsky’s solution is to invoke the innate properties of the mind.What is the difference between these two pairs of distinction?Similarity:Difference:Saussure looks at language from a ___________ point of view;Chomsky looks at it more from a _____________ point of view.According to Saussure and Chomsky, which should be studied, the abstract knowledge or the actual speech?The significance of these two distinctions lies in defining the task of linguistics, which is to discover langue from instances of parole, to discover the language knowledge of the speaker from his performances.。
课件-语言学-第一章
旗语、电报等交际工具，是建立在语言和文字的基础 上辅助性的交际工具。
人们在运用语言进行交际的时候，脸部的表情、手的 动作乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进 来。这就是说，交际的时候除了运用语言工具以外。 还可以运用一些非语言的交际工具。有些时候，离开 某些特定的伴随动作，语言的交际还可能发生故障， 不如身势等非语言的交际手段。例如，鼓掌欢迎，举 手为礼。挥手送别，伸舌表示惊讶，等等。在这种情 况下．如果用语言来表达就显得非常笨拙，甚至难以 完成特定的交际任务。这就是说，这种伴随动作也是 一种交际工具，不过使用的范围非常有限，只能起辅 助性的交际作用，以补充语言交际的某些不足。它们 都是在语言的基础上产生的，必须有语言的交际为基 础，预先有了一定的了解，对方才能领会。
这些词按照一定的规则组合成句子，而这 些规则也是交谈双方了解的。
2、语言和言语的关系 ①言语是个人的、动态的；语言是社会的、 静态的。个人的言语不能违反社会公认的语 言规则，要利用社会所公认的词语。 ②语言存在于言语之中，言语是语言存在的 形式。没有言语就无所谓语言。 ③言语是运用语言的行为和结果。
但不管思维形式同哪种语言形式相联系，它总要同一
种语言形式联系起来，不能脱离开语言。比如“玉米”
诗意的功能 poetic function(to indulge in language for its own sake);
意动的功能 conative function(to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties）；
参考Jakobuson（雅克布逊）语言的六大功能：
指称的功能 referential function(to convey massage and information）;
语言学导论第一章ppt课件.ppt
What would happen if human language had only one system of structure?
Does the traffic light system have duality, why?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2. design features of human language ▪ arbitrariness(任意性):
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. e.g.书(汉)----book(英)
▪ duality of structure(结构的二重性):
Human language is a system consisting of two sets of structures or two levels.
the higher level: a structure of meaningful units (morphemes or words)
quack-quack bang roar cuckoo
crash
ding dong ka cha pu tong
*compounds:
rainbow bittersweet
pickpocket
* pictograph (象形文字) /hieroglyph(象形符号)
休
从
北
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程第一章ppt语言学教程胡壮麟主编Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology)Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics?1.2 What is language?1.3 Features of language1.4. Origin of language1.5. Functions of language1.6. What is linguistics1.7 Main branches of linguistics1.8. Macrolinguistics1.9 Important distinctions in linguisticsLead-inQestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?1.2 What is language ?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.__ by （英）沃德霍(Wardhaugh,R.)1.3 Design Features of languageArbitrarinessDualityCreativityDisplacement1.3.1 Arbitrariness ?Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning –Saussure.Eg: name,book,pen(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.Eg: Hi, Aha,Hush, Hem, Hey.(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: according to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words.Eg: He came in and sat down.(3) Idiom is not arbitrary.Eg: apple-polisher, black sheep, a yellow dog.1.3.2 DualityDuality (double articulation)Lower level----sounds (meaningless Eg: Consonants and Vowels)Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning Eg: word)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent.A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a1.3.3 CreativityPeculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.Eg: 说曹操曹操到（not refer to Cao Cao himself）1.3.4 Displacement----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters, in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.Eg: 911 events , New York1.4. Origin of language语言的起源是语言学的基本理论问题之一。
英语语言学讲课PPT课件
• Questions: • 1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought
following types:
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• Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 • Fricatives 擦音 • Affricates 塞擦音 • Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚ • Nasals 鼻音 • Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音
第8页/共38页
4. Classifications of English
• Question:
s o u n d s • Analyze the impor tant features of vowels and consonants.
speech
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• (1) Classification of consonants • In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the
diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
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• Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. • Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音 : the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
英语语言学Linguistics 第一章Chapter1 导论Introduction
Displacement移位性/不受时空限制
Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from immedite situation. (P. 9) 用语言谈论超越说话人所处语境的任何人或物或事，语言 使用不受时空限制。
基础 认知 感觉器官↓ ↑认知水平提高 反映 脑神经↓ ↑ 心理现实 编码 离散化分类概括 ↓ ↑表达对象 指称 义（概念范畴） 语言符号 ↓（社会）约定 一般性 音（语音形式） ↑
{
客观现实
{
音响（物质材料 ）特殊性
In the beginning was the word. —John 1:1
Any elements of language not arbitrary?
Arbitrariness任意性
Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated理据 ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
第一章英语语言学引论
Questions for discussion:
Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
2. Language
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. As a science, it now has its own set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.
2. Language
2.2 Origin (of speech)
The divine theory endowed by God (The Tower of Babel) The bow-wow theory imitative of animal calls (mew, hiss) The pooh-pooh theory instinctive cries out of emotions (interjections) The ding-dong theory natural resonance when struck (ding-dong, bang)
2. Language
2.1 Definition
Different senses Bad language Shakespeare’s language Business language The English language A student of language Expressions Idiolect Variety Abstract system Universal properties
2021优选语言学导论ppt
7. prescriptivism & descriptivism
Prescriptivism: a) Set down a kind of form, admit one dialect or variety is more superior than another. b) Form grammar, pronunciation, lexicon. Regulate people how to actually use language. How things should be. c) Language police
isn’t innate
As.
Material →
→ product
※ competence ① (Grammar) is equal to everybody ② ideal knowledge of language user
performance ① isn’t equal to everybody ② influenced by psychological and social factors.
In the mid of 19th
3.Philology
→
Linguistics
F.De Saussure (the founder of general linguistics）
(语文学） （语言学）
4. Linguistic study (1) diachronic study 历时性学习 Study the development of language in the course of time. 研究语言在不同时期的特点。 (2) synchronic study 共时性学习 Study linguistics at a particular point of time (given linguistic status or stage of a particular language) 研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。
语言学第一章
Guangdong University of Business Studies
Why this course?
1. For learners of a foreign language, to study linguistics is to reflect on the language we are learning and to think about the context and process by which we are learning it. The best language learners are those who take an active role in directing their own learning and who explore the language on their own terms. Linguistics can give you the tools.
Spring, 2012
Guangdong University of Business Studies
Can you answer this question?
Q. How many of the words in the sentence would you expect to find in the dictionary? A. 6 or 2 Why 6? The dictionary is not a list of actual word forms but of ‘dictionary words’. We will find ‘cat’ and ‘dog’ but not ‘cats’ and ‘dogs’; we will find ‘walk’ and ‘talk’ but not ‘walked’ and ‘talked’. ‘-s’ and ‘ed’ are not in the dictionary at all, thus 6: CAT, DOG WALK, TALK, the, and
英语语言学PPT
The study of words
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1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
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Diagram B to classify morphemes
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3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
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3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
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c. Language is basically vocal. The primary medium is sound for all languages.
d. Language is symbolic. It is meaningless by itself.
e. Language is human-specific. Bird songs and bee dances
Questions for discussion:
Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
The bow-wow theory imitative of animal calls (mew, hiss)
The pooh-pooh theory instinctive cries out of emotions (interjections)
The ding-dong theory natural resonance when struck (ding-dong, bang)
b. Language is arbitrary. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Expressions Idiolect Variety Abstract system Universal properties
Definition of language as a research subject
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
Chapter I Introduction
Why study language? What is language? What is linguistics?
Chapter I Introduction
1. Why study language
2. Language
2.1 Definition
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Design features refer to the defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
2. Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语Βιβλιοθήκη 是人类用于交际的任意有声符号系统。
a. Language is systematic. Elements are combined according to rules.
2.2 Origin 2.3 Design features 2.4 Functions 2.5 Typology
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition 3.2 Scope 3.3 Important distinctions
1. Why study language
Language is an integral part of our life and humanity. Yet we know little or even have wrong ideas about it. TheWshuebrjeecdtooesf llaanngguuaaggeeciosmine tfrriogmu?inHgoawn?dWusheefnu?l.
2. Language
2.2 Origin (of speech)
The yo-he-yo theory rhythmic grunts when working (heave, haul)
Summary
Language originated from our experience of the external and internal world, and our contact with others. It evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts.
Halliday (1994): ideational (logical), interpersonal (social) and textual (relevant)
2. Language
2.4 Functions
Informative (ideational): to express the speaker’s experience of the external and internal world
Cultural transmission: more cultural than genetic Interchangeability: both a producer and a receiver
2.4 Functions
1. Hello! 2. Get out of my way! 3. The earth revolves around the sun. 4. Do you know his hobby? 5. I hate her. 6. How do you like Jack? 7. I hereby declare the meeting open. 8. Tommy, Dear Friend 9. Humor; chanting; puns 10. What I mean is; in other words
Interpersonal: to establish and maintain social rules
① Performative: to perform actions (directive) ② Emotive (expressive) : overlapped with expression of
2. Language
2.1 Definition
Different senses Bad language Shakespeare’s language Business language The English language A student of language
Jakobson (1960): referential (context), emotive (addresser), poetic (message), conative (addressee), phatic (contact), meta-lingual (code)
Halliday early: instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative.
2. Language
2.3 Design features
Creativity 创造性 productivity, infinite use of finite means understand/produce sentences never heard before.
Displacement 移位性 stimulus free (genereralization and abstraction) free from barriers by separation in time and space. MORE ?
The flow of linguistics
study
data
hypot hesis
theory
general ization
3. Linguistics
3.2 Scope
3. Linguistics
3.3 Important distinctions
Descriptive vs. prescriptive: be/should be This distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. Synchronic vs. diachronic: usually current/historical The former takes a fixed instant, usually the present, as its point of observation; the latter studies a language through the course of its history.