外文文献翻译景观设计
城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic ParkHow do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesite in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkins’engineers of the wetlands and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions.Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, London’s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one ofEurope’s biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east London’s Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape that’s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLondon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetland engineers for the project, Atkins has played a critical role in turning the vision into reality. Atkins’remit includes design of the soft river edges and wetlands, including riverbank restoration and bioengineering.The transformation is unprecedented. More than 8km of riverbanks have been restored as part of the project; in tandem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds have been created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodland(Fig.01).The challenge was about getting people both visual and physical access down to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more open, and therefore the centerpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep sl opes that line the river fl att er,”explains Mike. “By dropping the slopes, we’ve brought the river into the park and made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see what’s going on there.”Gett ing the riverbank geometry just right was a delicate balancing act. Too steep, and the banks would need costly artifi cial reinforcement; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chosen. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the need to convey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial landscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepened using two approaches. Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a reinforced detail was used, providing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new landscape rapidly taking shape, it’s easy to forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Until the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possession of the site in 2006, many of the river channels that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: abandoned shopping trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valley’s neglected river network wasn’t only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only during the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an integral part of the legacy solution, stitching the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaking the most of the site’s rivers and natural features to create sustainable habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority’s vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the park’s rivers from weed and rubbish-infested gulches into pristine watercourses has been long and tough.For Atkins, that process started with developing an intimate understanding of the labyrinth of waterways and channels that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to construct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. That’s of critical importance, because Atkins had responsibility for everything up to a contour of 4 meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessment was undertaken at environmental impact assessment stage. Atkins undertook analyses of the risk of fl ooding caused by frequent rainfall, taking into account the automated regulation of water levels in the impounded reaches and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeling exercise was made considerably more complicated by the impoundment of the river system during the course of 2008; in effect, this eliminated thedirect tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its indirect infl uence is still felt. “When the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee,”explains Mike Vaughan. “So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.”Atkins’modeling calculations correctly predicted th is phenomenon, and also the increased risk of flooding. “These discoveries led to some changes in the landscaping profile,”says Mike. “The riverside paths have been raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetlands was also raised, as maintaining cor rect water levels is critical to their survival.”Sustainable drainage techniques have also been used across the Park. In the landscape areas, porous strips have been used in the concourse, feeding into bioswales which drain down into the riverside ponds. Surface conveyance, underground pipes and storage features have also been utilized(Fig.02).The first step in the river restoration process was to “lay back”the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re-profiling was necessary because much of the surrounding land was “made”ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demolition materials from London’s east end.Another challenge facing the Atkins team was the prevalence of invasive weeds. These included Himalayan balsam, Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as gardencuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garden wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduceand grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And they’re highly resilient. Knotweed ca n force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumarins, sun-activated toxins that can cause skin ulceration. Elimination was a priority –soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all remaining vegetation.In addition, Atkins was responsible for ensuring the protection of the existing fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were undertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment in 2006, including bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atkins translocated 330 commonlizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth newts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atkins maint ained a ‘permit to clear’system for contractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosing Plants to PlantAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and deciding what to re- plant presented a challenge. With banks now bare, new planting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic demands-they’d be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engineering imperatives too.The Atkins design team chose bioengineering techniques, rather than culverting and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverbanks by using vegetation and natural products instead of concrete. Choosing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosion.An added challenge was that the river network is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the potential to play havoc with new planting, and the river’s high sediment loads threatened to smother anything planted from seed or plugs. “We don’t actually have a natural river system,”notes Mike. “Plants don’t cop well in those conditions.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,”says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “That’s really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where.”The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-it’s easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plants,”says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrow’s SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seedwas then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what’s believed to be one of Britain’s biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salix’s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this didn’t happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee”occupied much of the attention ofthe Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in thesummer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, enabling species such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.05).Preventing that third pond from drying out -while also ensuring that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conundrum. Atkins responded by designing a connection between the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: when the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; when it started to dry out, a valve could be opened to release river water back into the pond. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverbanks, new wet woodlands will be a notable feature of the Olympic Park. They’re now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do,”recalls Atkins’Ian Morrissey. “The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodland areas. Atkins was responsible for working out the topographies and the channels, and how they would interact with the river.”Wetlands have a tendency to become dry land eventually, a process that can be slowed down through selecting the right vegetation, careful water level management and maintenance.“The sedge spec ies we selected were chosen because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species,”says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodland include willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins’Mike Vaughan: “It’s fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of invertebrates in there,as well as nesting birds.”Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverbanks.“There’s a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site,”says M ike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetation. That stayed there until spring 2012(Fig.06).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now nearing completion, is remarkable by any standards. Visitors to the Olympic Park –up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games –will encounter one of the greenest and most environmentally friendly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And th e benefits will be felt long after 2012. “We’re pulling that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure that’s good for the Games, but will work in legacy,”said the ODA's John Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parklands at the heart. Socially, economically and environmentally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-it’s a new landscape powering a new piece of city.”伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创造并维护周边这种湿地环境？该如何长期保持栖息地的活力和可持续性？在伦敦2012奥林匹克公园项目中，来自阿特金斯的工程师们受托负责湿地和河滨地区设计及建设，将会找到所有这些问题的答案。
都市购物街景观设计外文文献翻译最新译文
都市购物街景观设计外文文献翻译最新译文摘要：本文翻译是关于都市购物街景观设计的外文文献。
它提供了一个关于如何设计和规划都市购物街景观的综述。
这些信息对于城市规划师、景观设计师和相关决策者来说都非常有用。
引言：都市购物街景观的设计是现代城市规划中一个重要的方面。
随着城市化的加速和人们对购物环境体验的要求日益增长，设计师们不断努力创造出独特而吸引人的购物街景观。
主要内容：1. 购物街景观设计原则：本文介绍了一些购物街景观设计的原则，包括景观形式的丰富性、人行道的设计和布局、绿化和景观元素的使用等。
2. 购物街景观规划：本部分讨论了购物街景观规划中的一些重要考虑因素，如人流量、交通流量、停车设施以及商铺和娱乐设施的布局。
3. 城市购物中心的设计：本文探讨了设计一个成功的城市购物中心所需考虑的因素，如购物中心的定位、建筑设计、商店和餐饮设施的选择等。
结论：本文提供了一些关于都市购物街景观设计的综述，旨在向城市规划师和景观设计师们提供一些有用的参考信息。
这些设计原则和规划考虑因素将有助于创造出令人满意的购物街景观，提升城市的魅力和人们的购物体验。
Translation of "Urban Shopping Street Landscape Design: Latest Translated Text"Abstract:This translated document is about urban shopping street landscape design. It provides an overview of how to design and plan the landscape of urban shopping streets. The information is useful for urban planners, landscape designers, and relevant decision-makers.Introduction:The design of urban shopping street landscapes is an important aspect of modern urban planning. With the acceleration of urbanization and people's increasing demand for shopping environment experiences, designers strive to create unique and appealing shopping street landscapes.Main Content:1. Principles of shopping street landscape design: This document introduces some principles of shopping street landscape design, including richness in landscape forms, design and layout of pedestrian paths, and the use of greenery and landscape elements.2. Planning of shopping street landscapes: This section discusses some important considerations in the planning of shopping street landscapes, such as pedestrian flow, traffic flow, parking facilities, and the layout of shops and entertainment facilities.3. Designing urban shopping centers: This document explores the factors to consider in designing a successful urban shopping center, such as positioning the shopping center, architectural design, and the selection of shops and dining facilities.Conclusion:This document provides an overview of urban shopping street landscape design, aiming to provide useful reference information for urban planners and landscape designers. These design principles and planning considerations will help create satisfactory shopping street landscapes, enhancing the attractiveness of cities and people's shopping experiences.。
外文文献翻译景观设计
景观设计•介绍:住宅绿色绿色就是城市得重要组成部分,最接近居民,与居民日常生活最密切相关得,它提高生活质量得环境,提高居民得身心健康至关重要。
绿色住宅面积水平,体现城市现代化得一个重要标志。
小区在城市绿地系统中分布最广,就是普遍绿化得重要方面,城市生态学就是一个重要得系统得一部分。
得推进城市现代化、绿色住宅面积也应该相应得提高水平,更好地满足了不同需求得环境质量。
因此,加强住宅绿色建筑设计得主要任务就是做一个好工作。
改善设计应该尊重传统、尊重科学基础上得原始背后得拒绝环境,关注生态与景观设计、绿色住宅区域,使工作到一个新得水平。
下面从生态设计与景观设计来探讨设计得新思路。
•关键词:景观、景观设计绿色居住区就是城市绿化得重要组成部分,最近得居民,居民日常生活最密切相关得,它提高生活质量得环境,提高居民得身心健康至关重要。
绿色住宅面积水平,体现城市现代化得一个重要标志。
小区在城市绿地系统中分布最广,就是普遍绿化得重要方面,城市生态学就是一个重要得系统得一部分。
得推进城市现代化、绿色住宅面积也应该相应得提高水平,更好地满足了不同需求得环境质量。
因此,加强住宅绿色建筑设计得主要任务就是做一个好工作。
改善设计应该尊重传统、尊重科学基础上得原始背后得拒绝环境,关注生态与景观设计、绿色住宅区域,使工作到一个新得水平。
下面从生态设计与景观设计来探讨设计得新思路。
1。
生态设计绿化得居民区,必须基于城市生态系统,关注生态效率,改善环境质量,维护与保留居住区城市得生态平衡。
法位于贵州省中部,位于云贵高原东部隆起区边坡中部、西南得贵州梯子一般地形得特点就是高与低东北从西南到东北。
大波浪起伏得地形,最高海拔1705、2米,最低海拔506、5米,高山与深谷,沟壑方面,切削锋利,形成一个积极得环境多样性打开。
年平均气温为12、8℃,极端最高温度为35、4℃, 极端最低温度为-10、1℃,年平均降雨量1258、8毫米。
总之,开太阳,气候温与,雨量丰富,冬天冷,夏天热,适合各种园林植物得生长与繁殖。
生态景观设计相关 中英对照
本科毕业论文外文文献翻译Agriculture Ecosystems and EnvironmentThe landscape as an ecosystem作为生态系统的景观H. DoingDepartment of Vegetation Ecology Plant Ecology and Weed Science，AgriculturalUniversity Wageningen The Netherlands植被生态学，植物生态学与杂草科学学院荷兰瓦赫宁根农业大学。
Abstract 摘要Landscape in this paper is defined as quota complex of geographically functionallyand historically interrelated ecosystemsquot also: quotorganised landquot.风景，在本文中，被定义为“历史性与功能性相互关联的生态系统地理的结合”（也定义为：“有组织的土地”）。
For its planning and management mapping of geomorphological hydrological andclimatic conditions is crucial to understand the ecological patterns.规划管理，地貌，水文，气候条件对于了解它的生态格局是非常重要的。
To warrant the landscapes sustainability its ecosystems multiple andinterdependent functions should be carefully identified on macro- meso- andmicro-level.为了保证景观的可持续发展，其生态系统的多元化和相互依存的作用在宏观，中观和微观几个层面应仔细确定。
可持续城市景观设计外文文献翻译中英文2019
可持续城市景观设计外文翻译2019英文Sustainable Urban Landscape Practices: A New Concept to ReduceEcological Degradation.Manjari RaiAbstract - Urbanization is an inevitable process of development of human society and an outcome of economic development and scientific and technological progress. While urbanization process in promoting the development of human civilization, also no doubt, urban landscape has been a corresponding impact. Urban environment has suffered unprecedented damage majorly due to the increase in urban population density and heavy migration rate, traffic congestion and environmental pollution. All this have however led to a major ecological degradation and imbalance. As lands are used for the rapid and unplanned urbanization, the green lands are diminished and severe pollution is created by waste products. Plastic, the most alarming waste at landfill sites, is yet uncontrolled. Therefore, initiatives must be taken to reduce plastic mediated pollution and increase green application. However, increasing green land is not possible due to the landfill by urban structures. In order to create a harmonious environment, sustainable development in the urban landscape becomes a matter of prime focus. This paper thus discusses the concept of ecological design combined with the urbanlandscape design, green landscape design on urban structures and sustainable development through the use of recyclable waste materials which is also a low costing approach of urban landscape design.Index Terms— sustainable, urban, landscape, ecological balance.1INTRODUCTIONLandscape embodies human outlook, values, ethics and moral and reflects peoples love and hate, desire and dreams in the land. Today, landscape has become an indispensable part of contemporary urban life. From the perspective of modern people, we are supposed to protect environment in accordance with the laws of ecology in order to ensure sustainable development. With the rapid development of mankind and urbanization, landscape structures of cities have been affected accordingly. City environment suffers unprecedented hazards, such as air pollution, shortage of water resources, high population density, urban traffic congestion, shortage of resources and so on. Architecture is always in a dilemma when it tries to achieve the double objectives of creating its own value and manifesting the harmonious with the city as well. Nowadays, in the face of problems caused by the process of urbanism, such as destruction of ecology, loss of cultural characteristics, fragmentation of urban tissue, contemporary architecture has been strongly influenced by the concepts and methods of landscape, which give another possibility beyond the dualism2.1 Sustainability and environmentSustainable planning and design focus on promoting recycling and achieving an ecological balance. It majorly talks about designing nature in a very natural way. Sim Vander Ryn and Stuart Cown first proposed the definition of ecological design: any coordination with the ecological processes, as far as possible damage to the environment of their reach minimal design in the form, is referred to as eco-design.This coordination means that the design respects species diversity, reduce the deprivation of resources, maintaining nutrition and water circulation to maintain plant and animal habitats, habitat quality, and help improve the living environment and the health of ecosystems. Ecological planning and design follow the 4R principle - reduction (reduction), re-use (reuse), recycling (recycle), renewable (renewable).2.2 Ecology and environmentSustainable development aims at meeting current needs without compromising the ability of future generations meeting their development needs. Sustainable development also means the maintenance, rational use and improvement of the natural resource base which supports the pressure resistance of ecological basis and economic growth. The sustainable design is essentially a regenerated design based on a self-renewal capacity of natural systems, including how to interfere and destroy the self-regenerative capacity of natural systems as little as possible, how toenhance the regeneration capacity of damaged landscape as much as possible, and how to minimize a design by means of maximizing the natural regeneration capacity. These lead to a sustainable landscape.2.3 Eco-city: an integrated conceptRoseland argues that the eco-city is a particular structure consisted by numerous seemingly unrelated elements, including urban design, lifestyle, economic improvement, physical environment, popularity, and social system [xi]. It is an important argument of Yu that an eco-city should be a process of delivering integrated social, economic and environmental development [xiii].More specifically, Song describes six fundamental principles of establishing ecological city, including sustainability concept; individuals as priority; being harmony with economy, society and environment; emphasizing healthy economic environment; stimulating innovation and overall planning [xii]. These views show that the eco-city concept integrates culture, natural and social economy into a whole development approach.Currently, climate change is the major challenge to an ecofriendly environmental establishment. Because of the extreme weather, the energy shortage and overutilization of raw materials, the price of natural resources is rising sharply. Additionally, water shortage is a considerable challenge to the eco-city development. This situation is mainly caused by excessive use, low efficiency, pollution and destruction of vegetation.Due to the significantly important role of clean water in the city, water scarcity can be a great challenge of the ecological construction. Moreover, pollution of air, water, soil and other areas brings enormous challenge of ecological urban environment. Not only destroys the biological balance, the pollution may also cause negative effects on human beings. There is a tendency that pollution is a severe damage to individuals, leading to physical diseases and mental illness.3 IDEAS TO REDUCE ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION IN URBAN LANDSCAPE DESIGNEcological landscape design is basically to maximize the use of nature and to improve regeneration capacity of nature system. To optimize ecosystem as much as possible in landscape design is the ultimate goal of landscape designers in the present times.Based on the methods of ecological design, designers should pursue to maximize the combination of design and environment rather than only one of them. In the actual urban landscape designs, landscape ecology and construction optimize landscape pattern and process, reducing Urban heat island effect, water resources consumption, water environmental deterioration and global warming and so on. As excellent contemporary landscape architects, we should avoid designing only for design and try to make full use of the original elements of nature. But we cannot be shackled by the natural elements. In our design, we do our best to userenewable raw materials and reuse the materials on the site, maximizing the potential of materials to reduce production, processing and transport of materials and reduce construction waste, and retain some characteristics of local traditional culture.Certain suggestive methods for Eco-sensitive landscape Design:1) The retention and re-use of the site: Fully respecting original appearance of the site, retaining its original elements and reusing the original material not only save handling materials and avoid producing, processing and transporting those materials but also reduce the destruction of the ecological environment.2) Priority to recycling materials and Eco-efficiency Based on local materials, promote the use of green materials. Strive to find a durable, locally produced, low-maintenance, and lowconsumed materials. The approach of using recyclable material and green landscaping can give a lot of beneficial effect in perspective of today’s scenario. It can be started easily from the waste without investment and application of technical sense can convert the polluted places to a green city, thereby reducing the load in landfill sites. Create a virtuous cycle of terrestrial ecosystems. Transform the "waste" mold into a new landscape through the recycling of materials and resource and thereby minimize the demand to new materials as well as reduce the demand of energy required for production of material obtaine3) Conservation and preservation of non renewable resource: We can reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy sources as much as possible through science and technology, and widely use renewable energy in nature such as solar, wind, etc., to adapt to modern ecology environment. Take Tilonia village, Rajasthan, India as an example. A well laid out village which plans and preserves the natural resources through the use of alternate energy resources in the buildings. Also termed as barefoot college.4) Reuse of certain specific building elements from dilapidated and dungeon site: Reusing certain specific building elements from old and dilapidated sites can be a great approach towards sustainable development. Apart from reducing the load on construction debris and landfill sites, it can be a great way to restore and revive our past glory. Certain specific cities from Rajasthan (India), which had a glorious past, are now into ruins. They had beautiful havelis and landscaped gardens, which now are in a dilapidated condition due to ill maintenance. However, 5) Revival and restoration: water bodies, natural woodlands, landscaped gardens, Kunds, baories, inland public spaces, which were acting as major active and recreation zones for local communities in the yesteryears, have come under major stress these days due to massive urbanization. Especially some of the Indian cities (jaipur, Varanasi etc) which, are now facing some critical challenges. These invaluable assets are now into a state ofmajor dilapidation and a big waste as far as land recourse is concerned. The stepped wells of Rajasthan and the Ghats of Varanasi, which had once been the outcome of a magnificent blend of natural phenomena, cultural belief and manmade intervention, presently, face the threat of extinction. It is therefore an important issue ecologically, to formulate a comprehensive vision for Repair, Renovation and Restoration of these bygone classics.6. Eco-Design for an overall sustainable development.Ecodesign methods are diverse, but every method in practice has different characteristics. We can make our design more ecological by these eco-design methods. We may maximize the use of the original elements on the site, respecting the original buildings and facilities and give some new features to them. Efficient use of water to reduce water consumption is common in ecological planning and design. In some urban landscape design, gathering rainwater or dew to supply most of the landscape water, add water to the surrounding waterscape and supply buildings with clean water, etc., so that the city achieve zero water consumption. Or we can adopt various natural purification mechanisms like artificial wetlands. Water flow and the growth of aquatic plants are associated with water purification, so that the landscape is ecologically rational integration of the principles. The rich plant resources are also an important element that cannot be ignored. In urban eco-landscape design,when designers choose plant material, shapes are very important. You can attract people's attention by designing a variety of forms of plants and let people benefit from nature. In plant design, grass plot and ground cover plants lie low and stretch without a break making our space full of vitality and endless green.4. CONCLUSIONEco design principles and its elements have been a part of our lifestyle since the beginning. It is closely linked with our daily lives and culture. In the present times, protecting the natural ecological environment and promoting sustainable development of the human environment has become our urgent task. The concept of sustainable development into urban landscape design to expand the area of landscape design is the need of the day. Design should apply more native plants; respect the field on the original natural regeneration vegetation. Nature will have its evolution and update the rule, from ecological perspective. Ecologically, sustainability is taken seriously in order to balance natural resources and its development thereby protecting an strengthening the production and updates of environmental systems. the urban designers and planners need to adhere to the view of ecology and culture, in the least damage to the site of the original ecological environment based on local conditions construction, inheritance historical context, regional development to push forward, through the mining of ecology and culture,to create a harmonious coexistence of cultural memory and the trend of the times of the urban space. Any landscape, especially the urban landscape system, with the most closely related is human itself. Concept of sustainable development requires caring for people first, respecting for nature and thus the blindness of artificial modification of the natural environment is reduced, which precisely embodies the concept of ecological planning; at the same time, we should pay attention to specific regional characteristics of the environment. When we create landscape design, we should avoid damaging original ecological environment and respect biological and ecological needs in the environment after fully understanding the ecosystem characteristics of the landscape. Secondly, in process of urban landscape design, we protect and make use of natural resources. We maximize the use of natural green energy, reduce the use of pollution energy, and reduce environmental pollution. Overall, the concept of sustainable development of landscape design requires us to take eco-development as basis and respect for the ecological environment, strengthening recycling of the material and energy.Strengthen using self-sustaining and sustainable environment processing technology. In fact, the process of urban landscape ecological design is also the process of sustainable development of urban landscape. They integrate with each other. Their design intents are same. The sustainable development of urban landscape design represents a designmethod of respecting objective environment and using green techniques. When creating a green environment, we should express original beauty, namely, a deep harmony of human, biology and nature. Sustainable urban landscape design emphasizes on harmony and unity of nature and society. As art works, urban landscape design respects nature and matches the requirements of ecological development. In addition, it also improves the visual environment of a region, thereby enhancing the value of entire region and closely link with the social economy. In short , urban landscaping design concept of sustainable development requires us to seek a balance between these factors, with both the rational use of landscape features of its own, but also good ecological and economic benefits of landscape, that is, the harmony and unity of nature and society.中文可持续城市景观设计实践：减少生态退化的新概念。
景观设计方案英文翻译
景观设计方案英文翻译The Landscape Design SolutionThe landscape design solution aims to transform the existing space into an aesthetically pleasing and functional outdoor environment. The design focuses on creating a harmonious balance between natural elements and human activities, while adhering to principles of sustainability and conservation.The first step of the design involves analyzing the site conditions and identifying key features that can be incorporated into the overall plan. The existing trees, shrubs, and topography are carefully considered to maintain a sense of continuity with the surrounding environment.The design incorporates a variety of elements to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the space. A central focal point, such as a water feature or sculpture, is integrated to provide visual interest and draw people into the space. Surrounding this focal point are carefully selected plantings, which create a sense of enclosure and provide shade and privacy.Walkways and seating areas are strategically placed throughout the landscape to encourage people to explore and interact with the space. These elements are designed to be accessible to all, including individuals with mobility challenges. Additionally, seating areas are positioned to take advantage of views and provide comfortable spots for relaxation and socialization.To promote sustainability, the design includes various greeninfrastructure features. Rain gardens and bioswales are incorporated to capture and filter stormwater runoff, reducing the impact on local water bodies. Native plants are favored, as they require less maintenance and provide habitat for local wildlife. Additionally, irrigation systems are designed to maximize water efficiency, using weather-based sensors and drip irrigation techniques.Lighting is also a key consideration in the design. Low-level ambient lighting is used to enhance the nighttime experience and ensure safety for users. Accent lighting is utilized to highlight key features and create visual interest.The design solution also considers the needs of different user groups. Playground areas and fitness equipment are included to cater to families and individuals looking for recreational opportunities. Quiet seating areas and meditation spaces are integrated for those seeking a place for relaxation and reflection. In conclusion, the landscape design solution aims to create an attractive and functional outdoor environment that adheres to principles of sustainability and conservation. Careful consideration is given to the existing site conditions, with a focus on maintaining a sense of harmony with the surrounding environment. The design incorporates various elements, such as focal points, plantings, walkways, and seating areas, to enhance the aesthetics and functionality of the space. Green infrastructure features and lighting considerations further contribute to the sustainability and usability of the design. Overall, the landscape design solutionseeks to create a space that is accessible and enjoyable for all users, while promoting a connection to nature.。
景观设计中英文对照
2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学 environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学 ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学 garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物 ornamental plant2.0012 盆景 miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林 garden and park2.0014 园林学史 history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划 garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计 garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理 garden management2.0019 园林生态 landscape ecology2.0020 绿化 greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化 environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积 green area2.0023 绿地率 ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化 street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化 mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化 suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化 highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化 railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植 bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化 balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化 window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化 roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化 vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化 climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化 bridgehead greening2.0041 花园 garden2.0042 专类花园 specified flower garden2.0043 花园村 garden village2.0044 园林城市 landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园 rose garden2.0046 松柏园 conifer garden2.0047 球根园 bulb garden2.0048 宿根园 perennial garden2.0049 假山园 rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场 hunting ground2.0051 街心花园 street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园 petty street garden2.0053 水景园 water garden2.0054 铺地园 paved garden2.0055 野趣园 wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园 rustic garden2.0058 盆景园 penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园 zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园 cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园 bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园 school garden2.0064 室内花园 indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园 fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园 garden for the blind2.0067 公园 park, public park2.0068 城市公园 city park, urban park2.0069 区公园 regional park2.0070 儿童公园 children park2.0071 体育公园 sports park2.0072 森林公园 forest park2.0073 纪念公园 memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园 comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园 cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 2.0078 中央公园 central park2.0079 天然公园 natural park2.0080 海滨公园 seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园 historic site park2.0082 河滨公园 riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园 lakeside park2.0084 路边公园 roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园 amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园 sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园 recreation park2.0088 疗养公园 sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园 national park2.0090 邻里公园 neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园 special park2.0092 植物园 botanical garden2.0093 植物公园 abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地 green space2.0098 公共绿地 public green space2.0099 单位绿地 unit green area2.0100 城市绿地 urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地 residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地 green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地 suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地 residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地 attached green space2.0107 生产绿地 productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃 nursery2.0109 风景 landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观 natural landscape2.0111 人文景观 human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观 prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观 mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观 geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观 lake view2.0116 郊区景观 suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观 geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观 karst landscape2.0119 植物景观 plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林 royal garden2.0126 私家园林 private garden2.0127 江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林 western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林 English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林 Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林 Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林 French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre’s style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园 manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园 peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊 xystus2.0141 迷阵 maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫 E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园 Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑 Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园 Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景 view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景 distant view2.0161 近景 nearby view2.0162 障景 obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景 borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景 opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景 miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景 leaking through scenery2.0167 框景 enframed scenery2.0168 尾景 terminal feature2.0169 主景 main feature2.0170 副景 secondary feature2.0171 配景 objective view2.0172 夹景 vista line, vista2.0173 前景 front view2.0174 背景 background2.0175 景序 order of sceneries2.0176 景点 feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观 upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观 downward landscape2.0179 季相景观 seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观 meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野 visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间 garden space2.0184 开敞空间 wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间 enclosure space2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古 antiquity2.0188 空灵 spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观 in-motion viewing2.0190 静观 in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉 visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡 symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称 bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称 radial symmetry2.0197 透景线 perspective line2.0198 轴线 axis, axial line2.0199 主轴 main axis2.0200 副轴 auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴 hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线 skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术 art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调 monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调 compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出 contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调 approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色 warm color2.0209 冷色 cool color2.0210 色感 color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划 urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统 green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额 public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标 public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局 green space layout2.0216 吸引圈 attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离 attractive distance2.0218 有效半径 effective radius2.0219 绿地资源 green space resource2.0220 绿地效果 green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序 planning procedure of the green space2.0222 空间规划 space planning2.0223 形象规划 image plan2.0224 实施规划 implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间 necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间 leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度 usage frequency2.0228 树种规划 planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型 type of green space2.0230 环状绿型 annular green space2.0231 块状绿地 green plot2.0232 点状绿地 green spot2.0233 放射状绿地 radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地 buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地 noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论 scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地 reserve garden2.0239 公园规划 park planning2.0240 园林总体规划 garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划 site planning2.0242 园林分区 garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区 tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区 children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场 children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区 sports activities area2.0247 野餐区 picnic place2.0248 散步区 pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区 lawn space2.0253 绿荫区 shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区 historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区 youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区 bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区 fishing center2.0258 野营区 camp site2.0259 游人中心 visitors center2.0260 服务中心 service center2.0261 探险游乐场 adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区 cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统 approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统 circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统 latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统 radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统 informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统 formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统 mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图 garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书 garden planning direction 2.0272 城市公园系统 urban park system2.0273 公园分布 distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型 park type, park category2.0275 公园间距 distance between parks2.0276 公园形式 park styles2.0277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游览区 no-admittance area2.0279 办公区 administrative area2.0280 服务区 service center2.0281 动休息区 dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区 static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区 entertaining performance place 2.0284 主要入口 main entrance2.0285 次要入口 secondary entrance2.0286 人流量 visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量 vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路 park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量 visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource uation2.0292 风景学 scenicology2.0293 风景规划 landscape plan2.0294 风景设计 landscape design2.0295 游览路线 touring route2.0296 旅游资源 tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理 tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质 tourism geology2.0299 历史名城 famous historical city2.0300 文化名城 famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址 ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆 natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌 natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区 scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区 alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区 seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区 forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区 valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区 river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区 lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区 hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区 waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区 region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区 region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区 crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区 nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区 protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物 natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区 biosphere protection area。
外文翻译 园林设计
外文资料翻译Shady Attia.The role of landscape design in improving the microclimate in traditional courtyard-buildings in hot arid climates[C].PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland,2006,6-8.英文原文（节选）AbstractArab Islamic landscape design forms a unique source of inspiration for landscapearchitecture in barren open spaces in the Middle East. Arab Islamic gardens adopted a systemmarked by perfect responsiveness to the environment. The design of urban landscapes and gardens in Arab Islamic culture was similarly guided by the dictation of aridity. The need to provide shade, to prevent dust and to conserve water meant that urban open spaces and gardens were sheltered and enclosed. Alhambra in Moorish Spain and the Al-Suhaymi House in Islamic Cairo are two useful historical references for vernacular Islamic landscape designs. This paper presents an overview of landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water and initial observations of their influence in controlling and improving the microclimate in courtyard buildings as a way of passive cooling in the Middle East region. This paper is a part of a Master’s thesis in the field of passive landscape strategies at Wageningen University. The objective is to identify the comfort improvements potential of successfully-planned and integrated landscape design in traditional courtyard buildings. The layout and plant material of Alhambra, Generalife courts and Al-Suhaymi court in Islamic Cairo are examined and evaluated. This study demonstrates that in arid environments, the landscape planning, the composition of vegetation and water and choice of planting material all have important consequences in creating thermally-pleasant environments.1. INTRODUCTIONIn most Islamic designs, the role of landscape design is highly appreciated. In examining traditional courtyard gardens, it is clear that the role of urban landscape design was not only restricted to a purely ornamental or theological function. It was additionally used to control and improve the microclimate around and inside the building. This paper attempts to present the role of landscape in traditional Islamic garden courtyards by analysing the design characteristics of Al Suhaymi house courtyards in Cairo and the layout of three courtyard gardens in Alhambra and Generalife palaces in Granada, Spain. Some physical parametermeasurements regarding temperature and humidity were made, in addition to a shade study. In fact, shades in courtyard-buildings were insufficient in improving the microclimate during hot summers. Therefore, vegetation and water were used to compensate for the lack of improvement provided by the shade.2. AL SUHAYMI HOUSE:Bayt al Suhaymi is one of the most important examples of a Cairene traditional courtyard house representing the Islamic landscape design around the 16th and 17th centuries. This house stands in El Darb EL Asfar alley and is directly located off the famous Fatimid street called El Moez street. The house witnessed several building phases before reaching its final layout, which covers 2000 square meters and includes 115 spaces distributed on five levels. The house is marked by perfect responsiveness to the environment and contains architectural elements of the traditional Cairean house. The bent entrance, which assures privacy to the house, leads to an inner courtyard surrounded by rooms and is overlooked by a maqaad (a roofed balcony facing the cool northern breeze) and a takhtaboosh (a space annexed by the court for receiving male visitors during the summer).2.1 The House layoutBy analysing the Al Suhaimy house layout, we find that this house layout was based on creating a passive ventilation system in order to ameliorate the microclimate. The passive ventilation system was created by locating two inner courtyards with two different pressures within the house. The north courtyard (Fig. 1c), called the rear garden, was a large open space and was meant to have low surrounding walls in order to keep the space sunny and relatively hot. The rear garden was designed to occupy 28 percent of the total plot area of the house with a 2.6:1.3:0.5 ratio (l:w:h). On the other hand, the south courtyard (Fig. 1b), simply called the courtyard, was a rectangular courtyard covering only 200 square meters and was designed to occupy only 10 percent of the total house area with a 1.8:1:1.3 ratio (l:w:h).This passive ventilation design solution is confirmed by comparing the shade in the rear garden to the courtyard. During winter (21 December, 2:00 p.m.) I found that the amount of shade in the rear garden was more than 53% compared to 100% in the courtyard space. During summer (21 June, 2:00 pm), the amount of shade in the rear garden is more than 12% compared to 40% in the courtyard space . Moreover, measurements have proved that when temperatures rise in the rear garden of the Al Suhaymi house, the air flows against the north prevailing wind directions during most daily hours. The wind flows from the south entrance, passing the courtyard and then into the takhtaboosh, with wind speeds of 1.3 m/s, and finally reaching the rear garden . On the other hand, during the stillness of the previously mentionedwind movement, the prevailing wind flows from the rear garden when the sun drops down after noon through the takhtaboosh to the courtyard with wind speeds reaching 0.7 m/s.2.2 Landscape design in Al Suhaymi house:Based on the previous design theory, we find that the role of landscape architecture in this design was essential. By analysing the plan, we find that the landscape design aimed to emphasize the passive ventilation in the Al Suhaymi house. The Islamic landscape design considerations for the composition of vegetation and water included the following environmental-responsive design principals:Quadripartite layoutReferences to the quadripartite design occurred more than once in the Koran; therefore, Islamic gardens adopted the geometrical and often symmetrical layout. Planning the layout was based on creating two axes perpendicularly crossing each other in the middle. The quadripartite layout was also considered as an environmental landscape design principle because the axes were planned as narrow water canals or walkways while the left rectangles were planted or used as water ponds. The quadripartite layout assured a combination between plant materials, water and pavement in courtyards, all of which improved the microclimate in the buildings.In the Al Suhaymi house, the courtyard had a quadripartite layout with slightly raised narrow walkways leading to the focal fountain at the centre of the courtyard. The walkways created four relatively large planted rectangular shapes , while the rear garden had two different planned layouts. The left part of the garden followed a quadripartite layout, while the right part of the garden had circular planning with a well in the centre. The quadripartite design helped the designer to manipulate the site and create a variety for the water, vegetation and pavement composition.Use of waterThe Al Suhaymi house had a focal fountain in the courtyard and some other fountains in the halls. The focal fountain was located at the centre of the courtyard. Next, a water wheel in the north-east corner of the house supported the fountains and house dweller with water. Using the fountain inside the courtyards helped to create a cold air reservoir, in addition to humidifying Cairo’s dry air. Using the fountains in the halls also helped in soothing the internal climate of the halls, reflecting the importance of having elements from the natural environment, such as water inside the house.Vegetation and shadeThe courtyard and rear garden were both planted, but to serve the passive ventilationconcept and create a relatively hot open area, the rear garden was mainly paved and planted with some flowers, medicinal herbs and palms. On the other hand, the courtyard was mainly planted with ground covers, evergreen trees and fruitful trees to provide maximum shade for the ground within the inner courtyard walls . Moreover, greenery inside the courtyard and rear garden absorbed dust and dirt in the atmosphere in addition to reducing the amount of glare. This study measured the differences in temperature between the planted courtyard and the house roof and it was found that the temperature was between 4oC to 7oC lower in the planted courtyard. Furthermore, by comparing the relative humidity in the house inner courtyard with El Darb EL Asfar alley, the humidity in the house inner courtyard ranged between 11 to 19 percent lower than in the alley.Walls and pavilionsIn the Koran, paradise is described as an enclosed garden, surrounded by “walls” and accessible through “gates”. In Al Suhaymi House, the courtyard was surrounded with thick high walls to achieve protection from the hot, dusty, and noisy environment, and to provide a refreshing shade and cool air, all of which are essential for human comfort. Moreover, the rear garden was surrounded by low walls in order to minimize shade and to create a hot open space. The surrounding walls of Al Suhaymi gardens are considered as part of an environmental landscape design element of the Islamic garden.译文摘要阿拉伯伊斯兰园林设计的独特灵感源于中东地区的贫瘠而又开放的景观空间。
城市景观规划设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
风景园林外文参考文献
风景园林外文参考文献引言风景园林是一门综合性学科，涉及到设计、规划和管理公共和私人的室外空间。
它的目标是创造美丽、舒适和可持续发展的环境，以提供人们休闲娱乐、社交活动和与自然互动的机会。
本文将介绍一些与风景园林相关的外文参考文献，以帮助读者更深入地了解这个领域。
文献1：《Landscape Architecture: A Manual for Environmental Planning and Design》这本书是由Barry Starke撰写的，对于风景园林设计和规划提供了全面且系统的介绍。
书中讨论了设计原则、植物选择、水资源管理等方面的内容。
它还涵盖了与环境可持续性相关的主题，如生态系统恢复和气候变化适应性。
该书还提供了大量实际案例作为示范，展示了不同类型和规模的项目如何成功地融入环境并满足用户需求。
这些案例包括城市公园、社区花园和私人庭院等。
这本书对于学习风景园林的基本原理和实践技巧非常有价值。
它不仅适用于学生和专业人士，也适合对风景园林感兴趣的一般读者。
文献2：《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》这本书由Heidi Howcroft和Marianne Majerus合著，是一本关于花园设计的指南。
它提供了许多创意和灵感，帮助读者构思自己的花园设计。
书中介绍了不同类型的花园风格，如英式花园、日式庭院和现代景观等。
每个风格都有详细的解释和示例照片，以及与之相关的设计原则和植物选择建议。
此外，该书还包括了关于材料选择、水景设计和照明布置等方面的信息。
这些内容可以帮助读者更好地理解如何将不同元素组合在一起，创造出独特而美丽的花园。
《Garden Design: A Book of Ideas》不仅适用于专业园艺师和设计师，也适合任何对花园设计感兴趣的人。
它是一个富有启发性和实用性的资源，能够激发创造力并提供实用的建议。
文献3：《Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications》这本书由William M. Marsh撰写，是一本关于风景园林规划的综合指南。
建筑景观设计的艺术和实践(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑景观设计的艺术和实践（英文中文双语版优质文档）Landscape design is a highly comprehensive discipline, which involves many disciplines such as architecture, horticulture, art, psychology, and ecology. As a landscape architect, I deeply feel the challenges and joys brought by this discipline.1. Art and AestheticsThe primary goal of landscape design is to create beautiful spaces, so art and aesthetics are indispensable elements of landscape design. Art is a way of expressing and conveying emotions, thoughts and ideas, and it can create a landscape with beauty and uniqueness through color, shape, material and space.Aesthetics is the study and understanding of beauty, which discusses the essence of beauty, the standard of beauty and the value of beauty. Landscape design needs to follow aesthetic principles, such as symmetry, proportion, rhythm, repetition, change, etc., to create an aesthetically harmonious space.2. Function and practicalityLandscape design should not only pay attention to art and aesthetics, but also consider function and practicality. Landscape architects need to understand the needs and behaviors of users, rationally arrange and design spaces to improve the efficiency and convenience of space use.For example, in the design of parks and squares, it is necessary to take into account the rest and entertainment needs of tourists, and set up rest areas, children's play facilities, and cultural display areas. In the design of residential quarters, it is necessary to consider the living and living needs of residents, and set up green belts, social spaces and fitness facilities.3. Ecological and environmental protectionLandscape design also needs to take into account ecological and environmental protection issues. Today, with the continuous advancement of urbanization and the continuous enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, landscape design must also keep up with the trend of the times and pay attention to ecological and environmental protection.Landscape architects need to understand issues such as land use, ecosystems, and biodiversity, and adopt sustainable design and management methods so that the landscape is environmentally friendly and ecologically valuable while maintaining its beauty.4. Humanization and Cultural InheritanceLandscape design also needs to take into account the issues of humanization and cultural heritage. As a part of human society, landscape design needs to meet human needs and cultural traditions, and provide people with safe, convenient and comfortable spaces.Landscape architects need to understand local cultural traditions and human history, and integrate local cultural characteristics and spiritual connotations into the design. For example, in urban planning and landscape design, local traditional architectural styles, folk culture, historical relics and other elements need to be fully considered to create landscapes with local characteristics.At the same time, landscape design also needs to focus on humanized design, taking into account the physical and psychological needs of users, and providing spaces suitable for people of all ages. For example, in the design of parks, it is necessary to set up barrier-free passages and humanized facilities to facilitate the travel and activities of the elderly and disabled people.5. Technology and Innovationneeds to combine various techniques and tools to realize design concepts and goals. For example, CAD, SketchUp and other software can help designers design and draw, and plant selection and green management also need to involve horticultural technology and botanical knowledge.Innovation is also an indispensable element in landscape design. It can create unique and forward-looking landscape design works by combining new technologies, new materials and new ideas.epilogueneeds to comprehensively consider factors such as art, practicality, ecology, humanization and innovation. In the design process, landscape architects need to comprehensively use various knowledge and technologies to provide users with aesthetic and practical spaces, pay attention to environmental protection and cultural heritage, and create unique and forward-looking landscape design works.景观设计是一门综合性很强的学科，它涉及到建筑、园艺、艺术、心理学、生态学等众多学科领域。
文献翻译-城市与景观空间环境设计
美术系毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目：The City And View Space Environment Design学生姓名：专业：指导教师：20 年 5 月 10 日The city and view space environment design[Abstract]:Need not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant formlanguage from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary whocan express current science,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, theart lifts doubtless。
Provide the most directly the most abundant source. [Keywords]:The ecosystem building / the view constructThe view design and artNeed not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant form language from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary who can express currentscience,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, the art provided the most directly the most abundant source doubtless. From the stereoscopic doctrine,surrealism,the style parties,the composing doctrine of modern art earlier period, to later pole Chien's art,wave art, each kind of art current of thought and the art forms all provide and can draw lessons from for the view designer of the art thought and the form language. Today, the concept of[with] art has already taken place very big variety, "beautiful" no longer is the purpose of[with] art and adjudicate an art of standard.The art form pile up one after another, the pure art is gradually misty with the boundary of of the other art door, the artists absorbed the creations skill ofmovie,television,drama,music,building,view...etc., creating such as the media arts,behaviorart,radiation in response to a series of new art form, such as, art, and the earth art etc., but these turn over and give other art professions of from the operator with inspire very greatly.The painting is because of lines,piece the noodles and color of the oneself seem to be is converted into very easily to design some main factors in the plane chart, as a result has been influence the development of[with] the view design, pursue a creative view the designers already to acquire the inspiration of the sub- everlasting from the modern painting.The twenty At the beginning of century, the the stereoscopic parties painter added (the the Pablo Picasso 1881~1973) fully with cloth to the pull to the appear to the change much the in the the appearance of the the gram(the the Georges Braque l 882-1963 yearses) the of several bodies, the appeared what the several standpoints the in the the space see the to fold the to add, Be expressing in two even the result of the fore basic virtues.Their idea has deep but direct influence to the art field.Ex-The from two wars a the down to date, the stereoscopic send the the work the that sends the with super the reality to the the influence the that the the designer has the to keep the on. The set up in 1998 of the the Holland the Amsterdam card the pulls the the sectionsquare(Carraseoplein, the the Adriaan Geuze design), the with lawn, the the asphalt the road noodles the and the the road noodles the top the the dot array the of the the white was the a chemical element, the designing on the the ground the a two the the surrealism the appearance ofthe the ,the plus the the oddity in the a view the of light, voice and the train of the ambulation, make this space had surrealism of mysterious atmosphere.The design thought of the style parties has ever influenced to numerous design realms, its form language has already arrived an important function to the modern building sport.The building imitates the ancients the gram, Anne(the GaBriel Guevrekan l 900-1970 years) completed in 1927 of locate design in the villa courtyard of the French south Hyeres, break the restriction of the narrow and small base to spread the base of the square piece of a ground of brick and the tulip flower terrace demarcation triangle, absorbed the style parties to receive the spirit of Anne in Delhi's painting especially in the design, is made use of a ground well and enter a 3D composition design.Carve to have a close relation with park on the western history, carve to have been the adornment thing in the park but exist, even arrived a modern a society, this tradition reserves still.But the modern carve the substance influence to the view, is along with its oneself some developments just produce.Because a part carve steadily alignment abstraction, the alignment outdoors, extend dimensions and use various natural material, add to near to with the view work more, these two kinds of fusions of arts also naturally the real estate born.The pole Chien's doctrine(Minimalism) is a kind of art that takes simple and direct and several bodies as basic art language to exercise.Most pole Chien's art works make use of several of or organic form, use new comprehensive material, have a strong industrial color.The thought and work of[with] the pole Chien's doctrine not only promoted the earth art produce, but also influenced the two post-war views design.20Half after century leaf, to the variety and the development influence of the view form the biggest art form BE"the earth art" perhaps.The earth art inheritted the abstract simple shape form of[with] the pole Chien's art, and then blended the thought of[with] process art,the concept art, becoming a bridge that the artist sets foot in the view design.The earth art because of it the natural environment is to create place, as a result become the form language that many view designers draw lessons from, in the meantime, the artist also sets foot in the realm of[with] the view design in succession, many works usually are what the views teacher and artist cooperate complete, this also promoted more view with carve two kinds of fusion and the development of artses. An important influence of the earth art to the view design is the idea that brought an art to turn the geography design. The building critic ZHAN KE4 SI(the Charles Jencks i 939~) whom the year construct locates a Scotch southwest department a Dumfriesshire private garden, being turn with the abstruse and exquisite design thought and the art of the geography processing but call.The thought and manifestation of the modern art have profound influence to the view design, making the view design of the thought and means is more abundant.Different from pure art BE, the view design faces the challenge of[with] more complicated social problem and usage problem, view the designer can't take no cognizance these but sink to immerse in own art world.But since we can comprehend"beautiful" Be not the standard that adjudicates an art any more, we should can also comprehend a view no longer is mean"such as painting", the view can become a certain art to thought of carry a body, it can express a diverse form, so we can also have another a to tolerate for some views works that we don't comprehend very.The view design and ecosystemThe ecosystem of the view isn't a fresh concept.Have no 沦to construct in how of the environment, the views are all and abiogenesis close contact, this relation problem that involves to the view and the mankind and the nature by all means, just the environment problem of today is more outstanding, being subjected to a concern more, so the ecosystem becomes one of the most fashionable topics apparently.The ecosystem doctrine the wave tide that rolls up a world urges the top of the angle of view that people stand on science to re- examine the view profession, view the designers also start getting up own mission and the whole Earth ecosystem system contact.Now, at the view profession a little bit flourishing nations, the design of[with] the ecosystem doctrine already is not stay around the 沦text and the diagram paper up of empty talk also Be not the experiment of a handful of designers any more, the ecosystem doctrine has already become a view a designer internality of with hypostatic consideration.Respect the nature development process, initiate energy and material of circulating make use of and place of the ego maintain, developping the processing technique that can keep on etc. the thought pierce through to design and construct in the view with management of always.In the design pursue ecosystem already with pursue the function and the form the equal importance, after sometimes even surmounting both, occupied initial position.The ecology thought of lead to go into, make the view design of the thought and method took place a graveness a change, also influencing to even change the image of the view consumedly.The view design no longer stays around the narrow and small world of[with] the garden design, it starts get involved the more extensive environment design realm.Maintain by one's own to the respect of the place ecosystem development process,to the circulating exploitation of the material energy and to the place with can keep on a processing to initiate technically, the body is now strong ecosystem principle.Though see from the outside idea, most views or many or littlely body now green, green of not necessarily is an ecosystem of, cost a great deal of manpower material resources and financial power then can become and keep the view of[with] result, isn't a "green" of the ecosystem meaning. Design medium should make use of the plant of the hometown more, the natural rebirth that respects a place plants a quilt.The nature has it to turn into with the more recent regulation, seeing from the angle of the ecosystem, the natural cluster falls to fall to have vitality more healthily and more than the artificials. Some designers know this, they make use of the address a top original nature to plant a quilt well perhaps in the design, or build up a frame, providing a condition for the natural reborn process, this is also a kind of body that the exertive natural system can move sex now.Society,art,ecosystem balanceThe art,function and science are three targets that the modern view design pursue.After pass by the baptism of the modernism, the function doctrine has become the widespread standardof[with] the view design.However lay particular emphasis on function excessively, the feature of the view sinks unavoidably in mild.The view wants to develop continuously, the art and science became the direction of the breakthrough.The thought and skill of the modern art for promotes the art that the modern view design to have very your work to use, also make the view design is more abundant.The ecosystem doctrine thought and principle that represent science seep through the view design medium, and become the instruction thought of[with] design, expressing a view adesigner to have already been aware of an own technique should bring into the whole Earth ecosystem system.The development of the view is and develop of society close contact.The progressthat the society development,social culture of the economy realize, promote the development of the view business and design realm to expand continuously.The view of today involves to people the square aspect noodles of the life, modern view is for the sake of the person's usage.Turn over, the view has already exceeded historical and any period perhaps tothe positive effect of the society.城市与景观空间环境设计勒·可布西埃著摘要毋庸置疑，景观设计是一门艺术，它与其他艺术形式之间有着必然的联系。
景观设计外文文献翻译
译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscapedesignAbstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。
景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。
景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。
I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics ofthe geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to inlandscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities.Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plantform the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increasein the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 19921 城市与景观1.1 景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscapeforms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscapeand ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, tothousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "halfnatural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the righttemperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and longgrowth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is thefoundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 1992城市与景观摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
景观设计外文文献翻译
译文题目：Ecological planning in the urban landscapedesignAbstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
本文中着重论述了景观对城市居住环境的影响。
景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。
景观、城市、生态以及人性化的设计理念之间存在着微妙而复杂的联系。
I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics ofthe geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to inlandscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities.Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the right temperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plantform the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and long growth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increasein the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is the foundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 19921 城市与景观1.1 景观设计概述景观设计首先是一种人的思想活动，表现为艺术活动。
园林建筑景观设计外文翻译文献
文献信息文献标题：Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture（景观设计中的数字工具）文献作者：N Ņitavska，A Mengots文献出处：《Scientific Journal of Latvia University of Agriculture Landscape Architecture and Art》,2017,11(11):42-50字数统计：英文2507单词，13798字符；中文4104汉字外文文献Digital Tools in Landscape Architecture Abstract Nowadays professional tools in landscape architecture are more related to digital tools. Landscape architects’ hand powered tools have been replaced by computers and digital tools where the traditional techniques are supplemented with 3D modelling and animation for landscape planning in different scales and for different projects levels. The main aim of this paper is to understand and analyse the use of digital tools in landscape architecture and planning in Latvia. For the collection of data for this study a questionnaire was designed and sent to Latvian landscape architects and planners. The questions it included were on how landscape architects and planners use digital tools for the representation of their sketches and ideas and on what kind of digital tools they use in different landscape types and scales. Results showed that all the surveyed landscape architects use digital tools in their everyday professional practice – for landscape design or assessment. Most of them also still use the traditional drawings by hand for draft sketches and ideas, but for communication with public, projects and designs elaborated by digital tools are used. Landscape architects have emphasized the great potential of digital tools for enhancing communication between the landscape architect and the potential user. Digital tools (visualizations, animations, 3D models, etc.) allow the potential user to participate in the landscape planning process and easily imagine the landscape before it is created.Today landscape architects use digital tools to produce the final project presentation images (visualizations) in the landscape planning processes for selling of the project. However, we believe that in future there is a potential for using digital tools more as a communication tool, which can help in contacting clients at various levels of the project implementation, especially in the early stages of the design.Keywords: digital tools, visual communication, landscape architectureIntroductionThe landscape architect’s daily work is associated with landscaping projects of varying scales, specifics and levels, landscape research or landscape management planning. The landscape architect's profession is comparatively new – dating back a little over a hundred years ago, when in 1863 the Board of Central Park Commission in New York City approved a landscape architect's position. Since then, this new profession had officially gained more stability and recognition in its development. In landscape architecture arts and professional knowledge in the field of landscape planning as well as social, ecological and mental aspects are closely intertwined. The results of day-to-day landscape architect’s work are often subject to public criticism and perception, thus influencing the ivolvement of the residents in the issues of landscape conservation, planning, design and installation.How do information transfer and communication take place? What tools can a landscape architect use to more effectively prepare quality information, simultaneously making it easier for the residents and clients to perceive the ideas. Nowadays more and more digital tools are being used in the field of landscape architecture, which, on the one hand facilitates the presentation of the results of the remote landscape architect's work, but on the other hand reduces the possibility of using traditional drawing methods without additional processing and also leaves no room for direct communication.Digital tools allow the landscape architects to use new approaches and methods in planning and communicating about landscape planning, conservation, renovation, or installing issues. In several studies the use of digital tools has been particularlyemphasized in landscape architecture and planning in order to improve the project perception and communication among landscape architects and professionals, residents, clients as well as colleagues. The use of these digital tools is diverse, and it is adjustable to the projects of different scales and complexity in different stages of development: illustrative, immersive, interactive, intuitive and intensive.So, one of the aspects is the communication with clients and residents. A part of this communication is the emotional design which does not depict the real function of landscape or real proportions, but influence the clients and residents through artistic tools at the emotional level. The authors in their study call that kind of emotional design a “wow effect” which works not only in landscape architecture but also in all the design fields throughout the world and it is more oriented towards selling of the product. Overall, the result of the landscape architect’s work – a project or an installed object – includes the emotional aspect of art, therefore it always involves a subjective evaluation.Exactly what landscape elements or project parts must the clients and residents most often evaluate or read from the designs made by landscape architects? Does the use of versatile digital tools make it easier and with higher qualitaty to perceive the landscape elements? Communication has always been acknowledged to be one of the most significant aspects in the process of landscape design. The communication process mainly takes place between the landscape architect and the clients, as well as between two professionals. It is essential when a project is being prepared for real construction.Most often in landscape characterisation such elements as terrain, building or architectural objects, vegetation, roads, surfacing, water elements are used, which overall characterise the versatile essence of the landscape in its elements. But also, such factors as the accessibility of the landscape, its scale, colour, texture and the materials found in the landscape, the emotional factor of the total image, versatility of landscape, its uniqueness and rarity are important. Many of these factors and elements are influenced by subjective perception, thus making it difficult to objectively evaluate the results of the landscape projects.In our study we have chosen those landscape evaluation criteria which most vividly characterise the project idea, the main parameters and also the essence of the design:•the placement of elements in the landscape;•the perception of the design on the whole and the idea of the project;•vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants;•inclusion of the objects in the environment, connection with the adjoining territories;•perception of the proportions of space and elements;•terrain.The study deals with the digital tools in landscape architecture. In the current study digital tools have been analysed and compared, information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia has been obtained and the perception aspects for the types of visualization in the projects of landscape architecture have been evaluated.MethodsThe study consists of two parts:•the first part presents information about the most popular digital tools, their choice and habits of use in the field of landscape architecture – the evaluation method of the use of digital tools has been used. This information was obtained from the results of the survey on the habits of the use of digital tools in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia where the representatives involved in the field of landscape architecture participated;•in the second part of the study the perception aspects of landscape architecture visualization materials have been evaluated by means of the photography method – the evaluation method of perception aspects of visualization types has been used.The evaluation method of the use of digital toolsWithin the framework of the research, a survey was conducted to find out themost popular digital tools, their choice and use in the field of landscape architecture in Latvia. In Latvia actively working Latvian Association of Landscape Architecture. In the 2017 association had approximately 100 members, who are specialists in the field, of which 23 are certified landscape architects. In the field of landscape architecture in Latvia there is approximately 10 companies. 20 professionals from different education levels in the field of landscape architecture: the secondary professional – 1; Bachelor – 12; master's degree – 4; PhD –3 was participated in survey. The online survey from March to April of 2017 was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals of the landscape architecture) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software www.visidati.lv. All twenty individuals who filled in the questionnaire forms were included in the data processing.The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ education level and working experience in the field of landscape architecture were obtained. Further on the questions were associated with the digital tools the respondents use and the habits of their use, preconditions and goals. At the end of the questionnaire, the survey participant's opinion on digital tools in the field of landscape architecture was collected. MS Excel software was used to compile the collected data and to interpret the results.Evaluation method of the perception aspects of visualisation materials types In the current study the photography comparative method was used in determining the perception aspects of visualization materials types of landscape architecture design. The evaluation of the perception aspects of visualization materials types consisted of four stages.In the first stage, the materials for designing visual materials were obtained. In the second stage, within the framework of one project, using different digital tools, visual materials were created, which in the third stage were evaluated by the present and future professionals of landscape architecture as well as representatives of other professions. The last stage was planned for summarizing the results obtained from therespondents.The visual materials were prepared for Tradition Square of the town of Plavinas, in Latvia during the development of the technical project in January/February of 2017. The territory is located in Plavinas among Tirgus, Rainis and Daugava streets. The project has been developed with an aim to regain the lost identity of Tradition Square and connect it with the bank of the Daugava river. According to the project Tradition Square will be developed as a modern public outdoor space, incorporating both -a place for people to gather and fulfil the function of a green zone and recreation, thus radically changing the spatial planning of the existing territory – the network of pathways and layout of a green zone, at the same time showing respect to the existing valuable plantings to be preserved.In total, four visual materials were prepared – a technical plan, an animation, a poster and an interactive 3600panorama using CAD, 3D modelling and Image processing tools. During the process of designing visual materials, several computer software programmes were used – AutoCad, Sketchup, Adobe Photoshop, V-Ray for SketchUp and Lumion3D.To have the opinion of Latvia’s landscape architects and the professionals of the respective field on the designed visual materials, a queationnaire was created. The online survey was carried out using systematic gathering of data from the target audience (professionals and students of the landscape architecture, Latvian citizens) characterized by the invitation (e-mail) of the respondents and the completion of the questionnaire over the World Wide Web, using software Google forms from March – April of 2017. In total, 81 respondents were involved. The questionnaire included eight questions. The respondents were asked to evaluate the following parameters: the layout of the elements in the planned landscape, perception of the design as a whole and the project idea, vegetation – the existing and planned woody plants, the inclusion of the object in and harmonizing it with the existing environment, linkage with the adjoining territories, perception of the proportions of the space and elements and terrain. At the beginning of the questionnaire the data about the respondents’ profession and age were obtained, whereas in the middle part the respondents’opinions about the perceiving capacity of the visualization types were analysed. At the end of the questionnaire the respondents were requested to express their opinion about the visualization types they saw. MS Excel software programme was used for summarizing the data and interpreting the results.ConclusionsIn recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the use of digital tools and project visual representing in Latvia. The standards for visual representing materials of the project have been developed, as well as tasks for the digitalization of the construction documents circulation, facilitating a gradual transition to electronic data circulation and storage, using the latest technologies and world best practices.Summing up information about digital tools, their disadvantages are clear: the lack of qualitative specially designed tools for landscape architects when working in 3D modelling – lack of plant assortment or it is not sufficiently realistic and for the modelling of the landscaping elements in the terrain and the integration of objects in it is complicated and requires additional work; the lack of specific BIM software to provide better quality collaboration with professionals of other sectors during the design process and efficient file sharing.Although digital design possibilities, project development time, qualitative exchange of information with the client and data exchange opportunities are acknowledged to be the main prerequisites for the use/ non-use of a digital tool in the design process, the software price and skills to operate the tool have also been mentioned. The prices of software, compared to market prices in Latvia in this respective field, in respondent’s opinion are very often too high, which limits the use of these tools. There is also a lack of skills in handling the digital tools available, but there is also a desire to acquire and expand knowledge about these tools.Landscape architecture professionals in Latvia mainly use CAD, image processing and 3D modelling tools during project development. GIS, Virtual reality and BIM tools are not widely used in the design process among landscape architects in this country. An almost 100 percent use of computer-aided design tools is explainedby the development of plans that are required for each project. For the developing of the visual material, while presenting the idea, the image processing and 3D modelling tools have gained great popularity. According to the results of the survey these tools tend to be used in combination with each other.The results of the survey of determining the perception aspects of visual types showed that the technical project does not fully allow the residents to get an idea of the project, but the 3D visualization types – animation and the interactive 360° panorama perfectly complement the 2D visualization types. Among the residents there were also respondents who emphasized that the interactive 360° panorama is better than animation because it is less intense. The professionals acknowledged that it is best to perceive a project when it is viewable both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally, as in each type of visualization it is possible to appreciate some other aspect of the project. The perception of information from CAD technical drawings for professionals is facilitated by the fact that they work with them on a daily basis.Complex use of digital tools in landscape design process are more helpful for understanding of landscape projects parts: placement of landscape elements; design; vegetation; connection of the planned object with the surrounding environment; proportion of space and elements; terrain.中文译文景观设计中的数字工具摘要如今，景观设计中的专业工具更多的是与数字工具相关联的。
英语作文景观设计
英语作文景观设计Landscape Design。
Landscape design is an art form that involves creating outdoor spaces that are both beautiful and functional. Itis a multi-disciplinary field that incorporates elements of architecture, horticulture, and environmental science. A well-designed landscape can enhance the beauty of a property, improve its functionality, and provide a peaceful and relaxing environment for its inhabitants.The first step in landscape design is to assess thesite and understand its unique characteristics. This includes studying the topography, soil type, climate, and existing vegetation. By understanding these factors, a designer can create a plan that takes advantage of thesite's natural features and minimizes any potential challenges.Once the site has been assessed, the next step is todevelop a design concept. This involves creating a vision for the space that takes into account the client's needs and preferences, as well as the site's unique characteristics. The design concept may include elements such as outdoor living areas, gardens, water features, and pathways.After the design concept has been developed, the next step is to create a detailed plan for the landscape. This plan will include specifications for the types of plants to be used, the layout of hardscape elements such as patios and walkways, and details on how the space will be maintained. The plan will also include a budget and a timeline for the project.Once the plan has been finalized, the next step is to implement the design. This may involve planting trees and shrubs, installing hardscape elements such as patios and walkways, and adding decorative features such as fountains or sculptures. Throughout the implementation process, the designer will work closely with the client to ensure that the design is being executed according to their vision.Finally, once the design has been implemented, the designer will provide ongoing maintenance and care for the landscape. This may involve tasks such as pruning, fertilizing, and watering plants, as well as repairing and maintaining hardscape elements. By providing ongoing care, the designer can ensure that the landscape continues to thrive and remain beautiful for years to come.In conclusion, landscape design is a complex and multi-disciplinary field that involves creating outdoor spaces that are both beautiful and functional. By carefully assessing the site, developing a design concept, creating a detailed plan, implementing the design, and providing ongoing maintenance, a designer can create a landscape that enhances the beauty and functionality of a property. With the right expertise and vision, a well-designed landscape can provide a peaceful and relaxing environment for its inhabitants to enjoy for years to come.。
景观设计的英文作文
景观设计的英文作文Landscape Design。
Landscape design plays an important role in creating a beautiful and functional outdoor space. It involves the planning, design, and management of outdoor areas such as parks, gardens, and public spaces. A well-designed landscape can enhance the aesthetic appeal of a property, provide a sense of place, and improve the quality of life for those who use it.The first step in landscape design is to assess thesite and determine its unique characteristics. This includes analyzing the soil, topography, climate, and existing vegetation. Once this information is gathered, the designer can begin to develop a concept for the space. This may involve creating a theme, selecting plants and materials, and designing features such as paths, water features, and outdoor structures.One of the key principles of landscape design is unity. This refers to the idea that all elements of the design should work together to create a cohesive and harmonious whole. This can be achieved through the use of repetition, balance, and proportion. For example, repeating certain plant species or colors throughout the design can create a sense of continuity and unity.Another important principle is function. A well-designed landscape should be functional and meet the needs of those who use it. This may involve creating spaces for relaxation, socializing, or recreation. It may also involve designing paths and walkways that are accessible and easy to navigate.Sustainability is also a key consideration in landscape design. This involves designing with the environment in mind and using practices that minimize the impact on natural resources. This may include using native plantsthat require less water and maintenance, using permeable paving materials to reduce runoff, and incorporating features such as rain gardens and green roofs.In conclusion, landscape design is an important aspect of creating beautiful and functional outdoor spaces. It involves careful planning, attention to detail, and a focus on principles such as unity, function, and sustainability.A well-designed landscape can enhance the quality of life for those who use it and contribute to the overall beauty of the surrounding environment.。
园林景观外文文献翻译
景观设计风格和园林价值保护之间的关系：德国魏玛历史公园的案例研究Martin Kümmerling, Norbert Müller景观管理与生态恢复部门以及URBIO总公司，德国埃尔福特应用技术大学关键词：生物多样性；历史公园；园艺；城市公园；植被；摘要：城市公园可以通过被引入植物的种植成为入侵源。
另一方面，城市公园作为生物多样性的热点地区，可以支持保护濒危和罕见的分类单元。
即使历史城市公园首先被评估为遗产，但它们依然为生态系统和积极的审美以及社会价值服务。
虽然在欧洲有许多研究是关于设计的，公园的哲学和历史背景就像生物多样性的研究一样，几乎没有研究提出景观设计原则如何影响了公园的生物保护价值。
因为在欧洲，公园的景观风格是一个最具影响力的历史景观设计风格，我们将我们的研究集中在德国魏玛的“伊尔姆河畔公园”。
它创建于18世纪晚期，并且在1998年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产的一部分。
我们的研究问题是:1. 哪些设计原则、植物原料和技术实施被使用在创建和管理公园的过程中？2. 对于公园的生物保护尤其是濒危植物物种和栖息地的保护来说，当前什么才是具有价值的？3. 设计原则和现代公园的价值之间是什么关系？我们将我们的结果与类似的公园景观做一对比，并对未来可持续的公园设计和公园恢复管理给出建议。
1.引言园艺是植物物种入侵的一个主要来源（Dehnen-Schmutz, Touza,Perrings, & Williamson, 2007; Mack & Erneberg, 2002; Reichard & White, 2001）。
城市公园可以被入侵源通过种植引入分类单元而入侵（Saumel Kowarik,& Butenschon,2010）。
另一方面，在城市地区公园可以作为生物多样性的热点地区（Cornelis & Hermy,2004），可以支持保护濒临灭绝的稀有类群（Kowarik, 1998; Kunick, 1978; Li, Ouyang, Meng, & Wang, 2006; Reidl, 1989）。
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景观设计•关键词:绿色景观、景观设计绿色居住区是城市绿化的重要组成部分,最近的居民,居民日常生活最密切相关的,它提高生活质量的环境,提高居民的身心健康至关重要。
绿色住宅面积水平,体现城市现代化的一个重要标志。
小区在城市绿地系统中分布最广,是普遍绿化的重要方面,城市生态学是一个重要的系统的一部分。
的推进城市现代化、绿色住宅面积也应该相应的提高水平,更好地满足了不同需求的环境质量。
因此,加强住宅绿色建筑设计的主要任务是做一个好工作。
改善设计应该尊重传统、尊重科学基础上的原始背后的拒绝环境,关注生态和景观设计、绿色住宅区域,使工作到一个新的水平。
下面从生态设计和景观设计来探讨设计的新思路。
•关键词:绿色景观、景观设计1。
生态设计绿化的居民区,必须基于城市生态系统,关注生态效率,改善环境质量,维护和保留居住区城市的生态平衡。
法位于贵州省中部,位于云贵高原东部隆起区边坡中部、西南的贵州梯子一般地形的特点是高和低东北从西南到东北。
大波浪起伏的地形,最高海拔1705.2米,最低海拔506.5米,高山和深谷,沟壑方面,切削锋利,形成一个积极的环境多样性打开。
年平均气温为12.8℃,极端最高温度为35.4℃, 极端最低温度为-10.1℃,年平均降雨量1258.8毫米。
总之,开太阳,气候温和,雨量丰富,冬天冷,夏天热,适合各种园林植物的生长和繁殖。
因此,根据生态状态法,结合县“创建园林城市”主题,使用生态原则设计的住宅面积法我们面临一个新问题。
1.1研究和学习的观点是提高生态园林绿色住宅设计法的先决条件生态园林是基于共生、循环、区位优势、竞争、种群生态学、植物生态学、他的角色感的原则,根据当地条件将树木、灌木、藤本植物、草本植物在一个社区在每个配置、水平、厚度颜色,这样植物生物学特性的不同地方,因此充分利用阳光、空气、土地、土壤肥力,实现集约化经营,形成一个和谐、有序、稳定、壮观和长期共存的三维分层混合植物群落、绿色住宅地区我们的工作更好的生态效益。
1.2努力改善绿色住宅面积法和绿色,绿色的速度不透水的部分在一个居民区(道路、建筑平方)更大比例的绿化面积非常小,设计应该合理分布的景观元素,(植物、道路、建筑物、岩石、水)之比、专注、植物造景植物的充分利用可以被黄土覆盖覆盖所有努力提高单位面积的绿色空间和绿色,随着率。
如果地板也是一条道路,这条路比纯粹的石板路铺在草地上的嵌入地板好。
王也是一个透水墙、景观墙攀缘植物种植攀缘植物比不渗透的墙壁可以把景观生态效益。
也是封闭的,绿色建筑特点,更多的花比草图生育率的亭子,增加绿色。
1.3居民区法努力来改善叶面积指数每单位面积叶面积指数=叶面积/单位面积。
绿地在数量的物流和能量流的绿地生态效益大小的决定最重要的因素,提高植物的空间分布是一种有效的方法以改善水平的绿色。
生态景观设计原则的多层结构、林木树荫下的灌木和增加地面覆盖植物,构成一个复杂的层混合人工群落,以得到最大叶面积组合。
1.4努力改善物质和能量循环良性循环的生态园林是园林,应用生态经济学,在多层次的人工植物群落、植物和微生物通过新陈代谢,杜绝浪费的生产周期。
人工植物群落,使用许多类型的植物,不同深浅的地下根,形成地下根部,能吸收大量的有害物质。
植物根系的分布在土壤中,好氧细菌快速进行无机有机,干净的土壤,增加土壤肥力,吸收空气中二氧化碳,如豆科根瘤菌的转型土壤结构,增加土壤肥力。
各种各样的女贞在社区合适,灰和其他植物的花蜜,增加天敌的数量,从而减少了有害的害虫控制大型为了达到利用天敌昆虫、鸟类、动物和其他有害生物控制、生物害虫控制,尽量减少使用化学防治环境污染从制药。
1.5努力来改善景观质量2。
景观设计根据原理的生态花园,绿色空间在居民区,以满足法根据使用功能,但也努力创造丰富的景观。
景观的生态花园应该反映科学与艺术的结合与和谐。
理性设计的景观应该源于自然的深刻理解和遵循自然法则,包括植物之间的关系、土壤、地形、气候影响和植物之间的关系,只有在这种理解景观美学的集成,我们可以更好地反映整个美丽的植物群落,在保持整体美感的前提下,适当的利用绿化和其他元素,展示丰富的景观,它来自自然高于自然。
生态花园景观要求人们重视和把握的动态景观。
因此,如何创建绿色空间在居民区丰富的和动态的视觉效果,而且我们应该追求的目标。
2.1创建的心情艺术景观植物是主要的材料创作:心情学习从花园景观、建筑、植物、岩石、道路等来反映。
但情绪产生的园林植物有其独特的优势,不仅因为那里是一个美丽的姿态,园林植物,色彩丰富,渗透入深处的芳香,美丽的Yoshina。
和园林植物是活的有机体与生活是人们情感寄托。
创建一个情绪与园林植物可以分为几个方面:2.1.1Attitude歌美丽的永恒象征不屈不挠的英勇精神,竹象征“适度和约束”;梅象征不屈不挠,英勇的恒常性的质量;刘象征健壮且灵活的适应环境的优势。
2.1.2使用丰富的色彩色叶树:秋天协会;白色的花朵:安静,温柔,黄色的花:简单,红花:开朗,热情,枫象征性怕吃苦,深秋更红。
2 1 3使用芳香的桂花秦心:甜;兰花:清香;微笑:芳香;梅:香味;莲花:香味。
由美国Yoshina相思2 1 4家庭乐趣,桃子,李华:跨越;桂花、杏:财富、幸福;弹簧:财富的象征,在春天出生的。
2.2植物绿色居住区构成居住区的植物配置的主题是绿色景观,不仅有助于维护和改善环境,以满足住房需求的功能,但也起到了美化、休闲满足要求。
必须首先考虑是否植物生态需求和功能需求,以及是否景观,以达到期望的效果。
植物的绿色居住区生态花园时也应该基于这个理论,模拟自然环境,利用植物生理、生态指标和景观美学原则、植物配置和创建多个层结构,维持植物群落在空间和时间上稳定和持久的。
减少落果也应该被考虑,没有飞行catkins,没有荆棘,无毒,无刺激性的植物。
2.2.1空间处理除了绿色居住区的中心,其他位于房子的大部分布局后主要在它的主要决定因素,同时,和其他大型绿色,狭窄的空间感觉非常强烈,因此,可以利用植物的不同组合,打破了原有空间的僵化,形成活泼、和谐空间;qiaoguan结合常绿和落叶,快速增长和增长缓慢的一个正确配置的组合和装饰一些花,草。
在物种,不仅满足生物学特性,还要考虑绿色景观。
绿化率应达到50%或更多,从而营造一个安静和美丽的环境。
根据植物的生态特性和气候特征法可以分为:2 2 1 1适合上种植植物:落叶树:银杏叶、樱桃、木兰、桂花、菜肴树、杜仲、泡桐、刺槐、无花果、杨树、红椿木,樟脑。
常绿乔木:雪松、松树、侧柏、Sa金波。
2 2 1 2种植合适的植物为中产:在遮荫对林下植物:紫薇,长Zhaohuai、金和银树,马吕斯halliana。
适合森林或半帘植物在所有光照条件:羊蹄甲,Hongyexiaobo,樱桃李,金色的叶子黄杨木、紫薇、女贞叶、红花山毛榉。
适合森林边缘或开放空间种植森林植物:秋海棠,Ziye李,紫薇,玫瑰,春天,牡丹。
2 2 1 3种植适合低植物:金银花、草坪草,艾薇。
2 2 1 4登山者:在生活环境是一种有前途的植物,如常春藤、攀岩墙老虎,艾薇,攀登玫瑰。
2.2.2线性变化绿色空间在居民区更平行直线,如道路、围墙、住宅建设,所以可以使用植物植物森林边缘线曲折、起伏林冠线这样的做法,这样一条直线平行融资到曲线。
根据一个统一的基调,争取改变树种来创建一个漂亮的线的林冠线和森林边缘,打破了单调和沉闷的建筑一种社区的感觉。
突出了森林边缘曲线的方式有:2 2 2 1在布什边缘的种植,使用小的开花灌木,密集的树枝,如增补,海军鲜花、火棘、弹簧、红果、Lagenaria浓密的植物和其他植物,形成曲折的曲线。
2 2 2 2单植植物种植球,挑出绿色边球的几个孤立的植物来增加边缘的线曲折。
突出的林冠线的起伏,使用尖塔形植物如:水杉,Sa金波,侧柏、柏树柏树和其他植物,这种植物构成了林冠线的起伏比一个强,强烈的韵律感;利用地形的变化,几乎水平的植物树冠也相应的线上下起伏,这种变化比软,缓慢的节奏,使用不同的高度、植物树冠由不同的林冠线起伏,一般意义上的节奏适中。
2.2.3季节性变化全年居民生活小区、休息环境,植物配置应该有季节性变化的季节,所以季节与人口的生活模式同时。
因此,我们应该做的是:2 23 1一个居民区应该注意全年季节性变化,由此产生的花朵在春天和夏天遮阳是微妙的香味,秋天是叶子和标志是绿色的在冬天经常扩展。
四季花园,四季公园玩有点两边的微地形和季节鲜花和树木,形成中央轴结果文件夹视图,四季公园,开花植物在不同季节代表四季景观植物。
根据气候条件,主要用在春天樱花木兰;天的夏天到主附红海棠;秋天主要石榴、柿子树、装饰和伴随着两个红色的枫叶,冬天开花,云杉主导和点缀的李子。
四季公园云杉总、卫矛相连,既要满足景观需求,四季,国王,国王已经不同,但也密切关联,四季主题。
2 23 2建立一个社区在一块或应该突出植物的主要特色,比如四季花园,柳树,柳树,樱桃法院主导的房子,或突出樱桃为基础的主要观点的一个季节,春天,夏天,或或,或冬季或秋季。
如果植物群落,显示主要的秋天,上到银杏树金黄的秋天,枫树叶颜色渲染、红岩明亮的柿子在秋季和冬季,冬季,和绿色的雪松,云杉,构成了层次丰富的冬景。
2 2 4的角色和经济效益与环境保护植物根据环境,当地条件使用风能、防晒、抗噪声、调节小气候、监控和支付空气污染和植物吸收。
花园的条件下,可以用于短期的经济收益与品种,尤其是,没有设施使用大脂肪,容易管理的水果、蔬菜、草药和其他经济植物,如核桃、葡萄、日期等,既美观又负担得起的品种。
在种植,除了行列式的种植,一般来说,是为了避免等距,等高线种植,植物可以被孤立,种植,种植和其他集群,正确使用国王,国王和其他园艺实践盒、装饰绿色和开放绿地结合起来创造出千变万化的风景。
住宅绿化,是一个综合问题。
它反映了不同时期的社会经济和文化特征。
社会的发展和形势的需要呈现给我们一个更高的需求,我们需要研究视觉的发展探索学习的这个分支。
生态园林的角度,以满足功能需求的居民区,创造优美的生活环境,这是我们不懈追求的目标应该是。
引用:(1)京山“绿色住宅地区中小城市规划和植物“中国花园(2)“景观规划和设计“中国林业出版社(3)“续集纸生态花园”花园杂志。