当代研究生英语读写教程上Unit1课文+翻译(修订版)
当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上、下册
当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上、下册【上册】Unit1The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand.In cyberspace ,we'll be ab le to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property content and access control,Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;other s will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prov e self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular int erests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。
在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。
有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。
能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。
研究生英语课文AUnit1翻译（跨文化交流中的跘脚石）
Unit 1 跨文化交流中的绊脚石1.为什么我们与来自其他文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会，让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。
有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。
在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
2.相似性的假设为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。
所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境, 这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行为的态度与价值观念将是相似的。
相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的”，这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。
3.力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类各成员都是一样的。
但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑，决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。
带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。
4.因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每次交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。
研究生英语精读教程（第三版_上）第1单元英文原文与翻译和课后答案（20201219234917）
Unit OneYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind—from pessimism to optimism—you can change your life 你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活Claipe Safran 卡勒普·撒弗兰[ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eyeupon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[ 2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and moresuccessful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, andis linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people tothink more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University inHouston，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有 104 个研究项目，涉及大约 15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
[实用参考]当代研究生英语读写教程上Unit1课文+翻译
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Unit1：cPberspace：ifPoudon'tloveit,leaveit信息空间：出入随愿1somethingintheAmericanpsPchelovesnewfrontiers.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
Wehankerafterwide-openspaces;weliketoeGplore;weliketomakerulesbutre fusetofollowthem.我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
Butinthisageit'shardtofindaplacewherePoucangoandbePourselfwithoutwor rPingaboutheneighbours.在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
2Thereissuchaplace:cPberspace.确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
FormerlPaplaPgroundforcomputerfans,cPberspace.FormelPaplaPgroundf orcomputerfans,cPberspacenowembraceseverPconceivableconstituencP:s choolchildren,flirtatious,singles,Hungarian-Americans,accountants.这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
CanthePallgetalong?OrwillourfearofkidssurfingfordirtPpicturesbehindthei rbedroomdoorsprovokeacrackdown?问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?3ThefirstorderofbusinessistograspwhatcPberspaceis.首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
[实用参考]当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译
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UnitOne信息空间：出入随愿美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。
请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。
在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。
你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。
其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。
不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。
这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。
所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。
正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。
但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。
恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。
在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。
换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。
人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。
这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。
不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译
当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译Unit One 信息空间:出入随愿美国人癿内心深处具有一种酷爱掌索新领域癿气货。
我们渴求宩敞癿场地,我们喜欢掌索,喜欢制定觃章制庙,即不愿去遵守。
在弼仂时代,即征难找到一坑空间,可以供佝仸意驰骋,又不必担心影响佝癿邻屁。
确实有返样一丧空间,邁就是信息空间。
返里原朓是计算机迷癿游戏天地,但如仂变要想像得到癿各类人群应有尽有,包括少年儿竡、轻佻癿单身汉、美籍匈牊利人、会计等。
问题是他们都能呾睦相处吗?人们是否会因为宦怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上癿淫秽图片耄将它封杀? 首兇要解决癿问题是,什举是信息空间。
我们可以抙开高速公路、前沿新领域等殑喻,抂信息空间看作一丧巢大癿庄园。
请记住,庄园是人们智慧癿结晶,是吅法癿、人巟营造癿氛围,它建立在土地乀上。
在庄园里,公园呾商业丨心、红灯区不学校、教埻不杂账庖都能区分开杢。
佝可以用合样癿斱法抂信息空间想像为一丧巢大癿、无辪无际癿虚拟庄园。
其丨有亗房产为私人拥有幵工秔出, 有亗是公兯场所;有癿场所适吅儿竡出入,耄有亗地斱人们最好避开。
不并癿是,正是返亗应诠避开癿地斱你得人们心向神彽。
返亗地斱教唆佝如何制造灳弹、为佝提供淫秽杅料、告诉佝如何窃叏信用博。
所有返亗你信息空间吩起杢像是一丧十分肮脏癿地斱。
正直癿公民纷纷作出返样癿结讳:最好对它严加管理。
但是,在利用觃章制庙杢反击下流乀丼乀前,兰键是从根朓上理解信息空间癿忢货。
恱棍幵不能在信息空间抚走毫无提防乀心癿儿竡;信息空间也不像一台巢大癿电规机,向不情愿癿观众播放令人作呕癿节目。
在信息空间返庚庄园里,用户对他们所去乀处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出逅择,一切都出二自愿。
换取话该,信息空间是丧出入自便癿地斱,实际上,信息空间里有征多可去乀处。
人们不能盲目上网,必须带着具体癿目标上网。
返意味着人们可以逅择去哪丧网址、看什举内宨。
不错,觃章制庙应诠在群体内得以实斲,但返亗觃章制庙必须由信息空间内各丧群体自巤杢制定,耄不是由法庛戒华盛顽癿政客们杢制定。
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译(1)
You need to help them indentify you as a prospective “key player〞.你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。
Trait 1: The selfless collaborator特征1：无私的合作者John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait,职业参谋和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。
which has already been written about a great deal.It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry.它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差异。
“It's teamwork,〞says Fetzer.“这里需要合作，〞费策尔说，“The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive.“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
You just can't succeed in an industry environment without this mindset.〞在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。
〞Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS核心员工的特征What exactly is a key play？核心员工究竟是什么样子的?A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted.几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。
I asked a client — a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me.我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。
“Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said.在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“Key players are essential to my organization.“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。
And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just:当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：the staff that another manager will not want to see leave.其他公司经理不想失去的员工。
当代研究生英语一年级上下册翻译(省纸打印版)
当代研究生英语读写教程（下） A课文译文第一单元人生旅程(节选)盖尔·希伊1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。
外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。
内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。
例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背? 我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。
∕人的是阶段性的：在人生必经的一些重大转折关头，如果一个人觉得失去自我平衡，这就意味着要进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段，这些重大转折贯穿人的一生，只是是人们往往不承认自己具有这样一种内在的生命系统。
如果你问一个看来不得志的人：“你为何如此消沉?”大部分人总是把那些内心因素解释成比较明显的外部因素——他会对你说：“我之所以以不高兴，是因为我最近搬家了，我原来的工作也换了，我的妻子又回学校去读研究生，还要干什么倒霉的社会工作，还因为其他一些乱七八糟的事，”或许只有不足十分之一的人会说：“我感到有一种不可名状的烦恼，尽管很痛苦，可我还得设法忍受它、克服它”更少有人会承认这些思想情绪的波动和外界因素没有什么关系。
然而这种痛苦可能需要好几年才能熬过去、3．在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙变化：第一，通过与他人比较（交往）形成的自我意识（对自己的看法）；第二，在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全程度（的变化）；第三是我们时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多? 最后是对自己的精力和活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心? 这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们（作为）采取行动前的（依据的）种种决定。
当代研究生英语读写教程上Unit1课文+翻译
Unit 1：cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it信息空间：出入随愿1 something in the American psyche loves new frontiers.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
We hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them .我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
But in this age it's hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about he neighbours .在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
2 There is such a place : cyberspace .确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
Formerly a playground for computerfans ,cyberspace . Formely a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency : school children ,flirtatious ,singles ,Hungarian-Americans, accountants .这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
Can they all get along ?Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown ?问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?3 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is .首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第1单元英文原文与翻译和课后答案
Unit OneYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind—from pessimism to optimism—you can change your life 你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活Claipe Safran 卡勒普·撒弗兰[ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[ 2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, andis linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有 104 个研究项目，涉及大约 15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
当代研究生英语译文
当代研究生英语读写教程（上） A课文译文第六单元洛城邂逅1．混凝土、烟雾及晨色将好莱坞高速公路立交桥下的奥尔瓦多街笼罩在特有的灰色之中，车辆堵塞在路上，几乎一动不动。
杰克无精打采地坐在车里，对此并不真的在乎，因为他知道，如果试图往左转，开到高速路人口，情况可能会糟糕得多。
好在他不用每天这样，如果有人问他，他会肯定地说，以后也决不这样。
稳定的工作有其优点，他不否认考虑过这件事。
他需要一台调频收音机，安装在一辆比他现在开的这辆58款别克车更好的车上。
好一点的车有天鹅绒内饰，有为洛城的夏天而设计的电控装置，为冬天开往海滩而设计的精美电热器和除霜器，还有为长途旅行设计的导航控制器，当然车的前后都有声音优美的喇叭，窗户一摁就能关好，将外面高速公路上恼人的噪音隔绝。
实际上，他可能不得不改变整个生活方式。
富有异国情调的古龙香水、长毛绒服装、光线暗淡的夜总会、代基里酒、身穿丝绸长礼服、佩戴项链的女子，她们如同特奎拉酒广告里的女子一样，朦朦胧胧而又富有魅力。
只要让他的想像驰骋，杰克会想像出许多可能的东西。
2．杰克正想人非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。
当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。
他猛地一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是砰然一声撞上了。
如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。
而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。
实际上，他好像没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。
3．杰克想开过这辆丰田车，但又怕前面的车挡路。
当他在几辆车前的路边停下来时，又突然觉得这些车反而可能有助于他逃走。
他使劲关了两次车门，一方面是为了将车门关紧，同时也再给自己一秒钟时间盘算。
然后，他走到别克车的前面，又走到车后面，看看保险杠及其周围是否碰坏。
然而，镀铬层上连明显的划痕都没有。
于是他精神振作起来了。
当代研究生英语译文
当代研究生英语读写教程（上） A课文译文第十单元村庄(摘自《沃尔登》)1．上午锄完地，或是读书写作之后，下午我就完全无事一身轻了。
通常我会再到池塘里洗个澡，在一个小港湾游游泳，借此洗去劳动后的尘土，或者舒展开学习留下的皱纹。
每天或每隔一天，我都漫步到村庄，去听一点小道消息。
这些消息或者人口相传，或者通过报纸转载，总是在无休止地传播。
这些消息如果少量获取，便会像树叶的沙沙声或青蛙的呜叫声一样，以其特有的方式使人耳目一新。
去林中，我是为了看看那里的鸟儿和松鼠；去村庄，是为了看看那里的大人与孩童。
在村庄，我听到的不是风儿从松树林中掠过的声音，而是马车的吱嘎声。
从我小屋的一边能看见河边草地栖息的一群麝鼠。
另一边是一片榆树和梧桐树林，那下面有一个村庄，村里的人们忙忙碌碌。
我对这些人充满好奇，就好像他们是草原上的犬鼠一般。
他们各自坐在自己家门口，或者跑到邻家饶舌。
我常常到那里去观察他们的生活习惯。
2．在我看来，这个村庄就像一个巨大的新闻室。
为了维持这个新闻室，村子里还配有坚果和葡萄干，或者盐、饭食和其他食品杂货。
有些人对前一类商品，即新闻，有极大的胃口和极好的消化器官，以致可以一动不动、没完没了地坐在公共场所，让各种消息酝酿传播，就像风儿沙沙掠过耳边。
如吸人乙醚一样，这些消息只会使他们对痛苦产生麻木和冷漠，使他们毫无知觉。
若不然，听到这些消息一定会使他们感到痛楚。
我每次漫步经过村子，几乎总能看到一群此类要人，他们要么排成一排坐在梯子上晒太阳，身子前倾，眼睛时不时向两边瞅一瞅，脸上带着一种大饱眼福的神情，要么倚在谷仓上，两手插在口袋里，如同女像柱，好像支撑着谷仓似的。
由于他们常常在户外，无论有什么风声，他们都不会漏掉。
3．我发现村子里最主要的场所是杂货店、酒吧、邮局和银行。
房子的布局是成排的，两边的房子正对着。
这样，任何一个过往的人都逃不过两边的夹攻。
房子的四周都挂着各式招牌来诱惑他。
有的抓住他的胃口，比如酒店和食品店；有的抓住他的爱美之心，比如布匹店和珠宝店；有的则抓住他的头发、脚或衣服，比如鞋店或制衣店。
当代研究生英语(上册)课后翻译答案
Unit1一种真正的市场型理模式很快成为可能。
在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。
有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。
能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。
有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，他们将渐渐委琐消亡。
Unit2一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。
那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴的发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。
如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。
当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。
那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。
仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。
Unit31.在地球形成的初期，上面很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。
2.在20亿到30亿年期间，一部分地球表面的水在太阳能的作用下，形成了结构复杂的化合物，这些化合物灵活多变，足以形成我们称之为“生命”的东西。
3.整个星球是一种由无机部分和各种各样的有机生命构成的生命形式（正如我们自己的身体，既是由各种各样的有机部分构成，又是由骨骼中的无机晶体和血液中的无机水分所构成）。
4.同样，从全球的规模考虑，砍掉一整片森林在总体上不会对地球生命构成威胁，但是这样做会对该地区的生态形式造成严重的影响，甚至会造成水的流失，从而引起地质结构的细微变化。
5.如果排除外界的干扰，食肉动物和被吃动物都保持一个适当的数量，这样对双方都有好处。
6.目前世界人口的急剧增长率使人类可以被称为生态恶性肿瘤。
这种恶性肿瘤肯定会摧毁生态环境，正如普通的癌细胞会摧毁人的肌体一样。
当代研究生英语读写教程上的close部分
Unit one: Born to SurfThe web magazine From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-know writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is even a piece from the Secretary General of the UnitedStates, Kofi Annan. It may come as some surprise to find out that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the window won Joy Nightingale the prize in the 1999 childnet internationaland Cable and Wireless awards. These are given annually for the best use of theInternet by and for young people. And they highlight one of the most welcomingaspects of the virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is because adults have had to change their understanding oftechnology while children simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, childrencan be found building websites an E-mailing friends across the world while adultsare still asking:” Tell me again-where exactly is cyberspace？”Of course there is growing concern about the fact that Children can travel far awayfrom parental supervision in cyberspace. In response, many parents have installedsoftware packages which pervert access to violent or pornographic websites.Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has led analysts to speculate that society willsoon be divided between the “information rich”and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important hat children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their place as equal citizens in the virtual world.Unit three:When 1998 began, East Africa should have been at its most beautiful: normally the short rainy season ends in December, the rivers subside, and the country sparkles; farmers raise crops, animals graze, tourists go on safaris. But this year was different.The rains were heavy and long. The water spread out for miles in places in Kanya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. Things quickly turned ugly. Camels, cows, sheep, and goats all stared dying of violent fevers. Some people, too, began to get sick. Somewent temporarily blind; others began bleeding uncontrollably.The disease was Rift Valley fever, caused by an obscure mosquitoborne virus. It pops up every few years in Africa when standing water encourages mosquitoeggs to hatch-this year’s huge floods brought a spectacular outbreak. According to official estimates, at least 89,000 people caught the disease. Two hundred died, but then the disease is not usually fatal to humans. Animal losses, however, were almost certainly vast-owners reported losing up to 90 percent of their herds.Yet catastrophic as the East Africa floods were, they had to jostle for the world’sattention with other cases of strange weather-with unusual occurrences of droughts, fires rains, cold snaps, and heat waves. Every year brings its own grab bag of such anomalies, but this year many of them could be linked to a phenomenon in the empty expanses of the equatorial Pacific-a change in the ocean currents and winds that began in the early months of 1997 and that altered weather patterns around the world. The change in the weather was, of course, the work of El Nino. By the end of 1997, El Nino had already become a celebrity of sorts. In 1998, however, El Nino’s effects on the world came into full flower. It helped make the year the hottest ever recorded. In addition to Rift Valley fever, El Nino has been linked to an upsurge in diseases ranging from cholera to malaria to dengue fever, in Kenya, Cambodia, Peru, and other countries scattered around the globe.Unit five:It is an astonishing fact that there are laws of nature, rules that summarize conveniently-not just qualitatively but quantitatively-however the world works. We might imagine a universe in which there are no such laws, in which the 1080elementary particles that make up a universe like our own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon. To understand such a universe we would need a brain at least as massive as the universe. It seems unlikely that such a universe could have life and intelligence,because beings and brains require some degree of internal stability and order. But even if in a much more random universe there were such beings with an intelligence much greater than our own, there could not be much knowledge, passion or joy.Fortunately for us, we live in a universe that has at least important parts that are knowable. Our common-sense experience and our evolutionary history have prepared us to understand something of the workaday world. When we go into other realms, however, common sense and ordinary intuition turn out to be highly unreliable guides. It is stunning that as we go close to the speed of light our mass increases indefinitely, we shrink toward zero thickness in the direction of motion, and time for us comes as near to stopping as we would like. Many people think that this is silly, and every week or two I get a letter from someone who complains to me about it. But it is virtually certain consequence not just of experiment but also of Albert Einstein’s brilliant analysis of space and time called Theory of Relativity. It does not matter that these effects seem unreasonable to us. We are not in the habit of traveling close to the speed of light. The testimony of our common sense is suspect at high velocities.The idea that the world places restrictions on what humans might do is frustrating. Why shouldn’t we be able to have intermediate rotational positions? Why can’t we travel faster than the speed of light? But so far as we can tell, this is the way theuniverse is constructed. Such prohibitions not only press us toward a little humility; they also make the world more knowable.Unit seven:I have always disliked being a man. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful,a little like having to wear an ill-fitting coat for one’s entire life. Even the expression“Be a man!” strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient and soldierly, and stop thinking. An means”manly”-how can one think”about men”without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man’s life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive-emotionally damaging and socially harmful.The youth who is subverted, as most are, into believing in the masculine ideal iseffectively separated from women-it is the most savage tribal logic-and he spends the rest of his life finding women a riddle and a nuisance. Of course, there is a female version of this male affliction. It begins with mothers encouraging little girls to say (to other adults), “Do you like my new dress?”In a sense,girls are traditionally urged to please adults with a kind of coquettishness,while boys are enjoined to behave like monkeys toward each other. The 9-year-old coquette proceeds to become womanish in a subtle power game in which she learns to be sexually indispensable, socially decorative and always alert to a man’s sense of inadequacy. Femininity-being ladylike-implies needing a man as witness and seducer; but masculinity celebrates the exclusive company of men. That is why it is so grotesque; and that is also why there is no manliness without inadequacy-because it denies men the natural friendship of women.It is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls-let’s say the treacherous years lf 13 to 16-I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, join the Boy Scouts, and I was urged not to read so much.Late next century, when scholars are scripting the definitive history of the PC, these last few years of high-octane growth may actually be depicted as the Dark Ages. Historians will marvel at how we toiled in front of monolithic, beige BUBs (big ugly boxes), suffering under the oppressive glare of cathode-ray tubes while our legs scraped against the 30-pound towers beneath our desks.They may also mark 1999 as the start of the PC renaissance, when manufacturers finally started to get it: design matters. This holiday season, computer shoppers will enjoy unprecedented variety in shapes, sizes and colors-and not just in Apple’sgroundbreaking line of translucent iMacs and iBooks. Nearly every major PC makernow has innovative desktop designs on the way to market, from hourglass-sculpted towers to flat-panel displays with all the processing innards packed into the base. Among industrial designers, who still think the PC has a long way before you’ll want to display it on your mantle, the only question is, what took so long?”the PC industry has ridiculed design for a long time,” says Hartmut Esslinger, founder of Frog Design. “They have not respected their customers and have underestimated their desires.”PC makers are finally catching on-and it’s partly out of desperation. Manufacturers used to sell computers by trumpeting their techno bells and whistles, like processor speed and memory. But since ever-faster chips have given us more power on the desktop than we could ever possible use, computer makers have been competing on price-astrategy that has dropped most units below $1,000 and slashed profits. Last week IBM limped from the battlefield, announcing it would pull its lagging Aptiva line from store shelves and sell it only on the Web. Competing only on proce”made an industry shakeout inevitable”, says Nick Donatiello, president of the marketing-research firm Odyssey.A symbol is not the same thing as a sign; that is a fact that psychologists and philosophers often overlook. All intelligent animals use signs, so do we. To them aswell as to us sounds and smells and motions ae signs of food, danger the presence of other beings, or of rain or storm. Furthermore some animals not only attend to signs but also produce them for the benefits of others. Dogs bark at the doo to be let in; rabbits thump to call each other; the cooing of doves and the growl of wolf areunequivocal signs of feelings and intentions to be reckoned with by other creatures.We use signs just as animals do, though with considerably more elaboration. We stop at red lights and go on green;we answer calls and bells, watch the sky for coming storms, read trouble or promise or anger in each other’s eye. That is animal intelligence raised to the human level. Those of us who are dog lovers can probablyall tell wonderful stories of how high our dogs have sometimes risen in the scale of clever sign interpretation and sign using.A sign anything that announces the existence or the imminence of some events, the presence of a thing or a person, or a change in the state of affairs. There are signs of the weather, signs of danger, signs of future good or evil, signs of what the past has been. In every case a sign is closely bound up with something to be noted or expected in experience. It is always a part of the situation to which it refers, though the reference may be remote in space and time.A symbol differs from a sign in that it does not announce the presence of the object, the being, condition, but merely brings this thing to mind. A sign causes us to think or act in face of the thing signified, whereas a symbol causes us to think about the thing symbolized. A sign is always embedded in reality, but a symbol may be divorced from reality altogether. It may refer to a mere idea, a figment, or a dream.。
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Unit 1：cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it信息空间：出入随愿1 something in the American psyche loves new frontiers.美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。
We hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them .我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。
But in this age it's hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about he neighbours .在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。
2 There is such a place : cyberspace .确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。
Formerly a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace . Formely a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency : school children ,flirtatious ,singles ,Hungarian-Americans, accountants .这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。
Can they all get along ?Or will our fear of kids surfing for dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown ?问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀?3 The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is .首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。
It might help to leave beind metaphors of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate .我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。
Real estate ,remember ,is an intellectual ,legal ,artificial environment constructed on top of land. 请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。
Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall ,between red-light zone and school district ,between church ,state and drugstore .在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。
4 in the same way , you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate .你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。
Some property is privatedly owned and rented out ; other property is common land ; some places are suitable for children , and others are bestavoided by all citizens .其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。
Unfortunately ,it's those places that are now capturing the popular imagination ,plaecs that offer bombmaking instructions ,pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards .不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。
这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。
They make cyberspace sound like a nasty place . Good citizens jump to a conclusion : Better regulate it .所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。
5 But before using regulations to counter indecency ,it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace .正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。
但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。
Cyberspace isn't a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children ,nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers .恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。
In this kind of real estate ,users have to choose where they visit ,whatthey see ,what they do .It's optiona .在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。
In other words,cyberspace is a voluntary destination --in reality ,many destinations .换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。
You don't just get "onto the Net" ;you have to go someplace in particular . 人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。
That means that people can choose where to go and what to see .这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。
Yes , community standards should be enforced ,but those standards set by cyberspace communities themselves ,not by the courts or by politicians in Washington .不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。
6 what makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it's different from shopping malls , television ,highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions.信息空间之所以具有如此大的诱惑力，正是因为它不同于商场、电视、公路或地球上的其他地方。
But let's define the territor: 那么，让我们来描述一下这个空间。
7 First ,there are private e-malil conversations ,similar to the conversations you have over the teleophone .These are private and consensualand require no regulation at all .首先，信息空间里人与人之间可以进行电子邮件交流。
这种交流类似于电话交谈，都是私人之间的、两相情愿的谈话，不需要任何规章制度加以限制。
8 Second , there are information and entertainment services , where people can download anytihing from legal texts and lists of "great new restaurants " to game software or dirty pictures .其次，信息空间提供信息与娱乐服务。
人们可以从中下载各种信息，从法律文件、“大型新饭店”名单，到游戏软件、下流图片，无奇不有。
These places are like bookstores ,malls and movie houses --places where you go to buy something .这里如同书店、商场和电影院，属购物区域。
The customer needs to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography ) is not sent out to people who don't ask for it .顾客必须通过索求或者登记来购物，物品(特别是淫秽之物)不会发送给那些没有索取的人。
Some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like ComputerServe or America Online ;有些服务可以免费，或作为总服务费用的一部分计算，如“计算机服务”和“美国在线”就是如此。