微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
曼昆微观经济学名词解释大全
经济学十大原理：人们怎样做出决议：1.人们面对衡量弃取2.某种东西的成本是为了获得它所放弃的东西3.理性人考虑边沿量4.人们会对激励做出反响人们怎样互相影响：5.贸易能够使每一个人的状况都变得更好6.市场往常是组织经济活动的一种好方法7.政府有时能够改良市场结果整体经济怎样运转：8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物件与服务的能力9.当政府刊行了过多钱币时，物价上涨10.社见面对通货膨胀与失业之间的短期弃取重点看法第一章：经济学十大原理稀缺性（ scarcity）：社会资源的有限性经济学（ economics ）：研究社会怎样管理自己的稀缺资源效率（ efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中获得最大利益的特征同等（ equality）：经济成就在社会成员中均匀分派的特征时机成本（ opportunity cost）：为了获得某种东西所一定放弃的东西理性人（ rational people） : 系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边沿改动（ marginal change ）：对行动计划的细小增量调整边沿利润（ marginal benefit）边沿成本（ marginal cost）激励（ incentive）：惹起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西市场经济（ market economy ）：当很多公司和家庭在物件与服务市场上互相交易时，通过他们的分别决议配置资源的经济产权（ property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力市场失灵（ market failure ）：市场自己不可以有效配置资源的状况外面性（ erternality ）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响市场权力（ market power ）：单个经济活动者（或某个经济活动小集体）对市场价钱有显着影响的能力。
生产率（ productivity ）：每单位劳动投入所生产的物件与服务的数目通货膨胀（ inflation ）：经济中物价总水平的上涨经济周期（ business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的颠簸第二章：像经济学家相同思虑循环流量图（ circular-flow diagram ）：一个说明钱币怎样经过市场在家庭与公司之间流动的直观经济模型生产可能性界限（production possibilities frontier）：表示在可获得的生产因素与生产技术既准时，一个经济所能生产的产品数目的各样组合的图形微观经济学（ microeconomics ）：研究家庭和公司怎样做出决议，以及它们怎样在市场上互相交易的学科宏观经济学（macroeconomics ）：研究整体经济现象，包含通货膨胀、失业和经济增添的学科实证表述（ positive statements）：试图描绘世界是什么样子的看法规范表述（ normative statements）：试图描绘世界应当是什么样子的看法。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第7版)课后习题详解
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）课后习题详解第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
(完整)曼昆微观经济学名词解释大全(关键概念),推荐文档
经济学十大原理：人们如何做出决策：1.人们面临权衡取舍2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励做出反应人们如何相互影响：5.贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好办法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果整体经济如何运行：8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期取舍关键概念第一章：经济学十大原理稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源效率（efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西理性人（rational people）:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边际变动（marginal change）：对行动计划的微小增量调整边际收益（marginal benefit）边际成本（marginal cost）激励（incentive）：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力市场失灵（market failure）：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况外部性（erternality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响市场势力（market power）：单个经济活动者（或某个经济活动小群体）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与服务的数量通货膨胀（inflation）：经济中物价总水平的上升经济周期（business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的波动第二章：像经济学家一样思考循环流量图（circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长的学科实证表述（positive statements）：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点规范表述（normative statements）：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。
曼昆微观经济学术语表
曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics) 支付能力原则 (ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。
绝对优势 (absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
会计利润 (accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。
逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。
代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。
阿罗不可能性定理 (Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。
平均收益 (average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。
平均税率 (average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。
平均总成本 (average total cost) 总成本除以产量。
平均可变成本 (average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。
受益原则 (benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。
预算约束线 (budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。
预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。
预算盈余 (budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。
经济周期 (business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。
资本 (capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。
卡特尔 (cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册第7版课后答案完整
23章答案一、概念题1.微观经济学（microeconomics）答：微观经济学指研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易的经济学。
微观经济学以市场经济中的单个消费者（或称家户、家庭）和生产者（或称厂商、企业）为研究对象，通过分析他们的消费决策或生产决策，来说明消费品和生产要素的价格的决定及其变动，进而说明稀缺性的资源如何得到最有效的配置。
微观经济学的理论目的是为了论证亚当·斯密“看不见的手”原理，这只“看不见的手”就是价格机制。
因此，微观经济学又被称为价格理论。
微观经济学主要解决的问题可以概括为：生产什么、生产多少、如何生产、为谁生产。
其基本假设为：（1）经济行为个体是进行自由的、分散化决策的理性经济人，即消费者追求自身效用的最大化，生产者追求自身利润的最大化。
（2）完全竞争和完全信息。
微观经济学从这两个基本假定出发对上述问题的解决就构成了它的主要内容，具体地，它包括：① 供求规律；② 消费者行为理论，它构成消费品价格决定的需求方面；③ 生产者行为理论或厂商理论，它构成消费品价格决定的供给方面；④ 生产要素的价格决定理论或分配理论；⑤ 一般均衡理论；⑥ 福利经济学；⑦ 市场失灵和微观经济政策。
2.宏观经济学（macroeconomics）答：宏观经济学是与“微观经济学”相对而言的，指研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长的经济学。
宏观经济学以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支与汇率的决定与变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称之为总量经济学。
宏观经济学的中心和基础是总供给—总需求模型。
具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期与经济增长理论、开放经济理论、宏观经济政策等内容。
对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。
微观经济学原理第七版曼昆名词解释带英文
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand：2.蛛网模型：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性,需求的不是动态模型分类,画图3.边际效用递减diminishing marginal utility——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律;因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加或减少一个单位所增加或减少的总效用的量;这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位,这种完整的商品单位,是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提;比如,这个定律适用于一双的鞋子,但不适用于单只的鞋子;对于四轮车而言,必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位;三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车,因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品,增加一个轮子,才能使车子有用;因此,不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线indifference curve：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线;2特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率marginal rate of ：——序数效用论6.预算线Budget line/ budget constraint7.吉芬物品Giffen good：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品;8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性scarcity：社会资源的有限性;经济学economics：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源;效率efficiency：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性;平等equality：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性;机会成本opportunity cost：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西;理性人rational people：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人; 边际变动marginal change：对行动计划微小的增量调整;激励incentive：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西;市场经济market economy：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济;产权property rights：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力;市场失灵market failure：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况;外部性externality：市场势力market power：一个经济活动者或经济活动者的一个小集团对市场价格有显着影响的能力;生产率productivity：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量;通货膨胀inflation：经济中物价总水平的上升;经济周期business cycle：就业和生产等经济活动的波动就是生产这类经济活动的波动;循环流向图circular-flow diagram：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型;生产可能性边界production possibilities frontier：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形;微观经济学microeconomics：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易;宏观经济学macroeconomics：研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长; 实证表述positive statements：企图描述世界是什么的观点;规范描述normative statements：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点;绝对优势absolute advantage：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者;比较优势comparative advantage ：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者;进口品imports：国外生产而在国内销售的物品;出口品exports：国内生产而在国外销售的物品;市场market：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体;竞争市场competitive market ：有许多买者与卖者,以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场;需求量quantity demanded：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量;需求定理law of demand：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品需求量减少的观点;需求表demand schedule：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格;需求曲线demand curve：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形;正常物品normal good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品; 低档物品inferior good：在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品; 替代品substitutes：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品; 互补品complements：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品; 供给量quantity supplied：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量;供给定理law of supply：认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的观点;供给表supply schedule：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格;供给曲线supply curve：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形;均衡equilibrium：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态;均衡价格equilibrium price：使供给与需求平衡的价格;均衡数量equilibrium quantity：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量;过剩surplus：供给量大于需求量时的状态;短缺shortage：需求量大于供给量时的状态;供求定理law of supply and demand：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点;弹性elasticity：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量; 总收益total revenue：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量,用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算;需求收入弹性income Elasticity of demand：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量,用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算;需求的交叉价格弹性cross-price elasticity of demand：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度,用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算;供给价格弹性price elasticity of supply：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量,用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算;价格上限price ceiling：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格;价格下限price floor：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格;税收归宿tax incidence：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究;福利经济学welfare economists：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利;支付意愿willingness to pay：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量;消费者剩余consumer surplus：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量;成本cost：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值;生产者剩余producer Surplus：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本;效率efficiency：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质;平等equality：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性;无谓损失deadweight loss：税收引起的总剩余减少;世界价格world price：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格;关税tariff：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税;外部性externality：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响;外部性的内在化internalizing the externality ：改变激励,以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应;科斯定理coase theorem：一种观点,认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商,那么,他们就可以解决外部性问题;交易成本transaction cost：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本;庇古税pigovian taxes：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收;排他性excludability：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性;竞争性rivalry：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性;私人物品private goods：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品;公共物品public goods：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品;公有资源common resources：有竞争性但无排他性的物品;搭便车者free rider：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人;成本—收益分析coast-benefits analysis：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究;公地悲剧tragedy of the commons：一个寓言,说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平;预算盈余budget surplus：政府收入大于政府支出;预算赤字budget deficit：政府支出大于政府收入;平均税率average tax rate：总收入除以支付的总税收;边际税率marginal tax rate：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收;定额税lump-sum tax：每个人等量的税收;受益原则benefits principle：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想;支付能力原则原则ability-to-pay principle：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想;纵向平等vertical equity：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想; 横向平等horizontal equality：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想;比例税proportional tax：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收;累退税regressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收;累进税progressive tax：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收;总收益total revenue：企业出售其产量所得到的量;总成本total cost：企业购买生产投入所支付的量;利润profit：总收益减总成本;显性成本explicit costs：要求企业支出货币的投入成本;隐性成本implicit costs：不要求企业支出货币的投入成本;经济利润economic profit：总收益减总成本,包括与隐性成本;会计利润accounting profit：总收入减显性成本;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;边际产量marginal product：增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：固定成本fixed costs：不随着产量变动而变动的成本;可变成本variable costs：随着产量变动而变动的成本;平均总成本average total cost：总成本除以产量;平均固定成本average fixed costs：固定成本除以产量;平均可变成本average variable costs：可变成本除以产量;边际成本efficient scale：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加;有效规模efficient scale：使平均总成本最小的产量;规模经济economics of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性;规模不经济diseconomies of scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性; 规模收益不变constant returns to Scale：长期平均总成本随产量增加而保持不变的特性;竞争市场competitive market：有许多交易相同产品的买者与卖者,以至于每一个买者和卖者都是价格接受者的市场;平均收益average revenue：总收益除以销售量;边际收益marginal revenue：增加一单位销售量引起的总收益变动;沉没成本sunk cost：已经发生而且无法收回的成本;垄断企业monopoly：一种没有相近替代品的产品的惟一卖者的企业;自然垄断natural monopoly：由于一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本向整个市场供给一种物品或劳务而产生的垄断;价格歧视price discrimination：以不同价格向不同顾客出售同一种物品的经营做法;寡头oligopoly：只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同产品的的市场结构;垄断竞争monopolistic competition：许多出售相似而不相同的产品的企业的市场结构;勾结collusion：一个市场上的企业之间就生产的产量或收取的价格达成的协议; 卡特尔Cartel：一致行动的企业集团;纳什均衡Nash equilibrium：相互作用的经济主体在假定所有其他主体所选战略为既定的情况下选择自己最优战略的状态;博弈论game theory：研究人们在各种策略情况下如何行事;囚徒困境prisoners' dilemma：两个被捕获的囚徒之间的一种特殊“博弈”,说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时,保持合作也是困难的;占优优势策略dominant strategy：无论其他参与者选择什么策略,对一个参与者都为最优的策略; 125生产要素：用于生产物品和劳务的投入;生产函数production function：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系;劳动的边际产量marginal product of labor：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量;边际产量递减diminishing marginal product：一单位投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的性质;边际产量值value of the marginal product：一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格;资本capital：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物;补偿性工资差别compensating differential：为抵消不同工作的非货币特性而产生的工资差别;人力资本human capital：对人的投资的积累,如教育和在职培训;工会union：与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会;罢工strike：工会有组织地从企业撤出劳动;效率工资efficiency wages：企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡工资的工资;歧视discrimination：对仅仅由于种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供不同的机会;贫困率poverty rate：家庭收入低于一个称为贫困线的绝对水平的人口百分比; 贫困线poverty line：由联邦政府根据每个家庭规模确定的一种收入绝对水平,低于这一水平的家庭被认为处于贫困状态;实物转移支付in-kind transfers：以物品和劳务而不是以现金形式给予穷人的转移支付;生命周期life cycle：在人的一生中有规律的收入变动形式;持久收入permanent income：一个人的正常收入;功利主义utilitarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择使社会上所有人总效用最大化的政策;效用utility：衡量幸福或满足程度的指标;自由主义liberalism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该选择必要的公正的政策;这种公正要由yield在“无知面纱”的背后的无偏见观察者来评价;最大最小准则maximin criterion：一种主张,认为政府的目标应该是使社会上状况最差的人的福利最大化;社会保险social insurance：旨在保护人们规避负面事件风险的政府政策;自由至上主义libertarianism：一种政治哲学,根据这种政治哲学,政府应该惩罚犯罪并进行自愿的协议,但不应该进行收入再分配;福利welfare：补贴需要者收入的政府计划;负所得税negative income tax：向高收入家庭征税并给低收入家庭补贴的税制; 预算约束线budget constraint：对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制;完全替代品perfect substitutes：无差异曲线为直线的两种物品;完全互补品perfect complements：无差异曲线为直角形的两种物品;收入效应income Effect：当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动 ;替代效应substitution effect：当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线变动到有新边际替代率的一点时所引起的消费变动;寻租理论Rent-seeking theory：。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释5-8(中英)
CHAPTER 5Elasticity and Its ApplicationElasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants弹性：衡量需求量或供给量对其某种决定因素的变动的反应程度的指标。
Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price需求价格弹性：衡量一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的指标，用需求量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。
Total revenue: the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold总收益：一种物品的买者支付从而卖者得到的量，用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算。
Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change inincome需求收入弹性：衡量一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的指标，用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释13(中英)
CHAPTER 13The Costs of Productiontotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output总收益：企业出售其产品所得到的货币量total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production总成本：企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值profit: total revenue minus total cost利润：总收益减去总成本explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm显性成本：需要企业支出货币的投入成本implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm隐性成本：不需要企业支出货币的投入成本economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs经济利润：总收益减总成本，包括显性成本与隐性成本accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost会计利润：总收益减总显性成本production function: the relationship between the quantity ofinputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good生产函数：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input边际产量：增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加diminishing marginal: product the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases边际产量递减：一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced固定成本：不随着产量变动而变动的成本variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced可变成本：随着产量变动而变动的成本average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output 平均总成本：总成本除以产量average fixed cost: fixed cost divided by the quantity of output 平均固定成本：固定成本除以产量average variable cost: variable cost divided by the quantity of output平均可变成本：可变成本除以产量marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production边际成本：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost有效规模：使平均总成本最小的产量economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases规模经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases规模不经济：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes规模收益不变：长期平均总成本在产量变动时保持不变的特性。
宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆 名词解释(带英文)
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学（microｅconoｍicｓ),研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
ﻫ宏观经济学（ｍacrｏeｃｏnomicｓ），研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业与经济增长。
ﻫﻫ国内生产总值GDP （gross dｏmｅsｔic pｒoｄｕct),在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产得所有最终物品与服务得市场价值。
消费(consumption），家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务得支出。
投资(ｉnvestmeｎｔ),用于资本设备、存货与建筑物得支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房得支出。
ﻫ政府购买（goｖｅｒnmｅｎt ｐurchaｓe），地方、州与联邦政府用于物品与服务得支出.ﻫﻫ净出口(net eｘｐor ｔ），外国人对国内生产得物品得支出（出口),减国内居民对外国物品得支出（进口）。
ﻫﻫ名义GDP（nｏｍinａl GDP）,按现期价格评价得物品与服务得生产。
真实GDＰ(real ＧDP),按不变价格评价得物品与服务得生产。
（总之，名义GDP就是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产得价值，真实ＧDP就是用不变得基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产得价值。
)ﻫGDP平减指数(GDＰ, ｄeflａtoｒ)，用名义GDP与真实ＧDP得比率乘以１0０计算得物价水平衡量指标。
ﻫ消费物价指数CＰI（coｎsumｅr pｒｉce index），普通消费者所购买得物品与服务得总费用得衡量指标.ﻫ通货膨胀率(iｎflａｔｉon raｔe）,从前一个时期以来,物价指数变动得百分比。
ﻫ生产物价指数(producer price ｉndex），企业所购买得一篮子物品运服务得费用得衡量指标.指数化（iｎdexaｔion），根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀得影响,对货币数量得自动调整.名义利率（nominaｌiｎtｅrｅｓt rａｔe),通常公布得、未根据通货膨胀得影响，校正得利率。
真实利率（ｒeal iｎtｅrest ｒaｔe),根据通货膨胀得影响校正过得利率。
曼昆微观经济学术语表
曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics)支付能力原则(ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。
绝对优势(absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
会计利润(accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。
逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。
代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。
阿罗不可能性定理(Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。
平均收益(average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。
平均税率(average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。
平均总成本(average total cost) 总成本除以产量。
平均可变成本(average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。
受益原则(benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。
预算约束线(budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。
预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。
预算盈余(budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。
经济周期(business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。
资本(capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。
卡特尔(cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。
循环流量图(circular-flow diagram) 一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业间之间流动的直观经济模型。
微观经济学曼昆第七版答案
微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释2-4(中英)
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释CHAPER2-4（中英版）CHAPTER 2Thinking Like an EconomistCircular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。
Microeconomics: the study of how house- holds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets微观经济学：研究家庭与企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长的学科。
Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is实证表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。
微观经济学曼昆第七版答案
微观经济学曼昆第七版答案【篇一：曼昆微观经济学英文版本答案】a family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the car and other things they might wantto buy. for example, buying the car might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. so the real cost of the car is the familys opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. for a member of congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. if more money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force. or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. when a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firms profits compared to other alternatives. for example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories. the bottom line is: which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. in deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. when the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isnt easy to compare benefits to costs to determine if its worth doing. but there are two ways to think about the benefits. one is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. if you didnt go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? then you can decide if youd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. a second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. if you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiing includes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wagesyou are giving up by not working. if the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. if you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. the idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. the fact that youve already sunk $5 million isnt relevant to your decision anymore, since that money is gone. what matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. if you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, youll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. you are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldnt have started it. thats true, but if you dont spend the additional $1 million, you wont have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. so what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. in fact, youd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you wont be increasing profit at the margin.6. harry suggests looking at whether productivity would riseor fall. productivity is certainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. ron wants to look at average cost. but both harry and ron are missing the other side of the equation?revenue. a firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. thus, hermione is right?it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. the provision of social security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive t o save for retirement. the benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or she retires. this means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to support consumption through the years in retirement.b. since a person gets fewer after-tax social security benefits the greater is his or her earnings, there is an incentive not towork (or not work as much) after age 65. the more you work, the lower your after-tax social security benefits will be. thus the taxation of social security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.18. a. when welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. the loss of benefits means that someone who cant find ajob will get no income at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. but the economy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. thus the change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. by specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. if you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. by specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.10. a. being a central planner is tough! to produce the right number of cds by the right artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the cd industry. you need to know each persons musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. if you make the wrong decisions, youll be producing too many cds by artists that people dont want to hear, and not enough by others.b. your decisions about how many cds to produce carry overto other decisions. you have to make the right number of cd players for people to use. if you make too many cds and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with cds they cant play. the probability of making mistakes is very high. you will also be faced with tough choices about the musicindustry compared to other parts of the economy. if you produce more sports equipment, youll have fewer resourcesfor making cds. so all decisions about the economy influence your decisions about cd production.11. a. efficiency: the market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable tv firm.b. equityc. efficiency: an externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. efficiency: the market failure occurs because of standard oils monopoly power.e. equityf. efficiency: there is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. if everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nations output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. would that be efficient? if you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care. but more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than they would choose to pay for. from the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement. each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less of other goods.b. when workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. after all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. but there’s an efficiency problem?why work if you can get income for doing nothing? the economy isn’t operating efficiently if people remain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment. thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. the more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. so greater equity reduces efficiency.13. since average income in the united states has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. this is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goodsand services than it used to. thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as hasthe standard of living.14. if americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. the benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since theyre producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. there is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. they get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. if people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. if prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output may increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raising prices.c. if prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increased prices and output wont rise.16. to make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. a policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment. ch21. economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. they devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer. assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. an economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated to understand. a modelis a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (ppf1). if a disease kills half of the economys cow population, less milk production is possible, so the ppf shifts inward (ppf2). note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesnt need any cows, then production is unaffected. but if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be less production possible after the disease hits. figure 35. the idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.in terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point a in figure 4. a point inside the frontier, such as point b, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.6. the two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. here is an example. positive: a rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. normative: the government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. the council of economic advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of the united states about economic matters. the council consists of three members and a staff of several dozen economists. it writes the annual economic report of the president.9. economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons: (1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how the world works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normative views about what public policy should try to accomplish.ch31. in the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. similarly, the ranchers opportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. with limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. see figure 2. if maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. if she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so figure 4that is the horizontal intercept. the time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.figure 2b. it takes maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. in that time, she could read 40 pages of economics. so the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.3. a.b. see figure 3. with 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. since a u.s. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the united states produced only grain it would produce 1,000 million tons. since a japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if japan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. these are the intercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. note that since the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.【篇二：微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆名词解释(带英文)】=txt>稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
曼昆微观经济学名词解释大全
经济学十大原理：人们如何做出决策：1.人们面临权衡取舍2.某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西3.理性人考虑边际量4.人们会对激励做出反应人们如何相互影响：5.贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好6.市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好办法7.政府有时可以改善市场结果整体经济如何运行：8.一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与服务的能力9.当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升10.社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期取舍关键概念第一章：经济学十大原理稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源效率（efficiency）：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西理性人（rational people）:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边际变动（marginal change）：对行动计划的微小增量调整边际收益（marginal benefit）边际成本（marginal cost）激励（incentive）：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力市场失灵（market failure）：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况外部性（erternality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响市场势力（market power）：单个经济活动者（或某个经济活动小群体）对市场价格有显着影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与服务的数量通货膨胀（inflation）：经济中物价总水平的上升经济周期（business cycle）：就业和生产等经济活动的波动第二章：像经济学家一样思考循环流量图（circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易的学科宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长的学科实证表述（positive statements）：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点规范表述（normative statements）：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)
曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)XXX's resources。
This means that there are only a finite amount of resources available。
and therefore choices must be made about how to XXX is the study of how society manages its scarce resources。
It seeks to understand how individuals。
firms。
XXX.Efficiency is a property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。
This means that society is using its resources in the most effective way possible。
and that there is no way to make any one person better off without making XXX。
on the other hand。
refers to the property of distributing XXX has an equal share of the resources。
regardless of their individual ns.XXX to the cost of any activity measured in terms of the best XXX。
In other words。
it is the cost of the next best alternative that must be given up in order to pursue a certain n。
宏观经济学原理(第七版)曼昆名词解释(带英文)
宏观经济学原理曼昆名词解释微观经济学( microeconomics )，研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。
宏观经济学( macroeconomics )，研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
国内生产总值GDP( gross domestic product )，在某一既定时期，一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。
消费( consumption )，家庭除购买新住房之外，用于物品与服务的支出。
投资( investment )，用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
政府购买( government purchase )，地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。
净出口( net export )，外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口) ，减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口) 。
名义GDP(nominal GDP,按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
真实GDP(real GDP,按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。
(总之，名义GDP是用当年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值，真实GDP是用不变的基年价格来评价经济中物品与服务生产的价值。
)GDF平减指数(GDP, deflator )，用名义GDP与真实GDP的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。
消费物价指数CPI(consumer price index )，普通消费者所购买的物品与服务的总费用的衡量指标。
通货膨胀率( inflation rate )，从前一个时期以来，物价指数变动的百分比。
生产物价指数( producer price index )，企业所购买的一篮子物品运服务的费用的衡量指标。
指数化( indexation )，根据法律或合同按照通货膨胀的影响，对货币数量的自动调整。
名义利率( nominal interest rate )，通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响，校正的利率。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)：2.蛛网模型（）：对于生产周期较长的商品供给的时滞性，需求的不是动态模型分类，画图3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论不违反边际效用递减规律。
因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。
这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。
比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。
对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。
三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。
因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。
（2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint）7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。
8.柯布道格拉斯生产函数稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality)：市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率(productivity)：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。
通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。
经济周期(business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。
）循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。
微观经济学(microeconomics)：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。
宏观经济学(macroeconomics)：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
实证表述(positive statements)：企图描述世界是什么的观点。
规范描述(normative statements)：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。
绝对优势(absolute advantage)：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。
比较优势(comparative advantage )：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。
进口品(imports)：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。
出口品(exports)：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。
市场(market)：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
竞争市场(competitive market )：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
需求量(quantity demanded)：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。
需求定理(law of demand)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。
需求表(demand schedule)：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。
需求曲线(demand curve)：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
正常物品(normal good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。
低档物品(inferior good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。
替代品(substitutes)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。
互补品(complements)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。
供给量(quantity supplied)：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。
供给定理(law of supply)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。
供给表(supply schedule)：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。
供给曲线(supply curve)：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。
均衡(equilibrium)：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。
均衡价格(equilibrium price)：使供给与需求平衡的价格。
均衡数量(equilibrium quantity)：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量。
过剩(surplus)：供给量大于需求量时的状态。
短缺(shortage)：需求量大于供给量时的状态。
供求定理(law of supply and demand)：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点。
弹性(elasticity)：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量。
总收益(total revenue)：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量，用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算。
需求收入弹性(income Elasticity of demand)：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量，用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算。
需求的交叉价格弹性(cross-price elasticity of demand)：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度，用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算。
供给价格弹性(price elasticity of supply)：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量，用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。
价格上限(price ceiling)：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。
价格下限(price floor)：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。
税收归宿(tax incidence)：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究。
福利经济学(welfare economists)：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利。
支付意愿(willingness to pay)：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量。
消费者剩余(consumer surplus)：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量。
成本(cost)：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值。
生产者剩余(producer Surplus)：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本。
效率(efficiency)：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质。
平等(equality)：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性。
无谓损失(deadweight loss)：税收引起的总剩余减少。
世界价格(world price)：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。
关税(tariff)：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。
外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
外部性的内在化(internalizing the externality )：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应。
科斯定理(coase theorem)：一种观点，认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商，那么，他们就可以解决外部性问题。
交易成本(transaction cost)：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本。
庇古税(pigovian taxes)：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收。
排他性(excludability)：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性。
竞争性(rivalry)：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。
私人物品(private goods)：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品。
公共物品(public goods)：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品。
公有资源(common resources)：有竞争性但无排他性的物品。
搭便车者(free rider)：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。
成本—收益分析(coast-benefits analysis)：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究。
公地悲剧(tragedy of the commons)：一个寓言，说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平。
预算盈余(budget surplus)：政府收入大于政府支出。
预算赤字(budget deficit)：政府支出大于政府收入。
平均税率(average tax rate)：总收入除以支付的总税收。
边际税率(marginal tax rate)：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收。
定额税(lump-sum tax)：每个人等量的税收。
受益原则(benefits principle)：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。
支付能力原则原则(ability-to-pay principle)：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。
纵向平等(vertical equity)：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想。
横向平等(horizontal equality)：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想。
比例税(proportional tax)：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收。
累退税(regressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收。
累进税(progressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收。
总收益(total revenue)：企业出售其产量所得到的量。
总成本(total cost)：企业购买生产投入所支付的量。