法学专业外文文献翻译--使用发薪日贷款的原因

法学专业外文文献翻译--使用发薪日贷款的原因
法学专业外文文献翻译--使用发薪日贷款的原因

中文1380字

外文文献翻译

使用发薪日贷款的原因

Adwina杰克逊

婚礼贷款也是个人贷款的一种类型。婚礼当天是每个人生命中最重要的一天。而婚礼贷款可以让它变得与众不同。如果您邀请了所有朋友和亲戚,则您必须举办一个大聚会。

难道您不疲倦于阅读个人贷款担保的各种优点?众所周知的一点是其滋生的品种十分成功。无论是何种案件,发薪日贷款都是直接记入到借户的银行账户上。

因为费用的不确定性,他们还无法维护申请与批准之间的期望空白,然而这种不确定性又是贷款所必要的。尽管如此,借款人仍然能够在服务费上调的情况下获得一笔即时贷款。

这里有众多的理由支持您利用发薪日贷款公司。首先,现金预付款的个人贷款是短期贷款,因此,您就不会涉及长期的财务费用和收费。

这里有众多的理由使用发薪日贷款公司。首先,现金预付款的个人贷款是短期贷款,因此,您不会涉及长期的财务费用和收费。

您的目标不仅是要通过搜索大量的贷款人产品,找到最合理的贷款利率和贷款程序,并为自己节省下每年数以万计美元的按揭还款,而且还要通过简化贷款程序和减少文书工作来节省时间和减少麻烦。当您在选择抵押提供者时,应记住以下一些事项:

1、购买率

你应该得到即时免费的网上报价,并能够安全地进行在线申请。

2、在线申请

担保贷款是指使用某些价值对象的贷款,这里是指作为还款保证并提供低利率的一种方法——抵押。由于担保贷款作为一种货款债权的担保承诺,对于那些提供担保贷款的人来说那是一个巨大的贷款人市场。

根据贷款的安全性,个人贷款分为有担保贷款和无担保贷款。

具有不良信用记录的借款人不得不提供更高的利率来贷款,进而支付更大的

数额。虽然这些过程费时,但它们并不是多余的。这就解释了为什么快速贷款需要执行较高的利息率。通过转移正常的贷款程序,贷款的提供者也面临着一定程度的风险。

可以使用一个安全的在线申请,并让一位合格的贷款专家帮您寻找一份最适合的贷款计划。

3、获取资格预审

查明您可以为您的未来置业借用多少钱!

4、获取预先核准

获得免费的、没有义务预先核准的承诺信来证明您的资格。

5、贷款处理和核准

这是当您的贷款被处理,并经过承销获得最后批准。采取这些步骤来确保贷款的进行,将保证您的最佳利益,也有利于您和您的家人。它还将有助于节省您的钱。

这笔贷款可以在5至25年的期限内任一时期偿还,这取决于您提供安全的贷款可支配的收入和数额公平的股权财产。

债务在生活中是一项艰巨的事情,减少在线处理贷款时的债务提示对做出即时贷款有着特殊的帮助。在线处理的贷款并不仅仅意味着使用计算机进行分类和整理数据。在你申请个人担保贷款之前,必须认真研究还款办法并理解其内涵。大多数人通常都在最后还款期限之前或者在早于最初的还款惩罚到来之前偿还个人担保贷款。利息率十分重要地取决于贷款金额,偿还期限和个人条件。

过渡性贷款可用于填补在现有的物业交易中遇到的现金短缺问题,还有其它更多时候。每笔贷款都有不同的特点;你可以在贷款者提供的大量贷款内容中找到你所需要的。美国联邦直接补贴的斯塔福德/福特贷款是直接贷款,这意味着你在学校时至少有一部分时间是不需要支付贷款利息的。

【发薪日贷款(也称为薪津提前或发薪日提前)是一个涵盖借款人的费用,直到他(她)的下一个发薪日的小型的短期贷款。这种贷款有时也被称为现金预付款,但这个词也可以指对一个预先的信贷额度的现金提供,就像信用卡。不同国家之间,甚至在美国不同洲之间,关于发薪日贷款方面的立法也存在很大差别。】

外文文献翻译原文

Reasons To Use A Payday Loan

Adwina Jackson

Wedding loans are also a type of personal loans. Wedding day is the most important day in everyone's life. A wedding loan can make it very special. If you are calling all your friends and relatives, then you have to throw a big party.

Aren't you just tired of reading about the positive characteristics of secured personal loans? One thing everyone know about being positive is it breed success. No matter what the case is. The payday loan is credited directly into the bank account of the borrower.

They may not have been able to maintain the desired gap between application and approval because of the uncertain nature of the expense for which the loan is needed. In spite of this, the borrower is given an instant loan, while the service charges are upped.

There are numerous reasons to use a payday loan company. For starters, cash advance personal loans are short-term loans, thus you do not incur longstanding finance charges and fees.

Your goal is not only to find the best rates and programs, by searching through a huge number of lenders products, and save yourself thousands of dollars on mortgage payments every year, but also, to save time and hassle by simplifying the loan process and reducing the paperwork. Here are some things you can keep in mind when selecting a mortgage provider.

1. Shop For Rates

You should get instant online free quotes, and be able to apply securely online.

2. Apply Online

Secured loans are those loans that use some object of value, which is referred to as collateral, as a guarantee of repayment and a method of offering lower interest rates. Since secured loans commits an assurance against the loan claim there is a huge market of loan lenders who are providing for secured loans.

Personal loans are classified as secured and unsecured loan on the basis of security attached to the loan.

Borrowers with bad credit history have to shell a greater amount because of the higher interest rates they are offered. Though these processes are time consuming, they are not superfluous. This explains the reason why fast loans carry a higher rate of interest. By diverting from the normal loan processes, the loan providers are creating a degree of risk involved.

Be able to use a secure online application and let a qualified loan specialist help you find the best loan program.

3. Get Prequalified

Find out how much money you can borrow for your next home purchase!

4. Get Pre-Approved

Get free, no obligation pre-approved commitment letter that you qualify.

5. Loan Processing And Approval

This is when your loan is processed, goes through underwriting and final approval. Taking these steps will be in you best interest to secure a mortgage that will benefit you and your family. It will also help to save you money。

The loan can be repaid over any term between 5 and 25 years, depending on your available income and the amount of equity in the property that is to provide the security for the loan.

Debt is a hard thing to live with, reduce debts tips Online processing of loans is of special help in making instant loans possible. Online processing of loans does not simply mean using a computer for sorting and arranging data. Repayments options have to be studied carefully and understood before you apply for secured personal loans. Most people repay their secured personal loans before time and usually early repayments carry repayment penalties. Rate of interest very appropriately depends on the loan amount, repayment term and personal condition.

Bridging loans can be used to fill in the cash shortfall existing in a property transaction and many more. Each loan has different features; you can find the loan you are looking for from the vast number of loans offered by lenders. The Federal Direct Subsidized Stafford/Ford Loan is a direct loan, which means you do not pay the interest on the loan while you are school at least part-time.

【A payday loan (also called a paycheck advance or payday advance) is a small, short-term loan that is intended to cover a borrower's expenses until his or her next payday. The loans are also sometimes referred to as cash advances, though that term

can also refer to cash provided against a prearranged line of credit such as a credit card. Legislation regarding payday loans varies widely between different countries and, within the USA, between different states.】

世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.360docs.net/doc/7b9065630.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.

外文翻译-小额信贷

2010届毕业生毕业论文 外 文 翻 译 姓名: 院(系): 专业班级: 学号: 指导老师: 成绩:

小额信贷是否帮助穷人? ——孟加拉国旗舰计划所带来的新证据 摘要:小额信贷运动使金融中介机构得到了创新,同样使贫困家庭减少了贷款的成本和风险。孟加拉国乡村银行的小额信贷机制已经在全世界得到推广。虽然小额贷款机制的目的是为客户带来社会和经济效益,但是通过其获得一定量的利益的尝试已经开始实施了。本文借鉴一个新调查来研究小额信贷是是否真正的帮助穷人,该调查覆盖面近1800个家庭,其中部分家庭获得了孟加拉乡村银行的贷款,而另一部分则没有参与到小额贷款运动中。有资格获得贷款的家庭,他们的消费水平低于平均消费水平,这种家庭中,绝大部分的孩子不可能上得起学,男子也往往会有更多的工作压力,而女子没有工作。更明显的,相对于对照组,符合贷款资格的家庭在消费上的变化很小以及可以常年提供劳动力的特点。最重要的潜在影响不是贫穷本身,而是因而最重要是减少相关的家庭漏洞。似乎导致消费平滑主要原因是收入平滑,而不是借款和贷款。 评论家有大量的关于低收入国家的其他方案的研究经验。虽然通常人们都是使用固定效力评估来控制与安置方案有关的不易观察的变量,但是使用固定效力评估会加剧偏见的影响,就如同本方案——在较大的社区里特定人群的方案。 关键词:小额信贷,项目评估,乡村银行,孟加拉 1.介绍 小额信贷在很多人的脑海里是用来减少贫困。前提是操作简单。小额信贷提供小额贷款,以促进小规模的创业活动,而不是向贫困家庭提供救济。这种信贷除非放债人收取非常高的利率(往往收费高达每月10%),否则不会发生。放债运作缺乏竞争,因为潜在的进入者很快发现,借款人通常不能提供任何形式的抵押品,这就使贷款存在高成本和该风险。(拉希德和汤森,1993)。 然而,体制创新下的小额信贷运动似乎大大降低了风险和提供金融服务和为贫困家庭提供服务的费用。创新包括借款合同、给予奖励、配出不良信用风险和连带借款人的活动,要求每周或每半周还款(Morduch,1997)。2005年该运动已经在世界银行,联合国领导人,以及其他已加入的国际组织的推动下成为联系100万家庭的全球性的运动(小额信贷首脑会议,1997)。该运动在美国还得到相当多的支持(包括钱第一夫人希拉里克林顿),现在该方案在美国有300个经营点

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

译文: 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客,急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去,他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种,提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是,现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在,诸如卡尔文·克连,依佐和李维等全国性品牌,不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到,并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量,它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目,而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员,对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱,特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受,他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争,准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店,那里有宽敞的停车场,购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变,有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争,它们开始扩大店面,经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级,超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算,大量转向私人品牌,从而增加盈利。 现在,我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时,零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确:

国际贸易、市场营销类课题外文翻译——市场定位策略(Positioning_in_Practice)

Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique

市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

市场营销策略 1 市场细分和目标市场策略 具有需求,具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。然而,在大多数市场中,购买者的需求不一致。因此,对整个市场采用单一的营销计划可能不会成功。一个合理的营销计划应以区分市场中存在的差异为起点,这一过程被称为市场细分,它还包括将何种细分市场作为目标市场。 市场细分使公司能更加有效地利用其营销资源。而且,也使得小公司可以通过集中在一两个细分上场上有效地参与竞争。市场细分的明显缺点是,其导致了比单一产品、单一大市场策略更高的生产和营销成本。但是,如果市场细分得当的话,更加符合消费者的需求,实际上将生产更高的效率。 确定目标市场有三种可供选择的策略,它们是统一市场、单一细分市场和多重细分市场。统一市场策略即采取一种营销组合用到一个整体的、无差异的市场中去。采取单一细分市场策略,公司仍然仅有一种营销组合,但它只用在整个市场的一个细分市场中。多重细分市场策略需要选择两个或更多的细分市场,并且每个细分市场分别采用一种单独的营销组合。 2 产品定位 管理者将注意力集中于一种品牌,并以恰当的方式将其与类似的品牌相区分,但这并不意味着该品牌就一定能够最后赢利。因此,管理者需要进行定位,即塑造与竞争品牌和竞争对手的其他品牌相关的自我品牌形象。 市场营销人员可以从各种定位策略中加以选择。有时,他们决定对某一特定产品采用一种以上的策略。以下是几种主要的定位策略: 2.1与竞争者相关的定位 对一些产品来说,最佳的定位是直接针对竞争对手。该策略特别适用于已经具有固定的差别优势或试图强化这种优势的厂商。为排挤微处理器的竞争对手,Intel公司开展了一项活动使用户确信它的产品优于竞争对手的产品。公司甚至为电脑制造商出钱,让它们在自己的广告中带上“Intel Inside”标志。作为市场领导者,可口可乐公司推出新产品并实施其市场营销策略。同时,它密切注视百事可乐公司,以确保对主要竞争对手的任何一次巧妙、有效的营销举措采取相应的对策。 2.2 与产品类别和属性相关的定位 有时候,公司的定位策略有必要将自己的产品与其类别和属性相联系(或相区别)。一些公司尽力将其产品定位在期望的类别中,如“美国制造”。用一句某顾问的话来说,“当你说‘美国制造’的时候,有一种强烈的感情因素在吸引着你”。因此,一家名为Boston Preparatory的规模不大的运动服制造商正在运用这种定位策略,以期胜过那些并非所有产品都在美国制造的势力强大的竞争对手如Calvin Kiein和Tommy Hilfiger。 2.3 通过价格和质量定位 某些生产者和零售商因其高质量和高价格而闻名。在零售行业,Saks Fifth Avenue和Neiman Marcus公司正是定位于该价格—质量策略的。折扣店Target Kmart则是定位于该策略的反面。我们不是说折扣商店忽视质量,而是说它们更加强调低廉的价格。Penny's公司努力—并且大多获得了成功—通过升级高级服装线和强调设计者的名字将其商店定位于价格—质量策略上。 “品牌”一词是个综合性的概念,它包含其他更狭义的理解。品牌即一个名称和(或)标志,用以识别一个销售者或销售集团的产品,并将之与竞争产品相区别。 品牌名称由能够发音的单词、字母和(或)数字组成。品牌标志是品牌的一部分,它以符号、图案或醒目的颜色、字体的形式出现。品牌标志通过视觉识别,但当人们仅仅读出品牌名称的时候,品牌标志并不能够被表达出来。Crest、Coors、Gillette都是品牌名称。AT&T由醒目的线条构成的地球以及Ralph Lauren's Polo的马和骑手是品牌标志,而Green Giant(罐装冷冻菜蔬产品)和Arm&Hammer(面包苏打)既是品牌名称又是品牌标志。 商标是销售者已经采用并且受到法律保护的品牌。商标不仅包括品牌标志,如许多人所认为的那样,也包括品牌名称。1946年的The Lanham Art法案允许厂商向联邦政府注册商标,以保护它们免受其他厂商的使用或误

市场营销价格策略外文翻译文献

市场营销价格策略外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

DESIGNING PRICING STRATEGIES All for-profit organizations and many nonprofit organizations set prices on their goods or services. Whether the price is called rent (for an apartment), tuition (for education), fare (for travel), or interest (for borrowed money), the concept is the same. Throughout most of history, prices were set by negotiation between buyers and sellers. Setting one price for all buyers arose with the development of large-scale retailing at the en d of the nineteenth century, when Woolworth’s and other stores followed a “strictly one-price policy” because they carried so many items and had so many employees. Now, 100 years later, technology is taking us back to an era of negotiated pricing. The Internet, corporate networks, and wireless setups are linking people, machines, and companies around the globe, connecting sellers and buyers as never before. Web sites like https://www.360docs.net/doc/7b9065630.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/7b9065630.html, allow buyers to compare products and prices quickly and easily. On-line auction sites like https://www.360docs.net/doc/7b9065630.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/7b9065630.html, make it easy for buyers and sellers to negotiate prices on thousands of items. At the same time, new tech- nologies are allowing sellers to collect detailed data about customers’ buying habits, preferences—even spending limits—so they can tailor their products and prices. 1 In the entire marketing mix, price is the one element that produces revenue; the others produce costs. Price is also one of the most ?exible elements: It can be changed quickly, unlike product features and channel commitments. Although price competi- tion is a major problem facing companies, many do not handle pricing well. The most common mistakes are these: Pricing is too cost-oriented; price is not revised often

跨境电商外文文献综述

跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务,跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层,消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求,每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗,建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型,实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词:电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链

1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B(企业对企业),描述了企业间的电子商务交易,如制造商和批发商,或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口,可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关,可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此,首先,简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后,区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层,业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性,从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位,最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中,除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况,还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤,它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路,铁路,海上和空中的方式来完成。因此,这个国家的中部和战略作用,使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天,在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成,由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天,伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的,商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统,由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及:进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用,以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单

微信营销外文翻译

正确地点和时间下新媒体伴随的社会营销Jay M. Bernhardt 佛罗里达大学健康教育与行为系,佛罗里达州Gainesville Darren Mays乔治敦大学医学中心肿瘤科,哥伦比亚特区华盛顿Amanda K. Hall佛罗里达大学健康教育与行为系,佛罗里达州Gainesville 摘要: 目的:本文的目的是寻求讨论新媒体革命以何种方式将“渠道”更贴近消费者从而提高社会营销。 研究思路:这篇论文描述当前有关的社交媒体和移动通信技术的新媒体发展趋势,并通过运用商业营销,社会变革和公众健康实例分析讨论其对社会营销产生的影响。 成果:快速增长的在线社交网络和世界大部分地区无处不在的手机为社会营销人员提供了巨大的潜力,以全新方式吸引消费者。这些新的通信平台的性质不同于传统媒体是可以使他们更有效地为市场营销服务,最明显的是更深层次消费者参与、多方位信息交流、和基于位置跟踪和消息传递的重要方式。 现实作用:本文所描述的趋势正在快速,从根本上改变商业营销人员、品牌经理和客户关系经理如何与当前的和潜在的消费者相处。社会营销活动应该从中学习,并利用这些新媒体更深入地联系大量的消费者,上述从业人员比以往任何时候都更接近“正确的地点和正确的时间”。 独创性/价值:本文探讨已经介绍了在爱尔兰都柏林的全球非营利和社会营销大会于2011年4月的一个话题。讨论应鼓励社会营销重新考虑“渠道”的作用,并探讨新媒体如何令地方更贴近消费者。 关键词:社会营销,新媒体,社交媒体,移动电话,4P理论,移动通信系统 市场营销组合(或4P理论)是旨在鼓励行为改变的社会营销计划规划和实施的中心结构(Grier and Bryant,2005)。尽管价格、产品和促销策略通常是社会营销活动的主要元素,达到期望的目标受众的地方卫生决策往往是一个挑战(GrierandKumanyika,2010)。地方经常困惑在营销组合那些寻求社会营销作为一个框架申请健康行为改变。常见的想法是,位置被定义为地理位置,然而,在社会营销不一定是一个人的业务所在处或其中一个产品的销售点,而是消费者的利益做出决定并采取行动(Storey et al., 2008)。 新的通信媒体能给社会营销个性化的机会,接触目标消费者在关键行为决策点。这些新媒体为社会营销人员提供多个移动渠道到达消费者在非常情况下做出决定,通过创建直接,双向沟通渠道。这些双向交流现在可以发生在实时决策是在何时何地。第一次社会营销人员可以利用这些新渠道接触数以千计甚至数以百万计的人们在相对较低的成本促进健康的生活方式和影响社会变革(Thackeray et al., 2008)。 传统上,社会营销努力促进健康行为改变很大程度上依赖于地方定义为物理位置来分发产品(KreuterandBernhardt,2009)。他们在公共厕所上放置安全套自动售货机推广安全性行为或将营养标志放置在杂货店以期说服客户选择更健康的食品(Storey et al., 2008)。这些例子需要大量投资时间和物质资源从而成功地到达消费者。此外,确定一个是否会购买和使用避孕套或者被营养信息标志广告影响的合适的目标客户是一个具有挑战性的判断过程。相比之下,新媒体可

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

外文文献(市场营销策略)

Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails

国际贸易外文的文献翻译绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响毕业论文中英对照

Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25. Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on China's Foreign Trade Thomas J. Sargent ABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. Key words:Green Barriers; products; Trade In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products. 1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers" Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict

相关文档
最新文档