宁波大学1201考博英语考博真题试题2018年

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2019年宁波大学考博英语真题(A卷)

2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that (1)________ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2)________ then, however, were the new, positive (3)________ that work against the digital divide. (4)________, there are reasons to be (5)________. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6)________, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential (7)________ there are. More and more (8)________, afraid their countries will be left(9)________, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10)________ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11)________ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12)________ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to (13)________ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has(14)________ potential.To (15)________ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16)________ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17)________ of their sovereignty might well study the history of (18)________ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19)________ America’s Second Wave infrastructure-(20)________ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.divide （正确答案）rmationC.worldD.lecture解析：文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“this looming danger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编34.doc

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编34.doc－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编34(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Now researchers are directing more attention to the social and cultural impetus that propelled university graduates into careers in management.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.implicationB.propagandaC.impulseD.refuted2.Many language teachers are______ to talk too much.（分数：2.00）A.tendB.subjectC.likelyD.inclined3.In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webpage, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.(2004年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.limitingB.maintainingC.distinguishingD.increasing4.The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, as families saw a______ in female breadwinners. (2013年北京大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.increase5.The situation there has become ______ grave in the last few days.（分数：2.00）A.continuouslyB.increasinglyC.inevitablyD.invariably6.For such a tiny woman she had a(n) ______appetite.（分数：2.00）A.potentialB.incredibleC.obviousD.inexhaustible/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlnguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable infact.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently8.The degree of economic growth is an______ of the level of living.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indexC.accessD.aspect9.I asked him where my sister was, and he______the store across the street.（分数：2.00）A.indicatedB.displayedC.pointedD.showed10.Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.conveysB.definesC.indicatesD.explains11.Can a novelist remain______to the problems of the world in which he lives?（分数：2.00）A.impartialB.indifferentC.carelessD.detached12.The actress was very______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.(2007年清华大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.extraterrestrialB.explicitC.indignantD.innovative13.Mr. Smith became very______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant14.It is well known that knowledge is the______ condition for expansion of mind.（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable15.She has become quite______to the company.(2004年湖北省考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.influential/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlpulsoryC.indispensableD.essential16.Every person on the sales team is ______ because they work together well.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable17.Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an______spur to efficiency and innovation.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）B.exquisiteC.intermittentD.indispensable18.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play______roles in raising children.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incapableB.indispensableC.insensibleD.infinite19.A teacher cannot give ______ attention to each pupil if his class is large.（分数：2.00）A.individualB.totalC.properD.definite20.The food was divided ______ according to(he age and size of the child.(2007年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.equallyB.individuallyC.sufficientlyD.proportionally21.The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure22.When he realized he had been ______ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.(2013年北京航空大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced23.The doctor told the students that a(n)______ disease was one that could be passed from one person to another.(2007 年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.effectiveB.infectiousC.coherentD.inherent24.An argument was______because they disliked each other so intensely.（分数：2.00）A.possibleB.probableC.inevitableD.decisive25.Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.infantsB.hosesC.handkerchiefsD.fences感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It’s a program designed to______ mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。

根据句意，C项appeal“吸引”，其他三项，A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。

2．In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．appearanceB．popularityC．dominanceD．consolidation正确答案：A解析：本题中，advent的意思是“出现，到来”。

A项“appearance出现”符合题意，如：His sudden appearance surprised her．(他的突然到来使她很惊讶。

)其他三项“popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并”都不正确。

3．Don’t eat anything that will spoil your______ for dinner.A．appetiteB．tasteC．interestD．appreciation正确答案：A解析：appetite n．食欲，胃口；欲望(如：She ate slowly，without appetite．At the moment he had no appetite for work／reading．)。

宁波大学1201公共英语2009--2020年考博真题

Sudan and Chad unless 2 actions are implemented, warns the institution behind the report.
“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,
destructively intensive agriculture. The alarming 1 , which is forecast to continue as demand
for food and productive land increases, will add to the risks of conflicts such as those seen in
“To 4 the losses, the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we
are managing the pressures and the competition.” The Global Land Outlook is 5 as the most
multiple harvests and 7 use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the 8 of long-term
sustainability. If the past 20 years, agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount
points)

宁波大学2020年《1201英语》考博专业课真题试卷

destructively intensive agriculture. The alarming 1 , which is forecast to continue as demand
for food and productive land increases, will add to the risks of conflicts such as those seen in
Sudan and Chad unless 2 actions are implemented, warns the institution behind the report.
“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,
points)
A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of 24bn
tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from
land and 10 desertification.
A) absorb I) limited
B) abundant J) minimize
C) billed
K) occasionally D) decline L) optimizes
E) diminishes M) rate
F) expansion N) remedial

2018年宁波大学考博试题3825运筹学(B卷)

科目代码: 3825 科目名称：运筹学
科目代码 : 3825 科目名称：运筹学
4. （15分）有4个工人，要指派他们分别完成4种工作，每人做各种工作消耗的时间如下
表所示，问指派哪个人去完成哪种工作，可使总的消耗时间为最小？
A B C D 甲 15 18 21 24 乙 19 23 2 18 丙 26 17 16 19 丁 19 21 23 17
5. （15分）有九个城市129,,,v v v ，公路网如下图所示，弧旁数字表示该段公路的长度，
有一批货物从1v 运到9v ，问走哪条路最短？
6. （15分）某修理店只有一个修理工人，来修理的顾客到达次数服从泊松分布，平均每小
时4人，修理时间服从负指数分布，平均需6分钟。

求：（1）店内有3个顾客的概率；（2）在店内顾客平均数；（3）在店内平均逗留时间；（4）平均等待修理（服务）时间；（5）必须在店内消耗15分钟以上的概率。

7. （10分）某公司面对五种自然状态、四种行动方案的收益情况如下表所示。

1N 2N 3N 4N 5N
1S 25 30 20 24 27 2S 17 14 31 21 25 3S 22 21 23 15 27 4S
29 21 26 27 24
科目代码: 3825 科目名称：运筹学。

2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】

2016年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)American cities are(1)_____other cities around the world.In every country,cities reflect the(2)_____of the culture.Cities contain the very(3)_____aspect of a society:opportunities for education,employment,and entertainment.They also contain the very worst parts of a society: violent crime,racial conflict and poverty.American cities are changing,just(4)_____American society.After World War II,the population of(5)_____large American cities decreased;however the population in many Sun Belt cities___(6)____.Los Angeles and Houston are cities(7)_____ population increased.These population shifts to and from the city(8)_____the changing values of American society.During this time,in the(9)_____1940s and early1950s,city residents became wealthier,more prosperous.They had more children.They needed more(10)_____. They moved out their apartments in the city(11)_____their own homes.They bought houses in the(12)_____,areas near a city where people live.These are areas(13)_____many offices or factories.During the1950s the American"dream"was to have a house on the outskirts.Now things are changing.The children of the people who left the cities in the1950s are now (14)_____.They,(15)_____their parents,want to live in the cities.(16)_____continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt.Cities are(17)_____and the population is increasing in such states as Texas,Florida,and California.Others are moving to more(18)_____cities of the North-east and Midwest,such as Boston,Baltimore and Chicago.Many young professionals,doctors,lawyers, and executives are moving back into the city.They prefer the city(19)_____the suburbs because their jobs are there;they are afraid of the fuel shortage;or they just(20)_____the excitement and opportunities which the city offers.A new class is moving into the cities—a wealthier,more mobile class.1.[A]different from[B]similar to[C]better than[D]worse than2.[A]values[B]worth[C]importance[D]expense3.[A]well[B]good[C]better[D]best4.[A]likely[B]as[D]when5.[A]all[B]most[C]few[D]much6.[A]increased[B]changed[C]decreased[D]lowered7.[A]its[B]which[C]where[D]that8.[A]become[B]reflect[C]gain[D]contain9.[A]late[B]later[C]lately[D]latter10.[A]space[B]spots[C]time[D]food11.[A]buying[B]buy[C]to buy[D]bought12.[A]outskirts[B]downtown[C]districts[D]suburbs13.[A]without[B]with[C]within[D]from14.[A]managers[B]adults[C]parents[D]doctors15.[A]likely[B]like[D]unlike16.[A]Some[B]All[C]Several[D]Lots of17.[A]stretching[B]widening[C]expanding[D]prolonging18.[A]organized[B]famous[C]official[D]established19.[A]than[B]better than[C]rather than[D]to20.[A]win[B]enjoy[C]earn[D]acquire【答案与解析】1.B根据文章第二句的提示，在每个国家，城市都反映着各自国家的文化，此句的句意为，美国的城市和世界上其他的城市一样。

宁波大学2604半导体器件2015--2016,2018--2020年考博真题

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上) A. 3 B. 2(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统一、单项选择题：本大题共5小题，每小题5分，共25分。

在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填在题前的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均不得分。

()1.在半导体太阳能电池中，关于暗电流说法正确的是A.没有光照时电流B.由外加偏压产生C.其方向与光电流方向相同D.由光生电压降落在势垒区而产生()D正常工作时，其MOS单元半导体表面所处状态是A.强反型B.多子积累C.深耗尽D.多子耗尽()3.在以下复合跃迁中，非辐射复合跃迁是A.带间复合B.激子复合C.俄歇复合D.不存在()4.与LED量子效率有关的因素有A.结两侧参杂浓度B.结深C.表面反射D.以上都有关()5.太阳能电池工作时，对应P-N结内部处于：A.正偏电压B.反偏电压C.没有电压D.耗尽第1页共2页考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统二问答题(共35分)1.采用载流子扩散与漂移的观点分析PN结的单向导电性。

(10分)2.试述NPN双极型晶体管的四种工作模式。

(15分)3.试述金属-半导体接触：肖特基接触与欧姆接触的各自特点。

(10分)三．计算与推导(共40分)1.计算一硅p-n结在300K时的内建电势，其N A＝1018cm-3和N D＝1015cm-3．(10分)2.一理想晶体管其发射效率为0.999，集基极漏电流为10μA，假设I B=0，请算出由空穴所形成的放大模式发射极电流。

(15分)3.简述评估太阳能电池器件性能的四个基本参数，那些因素会影响太阳能电池器件性能（15分）第2页共2页考试科目:半导体器件科目代码：2604适用专业:微纳信息系统第1页共2页一、判断题（共20分，每题１分）1.（）半导体材料的导电性能介于导体和绝缘体之间。

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。

宁波大学2018年《211翻译硕士英语》考研专业课真题试卷

第 1 页共 9 页
宁波大学 2018 年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B 卷)
(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)
科目代码：
211
总分值：
100
科目名称：
翻译硕士英语
11. In the current economic climate it is fairly ________ that unemployment will continue to rise. A. predictable B. indifferent C. desirable D. reliable 12. The rise in violent crime is one of the more worrying ________ of the current situation. A. matters B. affairs C. portions D. aspects 13. Why didn’t you ________ the police immediately? This is vital evidence. A. inform B. announce C. propose D. claim 14. It’s difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still ________. A. whole B. famous C. intact D. known 15. Although there was a lot more to say, Stephen ________ from further questions. A. reflected B. refrained C. strained D. resisted 16. We could tell that she was still ________ something and it was our job to find out what. A. canceling B. sheltering C. concealing D. settling 17. He played very badly and I think your criticisms were completely ________. A. entitled B. justified C. hopeless D. disappointed 18. A ________ examination for the post of department manager will be held next Tuesday. A. classifying B. contrasting C. comparing D. competitive 19. What she’s saying about the market may be true, but I’m ________ to give it a closer look. A. opposed B. attempted C. inclined D. consented 20. It took two trips to ________ all Helen’s furniture to her new apartment. A. transfer B. replace C. locate D. displace Section B: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked, A, B, C, and D You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. In the 19th century, it was common to hear people in Europe and America say that the resources of the sea were unlimited. For example, a famous biologist said____(21)____the mid 1800s that resources of the sea were ____(22)____ . Today there’s ____(23)____ that the resources of the sea are as seriously threatened as ____(24)____ of the land and the air. ____(25)____, the threat to fish is

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编38.doc

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编38.doc－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编38(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is______.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.qualifiedB.agreeable/doc/6fdd6c2303d276a20029bd64783e0912a3167cc1.htmlpatibleD.liable2.A______person is one who gives away money or things in large quantity.（分数：2.00）A.kindB.gentleC.gracefulD.liberal3.You must pack plenty of food for the journey. ______, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.（分数：2.00）A.EquallyB.IncidentallyC.InevitablyD.Likewise4.With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its______.（分数：2.00）A.boundariesB.restraintsC.confinementsD.limitations5.The Olympic Games were watched by______billions of people around the world. (2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.virtuallyB.literallyC.deliberatelyD.appropriately6.The automobile salesman gave us some______on the latest models.（分数：2.00）A.messageB.documentC.literatureD.paper7.After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground ______ with papers. bottles and cans.(2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.scrubbed/doc/6fdd6c2303d276a20029bd64783e0912a3167cc1.htmledC.litteredD.dispersed8.I don't understand why people ______such a beautiful garden with cans and bottles.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.locatedB.providedC.protected答案见麦多课文库D.littered9.Please put your empty cigarette packets and paper bags in the ______ bins provided.(2008年北京大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.junkB.litterC.scrapD.deposit/doc/6fdd6c2303d276a20029bd64783e0912a3167cc1.htmlura, who comes from a wealthy family, spends most of her time enjoying herself, but takes______pains with her lessons.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.littleB.fewC.a littleD.a few11.This exquisite violin was with superb workmanship.(2004年秋季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.rather strangeB.pretty cheapC.utterly worthlessD.very lovely12.Nothing has ever equaled the ______and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.(2007年3月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.concernB.magnitudeC.volumeD.carelessness13.It is the responsibility of the police to______ law and order in the city.（分数：2.00）A.retainB.sustainC.restrainD.maintain14.It is important that an undergraduate ______a grade point average of B "in his major field.(2008年四川大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.maintainsB.maintainC.will maintainD.shall maintain15.In his book on biotechnology, Rifkin ______ that "for now, the most important issue at hand is to make the new science and technology an issue of considerable public attention."(2011年华东师范大学试题)（分数：2.00）A.hypothesizesB.maintainsC.mandatesD.speculates16.A______refers to an animal that is born from its mother's body, not from an egg, and drinks its mother's milk as a baby.(2006年清华大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.mammothB.penguinC.mosquitoD.mammal答案见麦多课文库17.Her remarks______a complete disregard for human rights.(2002年清华大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.magnifiedB.maintainedC.manipulatedD.manifested18.Lincoln, former president of the United Stales, is a conspicuous example of a poor boy who succeeded.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.sturdyB.obstinateC.permanentD.manifest19.The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated ______ instead of mechanically.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.manuallyB.artificiallyC.automaticallyD.synthetically20.Living in poverty, John sold for 500 dollars the ______ of his mother's first work which made her famous.(2004年上海理工大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.documentB.fileC.duplicateD.manuscript21.The old city of Beijing was surrounded bya______wall with fortified gates on four sides.（分数：2.00）A.massiveB.pompousC.spaciousD.vast22.What's the ______ distance you've ever walked?（分数：2.00）A.minimumB.maximumC.finiteD.vast23.The more people are jammed together, the more ______and irrational they become. (2011年南京师范大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.mechanicalB.liableC.hostileD.earnest24.Under capitalism drug and alcohol are used by many as an escape ______.（分数：2.00）A.mechanismB.roadC.toolD.route25.Nowadays more and more people are interested in arranging time for exercises and ______ to release the stress caused by the fast pace and pressure of their lives.(2004年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.meditation答案见麦多课文库B.registrationC.mediationD.illumination答案见麦多课文库感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

2014年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷(A卷)

2014年宁波大学博士研究生入学考试
英语试卷（A卷）
（考试时间：180分钟）
招生专业：__________ 研究方向：__________
考生姓名：__________ 准考证号：__________
考生注意事项
1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。

2.答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“准考证号”
等信息。

3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。

(1) 英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡的第一页上，要求
用2B铅笔将选择的答案涂黑。

如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

(2) 阅读理解部分C节的答案和作文必须用（蓝）黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔在答题
卡的第二页上作答。

字迹要清楚。

4.考试结束后，将答题卡和试卷一并交给监考人员。

宁波大学2014 年攻读博士学位研究生
入学考试试题(答案必须写在答题纸上)
考试科目: 考码：专业名称:
第11 页，共11 页。

2017年宁波大学考博英语真题

宁波大学逆1L年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（答案必须写在考点捉供的答题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称：英语. ____________第i页共ii页宁波大学並1L年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（荇案必须与在考点提供的答题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称：英语11 .[A] issues [BJnews [C] information [D] materials12.[A]acute [B]serious [C]sensitive [DJalert13.[A]constitution [B] system [C] institution [D] institute14.[A]with [B]to [C]in [D]on15.[A] submerging [B] merging [C] emerging [D] immersing16.[A] Roughly [BJFrankly [CJHardly [D]Basically17.[A]compliment [B] complement [C] complaint [D] implement18.[A] prospect [BJperspective [C] principle [D]position19.[A]military [B]administrative [C] market [D] international20.[A]emissions [BJsupply [Cjradiation [D] outputs第2页共11页宁波大学並1L年博士研宄生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（答案必须与在考点捉供的荇题纸I-.）-科目代码：1201 科目名称：___ _____________________第3页共II页宁波大学迎年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（答案必须与在考点捉供的荇题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称： ___ _____________________第4页共II页宁波大学驭1L年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（答案必须与在考点提供的答题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称:[A]is a dark horse in the field of banking -[B]has been growing in a moderate way[C]has been making efforts to conquer the markets of Bank of America[D]has more branches than Bank of America now27.Which of the following is NOT the reason for which Bank of America thrived?[A]It’s turf — California was a state with a large number of population.[BJ The economic environment that was controlled by the government.[C] Its deposit rate was higher than that of other banks.fD | rge amount of branches.28.The phrase “mammoth bureaucracy” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) refers to.[A]its expensive overhead[B]its large amount of branches[C]its long history[D| corruption of its leaders29.Now the most important factor for a bank to win in competition seems to be[A]higher deposit rate[B]flexibility of capital[C]high banking honors[D]support of the government .30.Which of the following conclusions can’t be drawn from the passage?[A]The U.S. Postal Service had less than 1 JOO branches in California a few decades before.[B]The profit of the Bank of America has been reducing since the 1980s.[C]The prospect of the Bank of America is not quite promising.[I)] Moral problem is also a factor that leads to the decline of the Bank of America.Text 3Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields, as they did in 1980 when 70% of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the tipper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.Located inside Rainier’s two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers about one and one-half miles in total length. Their creation depends on an unusual combination of factors that nature almost never brings together in one place. The cave-making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and第5页共11页a bowl-shaped crater to hold the snow..宁波大学驭1L年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（荇案必须与在考点捉供的答题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称：英语[A]crystalline ice[B]firns[C]chambers[D]fumaroles35.“smothering” (Paragrah 4) means.[A]eliminate第6贞共11页[B]enlarged第6贞共11页宁波大学驭1L 年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B 卷）（荇案必须与在考点捉供的答题纸I;）第8页共11页科目代码: 1201 科目名称：英语宁波大学迎1L年博士研究生招生考试初试试题（B卷）（荇案必须¥在考点捉供的答题纸I-.）科目代码：1201 科目名称：_________________________ [C]they can be used to diagnose diseases| D] they are both used to cure diseases37.In the second paragraph, “the book of life” refers to.[A] a book written by a prophet|B] a book written by a biologist[C]the periodic table of the elements[D]the human genome38.We can infer that some couples are eager to get eggs from Ivy League women because[A]they can't give birth to children[B]they want to have a good-looking child[C]they want to have a clever child[D]curiosity drives them to do that39.It can be learned from the passage that .[A]"gene-expression monitoring,, is helpful in curing diseases[B]all of the disease genes are harmful to human beings[C]short people may also be looked down upon in fiiture[D]scientists are encouraged to do research on human genome40.The author’s attitude towards knowing the complete human genome can be described as ■| A] critical[B]objective[C]positive[D]indifferentPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There is one extra choice, which does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Ways to Fight Rising Food PricesFood, clothing and shelter generally top the list of basic human needs. While shopping at a discount store instead of the mall generally takes care of the clothing issue, and living in a small apartment instead of a McMansion can address your housing situation, rising world food prices can lead to some significant challenges in the food department. Everything from rising transportation costs to the development of biofuels pushes up the cost of food and put第9页共11页a pinch on consumers? wallets. (41)第10页共11页科目代1201 科目名称：英语码：1201 : _________________________第9页共I I页科目代码：1201 科目名称：英语Section III Writing第io页共ii贞51. Directions:Carefiilly read the following passage and write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words. You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content, logic, style and language. (30%)The world today sees a cultural tourism booming. It is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture，specifically I he lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, (lie history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), and other elements that helped shape their way of life. There is a general perception that cultural tourism is “good” tourism that attracts high spending visitors and does little damage to the environment or local culture while contributing a great deal to the economy and support of culture. Other commentators, however, have suggested that cultural tourism may do more harm than good, allowing the cultural tourist to penetrate sensitive cultural environments as the advance guard of the mass tourist.IS CULTURAL TOURISM AN ANGEL IN DISGUISE OR NOT? An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.第ii页共li页。

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题_真题-无答案

2018年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题(总分70,考试时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabularySection ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1. The medical team discussed their shared ________ to eliminating this curable disease.A. obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ________is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. turmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ________communication and indulge in their own worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down4. The school board attached great emphasis to ________in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ________to what we need to be attending to.A. pertinentC. precedentD. prominent6. New studies have found a rather ________ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing7. We must test our ________ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions8. We must ________ the problem ________ , which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set….backB. take…overC. pull….inD. break…down9. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are ________rather than persistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ________that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conformSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.11. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery” of another human beings, and offers the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensible12. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted13. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate14. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subject with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely15. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.A. fetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans16. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our childrenA. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse17. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically18. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming19. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterD. induce20. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countablePart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETThe same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer — the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 【A1】, can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 【A2】data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 【A3】CT scanning. Their study was 【A4】by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 【A5】the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 【A6】it as noncancerous) and 23 【A7】observational error (not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 【A8】of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G. Armato PhD, lead author of the study. “**puter is not perfect”, Armato said, “it will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 【A9】. The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **puter may 【A10】something suspicious. It’s sort of a spell-checker, or a second opinion.”21. 【A1】A. in commonB. in turnC. in oneD. in all22. 【A2】A. preliminaryB. considerateC. deliberateD. ordinary23. 【A3】A. being usedB. to useC. usingD. use24. 【A4】A. investigatedB. originatedC. foundedD. funded25. 【A5】A. FromB. AmidC. OfD. In26. 【A6】A. disseminatingB. degeneratingC. dismissingD. deceiving27. 【A7】A. were mistaken forB. were attributed toC. resulted inD. gave way to28. 【A8】A. mortalitiesB. incidencesC. imagesD. rates29. 【A9】A. don’tB. won’tC. aren’tD. wasn’t30. 【A10】A. stand forB. search forC. account forD. mistake forPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s “a translator between two hostile tribes” — the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s argument in his book Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People WhoWill Change the World is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace”.This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly no such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job — the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried — made obsolete — faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready” — ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail, “because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate — the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life — and skills like critical thinking, communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think — to ask the right questions — and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economies in the world,” Wagner said, “and it is the only country where students leave high school “innovation-ready”. They learn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many electives — all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented” colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media Lab and the ‘D-school’ Stanford where students learn to innovate.”31. In his book, Wagner argues that ________.A. the education world is hostile to our kidsB. the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC. the business world is too demanding on the education worldD. the education world should teach what the marketplace demands32. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” to “innovation ready”.D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.33. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.34. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the author’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s gene ration to find their first jobs.35. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To orient future education.B. To exemplify the necessary shift in education.C. To draw a conclusion about the shift in education.D. To criticize some colleges for their practices in education.Passage TwoSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）,” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic&**ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful. Finally, both professional and the public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.36. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.37. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the **munity.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.38. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in________.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals39. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against________.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in **mon diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics40. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genet ic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage ThreeFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground.With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all.The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0.05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered a 0.3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0.6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface.Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max’s observationswith data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.41. According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to ________.A. sunspot activityB. unusual weather patternsC. increased levels of dustD. fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature42. Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A. The Earth is too far from the Sun.B. Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C. There is not enough sunlight during the day.D. The Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.43. Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?A. Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B. Solar Max’s instruments were getting old.C. The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max’s instruments.D. Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max’s detectors.44. The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as ________.A. an ongoing research effortB. a question that can never be answeredC. an issue that has been resolvedD. historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns45. What does this passage mainly discuss?A. **ponents of the Earth’s atmosphere.B. The launching of a weather satellite.C. The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D. The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students’ work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job ofexposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules, the societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching” can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.46. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C. The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.47. What, in the respondent’s mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C. It is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.D. It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.48. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ________.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students’ feedbackC. their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their own49. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A. Development of codes of conduct.B. Exposure of online misconducts.C. Education about the rules of proper mentoring.D. Development of clear mechanism for reporting.50. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A. The approaches to addressing the problems of “inadequate teaching”.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The **mittee s dealing with “inadequate teaching”.D. The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat? I’m reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx（流入）of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is aprofession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school’s intake.But I’m beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I’m questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished（润色）their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a&**petitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs（无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget（装饰品）.Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors’spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower（畏缩）before number crunchers and bean counters.51. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students?A. Because he misinformed them in their choice.B. Because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. Because he questions their ambition **petence.D. Because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.52. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?A. More positions.B. Greater influenceC. **petitiveness.D. More exposure to new ideas.53. What is the most probable message from the passage?A. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors’ role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.54. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ________.A. the government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widely55. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To question the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixThe use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can be drastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward — for both supporters and opponents of animal research — occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro (“within the glass”), and on computational models and algorithms（演算法）. These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate — and in some cases more accurate than — information collected from studies in whole animal.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug’s distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in。

宁波大学基础英语考研真题试题2009 、2010、2012、2016年—2019年

考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第2页共8页12.Piquette must have been seventeen then,although she looked about twenty.I stared at her,astounded that anyone could have changed so much.A.overwhelmed B.greatly surprised C.worried D.frightened13.Hitler’s blood lust and the hateful appetites have impelled him on his Russian adventure.A.ambition B.stomach C.belly D.intestines14.Burne-Wilke’s cabin had the dark,warm,comfortable look of a library den.“I say,Henry,what is your position on shipboard drinking?I have a fair bottle of cherry here.”A.much-contented B.just C.nice D.beautiful15.No one would anticipate that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in history.A.evolve B.run C.develop D.roll16.Mr.President,I second the proposal!(A silence;Hancock swats a fly.)A.succeed B.propose C.support D.stand17.The house detective’s gaze moved on to sweep the spacious,well-appointed room.A.clean B.mop C.clear D.examine18.They rise out of the earth,they sweat and starve for a few years,and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.A.work hard B.feel hot C.fall ill D.feel hungry19.Sitting in her chair,she clasped her hands in order to conceal their trembling.A.pretend B.uncover C.prevent D.disguise20.I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.A.imposed B.described C.inscribed D.subscribedSection B.Lexical interpretation.There are ten words or phrases underlined in the following sentences.You are required to use other English words or phrases to explain them with the meanings that best suit those sentences (1×10points).For example:Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.Answer:great eloquence1.Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards,taut and protesting.2.I went back to my room with a heavy heart.I had gravely underestimated the size of my task.3.Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs,or the simple,everyday kitchenware used in this country.考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第3页共8页4.Barring the catastrophe of nuclear war,it will continue to shape both modern culture and the consciousness of those who inhabit that culture.5.The Nazi regime excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression.6.It was familiar ground;boy and man,I had been through it often before.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.7.This is a war in which the whole nation is engaged without distinction of race,creed,or party.8.Ever-increasing production,the drive to make bigger and better things,have become aims in themselves,new ideals.Work has become alienated from the working person.9.I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.10.What they had wanted was an America more sensitive to art and culture,less avid for material gain.II.Cloze (20points)Directions:There are twenty blanks in the following passage.You are required to fill the words or phrases in them that best complete the passage to make a smooth and logical reading semantically,syntactically and textually.The words that you use to fill in the blanks can be any that you think are suitable and able to make the passage smooth in meaning and grammar.Radical feminists,however,remained hostile to the temptations of consumer capitalism.Drawing inspiration from the civil rights slogan “The Personal is Political,”movement activists (1)_______as Casey Hayden and Mary King began (2)_______organize women against the male domination (3)_______SNCC (Students for a Democratic Society),and (4)_______groups.Despite the radical community’s support (5)_______equal rights,they asserted,New Left men reflected the establishment culture by assigning women office duties (6)_______other minor tasks.Feminists also complained (7)_______the male-oriented sexual revolution degraded women (8)_______treating them (9)_______playthings and objects (10)_______conquests.While their male colleagues greeted their efforts with ridicule and open hostility,New Left women introduced “rap”sessions to share (11)_______complaints and address gender identity issues.(12)_______1968,200(13)_______feminists organized (14)_______first women’s liberation demonstration.Calling themselves the Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell (WITCH),activists projected (15)_______“sexism”and capitalism’s “objectification”of women’s bodies.They picketed the Miss America Pageant and threw “instruments of torture”such as brassieres考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第4页共8页and high-heeled (16)_______into a “freedom trash can.”Feminists focused (17)_______women’s control of their (18)_______bodies with an agenda (19)_______included the right to legal abortions,distribution of birth control literature,and passage of tougher laws (20)_______rape and spousal abuse.III.Error Detection and Correction (20points)Directions:There are twenty-one errors in the following passage.You may detect and correct either twenty of them or more than that.When you get more than twenty correct answers,your scores will not surpass twenty.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.As a human beings,you have maintained across time a core sense of self,thanks in good part as memory.Nevertheless,the I that is you is daily modified by what you experience,by what you were learning and coming to know.Five year ago,you were not the same person you are today;ten years hence,you will not precisely the person you now are.As you are age,you steadily accumulate knowledge,some of it formally,some of it informally.Considering some of the things you know in present—about history,about people,about work,about etiquette,about science,about style.Then think about what you garnered that knowledge.Chances is that some of it you acquired formally in school:what you to know about the contribution of Ancient Greece of modern democracy,your understanding of photosynthesis or Euclidean geometry,you ability to differentiate satire from irony.Some things you may have learn through a combination of formally instruction,observation and practice:how to work successful in a group,how to wait on customers efficiently and courteously,how to apply brakes skillfully in traffics,how to cut food with a knife,what clothes to wear to the prom.And some knowledges you probable acquired almost exclusively from extended experience:what acquaintances to trust and not to trust,what writers and musicians appeal or do not appeal to you,what aptitudes your possess or lack for particular fields of study.(1)_______________(2)_______________(3)_______________(4)_______________(5)_______________(6)_______________(7)_______________(8)_______________(9)_______________(10)______________(11)______________(12)______________(13)______________(14)______________(15)______________(16)______________(17)______________(18)______________(19)______________(20)______________(21)______________考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第5页共8页IV.Sentence Paraphrase (10points)Directions:There are five long or difficult sentences underlined in the following passage.You are required to paraphrase them in your own words according to the context.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1)Britain’s merchant navy seldom grabs the headlines these days;it is almost a forgotten industry.Yet shipping is the essential lifeline for the nation’s economy.Ninety-nine per cent of our trade in and out of the country goes by ship—and over half of it in British ships.(2)Shipping is also a significant British success story.It earns over £1000million a year in foreign exchange earnings:without our merchant fleet,the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit,despite North Sea oil.But,today this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before.(3)On almost all the major sea routes of the world,the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.The threat comes from two main directions:from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries (4)who are now in the middle of a massive expansion of their merchant navies,and carving their way into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies;and from the merchant fleets of the developing nations,(5)who are bent on taking over the lion’s share of the trade between Europe and Africa,Asia and the Far East—routes in which Britain has a big stake.V.Reading Comprehension (30points)Directions:There are three sections in this item with a passage in each section.Section A requires you to read a passage and provide a brief answer to each of the given questions.Section B requires you to read and judge whether the relevant statements are true or false.Section C requires you to read and then write a summary of it.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section A.Read the following passage and provide a brief answer to the questions after the passage (2.5×4points).If someone says to you ‘Our car has broken down’,your reaction may simply be to feel sorry.For the linguist,though,even such a simple utterance calls for quite an elaborate explanation.As far as the meaning and the grammar of the sentence are concerned,a traditional description would try to paraphrase the meanings of the words used;it would analyze the clause pattern (here a simple combination of subject and verb or predicate),and would probably go on to discuss the use of the present perfect tense.Modern linguists have on the whole not been satisfied with the traditional explanation of grammatical structures and word meanings.Indeed much work in modern linguistics has been devoted to constructing rules that would produce our initial sentence,but would exclude sentences like We car has考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第6页共8页broken down or Our car has jumped up as not well-formed.The ultimate goal of this endeavor has been to establish a body of logical rules for generating the sentences of a language that are grammatically correct and semantically acceptable.For the individual words a set of ‘objective’semantic features has been proposed which would guarantee that the words are inserted appropriately into the grammatical structure.Thus the meaning of car would be described with the semantic features ‘inanimate’,‘concrete’,‘movable’and ‘self-propelled’.Assuming that the logical rules and objective semantic features which generate language are stored in our memory,it seems only natural to claim that they are of a mental nature.This approach is therefore also ‘cognitive’in the original sense of the word (i.e.‘related to knowledge’).However,it is not the kind of ‘cognitive linguistics’that our topic is about.To distinguish this approach from what we have in mind when we talk about ‘cognitive linguistics’,we will characterize it as the logical view in cognitive linguistics.As we understand the term,cognitive linguistics is today chiefly represented by the experiential view.Its main claim is that instead of postulating logical rules and objective definitions on the basis of theoretical considerations and introspection,a more practical and empirical path should be pursued.For example,one can ask language users to describe what is going on in their minds when they produce and understand words and sentences.As experiments have shown,people will not only state that a car has a box-like shape,that it has wheels,doors,and windows,that it is driven by an engine and equipped with a steering wheel,an accelerator and brakes,and that it has seats for the driver and the passengers.More likely than not,it will also be mentioned that a car is comfortable and fast,that it offers mobility,independence and perhaps social status.Some people may connect the notion of car with their first love affair,or with injury if they were once involved in an accident.1.What would a traditional linguist do with ‘Our car has broken down’?2.What would a modern linguist do with ‘Our car has broken down’?3.How is the logical view related to ‘cognitive linguistics’?4.What is the claim of the experiential view?Section B.Read the following passage and decide whether the statements after it are true or false (2.5×4points).It is strange and disturbing to watch the straight (i.e.,mainstream)community’s angry,sometimes violent reaction to the hippies.There are many reasons for this.The principal one is appearance.The hippies dress strangely.They dress this way because they have thrown a lot of middle-class notions out of the window and with them the most sensitive middle-class dogma:the neutral appearance.The straight world is a jungle of taboos,fears,and personality games.People in that jungle prey on each other mercilessly.Therefore,to survive in any jungle requires good protective coloring:the camouflage of respectable appearance.The anonymity of middle-class dress is like a flag of truce.It means (whether true or not):“I’m not one of the predators.”It is in the nature of an assurance of harmlessness.Unusual or bright-colored clothing then becomes an alarm,a danger signal to the fearful and their armed truce with the rest of mankind.They see it as a challenge.They are fearful,unsure of themselves,and fear sours into anger.It is but a step to thinking that the anger is “good.”The oldest fallacy in the world is that anything that makes you angry must be mad.考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学第7页共8页The sin of the hippies is that they will not play the straight game of camouflage.Their non-participation,in effect,exposes them as another tribe,whose disregard of straight taboos of dress makes them seem to be capable of anything,and therefore a danger.That danger moreover is felt clear up to city hall,that shrine of Squaredom.Why else,I submit,does the Health Department of this city have such a tender solitude about the living conditions of human beings at the Haight when they have ignored the conditions at Hunter’s Point,the Mission and the Fillmore?Many people cannot understand the hippies’rejection of everything that is commonly expected of the individual in regard to employment and life goals:steady lucrative employment,and the accumulation through the years of possessions and money,building (always building)security for the future.It is precisely this security hypochondria,this checking of bank book rather than pulses,this worrying over budgets instead of medicine cabinets,that drive the youth of today away.It is this frantic concern with money that also drives the young into the Haight-Ashbury.They have seen their parents slave for years,wasting away a lifetime to make sure that the house was paid off,that the kids got through school in order to get “good”jobs so that they could join the frantic scramble,later on.The parents’reward for this struggle is that they wind up old and tired,alienated from their children,and just as often each parent from the other.1.The hippies dress strangely because they have defied the dressing values of the middle class.()2.For middle class,to survive in the straight world is to protect themselves by the camouflage of respectable appearance.()3.The hippies belong to another tribe of people because they have a different custom of dresses.()4.The hippies understand their parents struggling their way all their lives and sympathize them.()Section C.Read the following passage and then write a summary of it within 100words (1×10points).The vast majority of books on the English language take British English as their starting point.There are many reasons for this:British English is the old variety,and traditionally British English has enjoyed more prestige,at least in Europe and in former English colonies,than American English.Until not so long ago,American English was considered less educated,less cultured,less beautiful than British English.Teachers in many European countries were not allowed to have an American accent,and high-school students who returned from a year in the United States were sometimes punished with low grades by conservative teachers.This attitude seems mostly to have disappeared even if there are still traces of it.Another reason for the predominance of British English is simply one of publishing traditions:Britain has a long tradition of producing textbooks and dictionaries and of marketing them all over the world,whereas there have been relatively few American textbooks or dictionaries written for audiences worldwide.The result is a curious situation:The majority of the world’s native speakers of English are Americans,about 240million people.They make up the majority of the 400million native speakers,compared with about 57million speakers in Britain.They speak English with American pronunciation,vocabulary,and grammar.Much more American than British English is heard in films and on television,and more American English is used in international business,computing,and science.宁波大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目:基础英语科目代码：661适用专业:英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学Yet the textbooks for non-native speakers that are used in schools in many countries are still mostly oriented toward British English,sometimes presenting American English as an aberration,often just in the form of a collection of words to learn.There are some useful books on American English,mostly designed for college or university use,that deal with vocabulary,spelling and pronunciation,but they usually give very little information concerning grammar or practical language use in the United States. Nor do they make any attempts to explain why there are differences between the two major varieties.SummaryVI.Writing(50points)Directions:Now in universities or colleges,some BA students want to work and earn money after graduation while other BA students plan to continue their education as MA students.The chief reasons for those BA students who intend to further their study can be either that it is hard to find a good job as BA students or that they love study and make greater contribution for their country.That is,the former read for MA just to get a higher degree so as to find a better job;the latter read for MA just to give a full expression to their academic ability and do research work.What is your purpose to read for MA?Or what kind of BA students do you belong to when you are taking this MA entrance exam?In the following topic of writing,please clarify your purpose to read for MA and give your reasons.You are suggested to make your argument in three major paragraphs with introduction,argumentation and conclusion in about400words.Remember to write your essay on the Answer Sheet.My Purpose to Read for MA科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学I.Vocabulary(30points)This part consists of two sections.Section ADirections:Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1×20points).1.He avowed his commitment to those ideals.A.acknowledgedB.convertedC.conformedD.renounced2.The political dissident was accused of instigating a plot to overthrow the government.A.devisingB.supportingC.fundingD.provoking3.I wish you two would stop bickering.plaining B quarreling C.bargaining D murmuring4.The defendant is facing severe verdict despite the appeal for clemency by his lawyer.A.forgivingB.releaseC.leniencyD.impartiality5.The little boy listened,enthralled by the Captain’s story.A.fascinatedB.swindledC.shockedD.bored6.I was impressed by his expertise on landing craft.A.encouragementB.special skillC.shrewdnessD.eloquence7.Your action is a breach of our university regulations.A.observationB.violationC.creationD.attack8.Subsequent events vindicated his policy.A.predicateB.swingC.dilateD.verify9.Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death penalty in most countries in the world.A.impulsiveB.multicoloredC.obligatoryughable10.Morality,for him,was doing what is expedient.A.undesirableB.unavailable C advantageous D.inappropriate11.“The giant was big”is a tautological statement,to say the least.A.tightB.redundantC.illogicalD.relative科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学III.Error Detection and Correction(20points)Directions:There are twenty errors in the following passage.You should detect and correct all the errors.Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Marxist Criticism is a criticism based on the historical,economic,and sociology1 theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.According to Marxism,the conscious2of a given class in a given historical moment derives modes of material production.3The set of beliefs,values,attitudes,and ideas that constitute the consciousness of this4 class forms a ideological superstructure,and this ideological superstructure is5 shaped and determined by the material infrastructure and economic base.Hence the6 term"historic materialism."Marxism assumes the ontological priority of matter7 above mind and sees mind as the product of historical forces.There is thus a dialectical8 relationship between the literature work and its socio-historical background.9 Dialectical criticism focuses on the causal connections of the content or form10of the work and the economic,class,social,or ideological factors that shape and11 determines that content and form.Bourgeois writers,for example,inevitably propagate a12 bourgeois ideology that seeks to universalizing the status quo,to see it as natural rather13 than historical.The notion that there is a one-to-one correspondence to the class14 consciousness of the writer,the ideology of the work,and the society-historical15 background out of which it emerges is often labeled vulgarly Marxism,even by16 Marxists themselves.Sophisticated Marxism,however,like Fredric Jameson17 points out,is concerned with"the influence of the given social raw material,not only18on the content,but on the very form of the work themselves....[The dialectical19 interaction of work and background],this fact of sheer interrelationship,is prior of20any of the conceptual categories,such as causality,reflection,or analogy,subsequently evoked to explain it."科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学IV.Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:There are three sections in this item with a passage in each section. Section A requires you to read a passage and provide a brief answer to each of the given questions.Section B requires you to read and judge whether the relevant statements are true or false.Section C requires you to read and then write a summary of it.Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Section A.(10points)By the mid-century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form.Indeed,there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all.Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods,two of them,William Burroughs and Henry Miller,served as exemplary figures.William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa.He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs.The impact of his experiences on his writing led to a uniquely detached style.Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories,or where the characters have come from.In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch,Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together,to further disturb the conventional notion of narration.Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works,American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory.Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided.In order to better expose compulsive desires,he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships.His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published.Although there are disagreements about Miller's moral positions,he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid-twentieth century American fiction.1.What is the main topic of this passage?2.What did the passage preceding this one probably discuss?3.What can we assume about Burroughs'earlier works?4.What is the most difficult aspect of reading the book Naked Lunch?5.What can we infer about the works of the two men?科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F).1.According to this passage,Shakespeare’s sonnets might have contained a continuity of love story.2.The speaker of Shakespeare’s sonnets is perfectly happy with both the young noble man and the“dark lady”,according to the passage.3.Shakespeare’s sonnets were dedicated to a“W.H.”,who must be Henry Wriothesley,the Earl ofSouthampton.4.It could be inferred from the passage that most life stories about Shakespeare are conjectures.5.Shakespeare wrote153sonnets,all of which have the feel of autobiographical poems.Section C(10points)Read the following passage and write a summary of it within200words.Knowing that Mrs.Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble,great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.It was her sister Josephine who told her,in broken sentences;veiled hints that revealed in half concealing.Her husband's friend Richards was there,too,near her.It was he who had been in the newspaper office when intelligence of the railroad disaster was received,with Brently Mallard's name leading the list of"killed."He had only taken the time to assure himself of its truth by a second telegram, and had hastened to forestall any less careful,less tender friend in bearing the sad message.She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same,with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance.She wept at once,with sudden,wild abandonment,in her sister's arms.When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone.She would have no one follow her.There stood,facing the open window,a comfortable,roomy armchair.Into this she sank,pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul.She could see in the open square before her house the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life.The delicious breath of rain was in the air.In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song which someone was singing reached her faintly,and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves.There were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window.She sat with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair,quite motionless,except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her,as a child who has cried itself to sleep continues to sob in its dreams.科目代码:661科目名称：基础英语适用专业:英语语言文学外国语言学及应用语言学翻译学She was young,with a fair,calm face,whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength. But now there was a dull stare in her eyes,whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky.It was not a glance of reflection,but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it,fearfully.What was it?She did not know;it was too subtle and elusive to name.But she felt it,creeping out of the sky,reaching toward her through the sounds,the scents,the color that filled the air.Now her bosom rose and fell tumultuously.She was beginning to recognize this thing that was approaching to possess her,and she was striving to beat it back with her will--as powerless as her two white slender hands would have been.When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips.She said it over and over under the breath:"free,free,free!"The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes.They stayed keen and bright.Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.She did not stop to ask if it were or were not a monstrous joy that held her.A clear and exalted perception enabled her to dismiss the suggestion as trivial.She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind,tender hands folded in death;the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead.But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely.And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome.There would be no one to live for during those coming years;she would live for herself.There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature.A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination.And yet she had loved him--sometimes.Often she had not.What did it matter!What could love,the unsolved mystery,count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being!"Free!Body and soul free!"she kept whispering.Josephine was kneeling before the closed door with her lips to the keyhole,imploring for admission."Louise,open the door!I beg;open the door--you will make yourself ill.What are you doing, Louise?For heaven's sake open the door."。

2018年宁波大学考博试题3809智能系统(B卷)

科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
1. 机器学习通常可分为指导性学习和非指导性学习，学习模型则可分为生成模型和
判别模型二类。

假定现在要完成以下的任务：
（a）函数拟合与插值；（b）聚类分析；（c）模式识别，
请简要解释以下学习模型各自属于生成模型还是判别模型，可以胜任哪种任务：（1）深度学习网络，(2)RBF网络，(3)Boltzmann机，（4）SOM网络。

(10%) 2. 如果将异或（XOR）问题推广为3输入的parity问题，要求输入和输出实现如下
真值表：
输入1 输入2 输入3 输出
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
请设计一个多层网络实现3-parity，并给出相应的学习算法。

(12%)
3. Hopfield网络是全相连的反馈型网络，可以用于实现“吸引子”联想记忆，如果
要使一个Hopfield网络同时记住“A”、“I”、“Y”三个字母（3x4点阵），试为其设计一个合理的结构，并给出学习算法和具体的网络权值。

(12%)
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
科目代码: 3809 科目名称：智能系统
；
同时生成模型则以产生出能够“愚弄”判别模型使其以为真的数据为目标，即极。

2018年宁波大学3810数字集成电路设计基础博士研究生初试试卷(A卷)

科目代码: 3810 科目名称：数字集成电路设计基础VDDGND IN1IN2IN3IN4OUT科目代码: 3810 科目名称：数字集成电路设计基础科目代码: 3810 科目名称：数字集成电路设计基础5.说明如图5所示的静态CMOS反相器的总功耗由哪几部分组成，并列出每一项功耗的具体表达式。

(10分)pmosnmosVDDC L图5. 静态CMOS反相器6.分析图6所示的电路，在不同时钟CLK输入下Q0、Q1、Q2与Q3的输出状态，并将状态量填入表1。

假设各个D触发器的初始输出状态皆为Q=0。

(10分)图6.D触发器构成的时序逻辑电路表1.电路输出状态表CLK的顺序输入D1 Q0Q1Q2Q30 0 0 0 0 01 12 03 14 15 0科目代码: 3810 科目名称：数字集成电路设计基础7.试用差分串联电压开关逻辑（DCVSL）与互补传输管逻辑（CPL）实现二输入的XOR/NXOR逻辑门，要求画出其晶体管级电路图。

(10分)8.在图7所示电路中，已知CMOS集成施密特触发器的电源电压V DD=15V, V T+=10V，V T-=5V,R=100KΩ, C=10μF。

试画出u c和u0的波形，并求出u0的频率以及占空比。

(10分)图7. 施密特触发器电路9.叙述图8所示的单管动态CMOS存储单元读与写的工作原理与工作过程。

(8分)T C1C2图8. 单管动态CMOS存储单元10.试回答下列问题：（1）在标准CMOS工艺中，NMOS衬底（阱）通常与电路中最低电位相接，若NMOS衬底（阱）与最高电位相接，会产生什么害处? （4分）（2）MOS管有三种主要漏电流（4分）（3）试分别说明: 在65nm以下工艺，哪两种漏电流起主要作用?（4分）。

2019年宁波大学考博试题 1201英语(A卷)

(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that__(1)__does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less__(2)__then,however,were the new,positive__(3)__that work against the digital divide.__(4)__,there are reasons to be__(5)__.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more__(6)__,it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all,the more people online,the more potential__(7)__there are.More and more__(8)__,afraid their countries will be left __(9)__,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will be__(10)__together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will__(11)__rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for_(12)_world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn't the only way to_(13)_poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has_(14)_potential.To__(15)__advantage of this tool,some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices__(16)__respect to foreign investment.Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an__(17)__of their sovereignty might well study the history of__(18)__(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is__(19)__America’s Second Wave infrastructure-__(20)__roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.1.[A]divide[B]information[C]world[D]lecture2.[A]obscure[B]visible[C]invisible[D]indistinct3.[A]forces[B]obstacles[C]events[D]surprises4.[A]Seriously[B]Entirely[C]Actually[D]Continuously5.[A]negative[B]optimistic[C]pleasant[D]disappointed6.[A]developed[B]centralized[C]realized[D]commercialized7.[A]users[B]producers[C]customers[D]citizens8.[A]enterprises[B]governments[C]officials[D]customers9.[A]away[B]for[C]aside[D]behind10.[A]netted[B]worked[C]put[D]organized11.[A]decrease[B]narrow[C]neglect[D]low12.[A]containing[B]preventing[C]keeping[D]combating13.[A]win[B]detail[C]defeat[D]fear14.[A]enormous[B]countless[C]numerical[D]big15.[A]bring[B]keep[C]hold[D]take16.[A]at[B]with[C]of[D]for17.[A]offence[B]investment[C]invasion[D]insult18.[A]construction[B]facility[C]infrastructure[D]institution19.[A]why[B]where[C]when[D]how20.[A]concerning[B]concluding[C]according[D]including(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirectionsReading the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1When musing on cities over time and in our time,from the first(whenever it was)to today,we must always remember that cities are artifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans–the organic environment is born and dies and is reborn endlessly,beautifully,and completely without moral constraint or ethical control.But cities–despite the metaphors that we apply to them from biology or nature(“The city dies when industry flees”;“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”),despite the sentimental or anthropomorphic devices we used to describe cities–are artificial.Nature has never made a city,and what Nature makes that may seem like a city—an anthill, for instance—only seems like one.It is not a city.Human beings made and make cities,and only human beings kill cities,or let them die.And human beings do both—make cities and unmake them—by the same means:by acts of choice.We enjoy deluding ourselves in this as in other things.We enjoy believing that there are forces out there completely determining our fate,natural forces—or forces so strong and overwhelming as to be like natural forces—that send cities through organic or biological phases of birth,growth,and decay.We avoid the knowledge that cities are at best works of art,and at worst ungainly artifacts—but never flowers or even weeds—and that we,not some mysterious force or cosmic biological system,control the creation and life of a city.We control the creation and life of a city by the choices and agreements we make—the basic choice being,for instance,not to live alone,the basic agreement being to live together.When people choose to settle,like the starts,not wander like the moon,they create cities as sites and symbols of their choice to stop and their agreement not to separate.Now stasis and proximity,not movement and distance,define human relationships.Mutual defense,control of a river or harbor,shelter from natural forces—all these and other reasons may lead people to aggregate,but once congregated,they then live differently and become different.A city is not an extended family.That is a tribe or clan.A city is a collection of disparate families who agree to function:They agree to live as if they were as close in blood or ties of kinship as they are in physical proximity.Choosing life in an artifact,people agree to live in a state of similitude.A city is a place where ties of considerable pact,a city.If a family is an expression of continuity through biology, a city is an expression of continuity through will and imagination—through mental choices making artifice,not through physical reproduction.21.The author’s purpose is primarily to[A]identify the sources of popular discontent with cities[B]define the city as growing out of a social contract[C]illustrate the difference between cities and villages[D]compare cities with blood families(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语22.The author cites the sentence“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”(Paragraph1)as[A]an example of one type of figurative languages[B]a simple statement of scientific fact[C]a momentary digression from his central thesis[D]a paradox with ironic implications23.The author’s attitude toward the statements quoted in“The city dies when industry flees”;“The neighborhoods are the vital cells of the urban organism”in Paragraph1is[A]respectful[B]ambivalent[C]skeptical[D]approving24.According to this passage,why is an anthill by definition unlike a city?[A]It can be casually destroyed by human beings.[B]Its inhabitants outnumber the inhabitants of even the largest city.[C]It is a work of instinct rather than of imagination.[D]It exists on a far smaller scale than any city does.25.Mutual defense,control of waterways,and shelter from the forces of nature are presented primarily an example of motives for people to[A]move away from their enemies[B]gather together in settlements[C]welcome help from their kinfolk[D]redefine their family relationshipsText2Democritus was fascinated by the question of what principle underlay the material universe and developed a solution that revealed the brilliance of his thought.Every material thing,Democritus believed,is made up of a finite number of discrete particles,or atoms,as he called them,whose joining together and subsequent separation account for the coming to be of things and for their passing away. The atoms themselves,he said,are infinite in number and eternal.They move,according to a necessary motion,in the void,which we would call space.Most of the main tenets of the atomism of Democritus were astonishingly modern.First,the atoms were invisibly small.They were all of the same stuff,or nature,but they came in a multitude of different shapes and sizes.Though impermeable(Democritus did not know that atoms could be split), they acted upon one another,aggregating and clinging to one another so as to produce the great variety of bodies that we see.The space outside the atoms was empty,a concept that most of Democritus’contemporaries could not accept.Second,the atoms were in perpetual motion,in every direction,throughout empty space.There is no above or below,before or behind,in empty space,said Democritus.In modern terms,empty space did not vary according to direction.This was an extremely sophisticated notion.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Third,the continual motion of the atoms was inherent.They possessed what would call inertial mass.The notion that the atoms kept on moving without being pushed,besides being another remarkable intellectual concept,was not acceptable to Aristotle and others.Only the celestial bodies, Aristotle thought,kept on moving of any by themselves,because they were divine.The general refusal by Aristotle and his influential followers to accept the law of inertia stood as an obstacle to the development of physics for two thousand years.Fourth,weight or gravity was not a property of atoms or indeed of aggregates thereof.Here Democritus was as wrong as wrong could be.Whether Democritus was right or wrong about a fifth point is not definitely decided to this day. He held that the soul is breath and because breath is material,and therefore made up of atoms,so must the soul be.He maintained that,because the soul is a physical thing,it must be determined by physical laws;it cannot be free.Even the hardy thinkers who claim to accept this theory do not act as if they do. They may deny the innate freedom of others,but they act as if they believe in their own.The tension built up by this antinomy has proved to be fruitful over the centuries.However,the notion that the soul was material proved so unacceptable to both the Aristotelians and the Christians that for nearly two millennia the atomic hypothesis languished.26.According to Democritus,empty space_________.[A]does not exist with regard to atoms[B]is directionless with regard to the movement of atoms[C]is an erroneous notion concerning atoms[D]possesses inertial mass27.The author discusses the beliefs of Aristotle and his followers(in Paragraph4)in order to _________.[A]support the validity of Democritus’theories[B]note that influential individuals delayed the acceptance of scientific truth[C]highlight the accuracy of certain parts of Democritus’theory[D]add an element of philosophy into an otherwise scientific discussion28.It can be inferred from Democritus’inclusion of the soul in his theories of the material universe(in Paragraph6)that_____________.[A]philosophy,religion,and science were not always thought of as separate fields[B]scientists are often unsuccessful in making philosophical theories[C]his line of thinking was essentially unsound[D]he was attempting his thinking with that of Aristotle29.Democritus would most likely believe that which of the following would explain the life cycle of a flower?[A]A unique type of matter is drawn to a point in the void and takes root[B]The constant motion of atoms produces the illusion of a flower[C]The same material that composes the soul also breathes life into plants[D]Atoms come together as the flower grows and disperse as it dies.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语30.Which is mot analogous to a“hardy thinkers”(in Paragraph6)view of the soul?[A]A politician’s practice of using public transportation because that is how everyone in his citytravels[B]A doctor’s recommendation that his patient quit smoking to improve the patient’s health whilethe doctor smokes a pack a day[C]A mother taking her daughter to ballet practice every day because the mother never had thatopportunity as a child[D]A museum curator deciding not to run an exhibition because he believes the public will notenjoy itText3The definition of aesthetic pleasure is a popular subject for many different fields.In the following, adapted from an article found in a science journal,a physicist discusses the unique perspective that his discipline allows him.Since time immemorial,countless scholars have asked the question:What is beauty?As philosophers engage in weighty discourses,designers update the latest fashions,and artists create their masterpieces,what is considered beautiful changes at an alarming pace.Fifty years ago,the full-figured Marilyn Monroe embodied the American aesthetic value;today,a legion of Hollywood actresses vastly different in appearance from Marilyn's have taken her place.However,aesthetic values not only differ from generation to generation,but do so along cultural lines as well.The conventions that govern painting and music vary greatly from East to West.Often,what is considered repellent to one civilization is the pinnacle of aesthetic appeal in another.Thus,when left to the sphere of human design,the search for an absolute definition of beauty remains an elusive one at best.As fundamental physicists,my colleagues and I like to believe that we are involved in a search for a beauty that does not remain impervious to definition.The beauty that we search for is not that which is laid down through the work of people and subject to ephemeral tastes,but rather that which has been established by Nature.Those not involved with physics tend to think of it as a precise and predictive science–certainly not a field of study fit for the contemplation of the beautiful.Yet one of physics’greatest gifts is that it allows its students to look past extrinsic appearances,into a more overwhelming beauty.As a human being,I am captivated by the visual appeal of a wave crashing on the beach.As a physicist however,I possess the ability to be captivated by the much deeper beauty of the physical laws that govern such a phenomenon.Where the non-physicist sees a lovely but inexplicable event,the well-schooled physicist is able to perceive a brilliant design.In truth,since the day that Albert Einstein first proposed the notion that there might be one overarching physical theory that governs the universe,aesthetics have become a driving force in modern physics.What Einstein and we,as his intellectual descendants,have discovered is this:Nature, as its most fundamental level,is beautifully constructed.The remarkable simplicity of the laws that governs the universe is,at times,nothing short of breath-taking.And at every step,as new discoveries and technologies allow us to examine the physical world on deeper and deeper levels,we find that the beauty itself becomes more profound.As Einstein himself said,it would seem more likely that we should find ourselves living a“chaotic world,in no way graspable through thinking.”Yet here we are, closer than ever to a full understanding of the universe’s beautiful clockwork.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语31.The reference to“Marilyn Monroe”in Paragraph1primarily serves to[A]Provide an example of today’s standards of beauty[B]Discuss her abilities as an actress[C]Demonstrate how susceptible aesthetics are to change[D]Compare traditions of East and West32.The author’s assertion in Paragraph1(“what is considered repellent…in another”)suggests that[A]cultures are naturally destined to clash[B]many civilizations are prone to disgusting behavior[C]individuals tend to disagree on what they find beautiful[D]it is nearly impossible to say what is truly beautiful33.As used in Paragraph2,the phrase“laid down”most nearly means[A]created[B]rested[C]slept[D]secured34.The author uses the words“ephemeral”and“Nature”(Paragraph2)in order to[A]contrast the concept of impermanent beauty with the beauty for which physics searches[B]evaluate the effectiveness of physics as an art form[C]discuss how physicists visualize beauty[D]criticize people who don’t understand physics35.In the course of outlining the various gifts of physics,the author cites all of the following EXCEPT[A]the ability to look for a beauty that is unchanging[B]appreciating the visual beauty of a wave crashing[C]a grater comprehension of Nature’s ways[D]seeing a deeper design in natural eventsText4We all have offensive breath at one time or another.In most cases,offensive breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth,although there are other,more surprising causes.Until a few years ago,the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breath about oral cleanliness.Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva slows.Our mouths are full of bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue.The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases,the rest of which is hydrogen sulfide.Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions.Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down.When we sleep,for example,the saliva stream slows,and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand,producing classis“morning breath”.Alcohol,hunger,too much talking,breathing through the mouth during exercise–anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath.So can stress, though it’s not understood why.Some people’s breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview. Saliva flow gradually slows with age,which explains why the elderly have more bad-breath trouble than younger people do.Babies,however,who make plenty of saliva and whose mouths contain(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us,the simple,dry-mouth variety of a bad breath is easily cured.Eating or drinking starts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria.Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum,hard candy,or a bottle of water or juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away many of the offending bacteria.Surprisingly,one thing that rarely works is mouthwash.The liquid can mask bad-breath odor with its own smell,but the effect lasts no more than an hour.Some mouthwashes claim to kill the bacteria responsible for bad breath.The trouble is,they don’t necessarily reach all offending germs.Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus.If the mouthwash contains alcohol–as most do–it can intensify the problem by drying out the mouth.36.The phrase“emanate from”in Paragraph1most probably means“____”.[A]thrive on[B]account for[C]originate from[D]descend from37.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?[A]Tooth trouble[B]Sulfur-fish food[C]Too much exercise[D]Mental strain38.According to the passage,alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainly because[A]it keeps offending bacteria from reproducing.[B]its smell adds to bad death.[C]it kills some helpful bacteria.[D]it affects the normal flow of saliva.39.Mouth washes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because[A]they can’t mask the bad odor long enough.[B]they can’t get to all the offending bacteria.[C]their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worse.[D]they can’t cover the thick layers of mucus.40.We can infer from this passage that[A]offensive breath can’t easily be cured.[B]elderly people are less offended by bad breath.[C]heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breath.[D]offensive breath is less affected by alcohol.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There is one extra choice,which does not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)If you shop at Westfield,you’ve probably been scanned and recorded by dozens of hidden cameras built into the centres’digital advertising billboards.The semi-camouflaged cameras can determine not only your age and gender but your mood,cueing up tailored advertisements within seconds,thanks to facial detection technology.Westfield’s Smartscreen network was developed by the French software firm Quividi back in2015.(41)And once the billboards have your attention they hit record,sharing your reaction with advertisers. Quividi says their billboards can distinguish shoppers’gender with90%precision,five categories of mood from“very happy to very unhappy”and customers’age within a five-year bracket.Mood is a particularly valuable insight for advertisers,revealing shoppers’general sentiment towards a brand and how they feel in particular stores at certain times of the day.(42)(43)Scentre Group,Westfield Australia’s parent company,emphasises that all data collected is anonymous and that they are using facial detection,not facial recognition technology(FRT).This means generic information such as a shopper’s age and gender is collected rather than the technology using photo-matching databases to identify who customers are.A spokesperson would not confirm whether or not Westfield would consider using FRT in the future.(44)Quividi’s host of international clients include Telstra,7-Eleven,Coca-Cola,oOH Media and HSBC bank.Terry Hartmann,vice president of Cognitec Asia Pacific,the company that develops “market-leading face recognition technologies for customers and government agencies around the world”,says using facial detection commercially is no different to Facebook’s manipulation of users’online search history for targeted advertising.“You’re not identifying who that person is,you’re just identifying the characteristics of that person.(45)”A.There are now more than1,600billboards installed into41Westfield centres across Australia andNew Zealand.B.But Microsoft has acknowledged the concerns about FRT and called for greater governmentregulation of the use of this technology.C.Their discreet cameras capture blurry images of shoppers and apply statistical analysis to identifyaudience demographics.D.That’s no different to Facebook popping up ads you might be interested in and social media pickingup people based on their clicking habits or the shopping that they’ve done.E.Retail companies are increasingly turning to facial detection and facial recognition software toattract and engage a distracted audience.F.Unlike gender and age,mood is harder to determine,sitting at around80%accuracy.(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)For many years,Wisconsin had one of the finest public-university systems in the country.(46)It was built on an idea:that the university’s influence should not end at the campus’s borders,that professors—and the students they taught—should“search for truth”to help state legislators write laws, aid the community with technical skills,and generally improve the quality of life across the state.Many people attribute the Wisconsin Idea,as it is known,to Charles Van Hise,the president of the University of Wisconsin from1903to1918.(47)“I shall never be content until the beneficent influence of the University reaches every family of the state,”Hise said in an address in1905.“If our beloved institution reaches this ideal it will be the first perfect state university.”His idea was written into the mission of the state’s university system,and over time that system became a model for what public higher education could be.(48)But the backbone of the idea almost went away in2015,when Governor Scott Walker released his administration’s budget proposal,which included a change to the university’s mission.The Wisconsin Idea would be tweaked.The“search for truth”would be cut in favor of a charge to“meet the state’s workforce needs.”To those outside Wisconsin,the proposed change might have seemed small.After all,what’s so bad about an educational system that propels people into a high-tech economy?(49)But to many Wisconsinites,the change struck at the heart of the state’s identity.They argued that the idea—with its core tenets of truth,public service,and“improving the human condition”—is what makes Wisconsin, Wisconsin.(50)Walker ultimately scrapped his attempt to alter the Wisconsin Idea,claiming that his administration hadn’t meant to change it,that it was just a“drafting error.”And so the Wisconsin Idea was preserved—at least in an official sense.But though the words survived intact,many Wisconsinites believe that in the years since,the change Walker had proposed has taken place nevertheless.And one of the state’s institutions,the University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point,is the epicenter of that change.In mid-November,the university announced its plans to stop offering six liberal-arts majors,including geography,geology,French,German,two-and three-dimensional art,and history.The plan stunned observers,many of whom argued that at a time when Nazism is resurgent,society needs for people to know history,even if the economy might not.…(答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码：1201总分值：100科目名称：英语Section III Writing51.Directions:Carefully read the following passage and write a short composition of about250to300 words.You should write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET.Note that your score will be awarded mainly on the base of content,logic,style and language.(30%) Chinese film star Zhai Tianlin,who apologised publicly for his academic misconduct after being accused of plagiarism,has been stripped of his PhD by the Beijing Film Academy and expelled by Peking University from a two-year doctoral research programme at the Guanghua School of Management.This has brought to an end Zhai’s persona as a“xueba”,a popular Chinese term for an academic overachiever.Does the plagiarism scandal of Zhai Tianlin exert any disastrous impacts on Chinese education and society?An argumentative is expected to support your viewpoint.The end of the test。

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