外国文学文献综述范文
一篇标准的英语文献综述
一篇标准的英语文献综述A Standard Review of English LiteratureIntroduction:The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research on a specific topic in English literature. It aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from various studies, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and propose directions for future research. This review will focus on the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature, while also highlighting significant contributions and key scholars in the discipline.Section 1: Historical OverviewTo begin, a historical overview of English literature is necessary. This section will trace the development of English literature from its origins in the medieval period, through the Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian era, and into the modern and postmodern periods. It will examine the major literary movements, authors, and works that have shaped the field, providing a context for the subsequent sections.Section 2: Major Themes and MotifsThis section will explore the major themes and motifs that are prevalent in English literature. It will discuss the representation of love, loss, nature, identity, social class, gender, and other significant topics in various literary works. Furthermore, it will examine how these themes have evolved and been interpreted by different authors across different time periods.Section 3: Literary Theory and CriticismIn this section, the focus will shift towards the theoretical and critical approaches used in the analysis and interpretation of English literature. It will provide an overview of the major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism,feminist theory, and postcolonial theory, among others. The section will also discuss the contributions of key literary critics and their impact on the field.Section 4: Research MethodologiesTo understand the research process in English literature, this section will examine the various methodologies employed by scholars. It will discuss the use of close reading, intertextuality, comparative analysis, archival research, and other research methods in the field. The section will highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodology, providing insights into how researchers approach their studies.Section 5: Debates and ControversiesEnglish literature is not without its share of debates and controversies. This section will explore some of the ongoing discussions and disagreements within the field. It may include debates on the canon, the role of literature in society, the relevance of certain authors or works, and the influence of politics and ideology on literary analysis. The section will present different perspectives on these issues, showcasing the diversity of thought within English literature.Section 6: Significant Contributions and Key ScholarsFinally, this section will highlight some of the significant contributions made by scholars in the field of English literature. It will showcase the groundbreaking research, influential books, and key theories that have shaped the discipline. It will also acknowledge the scholars who have made significant contributions to the field and have become influential figures within English literature.Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review has provided a comprehensive overview of the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature. It has traced the historical development of the discipline, explored the significant themes and motifs, discussed the theoretical and critical approaches, examined research methodologies, and highlighted ongoing debates and significant contributions. Thisreview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars interested in the field of English literature, and it also lays the foundation for further research and exploration of the discipline.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文A comprehensive review of English literature。
Introduction。
The field of English literature is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of genres, periods, and styles. A comprehensive review of English literature is essential for understanding the development and evolution of the discipline. This paper aims to provide a standard sample of an English literature review, covering key aspects of the field and highlighting important works and authors.Historical overview。
English literature has a rich and complex history, with roots dating back to the early medieval period. The development of English literature can be traced through various literary movements, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism. Each period has its own distinct characteristics and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural context of the time.Key themes and genres。
英语文献综述范文
英语文献综述范文In recent years, with the rapid development of globalization, the importance of English as a global language has become increasingly prominent. As a result, the study of English literature has attracted more and more attention from scholars and researchers. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent literature on English literature, focusing on the major themes and trends in the field.One of the most significant trends in English literature in recent years is the growing interest in postcolonial literature. Postcolonial literature explores the impact of colonialism and imperialism on the colonized societies and their cultures. It also examines the ways in which the colonized people have responded to and resisted the colonial rule. Many scholars have conducted in-depth studies on postcolonial literature, exploring its themes, narrative techniques, and ideological implications.Another important trend in English literature is the rise of eco-criticism, which focuses on the representation of nature and the environment in literary works. Eco-criticism examines how literaturereflects and shapes our understanding of the natural world, and how it can contribute to environmental awareness and activism. Scholars have explored the ways in which writers have depicted the relationship between humans and nature, and the ethical and political implications of these representations.In addition, there has been a growing interest in the study of gender and sexuality in English literature. Scholars have conducted extensive research on the representation of gender and sexuality in literary works, examining how writers have depicted and challenged traditional gender roles and sexual norms. This trend has also led to the emergence of queer theory, which explores the ways in which literature can challenge and subvert conventional notions of gender and sexuality.Furthermore, the digital revolution has had a profound impact on the field of English literature. The rise of digital humanities has led to new approaches to the study of literature, such as distant reading and text mining. Scholars have also explored the ways in which digital technologies can be used to analyze and visualize literary texts, opening up new possibilities for literary research and interpretation.In conclusion, the study of English literature is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field, with a wide range of themes and trends. This review has highlighted some of the major developments in the field, including the growing interest in postcolonial literature, eco-criticism, gender and sexuality, and the impact of digital technologies. It is clear that English literature continues to be a rich and diverse area of study, with many exciting opportunities for future research and exploration.。
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that .... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between..... Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1). X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... (Smith, 1998; .... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. (Myrdal, 1957) In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)..... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ....A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ....Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ....In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ....X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting .... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as .... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between .... Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking forreasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. ...... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations (method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ....... However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure ofX, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文Title: A Critical Review of [Research Area]Abstract:This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of [Research Area]. It critically analyzes key studies, identifies gaps in research, and highlights potential areas for future exploration. The review covers a wide range of topics, including [specific topics related to the research area], with a focus on their theoretical and empirical implications.Introduction:The field of [Research Area] has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its growing relevance in various industries and disciplines. [Research Area] encompasses a diverse range of topics, from [specifictopics] to [other related topics]. Despite its breadth, however, there is a paucity of literature that offers a holistic view of the field's progress and challenges. This review aims to bridge this gap by synthesizing the key findings and contributions of previous studies, while also highlighting areas that require further investigation.Methodology:To ensure a comprehensive and rigorous review, we searched for relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters. We focused on articles published within the last five years, as this period represents the most recent advancements in the field. We also included articles that were highly cited or had a significant impact on the field.Key Findings and Discussion:1. [Topic 1]: [Research Area] has seen significant progress in [Topic 1], with numerous studies exploring various aspects of it. [Provide a brief overview of the keyfindings and studies in this area, discussing their theoretical and empirical contributions.]2. [Topic 2]: While [Topic 2] has received some attention, there remain several unresolved questions and challenges. [Discuss the current understanding of Topic 2, identify research gaps, and suggest potential directionsfor future research.]3. [Topic 3]: Recent studies have begun to explore the intersection of [Research Area] and [Topic 3], offering new insights and perspectives. [Describe the emerging trends and potential implications of this intersection.]Conclusion:This review article has provided a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of [Research Area], focusing on key topics such as [specific topics]. While the field has made significant progress, there are still numerous challenges and unresolved questions that require further investigation. Future research should focuson addressing these gaps, while also exploring new directions and applications of [Research Area] in various contexts.References:[List of references, including journal articles, books, and other relevant sources.]Please note that this is a template and you would need to replace the placeholders (e.g., [Research Area], [specific topics]) with relevant information specific to your research area and topic. You can also expand upon each section, adding more details and citations as needed to reach the desired word count.。
外国文学文献综述范文
外国文学文献综述范文# 外国文学文献综述。
一、引言。
外国文学就像是一个装满了各种奇妙宝藏的巨大宝箱，从古希腊神话中众神的奇幻故事，到现代美国小说里对社会现实的深刻剖析，每一部作品都像是一颗独特的宝石，散发着迷人的光芒。
在这篇文献综述里，我就来和大家扒一扒我所挖掘到的关于外国文学的那些事儿。
二、古典文学时期。
# （一）古希腊文学。
# （二）古罗马文学。
三、中世纪文学。
# （一）骑士文学。
四、文艺复兴时期文学。
# （一）莎士比亚。
塞万提斯创造的堂吉诃德就像是一个活在自己幻想世界里的超级“中二病”患者。
他把风车当成巨人，把羊群当成敌军，骑着他那匹瘦马到处去冒险。
不过在他那些看似荒唐的行为背后，也反映了当时社会的一些问题，比如骑士精神的衰落，人们对理想和现实的迷茫等。
五、启蒙运动时期文学。
# （一）伏尔泰。
六、19世纪文学。
# （一）浪漫主义文学。
# （二）现实主义文学。
# （三）批判现实主义文学。
七、20世纪文学。
# （一）现代主义文学。
# （二）后现代主义文学。
八、结论。
外国文学从古代发展到现代，就像是一部部精彩纷呈的连续剧。
每个时期都有自己的特色，每个作家都有自己的风格。
这些作品不仅给我们带来了阅读的乐趣，还让我们了解到不同国家、不同时代的文化、社会和人性。
无论是古希腊文学中的英雄主义，还是20世纪文学中的现代性探索，都像是一颗种子，种在读者的心里，生根发芽，影响着我们对世界和自我的认知。
这就是我对外国文学文献的一个简单综述啦，外国文学的世界如此广阔，我只是在这个大花园里采撷了几朵比较有代表性的花朵给大家看看。
外国文学文献综述范文
外国文学论文-急求“学习外国文学的意义”的3000字论文摘要：结合《西方文学史》的教学实践，提炼且辨析了高校文学课教学的十大关键词：脱稿、幽默、激情、表演、技术、借鉴、比较、故事、逻辑、灵魂。
前五个关键词是就“如何讲”而言的，后五个关键词是就“讲什么”来说的。
关键词：文学课《西方文学史》十大关键词在高等院校里，文学课被当作最好上的课。
出现这样的观点同文学的特点有关：文学作为人学，和人们的现实生活、心灵诉求息息相通，因此学生喜爱听文学课；文学作为美学，具有超越专业的生动性，因此学生容易听懂文学课。
不过，“好上”不等于一定可以“上好”。
能否“上好”文学课，主要取决于教师自身的态度和素质，取决于他在“讲什么”和“怎样讲”方面的理解和造诣。
笔者想结合自己主讲《西方文学史》的直接经验和体悟，谈谈高校文学课教学的十大关键词。
前五个关键词着眼于“怎样讲”，后五个关键词着眼于“讲什么”。
一、脱稿对于一名老师来说，脱离讲稿并不是一个最高的要求，而是一个最基本的素质。
课堂教学最忌讳照本宣科。
在“前多媒体时代”，照本宣科是指念教材或者念讲稿，在多媒体时代，照本宣科又增加了一种新方式：念多媒体课件。
出现“照本宣科”的情况，是因为老师没有用更多的心思和时间来撰写、记诵自己授课的武林秘籍：一本个性化的抽屉讲稿。
脱稿为课堂教学的成功奠定了很好的基础，很多成功的老师他们都有一个共同的特点：完全脱稿。
一篇很好的讲稿，如果是念出来的，效果会大打折扣，学生对你的专业水准和职业态度也会产生一些怀疑。
相反，如果讲稿写得弱一些，但如果是脱口而出的话，也会赢得学生的尊重和好感。
他们会觉得自己遇到一位非常敬业的老师，这时在心中可以给你打上七八十分了。
鉴于这种认识，笔者不管遇到什么样的讲稿，都力争熟练地背诵下来，比如普希金的诗歌、莎士比亚戏剧中的台词、列夫·托尔斯泰笔下人物的独白，以及以中国文学为参照系时涉及到的《诗经》和《楚辞》等。
英文文献综述万能模板范文
英文文献综述万能模板范文英文回答：Introduction.A literature review is a comprehensive survey of the existing research on a particular topic. It provides a critical analysis of the literature, identifying the key themes, gaps, and areas for future research. A well-written literature review can help readers quickly and easily understand the current state of knowledge on a topic.Steps to Writing a Literature Review.1. Define your topic. The first step is to define the scope of your literature review. This includes identifying the key concepts, variables, and research questions that you will be addressing.2. Search for relevant literature. Once you havedefined your topic, you need to search for relevant literature. This can be done through a variety of sources, including academic databases, Google Scholar, and library catalogs.3. Evaluate the literature. Once you have found a bodyof literature, you need to evaluate it to determine its relevance, quality, and credibility. This involves reading the abstracts and full text of the articles and assessing their strengths and weaknesses.4. Organize your review. Once you have evaluated the literature, you need to organize it into a logical structure. This may involve grouping the articles by theme, methodology, or research question.5. Write your review. The final step is to write your literature review. This should include a clear introduction, a body that discusses the key findings of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes your findings andidentifies areas for future research.Tips for Writing a Literature Review.Be comprehensive. Include all of the relevant literature on your topic, even if it is not supportive of your hypothesis.Be critical. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and identify any gaps in the research.Be clear and concise. Write in a clear and concise style, and avoid using jargon or technical language.Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your literature review carefully before submitting it.中文回答：文献综述的撰写步骤。
英文文献综述怎么写范文(汇总3篇)
拆解论文结构，是一个很好的理解论文，学习论文写作，同时提高逻辑思维和表达的方法。
方法其实很简单，但凡事不能一蹴而就。
但相信勤加练习以后，你一定会觉得看论文、写论文都不再那么那么痛苦。
最后再来复习一遍步骤吧：step 1：找到自己喜欢的文献综述。
step 2：提炼框架。
提取出文献综述中的结构性语句，得到该篇文献综述的框架。
step3：填答案。
根据得到的框架来有目的地查阅文献，提取相关信息，填上答案。
得到初稿。
step4：多选几篇。
重复之前的方法，对其反复拆解、组装，最终得到完全属于自己的litera ture review。
英文文献综述怎么写范文第2篇当我们已经提炼出一篇文献综述的框架，去填每个空的答案就比较容易了。
但因为论文最注重的就是理论支撑。
我们不能随便百度到答案就填上去。
我们在文献综述中引用的一切，都需要在原文中找到依据。
但去看原文实在太累了。
所以建议的方法是：先在知乎、Quora、学术论坛或者相关好懂的文献综述，看看他们是如何引用这篇paper，评价这篇paper的。
看完之后你的心里就已经有底了。
那么我们需要做的也很简单：1. 翻到相关部分2. 关键词定位 (快速找到答案）3. 同义词替换 (降重)文献综述是一种通过对已有文献进行梳理、分析和评价的方法，以形成系统性的综合性文献报告，探讨某个问题的现状、发展趋势以及未来研究方向的方法。
那么如何写优秀的文献综述呢？下面从几个角度为大家介绍。
1.明确研究目的和问题在写文献综述之前，先要明确自己的研究目的和问题，这有助于你在文献中寻找和汇总符合研究方向的文献资料，也能避免收集到不必要的资料浪费时间。
2.合理筛选文献来源3.分类整理文献资料在文献综述的写作过程中，需要将搜集到的文献进行分类整理，例如按照时间、地区、专业领域、研究角度等进行整合，方便后续的分析和总结。
4.分析比较文献中不同观点和研究方法通过对文献的比较和分析，可以了解研究领域发展的趋势、发现未解决的问题和矛盾，并提出自己的新的解决方法，这就需要作家具有较强的综合分析能力。
外国作品研究文献综述范文
外国作品研究文献综述范文题目：外国作品研究文献综述外国作品研究在文学领域中一直是一个重要的研究领域。
这些作品以其独特的文化背景、历史背景和艺术风格，为世界文学宝库增添了丰富的色彩。
本文将对外国作品研究的相关文献进行综述，以期对外国作品研究的发展历程、研究现状和未来趋势有一个全面的了解。
一、外国作品研究的发展历程外国作品研究的历史可以追溯到古希腊罗马时期，当时学者们开始关注其他文化的文学作品。
然而，真正意义上的外国作品研究始于19世纪，随着欧洲殖民扩张和世界各地文化交流的增加，学者们开始系统地研究不同文化的文学作品。
20世纪以后，随着全球化进程的加速和跨文化交流的增多，外国作品研究逐渐成为文学研究领域中的一个重要分支。
二、外国作品研究的研究现状目前，外国作品研究已经取得了丰硕的成果。
学者们从不同的角度对外国文学作品进行了深入的研究，包括文学史、文化背景、艺术风格、主题思想等方面。
同时，随着跨文化交流的增多，外国作品也逐渐进入中国读者的视野，成为国内文学研究的一个重要领域。
三、外国作品研究的未来趋势未来，外国作品研究将继续向着多元化、跨学科的方向发展。
随着全球化的深入推进，各国之间的文化交流将更加频繁，外国作品研究的范围也将不断扩大。
同时，随着文学理论和方法的不断更新和发展，外国作品研究的方法和视角也将更加多样化和深入化。
此外，随着科技的发展，数字化和新媒体也将为外国作品研究带来新的机遇和挑战。
数字化技术可以帮助学者们更方便地获取和研究外国文学作品，而新媒体则可以为外国文学作品提供更广泛的传播渠道和读者群体。
四、结论外国作品研究在文学领域中具有举足轻重的地位。
未来，我们期待更多的学者能够加入到外国作品研究的行列中来，共同推动外国作品研究的繁荣和发展。
同时，也希望更多的读者能够关注和阅读外国文学作品，从中汲取人类文明的精华和智慧。
英语专业文献综述范文
英语专业文献综述范文As an author of Baidu Wenku document, I am going to write a comprehensive review of English major literature. English major literature review is a critical analysis of the existing literature on a specific topic within the field of English studies. It is an essential part of academic research and provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in a particular area.The purpose of an English major literature review is to identify gaps in the existing literature and to highlight areas for future research. It also helps to provide a theoretical framework for the research and to demonstrate the significance of the study within the broader field of English studies.In conducting an English major literature review, it is important to use a systematic approach to search for and select relevant literature. This may involve searching electronic databases, library catalogs, and other sources of scholarly information. It is also important to critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the literature that is identified, and to synthesize the findings in a clear and coherent manner.There are several key components of an English major literature review, including an introduction that provides an overview of the topic and its significance, a discussion of the existing literature, a critical analysis of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes the key findings and identifies areas for future research.In writing an English major literature review, it is important to use clear and concise language, and to organize the information in a logical and coherent manner. It is also important to use proper citation and referencing, and to follow the conventions of academic writing.In conclusion, an English major literature review is an essential part of academic research in the field of English studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in a particular area, and helps to identify gaps in the existing literature and areas for future research. By using a systematic approach to search for andselect relevant literature, and by organizing the information in a clear and coherent manner, it is possible to produce a high-quality literature review that makes a significant contribution to the field of English studies.。
文献综述——精选推荐
文献综述1、前言《月亮和六便士》是英国小说家威廉·萨默赛特·毛姆的三大长篇代表作之一，写于1919年。
在这部小说中，毛姆用第一人称的叙述手法，演绎了整个故事。
而其中的主人公便是思特里克兰德，他被寄予了展现小说灵魂的重任，成为一个探索人生救赎之道的先驱：思特里克兰德作为证券经纪人一直到活到中年，突然有一天抛妻弃子前往巴黎，最后又舍弃一切到南太平洋的塔希提岛与土著人一起生活，终于找到生命与艺术的栖息地。
不可否认的是，思特里克兰德作为典型的毛姆笔下的主人公，保持着毛姆式所惯有的追寻特性和漂泊特质，并且拥有着更多的勇气。
毛姆曾说道，小说的作者只能成功地塑造那些属于他自己的一部分的人物，“通过研究一个作家最为成功的人物形象, 你将能够对这个作家的本质有一个比较全面的看法, 这比读任何传记都强。
也许通过对思特里克兰德的人物形象研究，有助于更好地理解《月亮与六便士》的主题和内涵，以及窥探作者的创作特点与本质。
2、国外研究状况英国文学在19世纪末与20世纪初现实主义和现代主义两个文学高峰中,甚为璀璨地产生了诸多杰出作家, 各文学史在描述记叙这些成就时, 均毫不吝啬地给予了相当的篇幅和足够的宣扬。
但令人诧异的是几乎在所有的英国文学史著在记叙这一时期的著名作家时，都避开了威廉·萨默赛特·毛姆这个名字。
然而，人们对他的生平却表现出极大的兴趣，早在他生前便有许多人跃跃欲试为其写传记。
总的来说，不管是毛姆生前，还是逝世之后，他的作品却一直是雅俗共赏的。
“并且他在读者中的声誉随着时间的流逝竟愈来愈高。
”毛姆得不到文学学术界的赏识，却得到读者的追捧，文坛地位和市场声誉落差极大。
纵观国外有关毛姆的研究，大部分也集中在对其一生的描写，而针对其作品所作的文学批评却不多见，显然也包括《月亮与六便士》及思特里克兰德。
反复翻阅收集到的所有材料，笔者发现，只要论及思特里克兰德的评论，无一例外都是认为他是个反叛者。
文献综述参考范文
文献综述参考范文文献综述论《飘》中的现实主义文献综述引言在20世纪的英美文学中，最具轰动效应的，莫过于美国女作家XXX（XXX,1900—1949）的长篇小说《飘》。
该书自1936年问世以来，历经半个多世纪的考验，依然盛销不衰。
小说以美国南北内战为背景，以战争的发展为线索，主要描写了女主人XXX与XXX和XXX之间的纠葛和恩怨。
小说整体上是以女主人XXX的爱情史为中心，虚写战争，实写战争对人类心灵的影响。
此外，小说里还表现了对十九世纪中期美国南北文化的差异和矛盾，既是对当时南北战争中美国人的生活的生动刻画，也表现了当时战争中美国人勇敢和执着的精神。
它是一部浪漫主义与现实主义创作手法相结合的优秀作品。
尽管美国文坛一直有意贬低《飘》的文学价值,但它虽然未能进入文学经典的殿堂,却走进了千百万读者的心中。
一、国内对《飘》的相关评论相对西方而言，我国在《飘》的研究方面起步较晚，长期存在着接受与研究的严重脱节。
即使是近年来这部小说获得愈来愈多的肯定评价，并正式进入文学史（以XXX的《美国小说史纲》和XXX的《当代美国小说》为代表），但对《飘》的研究也还是流于外表和简朴。
仅以中译本的序言水平就可见一斑：1990年中国刮起了重译《飘》的旋风，一时出现沪本、京本、浙本三个版本的热闹排场，却没有一个本子的序言水平跨越几十年前XXX的译序。
《飘》作为一部富有争议的小说，吸引了许多文学工作者的目光。
目前已有不少人从不同角度对《飘》进行了分析和欣赏。
XXX在《〈飘〉的流行与寂寞》一文中提到美国小说《飘》之所以能广泛流传的原因:一是艺术上的极高造诣,二是电影的推波助澜。
然而,与小说的畅销和电影的火爆形成鲜明对照的是,一些文学史或文学手册中有关它的评论极少。
很多人认为它是一部政治上反动的作品,这主要表现在小说对奴隶主和奴隶的阶级地位的描写,以及对南北战争有仇视情绪。
在XXX的《当代美国小说史》中提到，《飘》是一部浪漫主义与理想主义创作手法相结合的优良作品。
经典英文文献综述范文
经典英文文献综述范文English:A classic English literature review typically provides an overview and analysis of key works in a particular field or topic. It often begins with an introduction that outlines the scope and purpose of the review, followed by a discussion of the historical context and the evolutionof the topic. The literature review then delves into a detailed examination of the most influential and significant texts, identifying key themes, arguments, and methodologies employed by the authors. The review also seeks to identify gaps or unresolved issuesin the existing research, and may propose avenues for future exploration in the field. This type of literature review is valuable for scholars and researchers seeking to gain a comprehensive understanding of the state of knowledge in their area of study, and often serves as a foundation for new research projects and critical debates within the academic community.中文翻译:经典的英文文献综述通常提供了一个特定领域或主题关键作品的概述和分析。
外国文学文献综述范文
一、关于荷马《伊利亚特》的研究综述研究综述《伊利亚特》，又名《伊利昂记》，相传在公元前9世纪由行吟诗人荷马编订成口头史诗，因此它通常和《奥德塞》一起，被称为荷马史诗。
此作由学者用文字写定于公元前6世纪。
西方学者对它的研究较早，希罗多德、修昔底德、柏拉图、亚里斯多德等都曾表言立说。
在我国，《伊利亚特》于20世纪20年代引起人们的关注。
1924年1月，郑振铎在《小说月报》上最早介绍《伊利亚特》。
此后，文坛出现《伊利亚特》的复述本，如开明书店出版的《伊利亚特的故事》（谢六逸译）和中华书局出版的《依利亚德》（高歌译）等。
现有傅东华译本、罗念生和王焕生合译本、陈中梅译本等。
一、关于史诗的思想内容《伊利亚特》包含的思想内容极其丰富。
不少评论文章从文本出发，对此作了多侧面的研究。
如邓启龙的《读荷马史诗》一文指出，《伊利亚特》的思想内容包括对社会历史生活的反映、对理想英雄的歌颂、对劳动的热爱，以及积极向上的乐观主义精神的流露等。
《伊利亚特》的战争观念也是人们研究的热点之一。
张世君的《论〈伊利亚特〉的战争观念》、唐四艳的《〈伊利亚特〉战争观的成因及其美学意义》、石昭贤的《荷马史诗的思想倾向》和王阳的《荷马的眼光：一个特例》等文章均谈及史诗描写的古希腊时期的战争。
他们认为，《伊利亚特》是世界文学中有关军事题材的第一部巨著。
它在精美的神话外衣的掩盖下，反映了迈锡尼文化后期发生的特洛亚战争。
史诗对于参战的双方都热情歌颂，不具有明显的倾向性。
但刘连青在《〈伊利亚特〉的道德意识——兼谈荷马对战争双方的态度》一文中认为，荷马偏爱于希腊联军而憎恶于特洛亚方面，当然他的爱憎是通过场面和情节自然而然的渗透出来的。
刘连青等人的文章还涉及了《伊利亚特》中其他方面的思想内容。
刘文认为，从家庭和夫妻关系上体现的道德意识是这部史诗中“现实主义色彩最为浓厚、思想意义最有价值的部分。
”潘一禾的《爱欲和文明的冲突——荷马笔下的帕里斯与海伦》一文从独特的视野出发，指出《伊利亚特》中还包括一个重要的内容，那就是“爱欲与文明的冲突”：“荷马不仅通过阿喀琉斯和赫克托耳等民族英雄的功勋战绩，高歌国家的荣誉和个人对社会的责任，而且在对帕里斯和海伦爱情的悉心描述中，咏叹个人的自由选择和真挚恋情。
英语文献综述的范文
Title: English Literature Review: AComprehensive PerspectiveIn the realm of academic research, the literature review serves as a critical component, particularly in the field of English literature. This paper aims to provide an extensive overview of the significant developments and trends within the discipline, drawing upon a diverse range of sources and perspectives.Firstly, it is essential to recognize the evolving nature of English literature, which has been shaped by various historical, cultural, and societal influences. The early works of Shakespeare, for instance, have been extensively analyzed for their thematic depth andlinguistic intricacies. Modern scholars continue to delve into these classics, offering fresh interpretations that resonate with contemporary audiences.Moreover, the emergence of new literary genres and movements has significantly broadened the scope of English literature. Postmodernism, for example, has challenged traditional narrative structures and perspectives, introducing elements of ambiguity and fragmentation. Thistrend has been explored in numerous studies, highlighting the diverse ways in which authors have responded to and shaped the postmodern era.Furthermore, the intersection of English literature with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, has opened up new avenues for research. The exploration of character psychology in literary texts, or the analysis of societal norms and values reflected in literature, are just a few examples of thisinterdisciplinary approach.In terms of methodologies, the literature review has also undergone significant transformations. With the advent of digital technologies and online databases, scholars now have access to vast repositories of information, enabling them to conduct more comprehensive and rigorous reviews. However, the challenge lies in effectively synthesizing and evaluating this vast amount of data.One notable trend in recent years has been the increasing focus on global perspectives in English literature. With the growth of international literary movements and the rise of multiculturalism, scholars arenow more inclined to explore the global dimensions of literary works. This approach not only broadens our understanding of English literature but also promotes cross-cultural understanding and exchange.Moreover, the impact of gender and race on English literature has also been a topic of increasing interest. The examination of how gender roles and racial identities are represented and constructed in literary texts has provided valuable insights into the complex intersections of identity, power, and representation.In conclusion, the literature review in English literature is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to shape our understanding of the discipline. By exploring diverse themes, genres, and methodologies, scholars are able to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of English literature, revealing new meanings and perspectives that resonate with our contemporary world.**英语文献综述：全面视角**在学术研究领域，文献综述是一个至关重要的组成部分，尤其在英语文学领域更是如此。
文学方面的文献综述范文
文学方面的文献综述范文English Answer:Introduction:Literary analysis encompasses the critical examination and interpretation of literature, exploring its literary elements, themes, and historical context to gain a deeper understanding of its meanings and impact. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research on the topic of [Insert Topic].Body Paragraph 1: Critical Approaches and Methodologies.Discuss the various critical approaches used inliterary analysis, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, and feminism.Examine the strengths and limitations of each approach and their applicability to different types of literature.Provide examples of how these approaches have beenused in previous research on [Insert Topic].Body Paragraph 2: Literary Elements and Themes.Explore the key literary elements commonly analyzed in literature, such as plot, character, setting, point of view, and symbolism.Identify the dominant themes and motifs that emerge in works of literature related to [Insert Topic].Analyze how these elements and themes contribute tothe overall meaning and significance of the literature.Body Paragraph 3: Historical and Contextual Analysis.Examine the historical and cultural context in which literary works were created.Explore the influence of social, political, andeconomic factors on the themes and perspectives presented in literature.Discuss how contextual analysis can enhance our understanding of the meaning and relevance of literature.Body Paragraph 4: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.Explore the connections between literature and other disciplines, such as history, philosophy, psychology, and sociology.Examine how interdisciplinary approaches can deepen our understanding of literary works and their broader cultural significance.Provide examples of interdisciplinary research that has been conducted on [Insert Topic].Conclusion:Summarize the key findings and insights gained fromthe reviewed literature.Discuss the implications of the research for future literary analysis and scholarship.Identify areas where further research is needed to advance our understanding of [Insert Topic].中文回答：导言：文学分析涵盖了对文学的批判性考察和解读，探索其文学元素、主题和历史背景，以更深入地理解其含义和影响。
英语文献综述 范文
英文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写**Abstract**This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure and format of an English literature review by analyzing a highly downloaded example. The review will delve into the essential elements of the review, such as the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Furthermore, a high-quality imitation of the example will be provided to demonstrate its application in a different research context.**Introduction**The literature review is a crucial component of any research paper, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in a particular field. An effective literature review not only summarizes previous studies but also identifies gaps in knowledge and offers directions for future research. This article focuses on analyzing a popular English literature review example to understand its structure and key elements. By doing so, readerscan gain insights into writing a literature review that is both comprehensive and impactful.**Methodology**To ensure a thorough analysis, the article adopts a mixed-methods approach. First, a qualitative analysis of the example literature review is conducted to identify its key features and structure. This involves a close reading of the review, noting its organization, themes, and arguments. Second, a quantitative analysis is performed by examining the frequency of citations, types of sources used, and the overall tone and language of the review. This combination of qualitative and quantitative methods allows for a comprehensive understanding of the example's strengths and weaknesses.**Results**The analysis reveals that the example literature review follows a clear structure, with distinct sections for the introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Theintroduction provides a broad overview of the topic and sets the stage for the review. The methodology section describes the approach taken to select and analyze the literature, while the results section presents a synthesis of the key findings. The discussion section offers insights into the implications of the findings and highlights areas of controversy or disagreement. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points and offers directions for future research.**Discussion**The analysis further highlights the importance of critically evaluating the sources used in the literature review. The example demonstrates the use of both primary and secondary sources, with a focus on peer-reviewed articles from reputable journals. This ensures the reliability and validity of the information presented. Additionally, the review's language is clear, concise, and engaging, making it accessible to a wide audience.However, it is worth noting that while the example is highly regarded, it may not be suitable for all research contexts.Researchers need to consider their specific research aims, topic, and audience when writing a literature review. For instance, a review focusing on a niche area may require a different approach or may need to include less common or non-traditional sources.**Conclusion**In conclusion, the analysis of the popular English literature review example provides valuable insights into its structure, format, and key elements. By模仿this example, researchers can create a comprehensive and impactful literature review that adds value to their research paper. However, it is essential to adapt the review to the specific research context, ensuring its relevance and applicability.**中文文献综述范文深度解析与仿写****摘要**本文旨在通过分析一篇下载量极高的英文文献综述范文，为读者提供关于文献综述结构与格式的综合理解。
外国作品的研究文献综述范文
外国作品的研究文献综述范文
题目：外国作品研究文献综述
一、引言
外国作品作为世界文化的重要组成部分，其研究对于理解不同文化背景下的文学、艺术、历史等具有重要意义。
本综述旨在梳理和分析外国作品研究的最新进展，以期为相关领域的研究提供参考和借鉴。
二、研究内容
1. 研究方法
近年来，外国作品研究的方法越来越多样化。
除了传统的文本分析外，研究者还运用了跨文化比较、文化认同、叙事学等研究方法。
例如，跨文化比较法可以帮助我们更好地理解不同文化背景下作品的异同；文化认同法则关注作品如何反映和塑造特定文化的身份认同；叙事学则关注作品如何通过故事叙述来传达意义。
2. 研究领域
外国作品研究涉及多个领域，包括文学、艺术、历史等。
在文学领域，研究者关注作品的主题、风格、语言等方面；在艺术领域，研究者关注作品的视觉表现、审美体验等方面；在历史领域，研究者关注作品如何反映特定历史时期的社会、文化、政治等方面。
3. 研究成果
近年来，外国作品研究取得了丰硕的成果。
例如，对于欧洲文艺复兴时期的作品，研究者发现这些作品在主题、风格、技巧等方面都有显著的创新；对于亚洲文学作品，研究者则发现这些作品深受儒家、佛教等思想的影响，具有深厚的文化底蕴。
三、总结与展望
外国作品研究是一个充满活力和挑战的领域。
未来的研究应该更加注重跨学科的综合研究，以及对于不同文化背景下的作品进行更深入的挖掘和比较。
同时，我们也应该关注全球化背景下外国作品的传播和影响，以及这些作品对于我们理解世界文化的重要意义。
文献综述范例（文学）（最终定稿）
文献综述范例（文学）（最终定稿）第一篇：文献综述范例(文学)The Literature Review ofThe Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of VeniceWritten sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy(more specifically, as a “Christian comedy”)and as one of the Bard's problem plays;it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved.In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his(or her)mate.Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio.Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit.Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him.Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play.Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sa dness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio'sunexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play.1.Studies on The Merchant of Venice Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice is one of the most influential comedies in his works.Shylock has mostly been the center of the research on the play.The Merchant of Venice was first printed in 1600 in quarto, of which nineteen copies survive.This was followed by a 1619 printing, and later an inclusion in the First Folioin 1623.The play was written shortly after Christopher Marlowe’s immensely popular Jew of Malta(1589), a play wherein a Jew named Barabas plays a greatly exaggerated villain.The portrayal of Shakespeare's Jew was and remained comic until the late 1700s at which time he was first played as a true villain.In 1814 Shylock’s role was depicted as a character to be pitied, and in 1879 he was first portrayed as a tragic character.Subsequent interpretations have varied greatly over the years, but since World War II he has most often been conceived of as tragic.The Merchant of Venice has been described as a great commentary on the nature of racial and religious interactions.2.Deficiencies of Previous Studies on the Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice The title character, Antonio, begins the play intriguingly: “In sooth, I know not why I am so sad;/ It wearies me”(I.i.1-2).Much ink has been spilled with conjectures about Antonio's melancholy: that he's simply melancholic of temperament, that his devotion to Bassanio is homoerotic and the news that this friend seeks to marry has depressed him(Antonio is a name Shakespeare uses also in Twelfth Night for a character with an intense devotion to another male), or that he has an “ominous foreboding” about theevents that will transpire in the course of this play.Although those pioneers aroused people to think much of The Merchant of Venice and left us invaluable and systematic reference, and made many achievements in description and explanation of the cause of Antonio’s sadness, there remain many deficiencies.First, The Merchant of Venice, which is considered to be one of Shakespeare’s four great comedies, actually functions as Shakespeare's farewell to comedy.Antonio is one of Shakespeare’s melancholic characters.Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice is undermining all that passes for comic entertainment.Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness as a device to set the tragic tone in the comic atmosphere.Second, a lot of issues that are argued about regarding The Merchant of Venice can be considerably clarified if we know something about the audience it was written for.In the modern, post-Holocaust readings of the play, the problem of anti-Semitism in the play has been discussed a lot.Given that Antonio decides not to seize Shylock’s goods as punishment, we might consider Antonio to be merciful.But we may also question whether it is merciful to return to Shylock half of his goods, only to take away his religion and his profession.Antonio’s compassion seems to stem as much from self-interest as from concern for his fellow man.Shakespeare thus shows a balance of prejudice on both sides.The question whether Antonio is a homosexual in love with Bassanio can also interpreted differently.Conclusion Despite the researches already done and achievements already made on the subject, many frontiers are still waiting to be explored.On the basis of the previous researches by forerunners and adopting new approaches we are to make a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this subject.We don't mean tosuggest that oth er ways of looking at the play are “wrong.” In fact, one of the things that is so great about Shakespeare is that there are so many different ways of interpreting his plays that all work.Works Cited：[1] Brown, D.H.Principles of Language Learning and Teaching.West Port, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000.[2] Chomsky, N.Syntactic Structure.The Hague: Mouton, 1957.[3] Ellis, R.The Study of Second Language Acquisition.Oxford: Oxford University Press,1994.[4] Gass, S.“Integrating Research Areas: A Framework for Second Language Studies”.Applied Linguistics 1988(9): 198-217.[5] 程琪龙.认知语言学概论.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.[6] 蓝纯.从认知角度看汉语的空间隐喻[J].外语教学与研究，1999（4）:36-38.….[9] 王寅.认知语言学的哲学基础:体验哲学[J].外语教学与研究, 2002(2): 40-42.[10] 赵艳芳.认知语言学概论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001.第二篇：美国文学文献综述从《富兰克林自传》认识本杰明富兰克林摘要：富兰克林的《自传》是自传体文学的上乘之作。
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一、关于荷马《伊利亚特》的研究综述
研究综述
《伊利亚特》，又名《伊利昂记》，相传在公元前9世纪由行吟诗人荷马编订成口头史诗，因此它通常和《奥德塞》一起，被称为荷马史诗。
此作由学者用文字写定于公元前6世纪。
西方学者对它的研究较早，希罗多德、修昔底德、柏拉图、亚里斯多德等都曾表言立说。
在我国，《伊利亚特》于20世纪20年代引起人们的关注。
1924年1月，郑振铎在《小说月报》上最早介绍《伊利亚特》。
此后，文坛出现《伊利亚特》的复述本，如开明书店出版的《伊利亚特的故事》（谢六逸译）和中华书局出版的《依利亚德》（高歌译）等。
现有傅东华译本、罗念生和王焕生合译本、陈中梅译本等。
一、关于史诗的思想内容
《伊利亚特》包含的思想内容极其丰富。
不少评论文章从文本出发，对此作了多侧面的研究。
如邓启龙的《读荷马史诗》一文指出，《伊利亚特》的思想内容包括对社会历史生活的反映、对理想英雄的歌颂、对劳动的热爱，以及积极向上的乐观主义精神的流露等。
《伊利亚特》的战争观念也是人们研究的热点之一。
张世君的《论〈伊利亚特〉的战争观念》、唐四艳的《〈伊利亚特〉战争观的成因及其美学意义》、石昭贤的《荷马史诗的思想倾向》和王阳的《荷马的眼光：一个特例》等文章均谈及史诗描写的古希腊时期的战争。
他们认为，《伊利亚特》是世界文学中有关军事题材的第一部巨著。
它在精美的神话外衣的掩盖下，反映了迈锡尼文化后期发生的特洛亚战争。
史诗对于参战的双方都热情歌颂，不具有明显的倾向性。
但刘连青在《〈伊利亚特〉的道德意识——兼谈荷马对战争双方的态度》一文中认为，荷马偏爱于希腊联军而憎恶于特洛亚方面，当然他的爱憎是通过场面和情节自然而然的渗透出来的。
刘连青等人的文章还涉及了《伊利亚特》中其他方面的思想内容。
刘文认为，从家庭和夫妻关系上体现的道德意识是这部史诗中“现实主义色彩最为浓厚、思想意义最有价值的部分。
”潘一禾的《爱欲和文明的冲突——荷马笔下的帕里斯与海伦》一文从独特的视野出发，指出《伊利亚特》中还包括一个重要的内容，那就是“爱欲与文明的冲突”：“荷马不仅通过阿喀琉斯和赫克托耳等民族英雄的功勋战绩，高歌国家的荣誉和个人对社会的责任，而且在对帕里斯和海伦爱情的悉心描述中，咏叹个人的自由选择和真挚恋情。
”
二、关于史诗的艺术特色
与《伊利亚特》的思想内容相比，它的艺术特色是更具魅力的部分。
马克思认为它作为“一种规范和高不可及的范本”，“继续供给我们以艺术享受”，杨宪益先生认为它具有“阳刚之美”。
研究文章主要从以下几个方面着手：
史诗中的人物形象。
研究者的目光大都集中在赫克托耳与阿喀琉斯这两个形象上。
李忠星在《〈伊利亚特〉浅论》中认为，阿喀琉斯强悍任性、英勇善战而又自私残忍；赫克托耳刚强勇敢，指挥精明，但是他的品性也不是统一的。
因为赫克托耳“建立武功，是要为他自己和父亲赢得‘光荣’。
”麦永雄在《英雄符码及其解构——荷马史诗三位主要英雄形象论析》一文中写道，赫克托耳与阿喀琉斯是两种不同类型的古代英雄。
赫克托耳富于理性、襟怀大度，以群体利益为重，具有高度的责任感；阿喀琉斯感情冲动、心胸狭窄，以个人利益为中心，率直任性。
赫克托耳让人们感到人性的温情和命运的无奈，阿喀琉斯使人们体味到战争的残酷和昂扬无羁的独立精神。
赫克托耳悲壮赴死要比
阿喀琉斯的取胜更为感人，但是阿喀琉斯从悲剧面具下隐然露出的同情心是古希腊英雄符码的形象诠释。
史诗中的基本冲突。
肖锦龙指出：“希腊与特洛亚之间的外部战争和希腊阵营中阿喀琉斯与阿伽门农的内讧构成了《伊利亚特》内外两个基本冲突。
希腊人的内部纷争引起外部战争局势的变化，特洛亚和希腊的外部矛盾的发展又引起内在冲突的转变。
内外冲突互为因果、交相发展，构成了作品的基本内容，作品博深的社会思想内容和高超的艺术技巧都在这两个基本冲突的发生发展过程和层次安排中得到了最为集中的表现。
因此应该说，深刻理解《伊利亚特》的两个基本冲突是理解这部作品的思想意义和艺术成就的关键。
”都本海的《〈伊利亚特〉两种重要冲突浅叹》和程艳杰的《〈伊利亚特〉冲突的系统构成及其作用》也都针对这两个基本冲突展开了研究。
史诗的风格和情节结构等。
罗念生在《荷马史诗〈伊利亚特〉》一文中谈到了《伊利亚特》的紧凑、完整的布局，朴素自然、清晰流畅的风格和丰富多彩的形象比喻。
魏善浩在文章《试论荷马史诗的现实主义和浪漫主义相结合的特点》里指出，《伊利亚特》的魅力在于质朴粗犷的真实性和天真烂漫的幻想方面的结合，也即是现实主义和浪漫主义的结合。
甘运杰的《论荷马史诗的情节结构艺术》，从史诗情节的整一性、丰富性和生动性的有机结合出发，探索《伊利亚特》的基本特点。
他的《论荷马史诗比喻的艺术特征》一文，则是围绕荷马史诗比喻的三个艺术特征展开，即丰富多彩、富于多样性，贴切生动、富于形象性，新鲜奇特、富于独创性。
三、关于史诗的比较研究
上述研究分别围绕着思想内容和艺术特色展开，但也有不少学者同时从这两个角度切入，如杨宪益的《荷马史诗——〈伊利亚特〉和〈奥德塞〉》、李赋宁的《荷马和他的史话》、李广熙的《漫话荷马史诗》等。
20世纪80年代以来，有关《伊利亚特》的研究出现了一些新的特点，如运用比较的眼光进行探讨和分析。
例如，杨纯的《〈离骚〉与〈伊利亚特〉》一文比较了这两部作品的异同及历史渊源，各自的思想内容和艺术特色。
向秦在文章《民族史诗与民族性——〈苗族史诗〉和〈伊利亚特〉比较研究》认为这样的比较研究有独特的价值：“《苗族史诗》和《伊利亚特》在内容主题、塑造主题和表现风格上的差异，主要表现为劳动与战争、尚义与尚勇、求真与求美；由这些表层文化差异入手作深层探讨，对研究不同民族的民族史诗、民族历史和民族性，提供了一条新的线索。
”王素敏的《异曲同工绘史诗——〈伊利亚特〉与〈蒙古秘史〉比较研究》指出，这两部史诗都是以史实为依据，以美女为引线，以神话为外衣，主要歌颂的对象都是英勇善战的英雄。
它们共同反映了人类由原始氏族向阶级社会过渡时期的部落之间的战争的掠夺性质，以及人类自强不息的奋斗精神。
朱迪光的《〈封神演义〉与〈伊利亚特〉》与孙宏的《言史诗不必称希腊——荷马史诗与〈尼伯龙根之歌〉的一致与差异》、吴瑞裘的《〈伊利亚特〉和〈诗经〉中的至上神比较》等也从不同角度作了比较研究。
参考材料
1、甘运杰：《论荷马史诗的情节结构艺术》，《郑州大学学报》1980年第3期。
2、罗念生：《荷马史诗〈伊利亚特〉》，《外国文学研究》1981年第3期。
3、肖锦龙：《〈伊利亚特〉的两个基本冲突纵横谈》，《外国文学研究》1988年第1期。
4、吴瑞裘：《〈伊利亚特〉和〈诗经〉中的至上神比较》，《外国文学研究》1992年第3期。
5、向秦：《民族史诗与民族性——〈苗族史诗〉和〈伊利亚特〉比较研究》，《贵州民族研究》2000年第2期。
（唐扣兰）。