美国文学赏析复习范围
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学复习资料
红色字为我的注解O(∩_∩)O~Walt Whitman (1819-1892)1.简介• A part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism•The father of free verseFree verse is a form of poetry that refrains from meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern.Although free verse requires no meter, rhyme, or other traditional poetic techniques, a poet can still utilize them to create some sense of structure. For example, Walt Whitman repeats certain phrases and uses commas to create both a rhythm and structure. •Contribution1. He believes the American poets would create both new forms and new subjects matter for poetry.2. In terms of poetic form, he advocated a completely new and completely Americanform of expression----free verse.3. In terms of contents, most of his poems are about man and nature, especiallycommon people and ordinary Americans. He wanted his poetry to be for the common people•Features of Whitman’s poetry1.The use of a certain pronoun ―I‖2.Two principlesA.Parallelism or a rhyme of thoughtB.Phonetic recurrence ( the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of theline, in the middle or at the end)3. The adopt of ―free verse‖---poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme4. The use of colorful words and vivid images (example)•Major worksLeaves of GrassSong of MyselfI hear America Singing2. 草叶集课文中出现的ONE’S-SELF I SING, Among the Multitude, When I Peruse the Conquer’d Fame, A Noiseless Patient Spider 都是出自草叶集。
美国文学复习重点
1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。
美国文学考试重点
美国文学考试重点美国文学考试的重点可以分为以下几个方面：1. 早期美国文学：- 殖民时期文学：包括早期殖民地的日记、信件和宗教作品等，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《普罗维登斯计划》。
- 紧随其后的大量宗教文学作品，如《新英格兰的校训》。
- 托马斯·佩恩的《常识》：这本书在美国独立运动中起到了重要的作用。
2. 美国文学的形成与发展：- 19世纪初的浪漫主义文学：如华盛顿·欧文的《睡美人和其他故事》和詹姆斯·菲尼莫尔·库珀的《最后的莫西干人》。
- 华尔特·惠特曼的《草叶集》：这本诗集在美国文学史上具有重要地位。
- 女性作家：如哈丽特·比彻·斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和艾米莉·迪金森的诗歌作品。
3. 20世纪的美国文学：- 现代主义文学：如欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。
- 战争文学：如约翰·史坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和约瑟夫·海勒的《23个故事和一个司令》。
- 迈尔斯·杰克逊的《杀死一只知更鸟》：这是美国文学中一本重要的反种族主义作品。
4. 当代美国文学：- 现实主义：如托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和唐·德里罗的《百年孤独》。
- 同性恋与性别研究：如杰夫·艾斯特里奇的《中性国度》和艾美丽·P. 亨德森的《一个男小地方》。
此外，还需要了解美国文学的主要流派和文学理论，如现实主义、象征主义、后现代主义等，以及相关的文学批评方法。
最好的准备方式是广泛阅读美国经典文学作品并理解其背后的文化、历史和社会背景。
美国文学复习大纲
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great Awakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。
十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
美国文学复习提纲
第一部分殖民时期一、时期综述（关于清教的应该都是重点）1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：A、narratives 日记B、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty，invitation to bold spirit★3、清教徒的想法：①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.净化信仰和行为方式②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people，and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted。
认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。
④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。
⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God。
强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面.4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton and Roger Williams他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy。
美国文学史复习要点手动
美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。
-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。
-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。
2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。
-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。
-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。
3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。
-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。
-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。
4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。
-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。
-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。
5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。
-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。
-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。
-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。
-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。
7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。
-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。
-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。
美国文学期末复习知识点-第三部分
第三部分1.美国南北战争以北方的彻底胜利告终，蓄奴制瓦解了，为工业资本主义的大发展开辟了道路，标志着旧时代的结束和新时代的开始。
2.美国与欧洲的交往增多，英国查尔斯·达尔文的《物种的起源》和哲学家赫伯特·斯宾塞的“适者生存”理论传入美国，影响深远。
3.马克·吐温与查尔斯·华纳合著的《镀金时代》成了19世纪最后二十五年的简称。
4.宗教界的神学理论也出现了相应的变化。
神学家们指出财富是神圣的标志，根据上帝的旨意，政府的职责是保护私人财富。
哲学家和神学家顺应时势，力图证明自由竞争是合法的，政府应给予大力支持，让民众享受内战后重建时期带来的好处。
5.内战后的十年最突出的变化是商业成了全国实力和尊严的主要象征。
6.1899年，美国文学艺术院成立；1904年又建立美国文学艺术科学院，进一步从体制上巩固了严肃文学的地位。
7.来自欧洲的现实主义和自然主义思潮进一步推动了美国文学的发展。
8.批评家泰纳将孔德的实证主义理论引入文艺批评，提出文学本质上来说是观察和分析人的主要方法，小说是社会的科学实验室，可以观察各种复杂的社会因素。
他强调种族、环境和时代是文学创作的三要素，他的观点成了美国现实主义的理论基础。
9.法国的自然主义也受到美国作家重视，法国作家左拉认为社会像个生物的有机体，小说家应该收集事实，做个“人与人的情欲的审问官”。
10.20世纪初，法国巴黎出现了现代主义文学思潮，影响了不少英美青年作家。
斯坦因是美国现代主义小说的奠基人。
诗歌方面，诗人庞德等在欧洲倡导意象派诗歌运动，后来由艾米·洛厄尔引入美国诗坛，揭开了美国现代片诗歌的序幕。
11.马克·吐温是美国伟大的批判现实主义文学大师，其代表作是长篇小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
海明威曾评价该书：全部现代美国文学作品来自马克·吐温写的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》这本书。
12.威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯的代表著作是《塞拉斯·拉法姆发家记》。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习（一）Colonialism（殖民主义）一、Puritan thoughts:1. to make their religious beliefs and practices pure,2. to restore simplicity,3. to live a hard and disciplined life4. to oppose pleasure and arts.二、Puritan values:hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (they dominated much of the earliest American writing.)（二）Romanticism一、文学特征：1. Environment:①shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学的特点：①pluralistic多元化②manifestations varied 表现形式多样③individualistic个人主义④conflicting 矛盾3. Romanticism的特点：①moral enthusiasm注重道德②faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受③the presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4. Transcendentalism：（超验主义）①As a moral philosophy, it was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
(完整版)美国文学期末复习资料(完美版)
（美国文学期末复习资料(完美版）Imagism （意向主义）(1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation。
（2）The Imagists， with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image。
（3) Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles： i） direct treatment of subject matter； ii） economy of expression; iii） as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome; iv) Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well—known imagist poem。
Ezra Pound (爱兹拉·庞德）Cathay （1915）《中国》a volume of Chinese translation.He blue—penciled The Waste Land《荒原》 the most significant American poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 《诗章》，a modern epic Pound’s major work of poetry。
美国文学赏析复习范围
Please don’t tick; Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (不要打对勾，要用铅笔或黑色水笔涂黑) 例如：1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]1.连线题Group 1 作家作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. T. S. Eliot a. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ( ) 2. Wallace Stevens b. Sister Carrie( ) 3. Theodore Dreiser c.The Oversoul( ) 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Anecdote of the Jar( ) 5. Robert Frost e. The Waste LandGroup 2 作品中人物与作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. Benjy a. Sister Carrie( ) 2. George Hurstwood b. The Sound and the Fury( ) 3. Emily c. Mrs Warren’s Profession( ) 4. Vivie d. A Rose for Emily( ) 5. Jim e. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn“God help men that help themselves” is found in ________ work.A.PaineB. FranklinC. FreneauD. JeffersonFrom 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _____, an annal(年表、编年史) collection of proverbs.（谚语）A.The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common Sense D .The General Magazine______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A.Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathanial HawthorneD. Walt WhitmanTranscendentalists（超验主义者）recognized ________ as the “highest power of the soul”.A. IntuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinkingThe common thread throughout American literature has an emphasis on the ________.A.RevolutionB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. RationalismThe publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-relianceC.The American ScholarD. The Over-soulThere is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ______ on the Puritan soil.A. RomanticismB. Puritanism （清教主义）C. Mysticism （神秘主义）D. Unitarianism （实用主义）In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _______.A.the thought that designates（标出、定名为）a literary and philosophical theory which tends tosee the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.B.The thought that designates man as a social animalC.The orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD.The modes of thinkingMark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ______ language.A.GrandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacularMark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _______. A. international theme B. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolismThe Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as ______.A.the golden ageB. the silver ageC.the gilded ageD. the roaring ageThe impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American _________.A. modernismB. NaturalismC. VernacularismD. local colorismWhich of the following figures does not belong to “The Lost Generation”?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. Theodore DreiserThe following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except ______.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott. FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest HemingwayWho, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”?A. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph EllisonTheodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American’s ____________.A. naturalistsB. realistsC. modernistsD. romanticistsThe book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to _____.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby DickThe American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash(股市崩盘), through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak (开始) of the Second World War in 1939. This was a period of ______.A. povertyB. important social movementsC. a new social consciousness （意识）D. all of the above“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A.T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.E. E. CummingsEarly in the 20th century, _______ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Both A and BThe imagist writers followed three principles; they respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ____________.A. clear rhythmB. blank verseC. free verseD. heroic couplet“Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to __________.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. on e’s course of lifeIn Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called ________ in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalismYoknapatawpha county is an imagery land invented by _________.A. William FaulknerB. Thomas HardyC. BalzacD. Theodore Dreiser_______ wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying (衰败的) upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous(厚颜无耻的)class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.A. FaulknerB. FitzgeraldC. HemmingwayD. SteinbeckPassage 1Whose woods these are I think I know,His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.…The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.And miles to go before I sleep.Questions:1. Who is the Author of this poem? Robert Frost2. What does “sleep” refer to? deathPassage 2A Red, Red RoseO my lu ve’s(love) like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve’s like the melodie (悦耳的音乐)That’s sweetly play’d in tune.The Sick RoseRose, thou art (古英语，相当于you are) sick!The invisible (无形的、看不见的) wormThat flies in the night,In the howling storm,Has found out thy bedOf crimson (深红色的、绯红色) joyAnd his dark secret loveDoes the life destroy.Questions:1. What does the ROSE stand for in both poems? love2. In the second poem, why is the rose sick? Because of invisible worm3. Compare the image of rose in these two poems. 大家自己写自己的感想Passage 3Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe(快乐的) air, and uplifted into infinite (无限的) space,—all mean egotism (自私自利、自我中心) vanishes (消失). I become a transparent (透明的) eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate (循环) through me; I am part and particle of God.”Questions:1. Who wrote this passage? R. W. Emerson2. Which book does this quoted passage come from? Nature3. Can you retell the main idea of this passage in your own word? Oneness/harmony between human and nature1.Who is your favorite American writer? What is his/her masterwork? Why do you likehim/her? ( The writers and the works are not confined to (局限于) those we have mentioned in class.) (15 points)2.What is the relationship between wars and American literature? (U.S. has gone throughthe Independence War, the civil war, WWI, WWII, and the anti-terrorist war, you can choose one particular period to analyze or interpret it from a bird’s view.) (15 points)3.What have you leaned from this elective（选修课）this term? And do you have anysuggestions for this class? (10 points)你最喜欢哪一位美国作家？他（她）的代表作品是什么？为什么喜欢？简述美国文学与战争的关系。
美国文学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分
美国⽂学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分Philip Freneau1.野⾦银花美丽的⾦银花，你粲然绽放于幽静⼀⾓。
芳菲满枝,⽆⼈垂顾，迎风起舞,⽆⼈注⽬。
游⼦从不践踏你的⽟体，过客从不催落你的泪滴。
造化令你素裹银妆，你得以远离庸⼈的⽬光她赐予你⼀⽚绿荫葱葱她带给你⼀泓流⽔淙淙恬静的夏⽇倏然流淌你终于红衰翠减，⽟殒⾹消妩媚动⼈，你却⽆法盛颜久长落红满地，你令我黯然神伤纵然在伊甸乐园，⼈间天堂也难免⼀⽇凋零，满⽬凄凉萧瑟秋风，凄⽩秋霜你终于消失得⽆影⽆踪朝霞幕露孕育了你娇⼩的⾝躯你从尘⼟来，⼜归尘⼟去来时⼀⽆所有，去时化作尘⼟可叹⽣命苦短你终究红消⾹断Background: The short lyric was written in 1786. Freneau was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking at Chaeleston, South Carolina. As is displayed in this poem, honeysuckle, instead of rose of daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural scenes on the new continent. The flowers, similar to the early Puritan settlers, used to believe they were the selects of God to be arranged on the abundant land, but now have to wake up from fantasy and be more respectful to natural law.Theme:the mutability of flowers and by extension the transience of human life. Time is constant but the time of a life is short; any favor is relative but change is absolute; with or without the awareness, nature develops; flowers were born, blossomed and declined to repose, and human beings would exist in exactly the same way. A philosophical meditation is indicated by the description of the fate of a trivial wild plant. In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. In addition, the poet writes with the strong implication that, though in the work no one is presented in person, human beings at times envy the flower. This is seen not because the “roving foot” would “crush”; nor that the “busy hand” would “provoke a tear”; nor because of the “vulgar eye”, but because of the fact that the human being has the ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower, with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is completely unaware of its doom. Its innocence left it happier than the foreseeing human beings.Unfortunately, the human beings are quite unwilling to refuse this knowledge and that arouses all their sufferings.Rhyme and analysis: Form ?Four six-line stanzas ?iambic tetrameter 四⾳步抑扬格?soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong ? Fair flower, that dost so comely grow ? rhymed on ababcc pattern Following the traditional European model, the lyric is written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming “ababcc”, and sounds just like music. But in order to accord with the change in tone and topic in Stanza 3, the rhythmic pattern is varied. Different from the rest the poem which is written in smooth iambic tetrameter lines, the third line of the stanza --- “They died” --- begins with a “spondee”(two stressed beats in a row) and, after forcing the reader to pause (the dash), continues in a highly irregular rhythm with an intensification of stressed beats. The purpose is obvious: the speaker wants to drive the horrible message home, to let the reader feel the impact acutely. But as we progress into the last stanza, when a more mature view of life and death is adopted, the rhythms are restored to the original regularity as the tone assumes a tempered serenity grown out of experience. The wild honey suckle is, in the poet’s eye, no longer a common flower.In the first two stanzas, to start with, Freneau devoted more attention to the environment of the flower in which he found it than to the appearance of the flower per se. He commented on the secluded nature of the place where the honey suckle grew, drawing a conclusion that it was due to Nature’s protectiveness that the flower was able to lead a peaceful life free from men’s disturbance and destruction. But the next stanza immediately changed the tone from silent admiration and appreciation to outright lamentation over the “future’s doom” of the flower --- even Nature was unable to save the flower from its death. Actually no flower, or no living being, can escape. Not even the flowers that used to bloom in Eden. Thus from the flower in nature the poet started to ponder over the fate of man, who was bound to fall from his innocence and suffer from the despair of death as the result to his exile from Paradise. Just as kindly as nourished and protected the honey suckle in spring and summer, Nature will destroy ruthlessly the flower with its autumn and winter weapons.Understand the title: 1. The name honeysuckle comes from the sweet nectar that the flow er produces to intoxicate the greedy bee. Its powerful fragrance seduces the human senses as it pervades the air. The perfume of this passionate plant may turn a maidens head, hence wild honeysuckle is a symbol of inconstancy in . The word “wild”implies herliving place; she lives in wilderness not in paradise or house; so she will not be app reciated by others and feels sorrowful. Also it implies the nature, so we can say the writer is describing the nature.William Cullen Bryant（对死亡的冥想）热爱⾃然的⼈与世间万象, 有着⼼神的交流，对他, 她可说各种各样的语⾔他⾼兴的时候，她声⾳喜悦, 微笑⾥透着⾼贵的美丽, 她潜⼊他隐秘的思索，带着温柔和抚慰的关切，未及他明⽩她就将痛苦带⾛，当最后的思想如灾难降临你的精神,悲痛的哀影，寿⾐，棺罩,令⼈窒息的⿊暗，以及促狭的房屋使你瑟瑟发抖，并⼼⽣憎恨——去开阔的⽥野吧，去听听,⾃然的教诲，听听那从四野⾥——⼤地、河川和新鲜的空⽓中——传来的静谧⽽寂寥的声⾳——然⽽⼏天后，普照⼤地的太阳在它的⾏程⾥，也不见你的踪影；也不在冰冷的⼤地你含泪苍⽩的形体停放之处,也不在⼤海的怀抱存你的形象养育了你的⼤地要将你召回, 复归为尘⼟，消除⼈的痕迹你的个体将⾂服于此，你将永远与⾃然之中的万物共处去做⽆情的草⽊和磐⽯的兄弟掩藏在坚硬的泥⼟下，任由那粗野的情郎翻犁和践踏橡树伸展的根须将刺穿你的躯体。
美国文学赏析复习范围
Please don’t tick; Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (不要打对勾，要用铅笔或黑色水笔涂黑) 例如：1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]1.连线题Group 1 作家作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. T. S. Eliot a. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ( ) 2. Wallace Stevens b. Sister Carrie( ) 3. Theodore Dreiser c.The Oversoul( ) 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Anecdote of the Jar( ) 5. Robert Frost e. The Waste LandGroup 2 作品中人物与作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. Benjy a. Sister Carrie( ) 2. George Hurstwood b. The Sound and the Fury( ) 3. Emily c. Mrs Warren’s Profession( ) 4. Vivie d. A Rose for Emily( ) 5. Jim e. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn“God help men that help themselves” is found in ________ work.A.PaineB. FranklinC. FreneauD. JeffersonFrom 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _____, an annal(年表、编年史) collection of proverbs.（谚语）A.The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common Sense D .The General Magazine______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A.Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathanial HawthorneD. Walt WhitmanTranscendentalists（超验主义者）recognized ________ as the “highest power of the soul”.A. IntuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinkingThe common thread throughout American literature has an emphasis on the ________.A.RevolutionB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. RationalismThe publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-relianceC.The American ScholarD. The Over-soulThere is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ______ on the Puritan soil.A. RomanticismB. Puritanism （清教主义）C. Mysticism （神秘主义）D. Unitarianism （实用主义）In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _______.A.the thought that designates（标出、定名为）a literary and philosophical theory which tends tosee the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.B.The thought that designates man as a social animalC.The orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD.The modes of thinkingMark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ______ language.A.GrandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacularMark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _______. A. international theme B. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolismThe Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as ______.A.the golden ageB. the silver ageC.the gilded ageD. the roaring ageThe impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American _________.A. modernismB. NaturalismC. VernacularismD. local colorismWhich of the following figures does not belong to “The Lost Generation”?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. Theodore DreiserThe following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except ______.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott. FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest HemingwayWho, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”?A. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph EllisonTheodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American’s ____________.A. naturalistsB. realistsC. modernistsD. romanticistsThe book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to _____.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby DickThe American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash(股市崩盘), through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak (开始) of the Second World War in 1939. This was a period of ______.A. povertyB. important social movementsC. a new social consciousness （意识）D. all of the above“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A.T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.E. E. CummingsEarly in the 20th century, _______ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Both A and BThe imagist writers followed three principles; they respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ____________.A. clear rhythmB. blank verseC. free verseD. heroic couplet“Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to __________.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. on e’s course of lifeIn Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called ________ in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalismYoknapatawpha county is an imagery land invented by _________.A. William FaulknerB. Thomas HardyC. BalzacD. Theodore Dreiser_______ wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying (衰败的) upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous(厚颜无耻的)class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.A. FaulknerB. FitzgeraldC. HemmingwayD. SteinbeckPassage 1Whose woods these are I think I know,His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.…The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.And miles to go before I sleep.Questions:1. Who is the Author of this poem? Robert Frost2. What does “sleep” refer to? deathPassage 2A Red, Red RoseO my lu ve’s(love) like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve’s like the melodie (悦耳的音乐)That’s sweetly play’d in tune.The Sick RoseRose, thou art (古英语，相当于you are) sick!The invisible (无形的、看不见的) wormThat flies in the night,In the howling storm,Has found out thy bedOf crimson (深红色的、绯红色) joyAnd his dark secret loveDoes the life destroy.Questions:1. What does the ROSE stand for in both poems? love2. In the second poem, why is the rose sick? Because of invisible worm3. Compare the image of rose in these two poems. 大家自己写自己的感想Passage 3Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe(快乐的) air, and uplifted into infinite (无限的) space,—all mean egotism (自私自利、自我中心) vanishes (消失). I become a transparent (透明的) eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate (循环) through me; I am part and particle of God.”Questions:1. Who wrote this passage? R. W. Emerson2. Which book does this quoted passage come from? Nature3. Can you retell the main idea of this passage in your own word? Oneness/harmony between human and nature1.Who is your favorite American writer? What is his/her masterwork? Why do you likehim/her? ( The writers and the works are not confined to (局限于) those we have mentioned in class.) (15 points)2.What is the relationship between wars and American literature? (U.S. has gone throughthe Independence War, the civil war, WWI, WWII, and the anti-terrorist war, you can choose one particular period to analyze or interpret it from a bird’s view.) (15 points)3.What have you leaned from this elective（选修课）this term? And do you have anysuggestions for this class? (10 points)你最喜欢哪一位美国作家？他（她）的代表作品是什么？为什么喜欢？简述美国文学与战争的关系。
美国文学期末复习笔记
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期Part two: American LiteratureChapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。
3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。
文学考试复习提纲
美国文学期末复习提纲一、考试题型1.作家作品名称匹配2.名词解释3.根据作品内容写出作家、作品及作品简短评价4.诗歌赏析（两首诗歌，选择一首进行作答）二、作家与作品总结1）.需要记住作家和作品名字，并能准确书写出来的十六位作家，同时要求记得这些作品的评价，一两句话即可。
Washington Irving 《Rip Van Winkle》Henry David Thoreau 《Walden》Nathaniel Hawthorne 《The Scarlet Letter》Walt Whitman 《Song of Myself》Emily Dickinson《I’m Nobody! Who Are You?》、《Success Is Counted Sweetest》、《This Is My Letter to The World》、《Because I Could Not Stop for Death》(她的诗歌标题一般是诗歌的第一句话)Mark Twain 《Adventures of Huckleberry Finn》O’Henry 《The Cop and the Anthem》Robert Frost 《Nothing Gold Can Stay》、《The Road Not Taken》、《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening》、《Mending Wall》Sherwood Anderson 《The Triumph of the Egg》Katherine Anne Porter 《The Jilting of Granny Weatherall》Ezra Pound 《In a Station of the Metro》、《A Pact》Langston Hughes 《Cross》、《Dream》Ernest Hemingway 《Indian Camp》Arthur Miller 《The Death of a Salesman》Allen Ginsberg 《Howl》2）.下列作家只需要记得作品和作者能够配对即可，不需要知道具体书写。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学作为一个重要的学科，涉及的内容很广，题材也很多。
为了帮助大家更好地进行期末复习，本文将为大家提供一些有用的资料和复习方法。
一、美国文学的历史概述美国文学的历史可以分为几个时期：殖民时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期、自然主义时期、现代主义时期等。
每个时期都有不同的题材和文学流派，需要我们进行详细的了解和掌握。
二、重要的美国文学作品在美国文学中，有很多重要的作品，如《飘》、《百年孤独》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《老人与海》、《麦田里的守望者》等。
这些作品的作者都是文学史上的巨匠，他们的作品对之后的文学创作产生了很大的影响，也是重要的考题。
三、主要的美国文学流派美国文学中有很多流派，如现代主义、后现代主义、现实主义、自然主义、浪漫主义等。
每个流派都有不同的特点和代表作品，需要我们对其进行深入的了解，从而更好地掌握美国文学的发展历程。
四、美国文学中的重要人物美国文学历史上有很多重要的人物，如沃尔特·惠特曼、马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威、海伦·凯勒等。
这些人物都是文学史上的重要人物，他们的作品对于美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
五、复习方法在复习美国文学的时候，我们可以采取以下几种方法：1. 将美国文学的历史概述、重要作品、主要流派、重要人物等内容进行系统的总结，形成属于自己的笔记。
2. 阅读相关作品，在了解作品的同时，结合自己的理解，形成自己的见解和思考。
3. 参加相关讲座和研讨会，向专业人士请教，深入了解美国文学的相关知识和技能。
4. 做好考试的准备，根据历年考题，进行模拟练习，找到自己的薄弱环节，进行针对性的复习。
总之，在进行美国文学的复习时，我们需要深入了解相关内容，同时养成良好的阅读习惯和思考习惯，不断加强对美国文学的理解和掌握，从而有效提高自己的成绩。
美国文学学习重点
《美国文学》学习重点说明：1. 教材：常耀信著《美国文学简史》（第三版）南开大学出版社2008年9月该教材的特点是文学史+作品评析，其中作品评析部分是非常好的文学分析范例，课堂时间有限，涉及较少，学习重点中也基本未列及，请同学们灵活自学。
2. 学习重点是需要重点掌握的内容，其他部分可略读，但并不表示不需要读。
3. 本重点适用整个学期，请同学们预习复习的时候都参考使用。
4. 重点概念及重点作家和重点作品在下文中都已列出，请大家尤其重视。
Introduction p. 1-10Colonial Period (1607-1800) –Rise of the American Dream1.Puritanism p. 11-12, 14-152.Jonathan Edwards p. 27-293.Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard’s Almanac, Autobiography p. 32(para. 3)-36 Romanticism (1800-1865) –Prime of the American Dream1. American Romanticism: p.40-442. Washington Irving: “Rip Van Winkle”, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” p. 44-454.James Fenimore Cooper: Leather stocking Tales, American Westward movement p. 505.New England Transcendentalism: Oversoul p. 56-596.Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Nature”(The Bible for Transcendentalism), “The AmericanScholar” (intellectual independence), “The Poet” p.59-647.Henry David Thoreau: Walden, prose8.Nathaniel Hawthorn: novelist, dark side of human beings, The Scarlet Letter, “YoungGoodman Brown”, “The Minister’s Black Veil” p.70-749.Herman Melville: novelist, sea life, Moby Dick, Billy Budd10.Walt Whitman: free verse, Leaves of Grass, “Song of Myself”, “O Captain! MyCaptain!”, national poet of America, social and national topics, strongly influenced byEmerson p. 88-9611.Emily Dickinson: poet, regional and inner world, topics on religion, death, love, naturep.96-10312.Edgar Allan Poe: poet and short story writer, “The Raven”, The Fall of the House ofUsher, Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Purloined Letter p.104-111Realism and Naturalism (1865-1918)—Questioning the American Dream1.William Dean Howells: middle class, The Rise of Silas Lapham p.116-1222.Henry James: rich class, international theme, psychological descriptions, The Portrait ofa Lady, The Ambassadors, The American, Daisy Miller p124-1263.Mark Twain: Samuel Clemens, lower class, local colorism, The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn/Tom Sawyer, The Gilded Age p. 130-1404.Stephen Crane: pioneer writing in the naturalistic tradition, Maggie: A Girl of theStreets, The Red Badge of Courage p.141-1455.Frank Norris: McTeague, the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel, a case studyof the inevitable effect of environment and heredity on human lives6.Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, The Financier, An American Tragedyp.147-1507.Jack London: The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden8.O Henry: short story writer, the American Maupassant, surprise endings, “The Gift ofthe Magi”, “The Cop and the Anthe m”Modernism (1918-1945)—Disillusionment of the American Dream1.Imagist poetry: imagism, direct treatment of the thing, use as few words as possiblep.154-1612.Ezra Pound: “In a Station of the Metro”, The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn Mauberley p.163-1693.T. S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land p.171-1824.Wallace Stevens: “Anecdote of the Jar”, “The Idea of Order at Key West” p.1835.William Carlos Williams: “The Red Wheelbarrow” p. 189-1916.Robert Frost: New England poet, “The Road Not Taken”, “Mending Wall”, “AfterApple-picking” p. 195-2007.Modernist Novels: the Lost Generation8. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby, the Jazz age p. 213-2209.Ernest Hemingway: the Lost Generation, Hemingway hero, iceberg theory, The Sun AlsoRises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Seap.220-22810.William Faulkner: the Southern Renaissance/myth, Yoknapatawpha, The Sound and theFury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom!, stream of consciousness1949 Nobel Prize winner p.229-23211.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio; describing the grotesque12.Sinclair Lewis: Main Street, sociological writer, first American Nobel Prize winner,(1930)13.Willa Cather: female writer, writing about the Old West in traditional way, My Antonio14.John Dos Passos: 1930s, Depression, U.S.A. p.254-26415.John Steinbeck: 1930s, Depression, The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, The Pearlp.265-26816.Drama: A renaissance of drama in 1920s—Eugene O’Neill, The theatre of theDepression in 1930s17.Eugene O’Neill: American dram began in 1916 when O’Neil’s first play Bound East f orCardiff was produced, The Hairy Ape, The Iceman Cometh, Long Day’s Journey intoNight18.Arthur Miller: Death of a SalesmanPost-War American Literature—Multi-faceted1.Post-war Poetry: p.313-3182.The Beat Generation in 1950s: Howl by Allen Ginsberg (poet), On the Road by JackKerouac (novelist), p.362, p365-3713.Post-war Novel: p. 411-4124.Saul Bellow: Herzog, The Adventures of Augie March5.J. D. Salinger: Catcher in the Rye p. 424-4276.The Post-modernist Novel: p.455-4597.Black Humor: Catch-22 by Joseph Heller p.459-4648.African-American literature: Richard Wright, Native Son; Ralph Ellison, The InvisibleMan; Toni Morrison, Beloved p. 504-5069.Post-war drama: Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire;Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman10.Theatre of the Absurd: George Albee, Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf?Literary Terms:1. American Puritanism: Puritanism is a Protestant movement which spread its influence intothe New England colonies in 17th century. The American Puritans believed that the Church should be restored to the “purity” of the Church as established by Christ himself. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement. 2. American Romanticism: American Romanticism is the literary movement stretching fromthe end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality”. There was American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. The features can be found in the major works by Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman.3. Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism is a literary and philosophical movement, associatedwith Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcended the empirical and scientific and was knowable through intuition.4. American Realism: First, American realist authors described life truthfully. Second, they putthe typical characters under typical circumstances. Third, they were objective rather than idealized, in a close observation and investigation life. Finally, realistic works were concerned with social and psychological problems. The famous realistic works include Henry James’s The Ambassadors and Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.5. Local Colorism: As a literary trend, local colorism made its presence felt in the late 1860s toearly 70s. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local characters of their regions. The representative works of local colorism include Bret Hart’s “The Luck of Roaring Camp” and H. B. Stowe’s Oldtown Folks.6. American Naturalism: American naturalism is a literary tendency that prevailed in 1890s.Under the influence of social Darwinism and inspired by French naturalism, American naturalists wrote about the helplessness of man in a cold, amoral world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity. The features of naturalism can be found in the major works by Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.7. Lost Generation: The Lost Generation refers to the group of American writers who came ofage during World War I and established their reputations in the 1920s. The writers considered themselv es “lost” because their inherited values could not operate in the postwar world. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and others.8. Image(in Pound’s poetry): An image is defined by Pound as that which presents anintellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas”“endowed with energy”.9. Free Verse: Free verse means poetry that has no regular pattern of rhyme and rhythm.10. Code Hero: Code hero is the Hemingwayan hero, an average man of decidedly masculinetastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.11. Southern Literature: Southern Literature is defined as American literature about theSouthern United States or by writers from this region. The Southern literature meets its renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s, and the famous Southern writers include Ellen Glasgow and William Faulkner.12. Anti-hero(as in William Faulkner’s works): A central character in a work of literature wholacks traditional heroic qualities such as courage, physical prowess, and fortitude. Anti-heroes typically distrust conventional values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals.Anti-heroes usually accept, and often celebrate, their positions as social outcasts.13. Beat Generation: Beat generation is a term applied to a group of American poets andnovelists of the 1950s and 1960s who were in romantic rebellion against the culture and value systems of America. They expressed their revolt through the literary works of loose structure and slang diction. Among the leading members of the loose group were the poet Allen Ginsberg and the novelist Jack Kerouac.14. Black Humor: Black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginningin the 1950s, represented by Joseph Heller’s Catch 22. In the novelists’ opin ion, their society is full of institutionalized absurdity. Therefore, all of them hold a cynical attitude toward society and the conventional moral values. This despondency is reflected in their novels by the use of exaggeration as a vehicle for satire.15. Iceberg Theory: The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") isthe writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway in which written words in a story focus on surface facts, those easily seen, but beneath and behind the words is a more complete structure supporting the story. Hemingway believed the true meaning of a piece of writing should not be evident from the surface story, rather, the crux of the story lies below the surface and should be allowed to shine through. It is likening the story to an iceberg in which only the tip is visible, but under the surface there is an unseen mass.16. Metafiction: a form of writing about fiction in the form of fiction. It is a style of fictivenarrative that tries to tell the readers that fiction is fiction and is not an illusion of reality as the realists have tried to deceive the readers into believing.特别提示：文学术语部分中，含有括号的说明只提示该术语出现在某部或某些作品中，不表示它局限于某作品。
2023年西方文学鉴赏考试笔记
• 1.欧美文学与亚非文学共同构成世界文学.世界四个文化体系: 中国文化体.印度文化体.阿拉伯伊斯兰文化体.欧美文化体.2.包括古希腊文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、17世纪古典主义文学、18世纪启蒙主义文学、19世纪浪漫主义文学和批判现实主义文学、20世纪现实主义文学和现代主义文.3.“两希源头”.古希腊-罗马文学、希伯来-基督教文.六种文艺思潮..文艺复兴文学思. 17世纪古典主义文学思.18世纪启蒙主义文学思. 19世纪浪漫主义文学思. 19世纪批判现实主义文学思. 20世纪现实主义文学和现代主义文学.四座里程碑: 荷马史诗、神曲、莎士比亚悲剧、浮士.4.古希腊-罗马文学: 重视个体人旳价值旳实现, 强调人旳主观能动性, 崇尚人旳智慧和在智慧引导下旳自由, 肯定人旳原始欲望旳合理性, 是古希腊文化旳本质特性.体现人类文明初期原始欲望旳潜在冲突、外现渴望、实现生命力旳心理驱动力。
希伯来-基督教文.重视人旳精神与灵魂, 强调理性对原欲旳限制。
尊重理性, 群体本位, 崇尚自我牺牲和谦让博爱.“两希源头”是西方文学文化内.5.1.阿伽门农——从聪敏多谋之君到刚愎自用之.2.阿基琉斯——史诗中心英雄、阿基琉斯之.3.赫克托耳——成熟、具有强烈悲剧色彩旳古代氏族英雄形.人格特点: 崇尚冒险, 喜欢斗争, 喜欢现实旳欢.战争观与主题——古朴雄浑、父（男）性英雄大行天下旳英雄时代, 正义与非正义、文学与历史, 甚至人与神都难以判然而分。
因此史诗旳主旋律或主题是毫无偏袒地歌颂战争和战争中英勇战斗旳英雄, 同步也偶尔体现出厌战情绪, 流露出人性旳情.6.荷马思想内容: 首先, 史诗再现了人类由原始氏族部落向奴隶制过度时期德尔社会形态。
生活风貌, 另一方面, 史诗反应了原始氏族部落向奴隶过度时期人们旳思想形态, 生活风貌, 第三, 史诗体现出乎古希腊人旳乐观, 向上, 积极旳人生态.7、中世纪文学: 教会文学重要是普及宗教教义, 为封建统治服务, 题材多半取自《圣经》骑士文学被称为宗教阴影下旳浪漫主义, 是骑士制度旳产物。
美国文学赏析复习范围
Please don’t tick; Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (不要打对勾，要用铅笔或黑色水笔涂黑) 例如：1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D] 1.连线题Group 1 作家作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. T. S. Eliot a. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ( ) 2. Wallace Stevens b. Sister Carrie( ) 3. Theodore Dreiser c.The Oversoul( ) 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Anecdote of the Jar( ) 5. Robert Frost e. The Waste LandGroup 2 作品中人物和作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. Benjy a. Sister Carrie( ) 2. George Hurstwood b. The Sound and the Fury( ) 3. Emily c. Mrs Warren’s Profession( ) 4. Vivie d. A Rose for Emily( ) 5. Jim e. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn “God help men that help themselves” is found in ________ work.A.PaineB. FranklinC. FreneauD. JeffersonFrom 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _____, an annal(年表、编年史) collection of proverbs.（谚语）A.The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common Sense D .The General Magazine______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A.Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathanial HawthorneD. Walt WhitmanTranscendentalists（超验主义者）recognized ________ as the “highest power of the soul”.A. IntuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinkingThe common thread throughout American literature has an emphasis on the ________.A.RevolutionB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. RationalismThe publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-relianceC.The American ScholarD. The Over-soulThere is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ______ on the Puritan soil.A. RomanticismB. Puritanism （清教主义）C. Mysticism （神秘主义）D. Unitarianism （实用主义）In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _______.A.the thought that designates（标出、定名为）a literary and philosophical theory which tends tosee the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.B.The thought that designates man as a social animalC.The orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD.The modes of thinkingMark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ______ language.A.GrandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacularMark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _______. A. international theme B. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolismThe Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as ______.A.the golden ageB. the silver ageC.the gilded ageD. the roaring ageThe impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American _________.A. modernismB. NaturalismC. VernacularismD. local colorismWhich of the following figures does not belong to “The Lost Generation”?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. Theodore DreiserThe following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except ______.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott. FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest HemingwayWho, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”?A. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph EllisonTheodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American’s ____________.A. naturalistsB. realistsC. modernistsD. romanticistsThe book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to _____.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby DickThe American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash(股市崩盘), through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak (开始) of the Second World War in 1939. This was a period of ______.A. povertyB. important social movementsC. a new social consciousness （意识）D. all of the above“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A.T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.E. E. CummingsEarly in the 20th century, _______ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Both A and BThe imagist writers followed three principles; they respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ____________.A. clear rhythmB. blank verseC. free verseD. heroic couplet“Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to __________.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. on e’s course of lifeIn Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called ________ in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalismYoknapatawpha county is an imagery land invented by _________.A. William FaulknerB. Thomas HardyC. BalzacD. Theodore Dreiser_______ wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying (衰败的) upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous(厚颜无耻的)class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.A. FaulknerB. FitzgeraldC. HemmingwayD. SteinbeckPassage 1Whose woods these are I think I know,His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.…The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.And miles to go before I sleep.Questions:1. Who is the Author of this poem? Robert Frost2. What does “sleep” refer to? deathPassage 2A Red, Red RoseO my lu ve’s(love) like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve’s like the melodie (悦耳的音乐)That’s sweetly play’d in tune.The Sick RoseRose, thou art (古英语，相当于you are) sick!The invisible (无形的、看不见的) wormThat flies in the night,In the howling storm,Has found out thy bedOf crimson (深红色的、绯红色) joyAnd his dark secret loveDoes the life destroy.Questions:1. What does the ROSE stand for in both poems? love2. In the second poem, why is the rose sick? Because of invisible worm3. Compare the image of rose in these two poems. 大家自己写自己的感想Passage 3Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe(快乐的) air, and uplifted into infinite (无限的) space,—all mean egotism (自私自利、自我中心) vanishes (消失). I become a transparent (透明的) eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate (循环) through me; I am part and particle of God.”Questions:1. Who wrote this passage? R. W. Emerson2. Which book does this quoted passage come from? Nature3. Can you retell the main idea of this passage in your own word? Oneness/harmony between human and nature1.Who is your favorite American writer? What is his/her masterwork? Why do you likehim/her? ( The writers and the works are not confined to (局限于) those we have mentioned in class.) (15 points)2.What is the relationship between wars and American literature? (U.S. has gone throughthe Independence War, the civil war, WWI, WWII, and the anti-terrorist war, you can choose one particular period to analyze or interpret it from a bird’s view.) (15 points)3.What have you leaned from this elective（选修课）this term? And do you have anysuggestions for this class? (10 points)你最喜欢哪一位美国作家？他（她）的代表作品是什么？为什么喜欢？简述美国文学和战争的关系。
英美文学作品赏析课程复习
小说（长篇小说，短篇小说，话剧，诗歌）小说（长篇小说，短篇小说，话剧，诗歌）非小说（科学性，推论性）非小说（科学性，推论性）西方文学的两个来源（希腊神话，基督教文学）西方文学的两个来源（希腊神话，基督教文学）英国文学发展英国文学发展1古英语时期：古英语时期：史诗，压头韵，beowulf（有记载的最早的英国文学作品）文学作品分类（pagan，chris on）2中世纪：中世纪：Geoffrey Chaucer（乔叟）：诗歌之父，代表作（the Canterbury tales 英国文学史上第一部现实主义典范，英国文学史开端）英国文学史上第一部现实主义典范，英国文学史开端）3文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期Drama+canto文艺复兴在伊丽莎白时期达到高潮，人文主义（humanism）Francis bacon：散文之父：引入十四行诗的第一人（托马斯）Thomas wyatt：引入十四行诗的第一人：引入十四行诗的第一人Spenser：诗人中的诗人，《the fairy queen》（马洛）Marlowe：blank verse Shakespeare：四大悲剧（哈姆雷特，奥赛罗，李尔王，麦克白）37plays 4资产阶级革命与王朝复辟资产阶级革命与王朝复辟Prose（散文），believed in simplicity of life，disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry John Milton：a great poet，玄学派诗人，代表作（为英国人辩护，失乐园，复乐园）乐园，复乐园）John donne：玄学派诗人的代表人物，代表作（death be not proud）John bunyan：a great prose writer，代表作（pilgrim progress）5新古典主义与启蒙运动新古典主义与启蒙运动被称为冷冰冰的时代被称为冷冰冰的时代Pope（蒲柏）：18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，新古典主义代表Defoe：现实主义小说家，代表作（鲁滨逊漂流），代表作（鲁滨逊漂流）Henry fielding：现代小说之父，代表作（弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事），代表作（弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事）Swi ：格列佛游记-yahoo的出处的出处Burns：national poet of Scotland，《a red red rose》6浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期Black和burns浪漫主义先驱浪漫主义先驱wordsworth，coleridge，southey湖畔派诗人，消极浪漫主义代表，消极浪漫主义代表 Shelley，byron，keats-积极浪漫主义积极浪漫主义浪漫主义开始的标志：wordsworth和coleridge的《lyrical ballads》抒情歌谣（英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作）情歌谣（英国浪漫主义文学的奠基之作）Wordsworth：桂冠派诗人，湖畔派中成就最高的，代表作（抒情歌谣，彩虹）彩虹）Shelley：英国空想社会主义色彩的浪漫主义诗人，代表作（西风颂，，代表作（西风颂爱的哲学）爱的哲学）Byron：代表作（唐璜，她走在美丽的光彩里）：代表作（唐璜，她走在美丽的光彩里）Keats：代表作（夜莺颂（美学原则））7现实主义与自然主义现实主义与自然主义进入维多利亚时期，小说为主Dickens：《oliver twist》，双城记（描述法国大革命），双城记（描述法国大革命）Thackeray：《vanity fair》名利场》名利场Bronte sisters Charlo e bronte：《jane egre》Emily bronte：《wuthering heights》呼啸山庄》呼啸山庄Anne bronte：poem Jane austen：中产阶级小说发起人，风俗小说，《pride and prejudice》美国文学发展美国文学发展1殖民地和清教徒的文学殖民地和清教徒的文学American Puritanism：idealist-prac cal，被称为（prac cal idealist）早期美国文学的特点：symbolism，simplicity，idealism Anne bradstreet：first female poet《sprung up in america》Franklin：被称为第一美国人：被称为第一美国人：《common sense 》2浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开端：《the sketches book 》washington irving 结束：《leaves of grass 》walt witman 浪漫主义高峰-超验主义超验主义 超验主义代表人物：fuller ，thoreau （瓦尔登湖），emerson ：美国第一位被世人认识的小说家，“”“father of short story ”《rip van winkle 》《the legend of the sleep hollow 》：首创了诗歌的自由体，《leaves leaves of of of grass grass 》“”Hawthorne ：“原罪论”《the scarlet le er 》：美国文学史上最重要的女诗人3美国现实主义美国现实主义Local color fic on （） 4自然主义文学自然主义文学比现实主义更加激进悲观比现实主义更加激进悲观Dreicer ：《sister carrie 》《an American teagedy 》5.imagism 与modernism （庞德）：《cathay 》-英译中文诗《in a sta on of the metro 》 Modernism Fitzgerald：《the great gatsby》Hemingway：新闻体小说的创始人，“文坛硬汉”《the sun alse rises》《老人与海》《老人与海》Frost：四次普利茨奖《a road not taken》Faulkner：南方文艺复兴代表作家，《a rose for emily》。
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Please don’t tick; Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (不要打对勾，要用铅笔或黑色水笔涂黑) 例如：1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D] 1.连线题Group 1 作家作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. T. S. Eliot a. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ( ) 2. Wallace Stevens b. Sister Carrie( ) 3. Theodore Dreiser c.The Oversoul( ) 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Anecdote of the Jar( ) 5. Robert Frost e. The Waste LandGroup 2 作品中人物和作品连线Column A Column B( ) 1. Benjy a. Sister Carrie( ) 2. George Hurstwood b. The Sound and the Fury( ) 3. Emily c. Mrs Warren’s Profession( ) 4. Vivie d. A Rose for Emily( ) 5. Jim e. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn “God help men that help themselves” is found in ________ work.A.PaineB. FranklinC. FreneauD. JeffersonFrom 1732 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous _____, an annal(年表、编年史) collection of proverbs.（谚语）A.The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common Sense D .The General Magazine______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A.Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathanial HawthorneD. Walt WhitmanTranscendentalists（超验主义者）recognized ________ as the “highest power of the soul”.A. IntuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinkingThe common thread throughout American literature has an emphasis on the ________.A.RevolutionB. ReasonC. IndividualismD. RationalismThe publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-relianceC.The American ScholarD. The Over-soulThere is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ______ on the Puritan soil.A. RomanticismB. Puritanism （清教主义）C. Mysticism （神秘主义）D. Unitarianism （实用主义）In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _______.A.the thought that designates（标出、定名为）a literary and philosophical theory which tends tosee the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.B.The thought that designates man as a social animalC.The orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonD.The modes of thinkingMark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ______ language.A.GrandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacularMark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _______. A. international theme B. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolismThe Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as ______.A.the golden ageB. the silver ageC.the gilded ageD. the roaring ageThe impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American _________.A. modernismB. NaturalismC. VernacularismD. local colorismWhich of the following figures does not belong to “The Lost Generation”?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. Theodore DreiserThe following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except ______.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott. FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest HemingwayWho, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”?A. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph EllisonTheodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of American’s ____________.A. naturalistsB. realistsC. modernistsD. romanticistsThe book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to _____.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby DickThe American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash(股市崩盘), through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak (开始) of the Second World War in 1939. This was a period of ______.A. povertyB. important social movementsC. a new social consciousness （意识）D. all of the above“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A.T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.E. E. CummingsEarly in the 20th century, _______ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Both A and BThe imagist writers followed three principles; they respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ____________.A. clear rhythmB. blank verseC. free verseD. heroic couplet“Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to __________.A. a travel experienceB. a marriage decisionC. a middle-age crisisD. on e’s course of lifeIn Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called ________ in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalismYoknapatawpha county is an imagery land invented by _________.A. William FaulknerB. Thomas HardyC. BalzacD. Theodore Dreiser_______ wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying (衰败的) upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous(厚颜无耻的)class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.A. FaulknerB. FitzgeraldC. HemmingwayD. SteinbeckPassage 1Whose woods these are I think I know,His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.…The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep.And miles to go before I sleep.Questions:1. Who is the Author of this poem? Robert Frost2. What does “sleep” refer to? deathPassage 2A Red, Red RoseO my lu ve’s(love) like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve’s like the melodie (悦耳的音乐)That’s sweetly play’d in tune.The Sick RoseRose, thou art (古英语，相当于you are) sick!The invisible (无形的、看不见的) wormThat flies in the night,In the howling storm,Has found out thy bedOf crimson (深红色的、绯红色) joyAnd his dark secret loveDoes the life destroy.Questions:1. What does the ROSE stand for in both poems? love2. In the second poem, why is the rose sick? Because of invisible worm3. Compare the image of rose in these two poems. 大家自己写自己的感想Passage 3Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed by the blithe(快乐的) air, and uplifted into infinite (无限的) space,—all mean egotism (自私自利、自我中心) vanishes (消失). I become a transparent (透明的) eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate (循环) through me; I am part and particle of God.”Questions:1. Who wrote this passage? R. W. Emerson2. Which book does this quoted passage come from? Nature3. Can you retell the main idea of this passage in your own word? Oneness/harmony between human and nature1.Who is your favorite American writer? What is his/her masterwork? Why do you likehim/her? ( The writers and the works are not confined to (局限于) those we have mentioned in class.) (15 points)2.What is the relationship between wars and American literature? (U.S. has gone throughthe Independence War, the civil war, WWI, WWII, and the anti-terrorist war, you can choose one particular period to analyze or interpret it from a bird’s view.) (15 points)3.What have you leaned from this elective（选修课）this term? And do you have anysuggestions for this class? (10 points)你最喜欢哪一位美国作家？他（她）的代表作品是什么？为什么喜欢？简述美国文学和战争的关系。