法律英语阅读练习题
八年级法律知识英语阅读理解20题
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八年级法律知识英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>The Law on the Protection of Minors is of great significance. It aims to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors. Minors are those who are under the age of eighteen. This law provides protection in many aspects. For example, it ensures that minors have the right to education. Schools and parents are responsible for providing minors with quality education. It also protects minors from abuse and neglect. Any form of abuse or neglect towards minors is strictly prohibited. Moreover, the law guarantees minors' right to health. Adequate medical care and a healthy living environment are essential for minors' growth.The implementation of the Law on the Protection of Minors is crucial for the healthy development of minors. It helps create a safe and supportive environment for them to grow up. By protecting their rights and interests, minors can develop into responsible and productive members of society.1. The Law on the Protection of Minors is for those who are under the age of ___.A. sixteenB. seventeenC. eighteenD. nineteen答案:C。
高三法律基础英语阅读理解20题
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高三法律基础英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country. It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the rights and interests of citizens and ensuring the stable operation of the country.The Constitution stipulates the basic rights and obligations of citizens. It guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to education. At the same time, citizens also have the obligation to abide by the law and pay taxes.The Constitution also defines the structure and functions of the government. It divides the power of the state into legislative, executive, and judicial branches, ensuring checks and balances among them.In addition, the Constitution reflects the values and ideals of a country. It embodies the pursuit of justice, equality, and democracy.The Constitution is not only a legal document but also a spiritual pillar. It guides the country's development and progress and inspires people to strive for a better future.1. The Constitution is the ______ law of a country.A. basicB. fundamentalC. importantD. secondary答案:B。
高一法律常识英语阅读理解25题
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高一法律常识英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Law is a set of rules and regulations that govern human behavior. It is designed to maintain order, protect rights, and ensure justice in society. Laws are created by governments and enforced by the legal system.The definition of law can vary depending on the context. In a broad sense, law can be defined as a system of rules that are recognized and enforced by a particular society or group. These rules may be written or unwritten, and they can cover a wide range of topics, including criminal law, civil law, and administrative law.The role of law is crucial in society. It provides a framework for people to interact with each other and resolve disputes. Law also protects the rights and freedoms of individuals, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law. Without law, society would be chaotic and people's lives and property would be at risk.The importance of law cannot be overstated. It helps to maintain social order and stability, promotes economic development, and protects the environment. Law also plays a vital role in protecting human rights and ensuring that justice is served.In conclusion, law is an essential part of society. It provides aframework for people to live and work together, and it protects the rights and freedoms of individuals. Understanding the definition, role, and importance of law is crucial for everyone, especially for high school students who are learning about the legal system for the first time.1. What is law designed to do?A. Create chaos.B. Maintain order, protect rights, and ensure justice.C. Ignore human behavior.D. Only protect the rich.答案:B。
高三英语法律条文解读练习题20题答案解析版
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高三英语法律条文解读练习题20题答案解析版1. In the United States Constitution, "The Congress shall have Power To... provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States." What does "counterfeiting" mean in this context?A. Copying legallyB. Imitating illegallyC. Creating officiallyD. Designing originally答案:B。
解析:“counterfeiting”在这里的意思是伪造,是非法的模仿行为。
在这个法律条文语境中,国会有权对伪造美国证券和现行货币的行为进行惩罚,A选项“合法复制”不符合法律禁止的行为;C 选项“官方创造”和D选项“原创设计”都与伪造的意思相悖。
2. According to the British common law, "A person who commits a felony is liable to imprisonment for life." Which word has the closest meaning to "felony" in modern English?A. MisdemeanorB. Minor offenseC. Serious crimeD. Petty fault答案:C。
解析:“felony”在英国普通法中指的是重罪。
A选项“轻罪”、B选项“小过错”和D选项“小过失”都与重罪意思相反,C选项“严重犯罪”符合“felony”的含义。
高二英语阅读理解之法律基础知识30题
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高二英语阅读理解之法律基础知识30题1<背景文章>The Anglo - American legal system, also known as the common law system, has a long and complex history. It originated in England and has been spread to many English - speaking countries, including the United States.The historical development of the Anglo - American legal system can be traced back to the medieval period in England. At that time, the law was mainly based on local customs and judicial precedents. Judges played a crucial role in developing the law through their decisions in individual cases. These decisions gradually formed a body of case law, which became an important part of the common law system.One of the main characteristics of the Anglo - American legal system is the importance of precedent. Precedent refers to the legal principle established by a previous court decision. Lower courts are generally bound to follow the precedents set by higher courts. This ensures consistency and predictability in the law. Another characteristic is the adversarial system. In this system, the two parties in a legal dispute, usually the plaintiff and the defendant, present their cases before a neutral judge or jury. Each side tries to prove its own case and disprove the other side's case.In contrast to the Anglo - American legal system, the civil law system (also known as the continental law system), which is prevalent in many European and Asian countries, has some different features. The civil law system is based more on written statutes and codes. The role of judicial precedent is relatively less important compared to the common law system. Judges in the civil law system are more likely to base their decisions on the written laws rather than on previous court decisions.1. <问题1>What is the origin of the Anglo - American legal system?A. FranceB. EnglandC. GermanyD. Italy答案:B。
八年级法律基础英语阅读理解15题
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八年级法律基础英语阅读理解15题1. In the Constitution, which of the following rights is often considered a fundamental one?A. The right to drive a carB. The right to voteC. The right to play video gamesD. The right to own a pet答案:B。
解析:在宪法中,选举权是一项基本权利。
选项A开车的权利不是宪法中的基本权利;选项C玩电子游戏的权利也不是基本权利;选项D拥有宠物的权利同样不是宪法中的基本权利。
2. According to civil law, if someone breaks a contract, what might bea consequence?A. They will get a prizeB. They may have to pay compensationC. They will be allowed to break more contractsD. They will be praised答案:B。
解析:根据民法,如果有人违反合同,可能的后果是要支付赔偿。
选项A得到奖励是错误的,违反合同不会得到奖励;选项C被允许违反更多合同也是不符合逻辑的;选项D被表扬也是错误的,违反合同是不当行为不会被表扬。
3. In criminal law, a serious crime is usually called aA. MisdemeanorB. FelonyC. Small mistakeD. Tiny error答案:B。
解析:在刑法中,严重的罪行通常被称为重罪(Felony)。
选项A轻罪(Misdemeanor)不符合题意;选项C小错误和选项D微小的差错都不是刑法中对严重罪行的称呼。
法律英语 沙丽金版 阅读文本问题答案
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Law1.What’s the relationship between civilization and law?The fairness of a nation’s laws and the extent to which the legal system justly administers the laws is a measure of the enlightenment, humanity, and degree of civilization of its people.2.What’s law?Law consists of the whole body of rules applied and enforced under the authority of established government in determining what conduct is proper and should be permitted and that which should be denied or penalized.3.Can you list the roles of law in society?Without law, there would be anarchy. Law is the means through which society is able to exist by providing protection for the individual; by establishing and maintaining order, health, and safety; by providing a peaceful means of dispute resolution; by providing stability and flexibility in economic relations between people; and by prohibiting conduct destructive to society.4. How can law be best understood?Law is best understood by viewing the legal system as a process——a means of pulling together society’s needs and goals and translating them into guides for fairness and reasonableness in conduct.5. What are the events that promote the development of the English legal system? Norman Conquest. William replaced the local and highly varied systems of law with a common system of law.6. Why did the people in England petition to the King and what would be the result?Because of the extremely rigid, frequently overly technical procedural requirements of the common-law system, people were sometimes unable to obtain fair relief in the courts. In time, some persons who felt that the form of relief was inadequate petitioned to the King directly.This practice gave rise to a second court system, called the Court of Chancery. 7. What was the situation of equity courts in North America?American court systems in the nineteenth century resulted in simplification of judicial procedures and elimination of equity courts as separate courts in most states.8.Was the statutes developed fast in North America? Why?9. What are the disadvantages of statues and the advantages of the common law rules?10. Who has the power to make the ordinances?The legislative body of a municipal corporationLegal System1.What is the relationship between the civil law system and Roman Law?The civil law is based on Roman Law.2.Who is the Justinian and what is his contribution?Byzantium Emperor. Compiling codes after the enthronement3.Which is the primary source of law in Europe, Roman Law or local laws?Local customs4.Why was the concept of codification developed in the 17th and 18th centuries?As an expression of both Natural Law and the ideas of the Enlightenment. 5.What did the opponents of codification think about codification of law?Its opponents claimed that codification would result into the ossification of law.6.What is the main feature of common law?Its inclusion of extensive non-statutory law reflecting precedent derived from centuries of judgments by working jurists.7.What is the difference between statutes and regulations?Statues are enacted by a legislature, while regulations are promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to a delegation of rule-making authority from a legislature.8.Where should people go if they wanted to apply for injunctions before the20th century? Why?Courts of equity. Only courts of equity have the authority to do it.9.What is the difference between the selections of judges in civil law countriesand that in common law countries?Civil law judges are usually trained and promoted separately from advocates, whereas common law judges are usually selected from accomplished and reputable advocates.10.What are the differences in the criminal procedures of the two major legalsystems?In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active role in determining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate major crimes using a so-called inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.Court System1.What is the main characteristic of the court system of the United States?Courts are operated in both state and federal governments.2.Are there any uniform rules for creating state courts?No. but it has a general pattern.3.What are the functions of the inferior courts at the bottom of the state judicialhierarchy?Trying minor civil cases involving small sums of money, and minor criminal cases involving light penalties and conducing preliminary hearings in the more serious criminal cases.4.Do all states have the same terminology for courts and judges? Please giveexamples.No. For examples, a man who sits on the highest court of New Jersey is calleda justice of the supreme court of that state, while a man who holds anequivalent position in New York is called a judge of the court of appeals.5.What are the duties of the judges who sit on appellate courts?They do no trial work, being occupied exclusively in hearing appeals. They review the proceedings of trial courts upon the basis of written records. They hear oral arguments and read written arguments, called briefs, in an effort to discover whether errors were committed in the trial court of such a nature as to require reversal of the judgment or a new trial.6.How many tiers of courts are there in the federal court system in the U.S.?What are they?There are three levels of courts: trial, intermediate appellate and top appellate.7.Does each state have a federal trial court? What decides the number of thefederal trial court in each state?Each state has at least one United States district court.The population of the district8.What types of cases will be tried by federal courts?Prosecutions for federal crimes civil claims based upon federal lawcivil claims between citizens of civil actions.9.Which authority has the power to create federal circuit courts?Congress10.Does the Supreme Court of the U.S. review all the cases appealed? Dose theSupreme Court of the U.S. have the power to review all the decisions made by the state highest courts?No. Yes.Constitution1.What are usually established in a constitution?A constitution establishes the rules and principles by which an organization,or political entity, is governed. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.2.What are the examples that show the limitation imposed by the constitutionto the organizations in the United States?An example from the constitutional law of nation-states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution.3.What are the relationships regulated by the U.S. Constitution?The relationship among institutions of the state. In a basic sense the relationship among the executive, legislative and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches.4.How do you describe an uncodified constitution?An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten.5.Why is an unwritten constitution not an accurate synonym for uncodifiedconstitution?Because all modern democratic constitutions consist of some written sources, 6.What do the codified and uncodified constitutions respectively result from?Codified constitutions are usually the product of dramatic political change, such as revolution. Uncodified constitutions are the product of an “evolution”of laws and conventions over centuries.7.Is it easy to amend a constitution? Why or why not?No. an extraordinary procedure is required for constitutional amendments involve some procedures that makes obtaining a constitutional amendment more difficult than passing a simple law.8.What happens if there are conflicts between the constitution and a statute ina country using codified constitution?All or part of the statue can be declared ultra vires by a court and struck down as unconstitutional.9.What are the sources of uncodified constitution of Britain?Written sources: e.g. constitutional statues enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, observation of precedents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions.10.Are there any differences between the constitutional law and statutory law instates using uncodified constitutions?No. Both can be altered or repealed by a simple majority in Parliament.Criminal Law1.Who do ordinary people think of crimes?People think of crimes as acts that threaten public safety, security or morality.Crime can be defined as anti-social conduct that is sufficiently serious to require state intervention and punishment.2.What is the accurate definition of crime?A crime is any act or omission that is contrary to the criminal law.3.What are the elements that may establish a crime?Criminal liability, guilty mind,4.What is the standard of proof for the prosecution to prove that a person isguilty?Beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the actus reus of the crime, while at the same time having the required mens rea5.What does the actus reus include?Conduct, circumstance and consequence6.Will all omissions lead to liability?No7.What are the circumstances where criminal liability has been imposed for anomission?8.What is shared by the cases about omission?A defendant has accepted or been placed under a duty to act, and his/heromission constitutes a failure to discharge that duty—the omission is no longer pure.9.In what kind of cases is causation required?The defendant’s conduct caused the unlawful consequence10.How is the subjective nature of criminal liability proved?Show a criminal state of mindCriminal Procedure1.What is the function of criminal procedure law?The law governing the series of procedures through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.2.What are the sources of criminal procedure law?The United States Constitution, (2) federal statutes (3) the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (d) local district court rules (e) rulings of federal courts based on their common law decisional authority or their supervisory authority over the administration of criminal justice in the federal courts (f) the internal regulations of the Department of Justice and other agencies involved in the administration of the federal process.3.What is a known offence?Where the police conclude that a crime may well have been committed, it willbe recorded as a “known offence”4.Who has the power to conduct investigation before arrest?Police, prosecutorial and other non-police investigations5.What are usually done in the process of booking?The arrestee’s name, the time of his arrival, the offense for which he was arrested are noted in the police “log”, the arrestee also will be photographed and fingerprinted.6.How many types of charging instruments are there in the felony cases?Complaint information, indictment7.Are there any differences between First Appearance and PreliminaryHearing?8.What will be done in the process of a grand jury review?Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial on the charge sought by the prosecution. If a majority of the grand jurors conclude that the prosecution’s evidence is sufficient, they will issue the indictment requested by the prosecutor.9.What are the characteristics of criminal trial?(a)the presumption of defendant’s innocence (b) the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt (c) the right of the defendant not to take the stand(d) the exclusion of evidence obtained by the state in an illegal manner10.How many types of sentences are used in criminal cases?Financial sanctions, some form of release into the community, and incarceration in a jail or prisonCivil Procedure1.How do people resolve their disputes?One is to engage in “self-help”, by which you redress the wrong personally.Another is to contact the person who harmed you and demand some compensation or other remedies.2.Which way of settling disputes is acceptable in the society?Litigation3.Why is litigation a publicly funded dispute resolution?The taxpayers provide the courtroom, the judge, and the instrumentalities by which the dispute is resolved.4.Who usually initiates a civil litigation, a government or an individual?Individual5.Is civil litigation time consuming? Why?Yes. Because there are many more parts to the process than the trial,6.Why is the question of forum selection important?The decision implicates a variety of important doctrines. And there are questions of tactics and ideal for the defendant.7.What should be decided by a plaintiff and his /her lawyer before filing a suit?What to put in the complaint.8.Where can the elements of claims be found?Substantive law9.What is the function of civil procedure law?Civil procedure provides the mechanism—the process—by which disputes over such substantive claims are resolved. It provides a theoretically content-neutral mechanism for resolving disagreements. It establishes the method by which someone would vindicate a right given to her by the law. 10.What are the stages in civil litigation?Pleadings, motions, discovery, possible pretrial adjudication, conferences, and meetingsTorts1.What are the functions of tort law?The purpose of torts is to compensate an injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act.2.What is the difference between a tort and a crime?The difference is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whole.3.How do you prove the intent of a defendant?Intent is most often proved through circumstantial evidence: the defendant’s conduct, in the context of his or her surroundings and what he or shepresumably knew and perceived.4.What are the elements of false imprisonment?(a)Intent to confine a person within a certain area (b) actual confinement(c) Awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due toconfinement; and (d) Prevention of exit or no safe exit possible by plaintiff 5.What needs to be proved in case of trespass?An act, coupled with the intent to cause entry by the defendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff’s land6.What does standard of care mean?As a general rule, all persons are under a duty to conduct themselves in sucha manner as not to create unreasonable risks of physical harm to others.7.How do you make defense for a negligent conduct?Contributory or comparative negligence and assumption of the risk8.What is the difference between the two types of comparative negligence?Pure comparative negligence simply means that if a plaintiff is 90 percent at fault, he or she can still recover 10 percent. Another name for partial comparative negligence is 50percent rule, which means that if the plaintiff is more than 50 percent at fault, he or she cannot recover.9.In what situation is the defense of assumption of risk applied?The plaintiff’s own actions trigger this defense, which is the plaintiff’s knowing and voluntary consent to encountering a known danger.10.Can a plaintiff get recovery if the defendant has no fault under strict liabilitydoctrine? Why?Yes. Legal fault stems from a deviation from a standard of conduct needed to protect society and its citizens.Contact1.In what situation is there an implied contract?An implied contract is one that is inferred from the conduct of the parties.2.What is the difference between bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts?A bilateral contract is one in which the parties exchange promises to do somefuture act. A unilateral contract is one in which one party acts immediately in response to the offer. The response is in the form of immediate action rather than a mutual exchange of promises.3.What is the difference between a void contract and a voidable contract?A void contract is a nullity from its beginning, and damages do not result. Avoidable contract is one that is binding until it is disaffirmed or canceled by the party with the authority to do so.4.What are the key elements for the formation of a contract?(1)the capacity of parties; (2) offer and acceptance (3) Consideration5.How does a corporation enter into a contract?The law creates a legal fiction that corporations are persons.6.Are the shareholders of a corporation involved in the contract concluded bythe corporation?No. This device allows corporations to sue and be sued and to conduct business transactions as entities without involving individual shareholders.7.What may decide the capacity of a person to enter into a contract?The age of the individual or from a party’s being mentally incapable of understanding the ramifications 后果of the contract8.Are there any special provisions about minors’making contract? What arethey?Minors are under an obligation to return any consideration received under the contract9.How can misunderstandings about terms in complex contracts be avoided?Complex contracts often contain sections that clearly define certain terms. 10.How do you decide whether the two parties of a contract have the mutualagreement?On an objective standard, and the subjective intent of the parties is usually irrelevantLaw of Corporation1.Why was the corporation proved to be an ideal instrument for the industrialdevelopment?It could raise large amounts of capital from numerous investors and yet provide centralized direction of large industrial concerns.2.Who has the power to approve the individual corporate charter originally?State legislatures3.Which state is the winner in the race of attracting companies?Delaware4.What is the procedure for the formation of a corporation?Filing an appropriate document with a state official, and paying the appropriate fee5.What can corporations do as artificial persons?The artificial person may conduct a business or businesses in its own name much in the same way that a “real” person could.6.What is the most obvious advantage that a corporation has?The corporation is unlimitedly liable for the debts and obligations of the business but the shareholders are not, since in theory all debts are the artificial entity’s obligations, not the shareholders.7.Why does a corporation have continuity of life?The existence of the corporation is not dependent on who the owners or investors are at any time. If shareholders die, or decide to sell out, the corporation continues to exist as a separate entity.8.How do you understand the sentence “the corporation does not have alimited life span”?It does not really mean that all corporations will continue until the end of time but rather that a corporation will continue indefinitely until the owners decide to dissolve it or merge it into another business.9.What rights do shareholders have?Very specific rights such as a limited right to inspect the books and records of the corporation10.Who has the right to decide the transfer of shareholders’ownership ofinterests?oneselfIntellectual Property1.How are intellectual property and intellectual rights defined?Products of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.Rights given to people over the creation of their minds2.Are “ideas”the product of the mind? And are the “ideas”protected byintellectual property law?Yes, no3.What do the various kinds of intellectual property have in common?Patents, copyrights, industrial designs, trademarks and confidential information4.Why do the intellectual property rights have much in common with the rightsassociated with real property?Intellectual property rights can be assigned or bequeathed.Intellectual property is itself intangible, it will be embodied in real objects. 5.Do the different intellectual property rights have the same history? Why?Each of the diverse intellectual property rights has its own separate history. 6.What is the shaping of the intellectual property law closely related to?Change economic and social conditions7.Are there any differences in the attitudes towards intellectual property rights?What are they?Important economic assets rewards for mental laborA reward for individual creativity products of the market8.In what way the ownership in intellectual property is limited?Time9.How are most intellectual property actions settled?Most are settled at the pre-trial stage and the usual remedy, where the claimant is successful, is a permanent injunction together with costs.10.What are the remedies in intellectual property cases?Delivery up, damages and an account of profits。
八年级法律基础英语阅读理解20题
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八年级法律基础英语阅读理解20题1. In the law about protecting minors, which right is very important for a teenager to get knowledge?A. Right to playB. Right to educationC. Right to privacyD. Right to travel答案:B。
解析:根据题意,在保护未成年人的法律中,对于青少年获取知识非常重要的权利是受教育权。
文中提到get knowledge (获取知识),而与获取知识紧密相关的是受教育权,A选项玩耍权、C选项隐私权、D选项旅行权均与获取知识无关。
2. According to the law for minors, who should mainly be responsible for protecting a teenager's privacy at school?A. The classmatesB. The headmasterC. The teachersD. The cleaners答案:C。
解析:在未成年人保护法中,在学校里主要应该由教师来保护青少年的隐私。
文中关键在于提到学校场景下的隐私保护,在学校里教师与学生的隐私保护关系最为密切,A选项同学、B选项校长、D选项清洁工都不是主要负责保护学生隐私的主体。
3. Which of the following is protected by the law for minors in termsof a teenager's personal information?A. Name and ageB. Favorite colorC. HobbiesD. Favorite food答案:A。
解析:在未成年人保护法中,青少年的姓名和年龄属于个人信息受到保护。
初二法律常识英语阅读理解20题
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初二法律常识英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>In modern society, laws play a crucial role in protecting the rights and interests of teenagers. One of the important laws is the Law on the Protection of Minors.Family protection is an essential part of it. Parents or other guardians are obliged to provide a good living environment for minors. They should ensure that children have enough food, clothing, and a safe place to live. Also, they are responsible for the minors' education, both in terms of moral and intellectual aspects. For example, parents should encourage their children to study hard and abide by social ethics.School protection is also very important. Schools are places where minors spend a large amount of time. Teachers should not only impart knowledge but also protect students from any form of abuse or discrimination. They need to create a positive and inclusive learning environment. For instance, schools should have strict rules against bullying to ensure the physical and mental health of students.In addition, the society as a whole also has the responsibility to protect minors. Public facilities should be designed to be friendly to minors, and various social organizations should also actively participate in theprotection of minors.1. <问题1>What is one of the main responsibilities of parents according to the Law on the Protection of Minors?A. Provide only food for minors.B. Ignore the moral education of minors.C. Provide a good living environment and education for minors.D. Let minors do whatever they want.答案:C。
高二法律基础英语阅读理解20题
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高二法律基础英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>The concept of law plays a fundamental role in modern society. Among the most important aspects are the rule of law, equality before the law, and due process.The rule of law refers to the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced. It ensures that a country is governed by laws rather than by the arbitrary will of individuals. In a society under the rule of law, laws are clear, public, and stable. This provides a predictable environment for citizens and businesses alike. For example, when people engage in economic activities, they know that their rights and obligations are defined by the law, which encourages investment and innovation.Equality before the law means that every person, regardless of their social status, wealth, race, or gender, is treated equally in the eyes of the law. No one is above the law, and everyone has the same legal rights and is subject to the same legal responsibilities. This principle is crucial for a just society. For instance, in a court of law, a rich person and a poor person should be judged based on the evidence and the law, not on their economic differences.Due process is also an essential part of the legal system. It involves a series of procedures that must be followed to ensure fairness in the legal process. This includes the right to a fair trial, the right to legal representation, and the right to be heard. For example, when a person is accused of a crime, due process ensures that they are given a proper opportunity to defend themselves, and the prosecution must prove their guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.In conclusion, these basic legal concepts are the cornerstones of a democratic and just society. They protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, promote social stability, and ensure the proper functioning of the state.1. What does the rule of law ensure?A. A country is governed by the will of powerful individuals.B. Laws are applied and enforced fairly, and a country is governed by laws.C. Only the rich are subject to the law.D. Laws can be changed at will by the government.答案:B。
法律英语试题及答案
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法律英语试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共10题,满分20分)1. Which of the following is not a legal term?A. PlaintiffB. DefendantC. LitigationD. Negotiation答案:D2. In legal English, "due process" refers to:A. A fair and just legal procedureB. A quick legal procedureC. A legal procedure without any delayD. A legal procedure with minimal paperwork答案:A3. The term "precedent" in law means:A. A previous case that sets a legal principleB. A document that records a legal decisionC. A legal principle that is not bindingD. A case that is not relevant to current legal issues 答案:A4. Which of the following is not a type of contract?A. Sales contractB. Employment contractC. Marriage contractD. Insurance contract答案:C5. "Tort" in legal English refers to:A. A civil wrongB. A criminal actC. A legal documentD. A legal remedy答案:A6. "Probate" is the legal process of:A. Dividing an estate after deathB. Filing a lawsuitC. Registering a trademarkD. Drafting a will答案:A7. "Jurisdiction" in law refers to:A. The authority to make legal decisionsB. The location of a courtC. The type of law being appliedD. The legal profession答案:A8. "Affidavit" is a legal document that:A. Is signed by a judgeB. Is a sworn statement of factsC. Is a request for a court orderD. Is a legal opinion答案:B9. "Statute" is a type of law that is:A. Created by judgesB. Passed by a legislative bodyC. Based on common lawD. Enforced by the executive branch答案:B10. "Moot" in legal context means:A. Unimportant or irrelevantB. A legal argumentC. A type of lawsuitD. A legal document答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共5题,满分10分)1. A legal dispute that is not resolved by negotiation or mediation may proceed to ________.答案:litigation2. The ________ of a contract is the formal agreement between parties.答案:execution3. A ________ is a person who has been granted the authorityto act on behalf of another.答案:agent4. The ________ is the highest court in many legal systems.答案:supreme court5. A ________ is a legal document that outlines the terms ofa contract.答案:deed三、阅读理解题(每题3分,共3题,满分9分)阅读以下段落,并回答问题。
法律英语沙丽金版阅读文本问题答案
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Law1.What’s the relationship between civilization and law?The fairness of a nation’s laws and the extent to which the legal system justly administers the laws is a measure of the enlightenment, humanity, and degree of civilization of its people.2.What’s law?Law consists of the whole body of rules applied and enforced under the authority of established government in determining what conduct is proper and should be permitted and that which should be denied or penalized.3.Can you list the roles of law in society?Without law, there would be anarchy. Law is the means through which society is able to exist by providing protection for the individual; by establishing and maintaining order, health, and safety; by providing a peaceful means of dispute resolution; by providing stability and flexibility in economic relations between people; and by prohibiting conduct destructive to society.4. How can law be best understood?Law is best understood by viewing the legal system as a process——a means of pulling together society’s needs and goals and translating them into guides for fairness and reasonableness in conduct.5. What are the events that promote the development of the English legal system? Norman Conquest. William replaced the local and highly varied systems of law with a common system of law.6. Why did the people in England petition to the King and what would be the result?Because of the extremely rigid, frequently overly technical procedural requirements of the common-law system, people were sometimes unable to obtain fair relief in the courts. In time, some persons who felt that the form of relief was inadequate petitioned to the King directly.This practice gave rise to a second court system, called the Court of Chancery.7. What was the situation of equity courts in North America?American court systems in the nineteenth century resulted in simplification of judicial procedures and elimination of equity courts as separate courts in most states.8.Was the statutes developed fast in North America? Why?9. What are the disadvantages of statues and the advantages of the common law rules?10. Who has the power to make the ordinances?The legislative body of a municipal corporationLegal System1.What is the relationship between the civil law system and Roman Law?The civil law is based on Roman Law.2.Who is the Justinian and what is his contribution?Byzantium Emperor. Compiling codes after the enthronement3.Which is the primary source of law in Europe, Roman Law or local laws?Local customs4.Why was the concept of codification developed in the 17th and 18th centuries?As an expression of both Natural Law and the ideas of the Enlightenment.5.What did the opponents of codification think about codification of law?Its opponents claimed that codification would result into the ossification of law.6.What is the main feature of common law?Its inclusion of extensive non-statutory law reflecting precedent derived from centuries of judgments by working jurists.7.What is the difference between statutes and regulations?Statues are enacted by a legislature, while regulations are promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to a delegation of rule-making authority from a legislature.8.Where should people go if they wanted to apply for injunctions before the20th century? Why?Courts of equity. Only courts of equity have the authority to do it.9.What is the difference between the selections of judges in civil law countriesand that in common law countries?Civil law judges are usually trained and promoted separately from advocates, whereas common law judges are usually selected from accomplished and reputable advocates.10.What are the differences in the criminal procedures of the two major legalsystems?In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active role in determining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate major crimes using a so-called inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.Court System1.What is the main characteristic of the court system of the United States?Courts are operated in both state and federal governments.2.Are there any uniform rules for creating state courts?No. but it has a general pattern.3.What are the functions of the inferior courts at the bottom of the state judicialhierarchy?Trying minor civil cases involving small sums of money, and minor criminal cases involving light penalties and conducing preliminary hearings in the more serious criminal cases.4.Do all states have the same terminology for courts and judges? Please giveexamples.No. For examples, a man who sits on the highest court of New Jersey is calleda justice of the supreme court of that state, while a man who holds anequivalent position in New York is called a judge of the court of appeals.5.What are the duties of the judges who sit on appellate courts?They do no trial work, being occupied exclusively in hearing appeals. They review the proceedings of trial courts upon the basis of written records. They hear oral arguments and read written arguments, called briefs, in an effort to discover whether errors were committed in the trial court of such a nature as to require reversal of the judgment or a new trial.6.How many tiers of courts are there in the federal court system in the U.S.?What are they?There are three levels of courts: trial, intermediate appellate and top appellate.7.Does each state have a federal trial court? What decides the number of thefederal trial court in each state?Each state has at least one United States district court.The population of the district8.What types of cases will be tried by federal courts?Prosecutions for federal crimes civil claims based upon federal lawcivil claims between citizens of civil actions.9.Which authority has the power to create federal circuit courts?Congress10.Does the Supreme Court of the U.S. review all the cases appealed? Dose theSupreme Court of the U.S. have the power to review all the decisions made by the state highest courts?No. Yes.Constitution1.What are usually established in a constitution?A constitution establishes the rules and principles by which an organization,or political entity, is governed. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.2.What are the examples that show the limitation imposed by the constitutionto the organizations in the United States?An example from the constitutional law of nation-states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution.3.What are the relationships regulated by the U.S. Constitution?The relationship among institutions of the state. In a basic sense the relationship among the executive, legislative and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches.4.How do you describe an uncodified constitution?An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten. 5.Why is an unwritten constitution not an accurate synonym for uncodifiedconstitution?Because all modern democratic constitutions consist of some written sources, 6.What do the codified and uncodified constitutions respectively result from?Codified constitutions are usually the product of dramatic political change,such as revolution. Uncodified constitutions are the product of an “evolution”of laws and conventions over centuries.7.Is it easy to amend a constitution? Why or why not?No. an extraordinary procedure is required for constitutional amendments involve some procedures that makes obtaining a constitutional amendment more difficult than passing a simple law.8.What happens if there are conflicts between the constitution and a statute ina country using codified constitution?All or part of the statue can be declared ultra vires by a court and struck down as unconstitutional.9.What are the sources of uncodified constitution of Britain?Written sources: e.g. constitutional statues enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, observation of precedents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions.10.Are there any differences between the constitutional law and statutory law instates using uncodified constitutions?No. Both can be altered or repealed by a simple majority in Parliament. Criminal Law1.Who do ordinary people think of crimes?People think of crimes as acts that threaten public safety, security or morality.Crime can be defined as anti-social conduct that is sufficiently serious to require state intervention and punishment.2.What is the accurate definition of crime?A crime is any act or omission that is contrary to the criminal law.3.What are the elements that may establish a crime?Criminal liability, guilty mind,4.What is the standard of proof for the prosecution to prove that a person isguilty?Beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the actus reus of the crime, while at the same time having the required mens rea5.What does the actus reus include?Conduct, circumstance and consequence6.Will all omissions lead to liability?No7.What are the circumstances where criminal liability has been imposed for anomission?8.What is shared by the cases about omission?A defendant has accepted or been placed under a duty to act, and his/heromission constitutes a failure to discharge that duty—the omission is no longer pure.9.In what kind of cases is causation required?The defendant’s conduct caused the unlawful consequence10.How is the subjective nature of criminal liability proved?Show a criminal state of mindCriminal Procedure1.What is the function of criminal procedure law?The law governing the series of procedures through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.2.What are the sources of criminal procedure law?The United States Constitution, (2) federal statutes (3) the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (d) local district court rules (e) rulings of federal courts based on their common law decisional authority or their supervisory authority over the administration of criminal justice in the federal courts (f) the internal regulations of the Department of Justice and other agencies involved in the administration of the federal process.3.What is a known offence?Where the police conclude that a crime may well have been committed, it will be recorded as a “known offence”4.Who has the power to conduct investigation before arrest?Police, prosecutorial and other non-police investigations5.What are usually done in the process of booking?The arrestee’s name, the time of his arrival, the offense for which he was arrested are noted in the police “log”, the arrestee also will be photographed and fingerprinted.6.How many types of charging instruments are there in the felony cases?Complaint information, indictment7.Are there any differences between First Appearance and PreliminaryHearing?8.What will be done in the process of a grand jury review?Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial on the charge sought by the prosecution. If a majority of the grand jurors conclude that the prosecution’s evidence is sufficient, they will issue the indictment requested by the prosecutor.9.What are the characteristics of criminal trial?(a)the presumption of defendant’s innocence (b) the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt (c) the right of the defendant not to take the stand(d) the exclusion of evidence obtained by the state in an illegal manner10.How many types of sentences are used in criminal cases?Financial sanctions, some form of release into the community, and incarceration in a jail or prisonCivil Procedure1.How do people resolve their disputes?One is to engage in “self-help”, by which you redress the wrong personally.Another is to contact the person who harmed you and demand some compensation or other remedies.2.Which way of settling disputes is acceptable in the society?Litigation3.Why is litigation a publicly funded dispute resolution?The taxpayers provide the courtroom, the judge, and the instrumentalities by which the dispute is resolved.4.Who usually initiates a civil litigation, a government or an individual?Individual5.Is civil litigation time consuming? Why?Yes. Because there are many more parts to the process than the trial,6.Why is the question of forum selection important?The decision implicates a variety of important doctrines. And there are questions of tactics and ideal for the defendant.7.What should be decided by a plaintiff and his /her lawyer before filing a suit?What to put in the complaint.8.Where can the elements of claims be found?Substantive law9.What is the function of civil procedure law?Civil procedure provides the mechanism—the process—by which disputes over such substantive claims are resolved. It provides a theoretically content-neutral mechanism for resolving disagreements. It establishes the method by which someone would vindicate a right given to her by the law. 10.What are the stages in civil litigation?Pleadings, motions, discovery, possible pretrial adjudication, conferences, and meetingsTorts1.What are the functions of tort law?The purpose of torts is to compensate an injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act.2.What is the difference between a tort and a crime?The difference is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whole.3.How do you prove the intent of a defendant?Intent is most often proved through circumstantial evidence: the defendant’s conduct, in the context of his or her surroundings and what he or she presumably knew and perceived.4.What are the elements of false imprisonment?(a)Intent to confine a person within a certain area (b) actual confinement(c) Awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due toconfinement; and (d) Prevention of exit or no safe exit possible by plaintiff 5.What needs to be proved in case of trespass?An act, coupled with the intent to cause entry by the defendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff’s land6.What does standard of care mean?As a general rule, all persons are under a duty to conduct themselves in sucha manner as not to create unreasonable risks of physical harm to others.7.How do you make defense for a negligent conduct?Contributory or comparative negligence and assumption of the risk8.What is the difference between the two types of comparative negligence?Pure comparative negligence simply means that if a plaintiff is 90 percent at fault, he or she can still recover 10 percent. Another name for partial comparative negligence is 50percent rule, which means that if the plaintiff is more than 50 percent at fault, he or she cannot recover.9.In what situation is the defense of assumption of risk applied?The plaintiff’s own actions trigger this defense, which is the plaintiff’s knowing and voluntary consent to encountering a known danger.10.Can a plaintiff get recovery if the defendant has no fault under strict liabilitydoctrine? Why?Yes. Legal fault stems from a deviation from a standard of conduct needed to protect society and its citizens.Contact1.In what situation is there an implied contract?An implied contract is one that is inferred from the conduct of the parties.2.What is the difference between bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts?A bilateral contract is one in which the parties exchange promises to do somefuture act. A unilateral contract is one in which one party acts immediately in response to the offer. The response is in the form of immediate action rather than a mutual exchange of promises.3.What is the difference between a void contract and a voidable contract?A void contract is a nullity from its beginning, and damages do not result. Avoidable contract is one that is binding until it is disaffirmed or canceled by the party with the authority to do so.4.What are the key elements for the formation of a contract?(1)the capacity of parties; (2) offer and acceptance (3) Consideration5.How does a corporation enter into a contract?The law creates a legal fiction that corporations are persons.6.Are the shareholders of a corporation involved in the contract concluded bythe corporation?No. This device allows corporations to sue and be sued and to conduct business transactions as entities without involving individual shareholders. 7.What may decide the capacity of a person to enter into a contract?The age of the individual or from a party’s being mentally incapable of understanding the ramifications 后果of the contract8.Are there any special provisions about minors’ making contract? What arethey?Minors are under an obligation to return any consideration received under the contract9.How can misunderstandings about terms in complex contracts be avoided?Complex contracts often contain sections that clearly define certain terms. 10.How do you decide whether the two parties of a contract have the mutualagreement?On an objective standard, and the subjective intent of the parties is usually irrelevantLaw of Corporation1.Why was the corporation proved to be an ideal instrument for the industrialdevelopment?It could raise large amounts of capital from numerous investors and yet provide centralized direction of large industrial concerns.2.Who has the power to approve the individual corporate charter originally?State legislatures3.Which state is the winner in the race of attracting companies?Delaware4.What is the procedure for the formation of a corporation?Filing an appropriate document with a state official, and paying the appropriate fee5.What can corporations do as artificial persons?The artificial person may conduct a business or businesses in its own name much in the same way that a “real” person could.6.What is the most obvious advantage that a corporation has?The corporation is unlimitedly liable for the debts and obligations of the business but the shareholders are not, since in theory all debts are the artificial entity’s obligations, not the shareholders.7.Why does a corporation have continuity of life?The existence of the corporation is not dependent on who the owners orinvestors are at any time. If shareholders die, or decide to sell out, the corporation continues to exist as a separate entity.8.How do you understand the sentence “the corporation does not have alimited life span”?It does not really mean that all corporations will continue until the end of time but rather that a corporation will continue indefinitely until the owners decide to dissolve it or merge it into another business.9.What rights do shareholders have?Very specific rights such as a limited right to inspect the books and records of the corporation10.Who has the right to decide the transfer of shareholders’ ownership ofinterests?oneselfIntellectual Property1.How are intellectual property and intellectual rights defined?Products of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.Rights given to people over the creation of their minds2.Are “ideas” the product of the mind? And are the “ideas” protected byintellectual property law?Yes, no3.What do the various kinds of intellectual property have in common?Patents, copyrights, industrial designs, trademarks and confidential information4.Why do the intellectual property rights have much in common with the rightsassociated with real property?Intellectual property rights can be assigned or bequeathed.Intellectual property is itself intangible, it will be embodied in real objects.5.Do the different intellectual property rights have the same history? Why?Each of the diverse intellectual property rights has its own separate history. 6.What is the shaping of the intellectual property law closely related to?Change economic and social conditions7.Are there any differences in the attitudes towards intellectual property rights?What are they?Important economic assets rewards for mental laborA reward for individual creativity products of the market8.In what way the ownership in intellectual property is limited?Time9.How are most intellectual property actions settled?Most are settled at the pre-trial stage and the usual remedy, where the claimant is successful, is a permanent injunction together with costs.10.What are the remedies in intellectual property cases?Delivery up, damages and an account of profits。
法律英语阅读完整版
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Unit 1 Legal StudiesNotesw is regarded as a set of fixed principles…ignorance of which excuses no one, not even theless knowledgeable or less affluent members of society.法律被认为是一整套固有的规则…不了解这套规则的人并不能因此而免除责任,即使他是这个社会中对此知之甚少,或并不那么富足的成员。
w begins only when a coercive apparatus comes into existence to maintain control throughenforcement of social norms.只有在一种强制性的机构通过实施社会规范来维持控制时,法律才开始形成。
3.The control group need not be agents of a political entity.控制集团不一定要是政治实体的代表。
w as social engineering. Under this concept law is regarded as a means of social controlwhich seeks to balance various competing conflicting interests and values within a society.法律是社会的调节器。
根据这个概念,法律作为社会控制的一种手段,力图将一个社会中各种纷争不同的权益和价值加以平衡。
5.to maintain the status quo in certain aspects of society.维持社会某些方面的现状6.to facilitate orderly change有利于进行有序的变革7.to facilitate planning and the realization of reasonable expectations有利于计划和实现合理的预期目标8.Courts will not turn to case decision for law if a statute is directly in point..如果某一成文法条直接适用,法院不会到判例中去寻找法律依据。
法律英语 沙丽金版 阅读文本问题答案资料
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Law1.What’s the relationship between civilization and law?The fairness of a nation’s laws and the extent to which the l egal system justly administers the laws is a measure of the enlightenment, humanity, and d egree of civilization of its peopl e.2.What’s law?Law consists of the whol e body of rul es applied and enforced und er the authority of established government in d etermining what conduct is proper and shoul d be permitted and that which should be d enied or penalized.3.Can you list the rol es of law in society?Without law, there woul d be anarchy. Law is the means through which society is abl e to exist by providing protection for the individual; by establishing and maintaining ord er, health, and safety; by providing a peaceful means of dispute resolution; by providing stability and fl exibility in economic relations between peopl e; and by prohibiting conduct d estructive to society.4. How can law be best und erstood?Law is best und erstood by viewing the l egal system as a process——a means of pulling together society’s needs and goals and translating them into guid es for fairness and reasonabl eness in conduct.5. What are the events that promote the d evelopment of the English l egal system? Norman Conquest. William replaced the l ocal and highly varied systems of law with a common system of law.6. Why did the peopl e in England petition to the King and what woul d be the result?Because of the extremely rigid, frequently overly technical procedural requirements of the common-law system, peopl e were sometimes unabl e to obtain fair relief in the courts. In time, some persons who felt that the form of relief was inad equate petitioned to the King directly.This practice gave rise to a second court system, call ed the Court of Chancery. 7. What was the situation of equity courts in North America?American court systems in the nineteenth century resulted in simplification of judicial procedures and elimination of equity courts as separate courts in most states.8.Was the statutes d eveloped fast in North America? Why?9. What are the disadvantages of statues and the advantages of the common law rul es?10. Who has the power to make the ordinances?The l egislative body of a municipal corporationLegal System1.What is the relationship between the civil law system and Roman Law?The civil law is based on Roman Law.2.Who is the Justinian and what is his contribution?Byzantium Emperor. Compiling cod es after the enthronement3.Which is the primary source of law in Europe, Roman Law or l ocal laws?Local customs4.Why was the concept of codification d evel oped in the 17th and 18th centuries?As an expression of both Natural Law and the id eas of the Enlightenment.5.What did the opponents of codification think about codification of law?Its opponents claimed that codification woul d result into the ossification of law.6.What is the main feature of common law?Its inclusion of extensive non-statutory law reflecting preced ent d erived from centuries of judgments by working jurists.7.What is the difference between statutes and regulations?Statues are enacted by a l egislature, whil e regulations are promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to a d elegation of rul e-making authority from a legislature.8.Where shoul d peopl e go if they wanted to apply for injunctions before the 20thcentury? Why?Courts of equity. Only courts of equity have the authority to d o it.9.What is the difference between the selections of judges in civil law countriesand that in common law countries?Civil law judges are usually trained and promoted separately from advocates, whereas common law judges are usually sel ected from accomplished and reputabl e advocates.10.What are the differences in the criminal procedures of the two major l egalsystems?In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active rol e ind etermining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate majorcrimes using a so-call ed inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.Court System1.What is the main characteristic of the court system of the United States?Courts are operated in both state and fed eral governments.2.Are there any uniform rul es for creating state courts?No. but it has a general pattern.3.What are the functions of the inferior courts at the bottom of the state judicialhierarchy?Trying minor civil cases involving small sums of money, and minor criminal cases involving light penalties and conducing preliminary hearings in the more serious criminal cases.4.Do all states have the same terminol ogy for courts and judges? Please giveexampl es.No. For exampl es, a man who sits on the highest court of New Jersey is call ed a justice of the supreme court of that state, whil e a man who holds an equivalent position in New York is call ed a judge of the court of appeals.5.What are the duties of the judges who sit on appellate courts?They d o no trial work, being occupied exclusively in hearing appeals. They review the proceedings of trial courts upon the basis of written records. They hear oral arguments and read written arguments, call ed briefs, in an effort to discover whether errors were committed in the trial court of such a nature as to require reversal of the judgment or a new trial.6.How many tiers of courts are there in the federal court system in the U.S.?What are they?There are three l evels of courts: trial, intermediate appellate and top appellate.7.Does each state have a fed eral trial court? What d ecid es the number of thefed eral trial court in each state?Each state has at least one United States district court.The population of the district8.What types of cases will be tried by fed eral courts?Prosecutions for fed eral crimes civil claims based upon fed eral lawcivil claims between citizens of civil actions.9.Which authority has the power to create fed eral circuit courts?Congress10.Does the Supreme Court of the U.S. review all the cases appealed? Dose theSupreme Court of the U.S. have the power to review all the d ecisions mad e by the state highest courts?No. Yes.Constitution1.What are usually established in a constitution?A constitution establishes the rul es and principles by which an organization, orpolitical entity, is governed. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which d efines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.2.What are the exampl es that show the limitation imposed by the constitution tothe organizations in the United States?An exampl e from the constitutional law of nation-states woul d be a provincial government in a fed eral state trying to l egislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the fed eral government in the constitution.3.What are the relationships regulated by the U.S. Constitution?The relationship among institutions of the state. In a basic sense the relationship among the executive, l egislative and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches.4.How d o you d escribe an uncodified constitution?An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a singl e document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten. 5.Why is an unwritten constitution not an accurate synonym for uncodifiedconstitution?Because all mod ern d emocratic constitutions consist of some written sources, 6.What d o the codified and uncodified constitutions respectively result from?Codified constitutions are usually the product of dramatic political change, such as revolution. Uncodified constitutions are the product of an “evolution”of laws and conventions over centuries.7.Is it easy to amend a constitution? Why or why not?No. an extraordinary procedure is required for constitutional amendments involve some procedures that makes obtaining a constitutional amendment more difficult than passing a simpl e law.8.What happens if there are conflicts between the constitution and a statute in acountry using codified constitution?All or part of the statue can be d eclared ultra vires by a court and struck d own as unconstitutional.9.What are the sources of uncodified constitution of Britain?Written sources: e.g. constitutional statues enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, observation of preced ents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions.10.Are there any differences between the constitutional law and statutory law instates using uncodified constitutions?No. Both can be altered or repeal ed by a simple majority in Parliament.Criminal Law1.Who d o ordinary peopl e think of crimes?Peopl e think of crimes as acts that threaten public safety, security or morality.Crime can be d efined as anti-social conduct that is sufficiently serious to require state intervention and punishment.2.What is the accurate d efinition of crime?A crime is any act or omission that is contrary to the criminal law.3.What are the elements that may establish a crime?Criminal liability, guilty mind,4.What is the standard of proof for the prosecution to prove that a person isguilty?Beyond a reasonabl e d oubt that the d efendant committed the actus reus of the crime, while at the same time having the required mens rea5.What d oes the actus reus includ e?Conduct, circumstance and consequence6.Will all omissions lead to liability?No7.What are the circumstances where criminal liability has been imposed for anomission?8.What is shared by the cases about omission?A d efendant has accepted or been placed under a duty to act, and his/heromission constitutes a failure to discharge that duty—the omission is no l onger pure.9.In what kind of cases is causation required?The d efendant’s conduct caused the unlawful consequence10.How is the subjective nature of criminal liability proved?Show a criminal state of mindCriminal Procedure1.What is the function of criminal procedure law?The law governing the series of procedures through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.2.What are the sources of criminal procedure law?The United States Constitution, (2) fed eral statutes (3) the Fed eral Rul es of Criminal Procedure (d) l ocal district court rul es (e) rulings of fed eral courts based on their common law d ecisional authority or their supervisory authority over the administration of criminal justice in the fed eral courts (f) the internal regulations of the Department of Justice and other agencies involved in the administration of the fed eral process.3.What is a known offence?Where the police conclud e that a crime may well have been committed, it will be record ed as a “known offence”4.Who has the power to conduct investigation before arrest?Police, prosecutorial and other non-police investigations5.What are usually d one in the process of booking?The arrestee’s name, the time of his arrival, the offense for which he was arrested are noted in the police “l og”, the arrestee also will be photographed and fingerprinted.6.How many types of charging instruments are there in the felony cases?Complaint information, indictment7.Are there any differences between First Appearance and PreliminaryHearing?8.What will be d one in the process of a grand jury review?Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial on the charge sought by the prosecution. If a majority of the grand jurors conclud e that the prosecution’s evid ence is sufficient, they will issue the indictment requested by the prosecutor.9.What are the characteristics of criminal trial?(a)the presumption of d efendant’s innocence (b) the requirement of proof beyond a reasonabl e d oubt (c) the right of the d efendant not to take the stand(d) the exclusion of evidence obtained by the state in an ill egal manner10.How many types of sentences are used in criminal cases?Financial sanctions, some form of release into the community, and incarceration in a jail or prisonCivil Procedure1.How d o people resolve their disputes?One is to engage in “self-help”, by which you redress the wrong personally.Another is to contact the person who harmed you and d emand some compensation or other remedies.2.Which way of settling disputes is acceptabl e in the society?Litigation3.Why is litigation a publicly fund ed dispute resolution?The taxpayers provid e the courtroom, the judge, and the instrumentalities bywhich the dispute is resolved.4.Who usually initiates a civil litigation, a government or an individual?Individual5.Is civil litigation time consuming? Why?Yes. Because there are many more parts to the process than the trial,6.Why is the question of forum sel ection important?The d ecision implicates a variety of important d octrines. And there are questions of tactics and id eal for the d efendant.7.What should be d ecid ed by a plaintiff and his /her lawyer before filing a suit?What to put in the complaint.8.Where can the elements of claims be found?Substantive law9.What is the function of civil procedure law?Civil procedure provid es the mechanism—the process—by which disputes over such substantive claims are resolved. It provid es a theoretically content-neutral mechanism for resolving disagreements. It establishes the method by which someone woul d vindicate a right given to her by the law. 10.What are the stages in civil litigation?Pl eadings, motions, discovery, possibl e pretrial adjudication, conferences, and meetingsTorts1.What are the functions of tort law?The purpose of torts is to compensate an injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act.2.What is the difference between a tort and a crime?The difference is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whol e.3.How d o you prove the intent of a d efendant?Intent is most often proved through circumstantial evid ence: the d efendant’s conduct, in the context of his or her surroundings and what he or she presumably knew and perceived.4.What are the elements of false imprisonment?(a)Intent to confine a person within a certain area (b) actual confinement(c) Awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due toconfinement; and (d) Prevention of exit or no safe exit possibl e by plaintiff 5.What needs to be proved in case of trespass?An act, coupl ed with the intent to cause entry by the d efendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff’s land6.What d oes standard of care mean?As a general rul e, all persons are und er a duty to conduct themselves in such a manner as not to create unreasonabl e risks of physical harm to others.7.How d o you make d efense for a negligent conduct?Contributory or comparative negligence and assumption of the risk8.What is the difference between the two types of comparative negligence?Pure comparative negligence simply means that if a plaintiff is 90 percent at fault, he or she can still recover 10 percent. Another name for partial comparative negligence is 50percent rul e, which means that if the plaintiff is more than 50 percent at fault, he or she cannot recover.9.In what situation is the d efense of assumption of risk applied?The plaintiff’s own actions trigger this d efense, which is the plaintiff’s knowing and voluntary consent to encountering a known danger.10.Can a plaintiff get recovery if the d efendant has no fault und er strict liabilityd octrine? Why?Yes. Legal fault stems from a d eviation from a standard of conduct need ed to protect society and its citizens.Contact1.In what situation is there an implied contract?An implied contract is one that is inferred from the conduct of the parties.2.What is the difference between bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts?A bilateral contract is one in which the parties exchange promises to d o somefuture act. A unilateral contract is one in which one party acts immediately inresponse to the offer. The response is in the form of immediate action rather than a mutual exchange of promises.3.What is the difference between a void contract and a voidabl e contract?A void contract is a nullity from its beginning, and damages d o not result. Avoidabl e contract is one that is binding until it is disaffirmed or canceled by the party with the authority to d o so.4.What are the key el ements for the formation of a contract?(1)the capacity of parties; (2) offer and acceptance (3) Consid eration5.How d oes a corporation enter into a contract?The law creates a l egal fiction that corporations are persons.6.Are the sharehol d ers of a corporation involved in the contract conclud ed bythe corporation?No. This d evice allows corporations to sue and be sued and to conduct business transactions as entities without involving individual shareholders. 7.What may d ecid e the capacity of a person to enter into a contract?The age of the individual or from a party’s being mentally incapabl e of und erstanding the ramifications 后果of the contract8.Are there any special provisions about minors’making contract? What arethey?Minors are und er an obligation to return any consid eration received und er the contract9.How can misund erstandings about terms in compl ex contracts be avoid ed?Compl ex contracts often contain sections that cl early d efine certain terms. 10.How d o you d ecid e whether the two parties of a contract have the mutualagreement?On an objective standard, and the subjective intent of the parties is usually irrelevantLaw of Corporation1.Why was the corporation proved to be an id eal instrument for the industriald evel opment?It coul d raise large amounts of capital from numerous investors and yetprovid e centralized direction of large industrial concerns.2.Who has the power to approve the individual corporate charter originally?State legislatures3.Which state is the winner in the race of attracting companies?Delaware4.What is the procedure for the formation of a corporation?Filing an appropriate d ocument with a state official, and paying the appropriate fee5.What can corporations d o as artificial persons?The artificial person may conduct a business or businesses in its own name much in the same way that a “real” person coul d.6.What is the most obvious advantage that a corporation has?The corporation is unlimitedly liabl e for the d ebts and obligations of the business but the sharehol d ers are not, since in theory all d ebts are the artificial entity’s obligations, not the sharehol d ers.7.Why d oes a corporation have continuity of life?The existence of the corporation is not d epend ent on who the owners or investors are at any time. If sharehol d ers die, or d ecid e to sell out, the corporation continues to exist as a separate entity.8.How d o you und erstand the sentence “the corporation d oes not have a limitedlife span”?It d oes not really mean that all corporations will continue until the end of time but rather that a corporation will continue ind efinitely until the owners d ecid e to dissolve it or merge it into another business.9.What rights d o sharehold ers have?Very specific rights such as a limited right to inspect the books and records of the corporation10.Who has the right to d ecid e the transfer of sharehol d ers’ownership ofinterests?oneselfIntellectual Property1.How are intellectual property and intellectual rights d efined?Products of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images, and d esigns used in commerce.Rights given to people over the creation of their minds2.Are “id eas”the product of the mind? And are the “id eas”protected byintellectual property law?Yes, no3.What d o the various kinds of intellectual property have in common?Patents, copyrights, industrial d esigns, trad emarks and confid ential information4.Why d o the intellectual property rights have much in common with the rightsassociated with real property?Intellectual property rights can be assigned or bequeathed.Intellectual property is itself intangibl e, it will be embodied in real objects.5.Do the different intellectual property rights have the same history? Why?Each of the diverse intell ectual property rights has its own separate history. 6.What is the shaping of the intellectual property law cl osely related to?Change economic and social conditions7.Are there any differences in the attitud es towards intellectual property rights?What are they?Important economic assets rewards for mental laborA reward for individual creativity products of the market8.In what way the ownership in intellectual property is limited?Time9.How are most intellectual property actions settl ed?Most are settled at the pre-trial stage and the usual remedy, where the claimant is successful, is a permanent injunction together with costs.10.What are the remedies in intellectual property cases?Delivery up, damages and an account of profits。
七年级法律基础英语阅读理解25题
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七年级法律基础英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Law is an important part of our society. It can be defined as a set of rules and regulations that are made by the government or other authorized bodies. These rules are made to maintain order, protect the rights of citizens, and ensure justice in the community.The primary function of law is to keep society in order. For example, traffic laws regulate how people drive on the roads, which helps to prevent accidents and keep everyone safe. Without traffic laws, the roads would be chaotic, and people's lives would be at risk.Law also protects the rights of individuals. It ensures that people are treated fairly and equally. For instance, laws against discrimination protect people from being treated unfairly because of their race, gender, or religion. Everyone has the right to live without fear of being discriminated against, and the law enforces this right.In addition, law has a great impact on people's daily lives. It affects how we behave, interact with others, and make decisions. For example, when we enter into a contract, we are bound by the legal rules of contract law. This means that we have to fulfill our obligations as stated in the contract, and if there are any disputes, the law provides a way to resolvethem.Overall, law is essential for a harmonious and just society. It gives us a framework within which we can live our lives, knowing that our rights are protected and that there are consequences for breaking the rules.1. <问题1>What is the main purpose of law according to the passage?A. To make people rich.B. To maintain order, protect rights and ensure justice.C. To make the government more powerful.D. To control people's thoughts.答案:B。
高三基础法律英语阅读理解30题
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高三基础法律英语阅读理解30题1<背景文章>The Jury System in the Anglo - American Legal SystemThe jury system has a long - standing history in the Anglo - American legal system. Its origin can be traced back to medieval England. In those days, local communities were involved in the process of dispensing justice. People from the local area were gathered to hear cases and make judgments based on their understanding of the facts and the law as it was known at the time.Over time, the jury system has developed and evolved. It became an integral part of the legal process. In the United States, which follows the Anglo - American legal tradition, the jury system plays a crucial role in both criminal and civil trials.The function of the jury is multi - faceted. In criminal cases, the jury is responsible for determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil cases, they decide on issues such as liability and damages. The jury listens to the evidence presented by both sides in the courtroom. This includes testimonies from witnesses, expert opinions, and the presentation of physical evidence.The selection of jury members is a meticulous process. Potentialjurors are randomly selected from the local population. They are then summoned to the courthouse. During the selection process, known as voir dire, both the prosecution and the defense have the opportunity to question the potential jurors. This is done to ensure that the jurors are impartial and can make a fair decision. They can exclude certain jurors for various reasons, such as if they have a pre - existing bias or if they are related to one of the parties involved in the case.In the modern judicial system, the jury system still holds significant importance. It represents the voice of the community in the courtroom. It provides a check on the power of the judiciary and the prosecution. By involving ordinary citizens in the decision - making process, it gives the public a sense of participation in the justice system. However, it also faces some challenges. For example, the process can be time - consuming and costly. There are also concerns about the ability of jurors to fully understand complex legal issues.1. What is the origin of the jury system in the Anglo - American legal system?A. It originated from ancient Rome.B. It can be traced back to medieval England.C. It started in the United States in the 18th century.D. It has no clear origin.答案:B。
高三英语法律条文解读练习题20题(带答案)
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高三英语法律条文解读练习题20题(带答案)1. According to traffic regulations, when you see a red light, you must _____.A. speed upB. slow downC. stopD. turn left答案:C。
解析:根据交通法规,看到红灯必须停车。
选项 A 加速是错误的;选项 B 减速不符合看到红灯的要求;选项 D 左转在红灯时通常也是不允许的。
2. In consumer protection laws, if you buy a defective product, you have the right to _____.A. keep it as it isB. throw it awayC. ask for a refundD. ignore it答案:C。
解析:消费者权益保护法中,如果买到有缺陷的产品,有权要求退款。
选项A 保留原样不能维护消费者权益;选项B 扔掉产品也不能解决问题;选项D 忽视更不可取。
3. When driving on the highway, the speed limit is usually _____.A. 30 mphB. 50 mphC. 70 mphD. 90 mph答案:C。
解析:高速公路上通常限速70 英里每小时。
选项 A 速度过低,不适合高速公路;选项B 一般不是高速公路限速;选项D 速度过高,超出常见高速公路限速范围。
4. According to labor laws, employees are entitled to _____.A. work overtime without payB. have no rest daysC. receive fair wagesD. be treated unfairly答案:C。
解析:根据劳动法,员工有权获得公平的工资。
高二英语阅读理解之法律常识25题
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高二英语阅读理解之法律常识25题1<背景文章>Teenage crime is a serious issue that concerns society. There are several common types of teenage crimes. One of the most common is theft. Teenagers may steal items such as mobile phones, wallets, or even bicycles. Another type is vandalism. They might damage public property like park benches, street lights, or walls. Assault is also not uncommon among teenagers. This could involve physical fights with peers or even attacks on strangers.The reasons for teenage crime are complex. Peer pressure is a significant factor. Teenagers may feel compelled to engage in criminal activities to fit in with a particular group. Lack of proper parental guidance and supervision can also lead to delinquency. Some teenagers may come from dysfunctional families where there is little emotional support or discipline. Additionally, exposure to violent media and video games can desensitize teenagers and make them more likely to act out violently.The consequences of teenage crime can be severe. Those who are caught may face legal penalties such as fines, community service, or even imprisonment. A criminal record can have a long-lasting impact on a teenager's future prospects. It can make it difficult for them to get intocollege, find a job, or obtain certain licenses. Moreover, teenage crime can damage the reputation of the community and create a sense of insecurity among residents.1. What is one of the common types of teenage crime mentioned in the passage?A. MurderB. TheftC. KidnappingD. Fraud答案:B。
高三英语法律条文解读练习题30题
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高三英语法律条文解读练习题30题1.The traffic light is red. What should you do?A.Keep driving.B.Slow down and drive carefully.C.Stop and wait.D.Speed up and pass quickly.答案:C。
解析:当交通灯是红色时,应该停车等待。
选项 A 继续行驶是错误的;选项 B 减速并小心行驶适用于黄灯;选项 D 加速快速通过是非常危险且错误的行为。
本题涉及的关键法律词汇是“red light( 红灯)”,语法规则方面比较简单,主要考查对特定情境下的行为判断。
2.You see a sign that says “No parking”. What does it mean?A.You can park for a short time.B.You can park only on weekends.C.You cannot park at all.D.You can park if you pay.答案:C。
解析:“No parking”的标志意思是禁止停车。
选项A 可以短时间停车错误;选项 B 仅在周末可以停车错误;选项 D 如果付费可以停车错误。
关键法律词汇是“No parking( 禁止停车)”,语法无特殊要求。
3.When driving on the highway, what is the speed limit?A.30 miles per hour.B.50 miles per hour.C.70 miles per hour.D.90 miles per hour.答案:C。
解析:高速公路上通常的速度限制是70 英里每小时。
选项 A 速度太慢,一般不是高速公路的限速;选项B 速度也较低;选项D 速度过高,容易引发危险。
关键法律词汇是“speed limit 速度限制)”,语法无特殊要求。
法律英语阅读练习题
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Unit 2 Administrative LawExerciseDiscussing the following topics:1.What is the issue of the case?Whether the respondent had acted without and in excess of its powers and that the evidence was insufficient to justify the findings of fact.2.On what grounds , did the petitioner seek an annulment of the award?Petitioner State Employee’s Retirement System seeks an annulment of the award , on the grounds that respondent Commission had acted without and in excess of its powers and that the evidence was insufficient to justify the findings of fact.3.What finding did the respondent make upon the facts adduced at the hearing?Upon the facts adduced at the hearing , summary of which has been given above, respondent Industrial Accident Commission made its finding that Karl Lund had sustained injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment proximately causing his death from inhalation of carbon monoxide fumes.4.What is the holding of the District Court?The District Court of Appeal held that death arose out of and inthe course of employment , and the award is affirmed.5.Why neither awards may be annulled?Because there are two conclusions which fairly may be drawn from the evidence , both of which are reasonable, the one sustaining the other opposing the right to compensation . Nor may an award be rejected solely on the basis of moral or ethical considerations.P28 exercisesDiscussing the following topics;1.What is the issue of this case?Whether or not to allow a deportable alien to leave the country voluntarily.2.What is the opinion of the Court of Appeals?Exarchou has sustained his burden of established good moral character under s 19 (c) of the Immigration Act of 1917 , former 8 U.S.C.155 (c) ,and is entitled to further consideration of his application . Whether any other factors may warrant the Service in not following its 1951 and 1953 grants of discretionary relief to Exarchou is not now before us.3.The Immigration and Naturalization Service granted the Relator --Appellant Permission twice for relief he now seeks , what are they?In March 1951 , following the initial determination of his deportability ,it recommended that his deportation should be suspended. And for the second time ,the Service granted him permission to depart from the country voluntarily.4.What is the decision of the Special Inquiry Office upon the investigation of Immigration and Naturalization Service?The Special Inquiry Officer , reversing the Service’s earlier position , found that Exarchou had not sustained his burden of proof as to good moral character and hence was ineligible for the exercise of discretion which would allow him to depart from voluntarily.5.Why did the court reverse the shift of position of the Service?The evidence is not sufficient to justify the Service’s present shift to position as to Exarchou’s good moral character.Unit 3 Antitrust Law P 37Discussing the following topics1. What is the cause of action of the lawsuit brought by the United States against Sealy, Inc.?The United States alleged that Sealy ,Inc.had violated 1 of the Sherman Act , 26 Stat.209 , as amended , 15 U.S. C. 1, by conspiring with its licensees to fix the prices at which the retailcustomers of the licensees might resell bedding products bearing the Sealy name, and to allocate mutually exclusive territories among such manufacturer --licensees.2.What did the trial court find?The District Court found that Sealy Inc.was engaged in a continuing conspiracy with its manufacturer --licensees to agree upon and fix minimum retail prices on Sealy products and to police the prices so fixed . However , the trial court held that the US had not proved conduct in unreasonable restraint of trade in violation of Sherman Act with respect to its allegation that Sealy Inc.conspired to allocate mutually exclusive territory among its manufacturers.3.What did the trial court rule on Sealy Inc. ‘s price--fixing activities?It enjoined Sealy Inc.from conspiracy of price-fixing.4.What is the issue for the Court to decide?Whether the appellee conspired to allocate mutually exclusive territory among its manufacturers。
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Unit 2 Administrative LawExerciseDiscussing the following topics:1.What is the issue of the case?Whether the respondent had acted without and in excess of its powers and that the evidence was insufficient to justify the findings of fact.2.On what grounds , did the petitioner seek an annulment of the award?Petitioner State Employee’s Retirement System seeks an annulment of the award , on the grounds that respondent Commission had acted without and in excess of its powers and that the evidence was insufficient to justify the findings of fact.3.What finding did the respondent make upon the facts adduced at the hearing?Upon the facts adduced at the hearing , summary of which has been given above, respondent Industrial Accident Commission made its finding that Karl Lund had sustained injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment proximately causing his death from inhalation of carbon monoxide fumes.4.What is the holding of the District Court?The District Court of Appeal held that death arose out of and inthe course of employment , and the award is affirmed.5.Why neither awards may be annulled?Because there are two conclusions which fairly may be drawn from the evidence , both of which are reasonable, the one sustaining the other opposing the right to compensation . Nor may an award be rejected solely on the basis of moral or ethical considerations.P28 exercisesDiscussing the following topics;1.What is the issue of this case?Whether or not to allow a deportable alien to leave the country voluntarily.2.What is the opinion of the Court of Appeals?Exarchou has sustained his burden of established good moral character under s 19 (c) of the Immigration Act of 1917 , former 8 U.S.C.155 (c) ,and is entitled to further consideration of his application . Whether any other factors may warrant the Service in not following its 1951 and 1953 grants of discretionary relief to Exarchou is not now before us.3.The Immigration and Naturalization Service granted the Relator --Appellant Permission twice for relief he now seeks , what are they?In March 1951 , following the initial determination of his deportability ,it recommended that his deportation should be suspended. And for the second time ,the Service granted him permission to depart from the country voluntarily.4.What is the decision of the Special Inquiry Office upon the investigation of Immigration and Naturalization Service?The Special Inquiry Officer , reversing the Service’s earlier position , found that Exarchou had not sustained his burden of proof as to good moral character and hence was ineligible for the exercise of discretion which would allow him to depart from voluntarily.5.Why did the court reverse the shift of position of the Service?The evidence is not sufficient to justify the Service’s present shift to position as to Exarchou’s good moral character.Unit 3 Antitrust Law P 37Discussing the following topics1. What is the cause of action of the lawsuit brought by the United States against Sealy, Inc.?The United States alleged that Sealy ,Inc.had violated 1 of the Sherman Act , 26 Stat.209 , as amended , 15 U.S. C. 1, by conspiring with its licensees to fix the prices at which the retailcustomers of the licensees might resell bedding products bearing the Sealy name, and to allocate mutually exclusive territories among such manufacturer --licensees.2.What did the trial court find?The District Court found that Sealy Inc.was engaged in a continuing conspiracy with its manufacturer --licensees to agree upon and fix minimum retail prices on Sealy products and to police the prices so fixed . However , the trial court held that the US had not proved conduct in unreasonable restraint of trade in violation of Sherman Act with respect to its allegation that Sealy Inc.conspired to allocate mutually exclusive territory among its manufacturers.3.What did the trial court rule on Sealy Inc. ‘s price--fixing activities?It enjoined Sealy Inc.from conspiracy of price-fixing.4.What is the issue for the Court to decide?Whether the appellee conspired to allocate mutually exclusive territory among its manufacturers。
5.What did this case distinguish from White Motor Co. V. United States?The case distinguished from White Motor in that the nature of appellee’s conduct was horizontal restraints while White Motor involved a vertical territorial limitation.6.What is the holding of the case?The appellee conspired of allocate mutually exclusive territory among its manufacturers.7.What the Appellee’s activities did the Court find violation of Sherman Act?The stockholder -licensee representative as the board of directors , the Executive Committee , or other committees of Sealy, Inc.discuss , agree upon and set (a)The retail prices at which Sealy products could be sold; (b) The retail prices at which Sealy products could be advertised; (c) The comparative retail prices at which the stockholder -licensees and the Sealy retailers could advertise Sealy products; (d) The minimum retail prices below which Sealy products could not be sold; and (f) The means of inducing and enforcing retailers to adhere to these agreed upon and set prices.8.What is the judgment?The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the case remanded for the entry of an appropriate decree.ExercisesP40Discussing the following topics1.What is the holding of the trial court?2.What is the decision of the Court of Appeals?3.What the Court of Appeals erred in according to the Supreme Court?4.What is (are ) the issue (s) of this case?5.The respondents hold their status as “mere instrumentalities of a single manufacturing merchandising unit,” what is the opinion of the Supreme Court on this point?。