全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
全国2008年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷
2008年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试卷Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)：1. The distinction between langue and parole was made by _______ early last century.( )A:American linguist N. ChomskyB:Swiss linguist F. de SaussureC:American linguist Edward SapirD:British linguist J. R. Firth答案：B2. The sounds that begin and end the words church and judge are voiceless and voiced _______, respectively.( )A:stopsB:fricativesC:affricatesD:plosives答案：C3. In the word unreliable, the prefix “un-” is a(n) _______ morpheme.( )A:freeB:boundC:rootD:inflectional答案：B4. Words in a sentence are organized into groups of lexical _______, commonly known as partsof speech.( )A:verbsB:nounsC: phrasesD:categories答案：D5. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.( )A:complete homonymsB:homographsC:hyponymsD:homophones答案：D6. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.( )A:directivesB:expressivesC:commissivesD:representatives答案：B7. Grimm pointed out that certain phonological changes must have occurred early in the history of the Germanic languages, which did not take place in _______, Greek, or Latin.( )A:EnglishB:SanskritC:GermanD:Danish答案：B8. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across _______ boundaries.( )A: socialB:regionalC:culturalD:political答案：B9. The case of Phineas Gage showed us that _______.( )A:human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was so damaged and he could still speakB:human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the backD:if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front答案：D10. The Chinese sound/d/in English interlanguage pronun ciation of “dat” for “that” belongs to _______ error.( )A: fossilizationB:transferC:interferenceD:overgeneralization答案：AII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)：1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_______.答案：descriptive2. If you say door, new, two, senior, zoo, you will notice that the first sounds in all these words are a_______ sounds. The t and s are voiceless, and d, n and z are voiced. Only n is nasal.答案：alveolar3. The word snowfall is a word fo rmed by joining two separate words, i.e. “snow” and “fall.” This newly formed word is generally regarded as a c_______.答案：compound4. A c_______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.”答案：Coordinate5. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called r_______ opposites.答案：relational6. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.答案：illocutionary7. The [d] of spindle is developed between an adjacent [n] and [l]. Such a process or change in which successive sounds are separated by an intervening segment is known as e_______.答案：epenthesis8. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and “straightforward” grammatical rules. Such a m_______ language is called pidgin.答案：marginal9. The brain’s neurologi cal specialization for language is called linguisticl_______, which psycholinguists are particularly interested in.答案：lateralization10. Within the framework of C_______ Analysis, second language learning was believed to be a matter of overcoming the differences between L 1 and L2 systems.答案：ContrastiveIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)：1. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.答案：T2. ( ) When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, then the two words are called minimal pairs. Sip and zip are a minimal pair, as are fine and vine, and veal and leaf.答案：FSip and zip are minimal pairs，as are fine and vine , but veal [vi:l] and leaf [li:f] are not minimal paris because although only one sound differs in the two words , the [v] occurs initially and the [f]finally3. ( ) The meaning of a compound is the combination of the meanings of the words in the compound.答案：FThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its components , e.g.greenhouse which does not mean a house that is green in color , buta building of glass for growing delicate plants that need warmth .4. ( ) The structure that occurs after movement takes place is what we term as surface structure.答案：T5. ( ) The predication analysis of a sentence only applies to statements and interrogative forms.答案：FThe predication analysis applies to all forms of sentences , including statements , imperative and interrogative forms.6. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s.答案：T7. ( ) Derivation covers various processes of word formation by the addition of affixes, such as the creation of adjectives from nouns (professional < profession), nouns from verbs (computer < compute), adjectives from verbs (conceivable < conceive), and verbs from nouns (eulogize < eulogy).答案：T8. ( ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, such as He don’t know nothing. Such double negation constructions indicate that speakers of Black English are deficient because they use language “illogically.”答案：FSuch double negation constructions provide a very effective means of emphasizing the negative part of a message in Black English , indicating that Black English is as syntactically complex and logical as Standard American English .9. ( ) The right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.答案：FIn general , the right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the left side of the body whereas the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of , and responds to signals from , the right side of the body .10. ( ) Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.答案：T评分标准：答对得2 分;正误判断错误全扣分;正误判断正确，但改正出错酌情扣分。
最新1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% X 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguisticA. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our , which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. (A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which containsA. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the of a language, for example, in En glish, NP ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed byA. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) act is the change brought about bythe utterance. (A. prelocuti onaryB. locuti onaryC. illocutio naryD. perlocutio nary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that _____ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinitythan could possibly have been produced by accident.( )A. Germa nicB. Persia nD. Lithua nianC. Sa nskrit8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a .( )A. con ceptual meaningB. conno tative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic liste ning research tells us a sig nal coming in the left ear will first go to the _____ hemisphere, from where it is tran sferred to the left side of the brain for process ing. ( )A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal in struct ion on sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on suggest that formalin structio n may help lear ners perform some of the followi ng types of tasks except ___ .( ) A. pla nned speech B. writ ingC. casual and spontan eous con versati onD. career-orie nted exam in ati on11. Directions: Fill in the bla nk in each of the follow ing stateme nts with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, andyou are not allowed to cha nge the letter give n. (1% x 10=10%)11. Double a _____ refers to the property of Ianguage which means Ianguage is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meanin gless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meanin gful.12. In the producti on of v ______ , the back of the ton gue is brought into con tact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [ n ] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type ofs ____ to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally in depe ndent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a _h ___ structure to sentences.15. The words such as “ pop”meaning a certain sound and “ pop ” meaning popular are inrelati on ship of c ____ homony ms.16. The c ____ view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sen se.17. Exte nsive cha nges in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of En glish. En glish haslost most of its i ______ endin gs, by which it is no Ion ger possible to ide ntify the functionalroles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f ______differe ntiati on betwee n a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l _____ .20. I ____ is the Ianguage that a learner constructs at a given stage of second Ianguageacquisiti on.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the follow ing stateme nts is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you thi nk so and the n give the correct vers ion. (2% x 10=20%)21. ( ) Accord ing to Hall (1968), la nguage is "the in stituti on whereby huma ns com muni cateand in teract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols."Most lin guists today accept the view of Ian guage as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22. ( ) Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principleIon ger tha n a word, in other words, whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton ati on. 23. ( ) Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the origi nal word but usually do not cha nge its part of speech.24. ( ) When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25. ()“ He has been to New York ” presupposes “ He has been to America” .26. ()John Searle made a distinction between what he called “ constatives” and“ performatives ” .27. ()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words areborrowed from foreign languages.28. ()The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone(e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29. ()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30. ()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if n ecessary. ( 3% 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 1=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understandthe relationship between language and thought.。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
2004年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
2004年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ。
Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets.（2%×10=20%） 1.Chomsky uses the term （）to refer to the actual realization of a language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of （）。
A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by （）in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to （）set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called （）synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of （）is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man，woman，child，eat，fight，ect. originate from （）。
全国年高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题第一部分选择题一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.A.title+first nameB.title+titleC.title aloneD.first name+last name+titlenguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When anguage and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )A.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use第二部分非选择题二、填空题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10 分。
00830现代语言学201604历年真题及答案
绝齢启用荊2392016年4月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码00830)本试卷共4页•就分100分，考试时间150分钟。
骞生答题注遇事顼：■1. 本雄所有试題必须在答题卡上作答。
答衣试卷上无效•试卷空白外和背页均可作草犒纸。
2. 第一部分为透择瓯。
必须对应试卷上的鬆号使用铅笔将"答龍卡”的相应代码涂關。
3. 第二部分为非选择题。
总须注明大、小题号■使用0.5«米黒色字进签字笔作答。
4. 合理安排答题空同•超出答题区域无效。
第一部分选择题（共20分）I. Directions； Read each of the following statemcnU oinefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completesthe ^tAtement and blackca the corresponding letter 人B> C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （2% X 10=20%）1. In distinguishing langue and parole, Saussure took a __________________ view of language and hisnotion of langue is a matter of social conventions・A. sociologicalC. historicalB. psychological D. culturalZ A front vowel is one in the production of which the front part of the tongue maintains theposition.A. highest •B. lowestC. frontD. back3. A very common way to form new words in English is to add affixes to existing forms. For example, neacheT is formed by addingthe aflix -«r to 1hc existing form reach二and M enlarge** is created by adding th« affix gn・to the existing form “large"・ Theseaffixes Are called affixes.A. inflectionalC・ grammatical B. dcrivatioMlD・ morphological4. The following subjects Ml into the field of syntax EXCEPT _ •A. sentence strutlurcC・ grammatical relationsB・ syntactic categories D. sense relations现代iSi?^试淞笫i m•（共4页）5. All of the following are correct for the componential features of M girr EXCEPT ______________________ .A. 4-HUMAN B・-ANIMATEC. -ADULTD. -MALE6. According to the maxim of manner under the Cooperative Principle, participants of aconversation are expected to __________ ・A. avoid obseurity of expressionB. be relevantC・ be polite D. say ^vhat they believe to be true7. Prior to the sixteenth century, the sentence M You can stay, stay not you」is grammatical, but itdianges into <fc You can stay, can" you?* in Modem English, which illustrates the phenomenon of •A. rule changeB. rule addition.C. rule loss D. morphological change8. The distinctive features of Black English persist NOT for reasons.A- racial B socialG educational 、‘ •D< economic9. In terms of language centw* ___________ K responsible for physical articulation of utterances.A. Broca's area .B. Wemicke^ areaC・ the angular gyrus … 、 D・ the Motor area10. Despite the fact that children are still acquiring Aspects of their native language through the later years ofchildhood, they are normally assumed to have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process by the age ofA. twoB. threeC. fourD. five现代语汗学试卷第2页（共4页）第二部分非选择题（共80分）IL Dirc^tioas i Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in cuch of the following statements with one word> the first letter of which is alrcidy given as ・ due. Note that you Are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. <1%X1O-1O%)11. Language is x _________________ because the primary medium is sound for «11 language, nomatter how well developed their writing systems are.12. Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more $ ___________________ can be said to haveword stress.13. Just □ ■ phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a Q _______________________ thebasic unit in the study of morphology.14. A complex sentence usually eontaJru two clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.The incorporated sentence is called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a n) ___________________________________ dwK-15. The famous quotation **We shall know a word by the c __________________ i t keeps** was proposedby Firth.16. Tbc significance of Grice's CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker toeonvey more than is 1 ______________ said.17* As for the linguistic change of English, the s ___________________ system has obviously undergone more radical changes than other components of the grammar.18. Most bilingual communities have a fairly cl«r funptipnal di ffcrentiaiion of the two languagesin respect of speech situations known as d _______________ .19. The strong notion that language determines thoughl is called linguistic d ___________________ •20. According to Krashen r ] is defined as a process of accumulatingknowledge of llie vocabulary and grammar of a second language, particularly through formal instruction.HI. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for fake on tke ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statement b you must explaiR why you think so and then give the correctversion.21. The dual nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespeare^ p£y ■Romfro andJuliet”： *4A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"22. Vowels arc usually distinguished according to the following three factors: the position of the tongue in themouthy the shape of the lips, and the kngth of the vowels. Thus, the English vowel (i:J canbc described as high, close, and long.现代语汗学试卷第3页（共4页）23. Like derivatiorK compounding is another popular ond important way of fbrmiAg new words in English.24. A language has major and minor lexical categories of a finite scL Major catcgori&s arc closed categories andminor categories arc open categories.25. In the figure representing Bloomfield^ story about Jaek and Jill the capitalized letters S & Rrepresent meanings of vcd>id IxhtLviw in the relation bdvreen speech while the small tetters h represent practical events or physical activities・26. Piagjmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.27. The Austronesian family comprises up to one thousand diflerent languages scattered over Australia.28. Although both pidgins and creoles originate as highly restricted verruculars of a particular kind, creoles can incertain circumstances achieve the status of standards.29. For most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for languid, regardless of handiness.30. Individual learner factors contribute to the success of SLA ・IV. Directionst Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where apprOpHAte. C3% X 10=30% )3L performance32. assimilation rules33. inflcciional affixes34. syntax3S・ collocation36. Maxim of quantity37. cognate35. idiolect39. cerebral plasticity40. behaviorist learning theoryV. Directions： Answer the foFloivlng. questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Explain with at least 2 examples wh^t a finite clause is and leiI 讪ich of the following 4 sentences arc NOT finiteclaujcj.A. The weather being fine.B. The book to be finished・C. When we got there.D. John asked Maiy to leave early.42. Describe the similarities and diflerenccs between a pidgin and a lingua firanca.绝密★启用审2016年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代诺言方试卷笫4页（共4页》现代语言学试題答案及评分参考(课程代码00830)1 ・Retd tieh df tht following statements eircfutty. Decide which one or the foureholecs best completes the $Utcmrot ・nd put (he letter A f C, ar D In the brackets. (2%X 10-20%)I. A 2. A 3・D 4. D 5. B 6.A 7. D 8.A 9. D 10. DI!・ Directions： Fili In the bhnk in each of the following statement 9 word9 (I H firfl kttcr of which b already gbxa as n Hue Note (but y<m arc Co nil in ONE word only, and yeu arcn<>t ullow^j tocb^Dgc (tec letterRhen. <I%X 19-10%)II. weal 12. syllables13. nwepheme 14. matrix1$. company 16. Ihcrdly17. sound l& domains19. detenninism 20. learningHI. Directions： Judge whether web of the folloHviflg statevneats is traeor th Ise. Fut a T for true or F Tor fnk< in： the brackets in front of each Btotcmcnt If you thinka stQtcmcot it fabe, you must explain why you tbimk so isd then give the eurrect version. (2%X1O«2O%)2L FThe conventional or arbitrary Mftw of linguage is well illustrated by 0 famous quotMion from Shakespeare1! play u R.omeo and Juliets *A by any other mme would ^mell as sweet.n评分标准：备对側2分；iEWW断钳谋扣全分.糾正縮厲不罕阳情抑分・22. PVowel are usually distinguished according to the following three factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the shape ofthe Fp^and the length of the vpwe匕Thus, the 心gli处vowel [3：] can be described as front, close, and lon&评分标冷：答对得2分弓正慎判斷钳溟扣全分.纠正错泡不当，酌侑扭分.现代话言学试卷B I « (^4 K)23. T评分标准：备对得Z分；if课判断儒谋和全分。
2020年1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830L Directions: Read each of the following statements carerully. Decide which one of ihe four chokes best completes the statement and put the letter A t B, C or D in the brackets. (2^x10=20%)L Modem linguistics is the scientific study of language, therefore modern Linguists emphiisize Ehe imporunce of language data collected from ____________ .A. newspapers and magazinesB. ihe language peopie actually speakC\ writings by the most famous authorsD. radio broadcasts [ j2. To form the present tense, 3rd person singulitr, of the verb “【each*； we have to add “vs", insteadot'just ' -s，h to it This is required by the ______________ o f English.A. assimilation ruleB. sequential ruleC. deletion rule D, mmpholcgLca] rule [ ] 3“ Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and param&ters are important components in the well-known theory of _____________________ _A. traditional grammar C. universal grammarB. functionaJ grammarD r phrase structure grammar [ J4 The level of syntactic representation that exists after movement cak虧place is commonly termedAS the ”A. phrase stnicwre C. surface structure B, deep structureD, syntactic structure [ )15. _________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning ofwords.A. Predication analysisB. Comportential analysisC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics [ ]6. The Cooperative PrincipJe was firsi proposed by _ ______A. John AuMinB. Jokn SearleC. Geoffrey LeechD. Paul Grice [ ]7. Languages in the world can be classified into families, such as the Indo-European family, theSino-Tibciaii family, the Afroasiatic family, the Austronesian family* the Austro-Tai Family, and the Altaic family. Among them ________________________ is the first and most widely investigatedlanguage family of the world.A. Sino-Tibetan B , AfroasiaticC. AustronesianD. Indo-European [ ]8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tend5 to speak withlanguage features which derive from oneS constant use of the ___________ language.A. writtenB. spokenC. literalD. coHoquial [ ]9. _____ . is the language center wiihin the brain responsible for converting a visual stimulusinto an auditory form and vice versa.A. The angular gyrusB. Broca鲁areaC. Wernicke's areaD. Cerebral cortex [ 110. The acquisidon of a second language is dependent on a combination of learner facrors. Whichof the following is NOT an individual learner factor?____________ .A. aptitjdeB. moiivauonC. instructionD. cognitive style [ 1II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are notallowed lo change the letter Eiven. ( 1 % «10=10*<)11. Language is not an i___________ phenomenon, it is a social activity carried out in a certainsocial environment by human beings.12. While phonetics i$ interested in all the speech sounds us&d in all human languages^ phonologyis interested in the system ot' sounds of a p__________ language.13. A can be divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes according to their positionsin the words.14. A f _________ verb, informally called the main verb of A sentence, expresses existence,2action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.15. WPa【we can depend on to make a disunction between polysemy and homonymy is thee . of the words in question.16. The ac( performed when an utterance achieves a particular effect on the behaviour, beliefs,feelings* etc.»of a listener is called p__________ act.17. In old English the affixation of the suffix -yan to an adjective would change the word into ac _________ verb, just as the Modem English suffix m added io adjectives io form suchverbs as blacken, whiten. redden and awaken,18. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcomnunicaiion. As a c_________ __ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammaticalfeatures of two or more languages.19. J_________ communication refers to the process of using language within an individual tofacilitate one^ own thought and speech behavior.20. Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and ______________ stage, children move through theone-word, two-word and mulnwcrd stages, gradually acquiring the adult linguistic system as they grow.III. Directions^ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Lf you think a statement is false^ you mustexplain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%xl0=20%)21. ( ) The distinction be[ween langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist E deSaussure. Langutt refers LO lhe abstracL Linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while parole refers (o the concrete use of conventions and rules, thusvarying from person to person.322.()The conclusions we reach about rhe phonology of a particular language can be generalizediruci the stud}' of another language-23.()The word ''microphone" consists of two morpheme, of which micro* U a rwt* and "phone" is&n affix.24.() Strictly speaking, (he statement that (he subject usually precedes the ¥亡出and the direct object usually foDows the verb is true in terms of both structural and logical concepts.25.(} In semantic analysis. predication, which is the abstractiuR of the meaning of a sentence►can only apply to statements bu( not to imperative and interrogative forms.26.()There are different kinds of antonyms because swords opposite in meaning dono( contrast each other only cn a single dimension.27.()[jnguiige change is one of the subjects of synchronic linguiilics because ic studies problemsconnected with【ht：charEicieristics cf a lajiguuge as ic exists one dme b for example4theGreat Vowel Shift28+() Some speakers of English are perfectly comfortable using the word anymore in sentences ^uch 加tht following: Tfcioh are expenfiive anyrrLqne.Other speakers of English can use anymore only it there is a negative element, such asrioL in the semence^ Tc*ols are not cheap anymore.This difference between speakers can be linked to a particular region of (he country or itiA panicuiar j;ueial chisg or ethnic group.29”(旧eca空Wernicke? area and angulargjius are all iocated in rhe left hemisphere of the brain.XThere is no biological basis for humans to prefer one panic jlar language over any other. 30.(Our Inn莒uagt： facuky pcrmjis us La acquire any human Language io which we ajeexposed.[V- Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for tlJustration* (3%xlO=JO%)3 f ’ productivity32. front vowel33. articulatory phaneiics34. morphology435. selecdonal restrictions3& commissives37, acronym鹑一standard language39. social dialect40. behaviorist learning theoryV. Answer the following questions. ( 10%*2=20% )41. What [ypc of movement is involved in lhe general question transformation in English? Work out thedeep-structure represenuuon for Che sentence H Will the shop owner hire her?"42. Provide a( least two evidences for the view (hat there is a critical period of language acquisition.5。
2010年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及答案(圣才出品)
2010年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及答案课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural【答案】D2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affix \D. morpheme【答案】|B4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic【答案】B5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a (n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence.A. argumentB. subjectD. predicate【答案】A6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner【答案】C7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating【答案】A8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a manto be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory【答案】C9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______.A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs【答案】A10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with morecomplex grammatical structures.A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-word【答案】DⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguisticchanges through time. It studies the historical development of language overa period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergonesince the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.【答案】Diachronic12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order toform words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.【答案】sequential13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and dmorphology.【答案】derivational14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined withother words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.【答案】internalized15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexicalitems are called r opposites.【答案】relation16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but whatdistinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.【答案】meaning17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and thereare two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”).So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.【答案】double-negation18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue andis learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .【答案】creolized。
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
00830现代语言学200410历年真题及答案
2004年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试现代语言学试卷（课程代码0830）第一部分选择题Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into se veral kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social第二部分非选择题（共80分）Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and are therefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s wo rld that can only be spoken, but not written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.。
10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that themeaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Cho msky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Moveαrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of humanlanguage)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。
1月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。
10月现代语言学自考试题(1)
2010年10月现代语言学自考试题全国2010年10月自考现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（）A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （）A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker. （）A. back-formation B. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man. （）A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguistic B. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%10=10% ) 11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historicaldevelopment of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespeare would be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung together in any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other, in other words, there are s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from that of Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne” (“not”) and “nfre” (“not” “ever”=“never”). So d rule is one of thegrammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it becomes c .19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integr ative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2%10=20% ）21. （）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again, such as English stops [p] and [t] in pit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of air is blocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaning of a compound is always perceived from the meanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer to highly abstract properties of grammar which are applied to language in general and which generate phrases and at the same time restrain the power of Move a, while “parameters” allow general principles to operate in certain restricted ways, according to which particular grammars of natural languages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations between sentences, Y isa prerequisite of X. So if Y is true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification of perlocutionary acts, speech acts fall into five general categories, which are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, the word ask is pronounced [ks], but the word asking is pronounced [skI?]. It is interesting that in Old English the verb ask was aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. This means that a historical metathesis rule switched these two consonants, producing ask in most dialects of English. Metathesis is the phonological process thatreorders segments, often by transposing two adjoining sound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard and nonstandard. Nonstandard varieties are regarded as substandard languages. Only standard varieties are regarded as the only correct, logical and pure, and are effective in expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocational synonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%2=20% ) 41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism” with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. Whatwill result in euphemistic clichs?。
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] The distinction between langue and parole was made by_______early of the 20th century.A.ChomskyB.HockettC.SaussureD.Sapir2.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration,the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.Of the following consonants in English, _______ is voiceless.A.[f]B.[d]C.[g]D.[n]3.[单选题] In terms of morphemic analysis, _______can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words,and_______the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.pounding...derivationpoundingC.back-formation… . blendingD.coinage…clipping4.[单选题] A_______sentence contains two, or more,clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.A.simpleplexpoundD.coordinate5.[单选题] The sense relation between"furniture" and“desk"is _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.homonymyD.hyponymy6.[单选题] Speech act theory is an important theory in the_______study of language.A.lexicalB.semanticC.pragmaticD.syntactic7.[单选题] Thewordradariscreatedbythewordformationruleof_______,which means combining the initials of a number of words.A.clippingB.acronymC.abbreviationpounding8.[单选题] English has become a(n) _______ for international scientific journals and international scientific meetings,a common means of communication by which scientific results are presented.A.standard languageB.lingua francaC.official languageD.vernacular language9.[单选题] Both Broca's and Wernike's work indicated that the left hemisphere structures are essential for _______.A.hearingB.writingC.speechD.intelligence10.[单选题] After prelinguistic cooing,the normal route of language development for children follows the order of_______stages.A.one-word,babbling,two-word and multiwordB.one-word,two-word,babbling and multiwordC.one-word,two-word,multiword and babblingD.babbling,one-word,two-word and multiword11.[填空题] There is no intrinsic connection between the wordrose" and the flower that smells sweet, which shows the design feature of a_______of human language.12.[填空题] As two allophonesof thesame phoneme /p/,[p]and[p'],whichoccur indifferent phonetic environments,are said to be in c_______distribution.13.[填空题] Words,suchaswater,go,book,tree,whichcontainonlyonemorpheme,arecall ed f_______ morphemes.14.[填空题] A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of n_______ speakers.15.[填空题] Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable c_______.16.[填空题] Semantics and p_______are both linguistic studies of meaning.17.[填空题] Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies l_______ changes.18.[填空题] A form of d_______ exists in most Arabic-speaking countries where the high variety is used in lectures,religious speeches and formal political speeches,while the low variety is the local dialect of colloquial19.[填空题] Language functions are believed to be lateralized in the l_______ hemisphere of the brain.20.[填空题] It is estimated that during the first two years,a child has a very limited v_______ ranging from 50 to 100 words.21.[判断题] The distinction between competence and performance was made by N.Chomsky in the late 1950's.A.对B.错22.[判断题] All vowels in English are voiced.A.对B.错23.[判断题] The morpheme“mate"in the word“classmate"is a bound morpheme.A.对B.错24.[判断题] The widely recognized and highly abstract X-bar schema is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basicproperties shared by all phrasal categories across the languages of the world.A.对25.[判断题] Componential analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A.对B.错26.[判断题] Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act.A.对B.错27.[判断题] The Norman Conquest marked the dawning of the Middle English period.A.对B.错28.[判断题] All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.A.对B.错29.[判断题] Language is always a necessary condition for thought.A.对B.错30.[判断题] Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all normal human beings are born with.A.对31.[名词解释] cultural transmission32.[名词解释] phonetics33.[名词解释] suffixes34.[名词解释] parameters35.[名词解释] reference36.[名词解释] Cooperative Principle37.[名词解释] language family38.[名词解释] linguistic taboo39.[名词解释] linguistic determinism40.[名词解释] acculturation41.[问答题] “From now on I will consider language to be a set(finite or infinite)of sentences,eachfinite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”Please comment on the above definition of language.42.[问答题] Enumerate three major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.。
自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案
自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案2017年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案一、单项选择1. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [b]C. [m]D. [t]2. The great source of modification of the air stream is found in the ______ cavity.A. nasalB. oralC. lungD. glottis3. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutionaryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech4. Once the notion of ______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content5. Sense is concerned with the ______ meaning of the linguistic form.A. contextualB. realC. behavioristD. inherent6. Hyponyms of the same ______ are co-hyponyms.A. wordB. lexical itemC. superordinateD. hyponym7. Words that are opposite in meaning are ______.A. synonymsB. hyponymsC. antonymsD. homophones8. The word “modernizers” is composed of _____ morphemes.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 69. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language10. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and ______.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas11. ______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix12. The smallest meaningful unit of language is ______.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. morpheme13. _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. Linguistic tabooB. EuphemismC. Address termD. Slang14. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of the ten billion nerve cells called ______.A. neuronsB. nerve systemC. nervesD. cerebral cortex15. ______ language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan Family.A. EnglishB. SpanishC. IndianD. Chinese参考答案：1--- 5ABCBD 6---10CCBCB 11---15BDAAD二、名词解释 (每个2分，共20 分)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.3. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performing is saying something.5. Speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have few members as a family or as many members as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of language.6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7. Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of language use sentences to effect successful communication.9. Accent refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.10. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.三、简答题(每小题5分，共20分)1. What is the distinction between competence andperformance?Competence and performance was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the la te 1950’s. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2. What are the sense relations between sentences?Sense relations between sentences:1) X is synonymous with Y.2) X is inconsistent with Y.3) X entails Y.(Y is an entailment of X.)4) X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomalous.3. What is idiolect?When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.4. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?Sapir-Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. In short, the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and therefore the nature of thought.四、论述题(每小题10分，共30分)1. What are the design features of language?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.1) arbitrariness2) productivity3) duality4) displacement5) cultural transmission2. Draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences:1) The student likes the new linguistics professor.2) John suggested Mary take the linguistics class.1. The student likes the new linguistics professor.2. John suggested (that) Mary take the linguistics class.3. What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Illustrate with examples.Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. It is recognized that children acquire their native language without explicit learning.A second language is more commonly learned but to some degree may also be acquired, depending on the environmental setting and the input received by the L2 learner.【2017年自考《现代语言学》复习题及答案】。
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与(00830)
自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年4月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] A famous quotation from Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” may well illustrate the ______nature of language.A.arbitraryB.motivatedC.socialD.cultural2.[单选题] According to_________, vowels can be classified into three groups: front, central, and back.A.the openness of the mouthB.the shape of the lipsC.the position of the tongueD.the length of the vowels3.[单选题] The number of morphemes contained in the word “underdeveloped” is ________ .A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the complement in the phrase “regularly check his E-mail box” is .A.regularlyB.checkC.boxD.his E-mail box5.[单选题] When we say “The book has a finger”, it is a typical example of a sentence which is .A.semantically well-formedB.semantically inconsistentC.semantically contradictedD.semantically anomalous6.[单选题] According to John Searle, the illocutionary act of the utterance “I promise to come” belongs to________.A.directivesmissivesC.declarationsD.expressives7.[单选题] The following topics fall into the scope of historical linguistics EXCEPT_______.A.sound changeB.morphological changeC.syntactic changeD.register varieties8.[单选题] It is the ___________differences that have often been used to illustrate the “illogic” of Black English.A.morphologicalB.syntacticC.phonologicalD.semantic9.[单选题] According to the lateralization theory, which of the following is NOT the primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain?A.CalculationB.Analytic reasoningC.Temporal orderingD.Visual and spatial skills10.[单选题] In general, children's two-word stage begins roughly .A.in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second yearB.in the second half of the second yearC.between two and three years oldD.between four and five years old11.[案例题] S ___________descriptions are often thought of as being descriptions of a language as it exists at the present day and mostlinguistic studies are of this type.12.[案例题] The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in the pharyngeal, o_________, and nasal cavities.13.[案例题] Phonetically, the stress of a compound word usually falls on the f___ element.14.[案例题] A simple sentence consists of a single c____ which containsa subject and a predicate.15.[案例题] The sentence “Green clouds are sleeping furiously” is not s____ meaningful but grammatically well-formed.16.[案例题] All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i___ point.17.[案例题] Physiologically, vowels tend to be n___ before nasal consonants because it is difficult to time the lowering of the velum to produce nasality with the consonant articulation.18.[案例题] S_________is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.19.[案例题] Much evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in d___ listening tasks.20.[案例题] Adults are motivated to learn a second language because ofa communicative need. They may learn a second language in order touse it functionally, in which case i____ motivation occurs.21.[案例题] While Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.22.[案例题] When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as tone.23.[案例题] Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: lexical morphology and derivational morphology.24.[案例题] Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 25.[案例题] The sentence “The cat are barking at the dog” only violates semantic rules.26.[案例题] The five types of general categories of speech acts distinguished by John Austin are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations.27.[案例题] Modern English has an elaborate system of case marking through overt morphological changes, thus its word order is more variable than that of Old English.28.[案例题] Pidgins are rule-governed, simplified language with reduced grammatical features.29.[案例题] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he or she is converting one mode of thinking intothe other.30.[案例题] The sounds and syllables that children utter at the babbling stage are meaningless.31.[案例题] duality (of structure)32.[案例题] minimal pair33.[案例题] inflectional morpheme34.[案例题] syntactic movement35.[案例题] argument36.[案例题] conversational implicature37.[案例题] diachronic linguistics38.[案例题] diglossia39.[案例题] linguistic relativism40.[案例题] interference41.[案例题] Describe the features that most compounds share.42.[案例题] Discuss with examples the differences between language acquisition and language learning.。
现代语言学自考题-3_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-3(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠDirections: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices **pletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• A. langue• B. linguist• C. language• D. learningSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:C[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A. vowels• B. consonants• C. sounds• D. speech soundsSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:D[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B. morpheme• C. the rules by which words are formed• D. wordSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2答案:B[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
10月全国自考现代语言学试题及答案解析
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languagessuch as .A. ChineseB. EnglishC. Chinese and EnglishD. English and French2. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of .A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula3. The words that contain only one morpheme are called .A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots4. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called .A. phase structure rulesB. syntactic rulesC. lexical rulesD. transformational rules5. The naming theory was proposed by .A. the Greek scholar PlatoB.C.K. Ogden and I.A. RichardsC. the British linguist J. FirthD. the American linguist L. Bloomfield6. Speech act theory was first proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth7. linguistics refers to the study of a language or languages at a single point in time,without reference to earlier or later stages.A. DiachronicB. SynchronicC. HistoricalD. Comparative8. Different functional speech varieties known as are expected in, say, a churchsermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registersB. stylesC. dialectsD. accents9. is the study of language in relation to the mind.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10. In general, children’s holophrastic sentences begin .A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year1B. in the second half of the second yearC. between two and three years oldD. between four and five years oldⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary v symbols used for humancommunication.12. To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols calledd are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similarsounds.13. The meaning of a compound is often i ,not always being the sum total of the meaningsof its components.14. The clause into which another clause is embedded is called a m clause.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected intomeaning components, called s features.16. C is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by thespeaker and the hearer.17. The major phonological change in the history of English known as the Great V owel Shiftinvolves seven long, or t , vowels of Middle English.18. Certain words in all societies are considered t -- they are forbidden or to be avoided.19. It’s known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particularhemisphere of the brain. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l .20. C speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. whenthey talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%) 21.( ) According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an unlimited numberof sentences because he possesses an internalized set of rules about his language. 22. ( ) Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.23. ( ) Under the Case Condition principle, when the Move αrule operates to change asentence from the active voice to the passive voice, it can move a noun phrase to anyCase receiving position.24. ( ) Lexical categories are generally known as parts of speech, and a language has majorand minor lexical categories of a finite set.25. ( ) A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.26. ( ) All illocutionary acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or thesame illocutionary point.227. ( ) Borrowing occurs when one language takes a word or morpheme from anotherlanguage and adds it to its lexicon.28. ( ) It is obvious that the standard variety of language is the correct form of language.29. ( ) Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure of their vocal cords.30. ( ) According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assumecorrect forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech getscorrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3%×10=30%)31. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)32. phoneme33. linguistic competence34. syntactic movement35. homonymy36. derivation37. idiolect38. the critical period hypothesis39. intrapersonal communication40. telegraphic speechⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, and modify the meaning of a stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original word. Do you think it is true? Support your answer with examples.42. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show howthe flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).3。
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2015年10月全国自考《现代语言学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某一时期的语言特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[ʃ]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是舌齿音，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈音（alveolar），[p]爆破音（plosive），[ʃ]是腭音（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思而改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派生词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，但是人们能够制造并理解无数句子，这是由语言的递归性和二重性决定的，故A项正确。
5.In English,words such as“knight”and“night”,“rain”and“rein”are typical examples of______.A.homographsB.hyponymsC.homophonesD.antonyms【解析】knight和night以及rain和rein是同音异形词，故选C项。
homograph同形异义词。
hyponym 下义词。
antonym反义词。
6.The following interpretations of the sentence“I am still young”are all typical instances of its pragmatic analysis EXCEPT“_____”.A.I am supposed to do more workB.‘I’is a subject while‘am still young’is its predicateC.I have potentials to realize my dreamD.Please forgive my innocence【答案】B【解析】A、C、D三项都是对I am still young的语用分析，不同的情境下有不同的理解。
而B项是对句子的语义理解，流于表面，脱离了语境，不属于语用分析，故选B项。
7.The word“edit”is created by means of_____.A.clippingB.blendingC.acronymyD.back-formation【答案】D【解析】edit一词是由editor去掉后缀而来，属于逆生法，故D项正确。
clipping剪切法。
blending拼缀法。
acronymy缩略法。
8.A linguistic_____refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite”society from general use.B.euphemismC.tabooD.jargon【答案】C【解析】语言禁忌指为礼貌社会所禁止的词语或表达，故选C项。
slang俚语。
euphemism委婉语。
jargon 行话。
9.The neurobiologist Eric Lenneberg is a major proponent of the idea that_____.A.there is a distinction between acquisition and learningB.there is an interrelationship between language and thinkingC.there is a critical period for language acquisitionnguage influences thinking【答案】C【解析】埃里克·列宁伯格提出了语言习得关键期的理论，故选C项。
习得和学习的区别由克拉申提出的，语言和思维的关系以及语言影响思维是由萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的。
10.In general,children have virtually acquired the basic fabric of their native language at the age of_____.A.twoB.threeC.fourD.five【答案】D【解析】总体而言，儿童实际上在五六岁时就掌握了母语的基本结构。
故选D项。
非选择题部分II.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.While human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language system are notgenetically transmitted,but instead c_____transmitted.【答案】culturally【解析】人类的语言能力有着遗传基础，但是任何语言体系的细节知识通常不是通过遗传来传递，而是通过文化来传递。
12.The short vowels are all lax vowels and the long vowels are all t_____vowels.【答案】tense【解析】短元音是松元音，发音时不需要紧绷肌肉；长元音是紧元音，发音时需要紧绷肌肉。
13.The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words are called c_____.【答案】compounding【解析】将两个或两个以上单词合在一起的构词法叫做合成法。
14.Such words as“that”,“if”and“until”,which function as introductory words in mostembedded clauses,are called s_____.【答案】subordinator【解析】that、if和until等词在多数嵌入式从句中作为引导词，它们是主从连词。
15.S_____is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form,which is abstract andindependent from context.【答案】Semantics【解析】语义学关注语言形式的原本意义，其是抽象并脱离语境的。
16.“Do not say what you believe to be false”is required by the maxim of q_____under thecooperative principle【答案】quality【解析】“不要说你认为错误的事情”是合作原则下质量原则的要求。
17.In the course of the historical development of English,a change that involves the insertion of aconsonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as e_____.【答案】epenthesis【解析】在英语的发展过程中，在单词中间插入一个辅音或元音叫做插音。
18.A pidginized dialect may expand and has eventually become the native language of a certainpopulation,which is then called a c_____.【答案】creole【解析】一种洋泾浜方言可能扩展，最终成为某一特定人群的母语，这时它又叫克里奥语。
19.Linguistic l_____is the brain’s neurological specialization for language.【答案】lateralization【解析】语言侧化指的是大脑神经处有专门的语言区，位于左脑。
20.According to the a_____view,the acquisition of a second language involves,and is dependent on,the acquisition of the culture of the target language community.。