心理学Psycholog英文版PPT(18-社会心理学)
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Internal attitudes External influences
Behavior
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Attitudes follow behavior Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
50% 40 Percentage of conformity to confederates’ wrong answers 30 20 10 0 Low High Importance Easy judgments Difficult judgments
www.anydaily.com
Social Facilitation
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Deindividuation loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
Ingroup Bias
tendency to favor one’s own group
Scapegoat Theory
theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Just-World Phenomenon
“Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity来自百度文库
Outgroup
“Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Social Loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable 中英文日报导航站
Number of times 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Participant rubs face 中英文日报导航站
www.anydaily.com Confederate rubs face
Participant shakes foot Confederate shakes foot
Conformity highest on important judgments
Participants judged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Social Influence
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Unfavorable reaction (speed up and race past the other driver, give a dirty look)
Social Thinking
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
Attitude
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Does perception change with race?
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Ingroup
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Cognitive dissonance
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Attribution Theory
tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Situational attribution “Maybe that driver is ill.” Negative behavior Tolerant reaction (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth)
中英文日报导航站 Dispositional attribution www.anydaily.com “Crazy driver!”
tendency of people to believe the world is just people get what they deserve and deserve what they get 中英文日报导航站
www.anydaily.com
Role
set of expectations about a social position defines how those in the position ought 中英文日报导航站 to behave www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Group Polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
Groupthink
Social Influence
Asch’s conformity experiments
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
The chameleon effect
Milgram’s follow-up obedience experiment
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Some individual resist social coercion
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Social Thinking
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 18
Social Psychology
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Social Psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Behavior
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Attitudes follow behavior Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
50% 40 Percentage of conformity to confederates’ wrong answers 30 20 10 0 Low High Importance Easy judgments Difficult judgments
www.anydaily.com
Social Facilitation
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Deindividuation loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the presence of others occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
Ingroup Bias
tendency to favor one’s own group
Scapegoat Theory
theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Just-World Phenomenon
“Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity来自百度文库
Outgroup
“Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Social Loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable 中英文日报导航站
Number of times 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Participant rubs face 中英文日报导航站
www.anydaily.com Confederate rubs face
Participant shakes foot Confederate shakes foot
Conformity highest on important judgments
Participants judged which person in Slide 2 was the same as the person in Slide 1
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Social Influence
If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Unfavorable reaction (speed up and race past the other driver, give a dirty look)
Social Thinking
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences
Attitude
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
How we explain someone’s behavior affects how we react to it
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Does perception change with race?
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Relations
Ingroup
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Cognitive dissonance
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Conformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Attribution Theory
tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Situational attribution “Maybe that driver is ill.” Negative behavior Tolerant reaction (proceed cautiously, allow driver a wide berth)
中英文日报导航站 Dispositional attribution www.anydaily.com “Crazy driver!”
tendency of people to believe the world is just people get what they deserve and deserve what they get 中英文日报导航站
www.anydaily.com
Role
set of expectations about a social position defines how those in the position ought 中英文日报导航站 to behave www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Group Polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
Groupthink
Social Influence
Asch’s conformity experiments
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
The chameleon effect
Milgram’s follow-up obedience experiment
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Some individual resist social coercion
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Influence
Social Thinking
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 18
Social Psychology
中英文日报导航站 www.anydaily.com
Social Thinking
Social Psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another