环境工程专业英语翻译 2考试
口译二级实务环境保护练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
口译二级实务环境保护练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.22 million sq km in area, with an average altitude of well over 4,000m. above sea level. It boasts a unique natural ecology and geographical environment. The climate in Tibet turns gradually from being warm and moist to cold and dry from its southeast toward its northwest. Ecologically, the changes are manifested in belts from forest, bush, meadow and steppe to desert. The complex and varied terrains and landforms as well as the unique type of ecological system have created a natural paradise for biodiversity. // The Chinese government attaches great importance to ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet. It has made tremendous efforts to strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, promote the sustainable development of its economy and society, and improve the quality of life of the people of its various ethnic groups. // For over half a century, ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, as an important part of the effort to modernize Tibet, has, together with economic development, social progress and enhancement of people’s riving standards, pressed forward and made great achievements. // It would help clarify some people’s misunderstanding concerning Tibet’s eco-environmental problem and enhance their understanding of Tibet to review the progress of the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, to present the status quo of this undertaking, and to envisage the prospects of sustainable development for the region. //(Excerpts from the English version of the White Paper “Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet”issued by the Information Office of the State Council of PRC in March 2003) 涉及知识点：环境保护2．西藏森林面积717万公顷，活立木蓄积量达20.91亿立方米，保存有中国最大的原始森林。
环境科学与工程专业英语第四版翻译答案
环境科学与工程专业英语第四版翻译答案单项选择（每小题2分，共30道题）1. She refused to ___ the door key to the landlady until she got back her deposit. [单选题] *A. hand inB.hand outC.hand downD.hand over(正确答案)2. I've never been to Lhasa, but that's the city___. [单选题] *A.I'd most like to visit(正确答案)B. where I like to visit?C. which I like to visit mostlyD. I'd like much to visit3. He ___ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. [单选题] *A. may have acted(正确答案)B. must have actedC. should actD. would act4. The government____ to approve the use of wide-spead surveillance when the Justice Department took objections. [单选题] *A. is goingB. had beenC. was about(正确答案)D. is coming5. Although ____ Spanish, he attended the course. [单选题] *A. he was knowingB. he is knowingC. having a knowledge of(正确答案)D. knows6. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are so excited today, for they bought____ yesterday. [单选题] *A. many furnituresB. so much furnitureC. many piece of furnitureD. a lot of furniture(正确答案)7. Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotelsof____standards. [单选题] *A. equivalent(正确答案)B. likelyC. alikeD. uniform8. The back garden of our house contains a lawn, ____ very pleasant to sit on in summer. [单选题] *A. which is(正确答案)B. which it isC. it isD. where it is9. If you have really been studying English for so long. It's about time you ___ able to write letters in English. [单选题] *A. should beB. were(正确答案)C. must beD . are10. He's ___ as a “bellyacher”—— he's always complaining about some thing. [单选题] *A. who is knownB. whom is knownC. what is known(正确答案)D. which is known11. way（）. [单选题] *A.路，道路；方法，方式；方面(正确答案)B.高速公路C.快速干道，高速公路D.传送，运送；传达，表达12. expressway（） [单选题] *A.路，道路；方法，方式；方面B.高速公路C.快速干道，高速公路(正确答案)D.传送，运送；传达，表达13. freeway（） [单选题] *A.路，道路；方法，方式；方面B.高速公路(正确答案)C.快速干道，高速公路D.传送，运送；传达，表达14. convey（） [单选题] *A.交通工具，车辆；传播媒介，工具，手段B.显然的，明显的C.先前的，以前的D.传送，运送；传达，表达(正确答案)15. vehicle（） [单选题] *A.交通工具，车辆；传播媒介，工具，手段(正确答案)B.显然的，明显的C.先前的，以前的D.传送，运送；传达，表达16. obvious（） [单选题] *A.经由，经过，通过；凭借，通过…传递…，借助于B.显然的，明显的(正确答案)C.先前的，以前的D.传送，运送；传达，表达17. previous（） [单选题] *A.经由，经过，通过；凭借，通过…传递…，借助于B.显然的，明显的C.先前的，以前的(正确答案)D.传送，运送；传达，表达18. via（） [单选题] *A.经由，经过，通过；凭借，通过…传递…，借助于(正确答案)B.显然的，明显的C.先前的，以前的D.传送，运送；传达，表达19. want（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在B.想要；需要；缺乏(正确答案)C.假期；度假D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的20. vanish（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在(正确答案)B.想要；需要；缺乏C.假期；度假D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的21. vain（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在B.想要；需要；缺乏C.假期；度假D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的(正确答案)22. vacation（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在B.想要；需要；缺乏C.假期；度假(正确答案)D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的23. vacant（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在B.未被占用的，空着的；空缺的；空虚的(正确答案)C.真空；真空吸尘器；用真空吸尘器清扫D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的24. vacuum（） [单选题] *A.突然不见，消失；绝迹，不复存在B.未被占用的，空着的；空缺的；空虚的C.真空；真空吸尘器；用真空吸尘器清扫(正确答案)D.徒劳的，无效的；自负的，自视过高的25. win（） [单选题] *A.获胜，赢(正确答案)B.宣判…有罪；囚犯C.说服，劝服；使确信，使信服D.胜利26. convince（） [单选题] *A.获胜，赢B.宣判…有罪；囚犯C.说服，劝服；使确信，使信服(正确答案)D.胜利27. victory（） [单选题] *A.获胜，赢B.宣判…有罪；囚犯C.说服，劝服；使确信，使信服D.胜利(正确答案)28. convict（） [单选题] *A.获胜，赢B.宣判…有罪；囚犯(正确答案)C.说服，劝服；使确信，使信服D.胜利29. conviction（） [单选题] *A.确信，坚定的信仰；坚信，信服；定罪，判罪(正确答案)B.宣判…有罪；囚犯C.牺牲品，受害者D.胜利30. victim（） [单选题] *A.确信，坚定的信仰；坚信，信服；定罪，判罪B.宣判…有罪；囚犯C.牺牲品，受害者(正确答案)D.胜利阅读理解一：In the classic marriage vow（誓约）, couples promise to stay together in sickness and in health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife-not the husband—becomes seriously ill.“Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce,”said researcher Amelia Karraker.Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.The researchers examined how the onset（发生）of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31% of marriages ended in divorce over theperiod studied. The incidence of new chronic（慢性的）illness onset increased over time as well, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems.“We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness,”Karraker said. “They’re more likely to be widowed, and if they’re the ones who become ill, they’re more likely to get divorced.”While the study didn’t assess why divorce in more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. “Gender norms and social expectations about caregiving many make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses,” Karraker said. “And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women.”Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.“Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages,” she said. “But it’s also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs.”31. What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage? [单选题] *A) They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.(正确答案)B) They are as binding as they used to be.C) They are not taken seriously any more.D) They may help couples tide over hard times.32. What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands? [单选题] *A) They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.B) They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.C) They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.D) They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.(正确答案)33. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill? [单选题] *A) They are more likely to be widowed.B) They are more likely to get divorced.(正确答案)C) They are less likely to receive good care.D) They are less likely to bother their spouses.34. Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker? [单选题] *A) They are more accustomed to receiving care.(正确答案)B) They find it more important to make money for the family.C) They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.D) They expect society to do more of the job.35. What does Karraker think is also important? [单选题] *A) Reducing marital stress on wives.B) Stabilizing old couples’s relations.C) Providing extra care for divorced women.(正确答案)D) Making men pay for their wives’ health costs.阅读理解二：If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a sibling’s(兄弟姐妹的)name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved youless?The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition,found that the “wrong” name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same relationship pond: children, siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, “but it doestell us who’s in and who’s out of the group.”The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person’s name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.36. How might people often feel when they were misnamed? [单选题] *A)Unwanted.B)Unhappy.(正确答案)C)Confused.D)Indifferent.37. What did David Rubin’s research find about misnaming? [单选题] *A)It is related to the way our memories work.(正确答案)B)It is a possible indicator of a faulty memory.C)It occurs mostly between kids and their friends.D)It often causes misunderstandings among people.38. What is most likely the cause of misnaming? [单选题] *A) Similar personality traits.B) Similar spellings of names.C) Similar physical appearance.D) Similar pronunciation of names.(正确答案)39. What did the surveys of more than 1,700 subjects find about misnaming? [单选题] *A) It more often than not hurts relationships.B) It hardly occurs across gender boundaries.C) It is most frequently found in extended families.D) It most often occurs within a relationship groups.(正确答案)40. Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers? [单选题] *A) They suffer more frustrations.B) They become worn out more often.C) They communicate more with their children.(正确答案)D) They generally take on more work at home.。
翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental+Protection)
翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental Protection)(总分：200.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}英译汉{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.{{B}} Passage 1{{/B}} To me, the most interesting and immediate question is not whether the United States will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, but whether other parties are prepared to work toward that goal. The next few months will determine whether other patties choose an agreement on their terms without the United States, or whether they prefer an agreement that may require some compromise of ideological positions, but will in fact be effective and will include the United States. // I believe the EU and others, for a number of reasons, will conclude that its interests and those of the environment lie in crafting an agreement that the United States can support. The United States accounts for approximately 25% of global industrial emissions. Any agreement that excludes the United States will not control global warming. In addition, European businesses may wonder why they are asked to assume significant new climate change obligations if U.S. competitors are not going to be subject to roughly the same rules. // I might note two additional factors relevant here: first, the idea of emissions trading is growing in popularity in capitals on the continent, and also in London and Brussels. Second, economists are warning that few countries, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom, are on track to meet their Kyoto commitments. I am hopeful that these forces will allow governments at COP-6 to mold the Protocol into a sensible, practical shape, one which the United States can support. // Let me say a word more about developing country's participation because this is an area where the United States is frequently misunderstood. The undeniable fact is that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the Untied States, must take significant steps immediately. // Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the world's leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions. In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other land-use practices that have raised carbon concentrations. // Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future, 80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies. // I mention these facts not to bicker about past or future responsibility, for that detracts from our common cause of halting global warming, but to highlight the need for all countries to be a part of the solution. // In a very real sense, developing countries have the most to gain from an effective Protocol in which all the industrialized countries participate. For developing countries, unfortunately, have the least capacity to adapt to climate change. The longer we wait, the harder it will be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at acceptable levels and the harder these countries will be hit. // The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change points the way: each nation should take national and international steps commensurate with its capacity to contribute to the global solution based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". // Many developing countries have taken significant unilateral action already. China, for example, has sought to conserve energy and reduce emissions growth while simultaneously raising living standards dramatically. Without price reforms and energy efficiency gains, China's emissions would be more than 50% higher than they are now. // We recognize, moreover, that some developing countries may lack the capacity to assume and implement legally binding emissionstargets at this time. For these countries, other types of action would be appropriate at present. All developing countries should explore opportunities under the Clean Development Mechanism, adopt sound national policies on energy and land use, and pursue other climate-friendly measures under the Framework Convention. // The negotiating histories of both the Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol demonstrate general agreement on the need to mitigate climate change while allowing for continued economic growth. The Untied States believes this formula remains the key to securing developing country action. Developing countries are finding in the Kyoto Protocol avenues to pursue their development and environmental goals simultaneously. There is a growing recognition of the potential of the Clean Development Mechanism to direct advanced technology and major capital flows to the developing world. // (Excerpts from "Under Secretary of State Loy on Kyoto Protocol" made by former Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Frank E. Loy to American Bar Association Conference)（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：对我来说，最关心和最迫切的问题不是美国能否批准《京都议定书》，而是其他参与国是否会朝这个目标努力。
环境工程专业英语复习(二)
1.Four characteristics of community structure(空间分布)physical appearance, species diversity or richness（多样性）, species abundance（丰度）, niche structure（生态地位结构）.2.Three major factors affect species diversity: latitude（纬度）in terrestrial communities（地球群落）; depthin aquatic system; pollution in aquatic system（水环境）.3.Where is most of the W orld’s Biodiversity Found?Tropical rain forests, coral reefs, the deep sea, largetropical lakes.4.What determines the number of species on island?Size and degree of isolation（隔离程度）.5.Four types of species:native species（本土物种）: normally live and thrive（繁衍）in a particular ecosystem; nonnative species: migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans;indicator species（指示性生物）: serves early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem(Birds are excellent biological indicators because they are found almost everywhere and respond quickly toenvironmental change.); keystone species（关键物种）: the roles of some species in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance or biomass suggests.6.Five basic types of interaction between species: interspecific competition, predation（掠夺）, parasitism（寄生）, mutualism（互利共生）, commensalism（共生）7.Intraspecific competition: competition between members of the same species for the same resources.Interspecific competition: competition between members of two or more different species for food, space, or any other limited resource.8.What is the competitive exclusion principle?Sometimes one species eliminates another species in aparticular area through competition for limited resources.9.How have some species reduced or avoided competition? One way this happens is through resourcepartitioning，the dividing up of scarce（紧缺的）resources so that species with similar needs use them(1) at different times, (2)in different ways, (3)in different places.10.Symbiosis: a relationship in which species live together in an intimate associatio n（密切联合）. Three types:parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.11.Parasitism: occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host（宿主）.In this relationship, the parasite（寄生物）benefits and the host is harmed.12.Mutualism: two species involved in a symbiotic relationship interact in ways that benefit both. Suchbenefits include(1)having pollen and seeds dispersed for reproduction, (2)being supplied with food,or(3)receiving protection.mensalism: a symbiotic interaction that benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the otherspecies much, if at all.14.Tectonic plates: both convection currents and mantle plumes move upward as the heated material isdisplaced by denser, cooler material sinking under the influence of gravity. These flows of energy and heated material in the mantle convection cells cause movement of rigid plates.Plate tectonics（构造板块）: The theory explaining the movement of the plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries.15.Mineral: an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid.16.Rock: any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of the earth’s crust.17.Three major rock types and their characteristics: Igneous rock（火成岩）, sedimentary rock（水成岩）,metamorphic rock（变质岩）.18.Rock cycle: Rocks are constantly exposed to various physical and chemical conditions that can changethem over time. The interaction of processes that change rocks from one type to another.19.Earthquakes: stress in earth’s crust can cause solid rock to deform until it suddenly fractures and shiftsalong the fracture, producing a fault. The faulting or a later abrupt movement on an existing fault causes anearthquake.20.Risk: the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, orenvironmental damage. Risk is expressed in terms of probability: a mathematical statement about how likely it is that some event or effect will occur.21.Risk assessment（评估）: （1）identifying a real or potential hazard, （2）determining the probability of itsoccurrence, （3）and assessing the severity（严重程度）of its health, environmental, economic, and social impact. Risk management: ⑪serious it is compared to other risks, ⑫how much the risk should bereduced, ⑬how such risk reduction can be accomplished, and ⑭how much money should be devoted to reducing the risk to an acceptable level.22.What determines whether a chemical is harmful? Whether a chemical is harmful depends on ⑪the sizeof the dose over a certain period of time,⑫how often an exposure occurs, ⑬who is exposed, ⑭how well the body’s detoxification systems work, an d⑮genetic makeup that determines an individual’s sensitivity toa particular toxic.23.Poison: a chemical that has an LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight.24.Toxic chemicals: defined as substances that are fatal to more than 50% of test animals (LD50) at givenconcentrations.25.Mutagens: agents, such as chemicals and ionizing radiation, that cause random mutation, or changes, in theDNA molecules found in cells.26.Teratogens: chemicals radiation, or viruses that cause birth defects while the human embryo is growing anddeveloping during pregnancy, especially during the first 3 months.27.Nontransmissible disease: not caused by living organisms and does not spread from one person to another.Transmissible disease: caused by a living organism and can be spread from one person to another.Risk analysis: ⑪identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks, ⑫ranking risks, ⑬determining options and making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks, and ⑭informing decision makers and the public about risks.28.Populations grow or decline through the interplay of three factors: births, deaths, and migration.Population change: calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population from the number entering it during a specific period of time:Population change= (Births + Immigration)-(Deaths + Emigration)29.Factors affect birth rate and fertility rates:①importance of children as a part of the labor force; ②urbanization; ③cost of raising and educating children; ④educational and employment opportunities for women; ⑤infant mortality rate（夭折率）, ⑥average age at marriage, ⑦availability（有效性）of private and public pension system（抚恤金体系）, ⑧availability of legal abortions; ⑨availability of reliable birth control methods; ⑩religious beliefs（宗教信仰）, traditions, and cultural norms（规范）.30.Factor affects death rate: two useful indicators（指标）of overall health of people in a country or regionare (1)life expectancy and (2)the infant mortality rate.31.age structure: the proportion of the population at each age level. Demographers typically construct apopulation age structure diagram by plotting the percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in each of three age categories: (1)prereproductive, (2)reproductive, and (3)postreproductive 32.Three system provide Us with food: (1)croplands（耕地）(mostly for producing grains, which provideabout 76% of the world’s food); (2)rangelands牧场(which supply about 17% of the world’s food);(3)oceanic fisheries海洋渔业(which supply about 7% of the world’s food).33.What plants and animals feed the world? Although the earth has perhaps 30,000plants species with partsthat people can eat, only 15plant and 8 terrestrial animal species supply an estimated 90% of our global intake of caloriesMajor types of food production: industrialized agriculture(high-input agriculture); plantation agriculture大垦殖农业; Traditional subsistence agriculture传统温饱型农业; traditional intensive agriculture传统集约耕作.34.Green revolution: most of the increase in global food production has come from increased yields per unitof area of cropland in a process.35.Three steps of green revolution: (1)developing and planting monocultures of selectively bred orgenetically engineered high-yield varieties of key crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; (2)producing high yields by using large inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water on crops;(3)increasing the number of crops grown per year on a plot of land through multiple cropping.36.Undernutrition: people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs.37.Malnutrition: people who are forced to live on a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet consisting only ofgrains such as wheat, rice, or corn.38.What are the environmental effects of producing food? Future ability to produce more food will belimited by a combination of (1)soil erosion侵蚀, (2)desertification沙漠化, (3)salinization and waterlogging 水浸of irrigated lands, (4)water deficits and droughts, (5)loss of wild species that provide the genetic resources for improved foams of foods, and (6)the effects of global warming.39.Important properties of water: (1)there are strong forces of attraction between molecules of water;(2)water sexists as liquid over a wide temperature range because of the strong forces of attraction betweenmolecules; (3)liquid water changes temperature very slowly because it can store a large amount of heat without a large change in temperature; (4)it takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid water because of the strong forces of attraction between its molecules; (5)liquid water can dissolve a variety of compounds;(6)water molecules can break down into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which help maintain a balancebetween acids and bases in cells, as measured by the pH of water solutions; (7)the strong attractive forces between the molecules of liquid water cause its surface to contract and to adhere to and coat a solid;(8)water filters out wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation that would harm some aquatic organism; (9)unlikemost liquid, water expands when it freezes40.Surface runoff: precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation.41.Groundwater: some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids in soil androck.42.Recharge area: any area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer.43.Natural recharge: aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soiland rock in what is called ~44.How can we increase freshwater supplies? Six ways to increase the supply of fresh water in a particulararea are to (1)build dams and reservoirs to store runoff, (2)bring in surface water from another area,(3)withdraw groundwater, (4)convert salt water to fresh water, (5)waste less water, and (6)import food toreduce water use.45.Advantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)can be removed as needed year round, (2)is not lost byevaporation, and (3)usually is less expensive to develop than surface water systems.46.Disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)water table lowering, (2)aquifer depletion, (3)aquifersubsidence; (4)intrusion of salt water into aquifers, (5)drawing of chemical contamination in groundwater toward wells, and (6)reduced stream flow.47.Desalination: removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from brackish groundwater. Two majordisadvantages: it is expensive because it takes large amounts of energy; it produces large quantities of wastewater containing high level of salt and other minerals.48.Floodplain: heavy rain or rapid melting of snow is the major cause of natural flooding by streams. Thiscauses water in a stream to overflow its normal channel and flood the adjacent area.49.Methods of reducing flood risks: (1)straightening and deepening streams; (2)building levees; (3)buildingdams; (4)restoring wetlands to take advantage of the natural flood control provided by floodplains;(5)identifying and managing flood-prone areas.50.Petroleum(crude oil): a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with smallamounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.51.Advantage of nuclear: large fuel supply; low environmental impact; emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal;moderate land disruption and water pollution; moderate land use; low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems.Disadvantage of nuclear: high cost; low net energy yield; high environmental impact; catastrophicaccidents can happen; no acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes anddecommissioning worn-out plants; spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons.52.Energy effects能源效应: the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversion device or systemthat does useful work and is not converted to low-quality, essentially useless heat.53.Advantage of use solar energy: moderate net energy; moderate environmental impact; no CO2 emissions;fast construction; costs reduced with natural gas turbine backup.Disadvantage: low efficiency; high costs; needs backup or storage system; need access to sun most of the time; high land use; may disturb desert areas.54.Advantage of using solar cells: fairly high net energy; work on cloudy days; quick installation; easilyexpanded or moved; no CO2 emissions; low environmental impacts; last 20-40years; low land use; reduces dependence on fossil fuels.Disadvantage: need access to sun; low efficiency; need electricity storage system or backup; high land use could disrupt desert areas; high costs; DC current must be converted to AC.55.Advantage of using large dams: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency(80%); low-cost electricity;long life span; no CO2 emissions during operation; may provide flood control below dam; provides water for year-round irrigation of crop land; reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation.Disadvantage: high construction costs; high environmental impacts; high CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs; flood natural areas; converts land habitat to take habitat; danger of collapse; uproots people; decreases fish harvest below dam; decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam.58. Advantage of using wind: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency; moderate capital cost; very lowenvironmental impact; no CO2 emissions; quick construction; easily expanded; land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock.Disadvantage: steady winds needed; backup systems needed when winds are low; high land use for wind farm; visual pollution; noise when located near populated areas; may interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey.59. Advantage of burning solid biomass: large potential supply in some areas; moderate costs; no net CO2increase if harvested and burned sustainably; plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops; plantation can help restore degraded lands; can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes;Disadvantage: nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably; moderate to high environmental impact; CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably; low photosynthetic efficiency; soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat; plantation could compete with cropland; often burned in inefficient andpolluting open-fires and stoves,60.Advantage of using geothermal energy: very high efficiency; moderate net energy at accessible sites;lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels; low cost at favorable sites; low land use; low land disturbance;moderate environmental impact.Disadvantage: scarcity of suitable sites; depleted if used too rapidly; CO2 emissions; moderate to high local air pollution; noise and odor; cost too high expect at the most concentrated and accessible sources.61.Atmosphere: we lived at bottom of a sea of air.62.Troposphere对流层: ~, which expends延伸only about 17 kilometers above sea level at the equator赤道and about 8 kilometers over the poles极地.63.Air pollution: the percentage of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities andduration to (1) cause harm to us, other forms of life, and materials or (2)alter climate.64.Photochemical smog: a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight.65.Industrial smog: consisting mostly of (1)sulfur dioxide; (2)suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and (3)avariety of suspended solid particles and droplets.66.Green effects: it occurs because molecules of certain atmospheric gases, warm the lower atmosphere byabsorbing some of the infrared radiation radiated by the earth’s surface.(CO2, CH4, N2O, CFOs, HCFCs, HFCs, Halons, Carbon tetrachloride)67.Global warming: most climate scientists believe that increased inputs of CO2 and other greenhouse gasesfrom human activities will (1)enhance the earth’s natural greenhouse effect and (2)raise the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface.68.Effects of warmer atmosphere: (1)less severe winters; (2)more precipitation in some dry areas; (3)lessprecipitation in some wet areas; (4)increased food production in some areas; (5)expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperature.69.W ater pollution: any chemicals, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect onliving organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses.70.Point sources: discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches, or sewers into bodies ofsurface water.Nonpoint sources: cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are usually large land areas or airsheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface flow, or deposition from the atmosphere.71.Cultural eutrophication: near urban or agricultural areas, human activities can greatly accelerate the inputof plant nutrient to a lake, which results in a process.72. Why is groundwater pollution such a serious problem?(1)storage lagoons, (2)septic tanks, (3)landfills;(4)hazardous waste dumps, and (5)deep injection wells.73.How can we protect groundwater? Contaminated aquifers are almost impossible to clean because oftheir (1)enormous volume, (2)inaccessibility, and (3)slow movement.74.Solid waste: any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas.75.Hazardous waste: legally defined as any discarded solid or liquid material that (1)contains one or more of 39 toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds at levels that exceed established limits,(2)catches fire easily , (3)is reactive or unstable enough to explode or release toxic fumes, or (4)is capable of corroding metal containers such as tanks, drums, and barrels. Does not include: (1)radioactive wastes,(2)hazardous and toxic material discarded by household, (3)mining wastes, (4)oil-and gas-drilling wastes, (5)liquid wastes containing organic hydrocarbon compounds, (6)cement kiln dust, produced when liquid hazardous wastes are burned in a cement kiln, and (7)wastes from the thousands of small businesses and factories that generate less than 100 kilograms.76.Advantage of incinerating solid and hazardous wastes: reduced trash volume, less need for landfills, low water pollution.Disadvantage: high cost; air pollution; produces a highly toxic ash; encourage waste producting.77.Advantage of injecting liquid hazardous wastes: simple technology; safe method if sites are chosen carefully; wastes can be retrieved if problems develop; easy to do; low cost.Disadvantage: leaks or spills at surface; leaks from corrosion of well casing; existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape to groundwater; encourages waste production.。
土木工程给排水环境工程专业英语翻译题库
2.翻译句子：Lesson 1.土木工程Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end.这一领域的工程师要监督一个项目从开始到结束的整个施工过程。
Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop communities within a city, or entire cities.该领域的工程师从事规划小区或者一个完整的城市。
These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and wastewater-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.规划工程师协调公共工程和私有设施的发展。
他们评估各种设施的需求，包括街道和公路、公共运输系统，机场、港口、供水排水系统，公共建筑，公园、娱乐设施等，以保证社会、经济和环境的协调发展。
The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money.管理工程师将技术和组织协调劳动力、材料、机械设备、资金的能力结合起来。
环境工程专业英语翻译
风干系统windrow systems分散相diffu siona l phase分贝计decib el meter分贝量度dec ib el scale非哺乳动物no n-mammali an露点the dew point冷却系统cold system冷凝器cond enser决定因素det ermini ng factors径流runoff气载疾病air b orned isease s气溶胶喷雾air aerosol sprayer逆温thermal inversi on内部调节机制i nterna l regulatory mechani sms市政污水处理厂municip al sewage treatment plant 食物链food Chain声强sound intensi ty声能sound power声级sound level声波sound wave生活污水domestic sewage神经系统ner vous systems热血动物war m-blooded animals热污染ther mal polluti on热能回收energyr ecover y or heat recover y热能thermal energy热力学第二定律 the secondlaw of thermod ynamic s 热冲击ther mal shocks消声器muff ler需氧aerob ic听力丧失hea ring loss听得见的aud ible水载Water b orne响度loudness吸声介质acoustical media吸声材料aco u stica l materia ls土壤调节剂so il conditi onor易腐烂的putrefactive易腐烂的putrescib l e传质梯度mas s transfe r gradien t膜membra n e or film反渗透reverse osmosis活性炭acti vatedcarbon界面面积int erfaci al area表面积surface area沉淀sedim entati on混凝coagula tion絮凝flocc u latio n高级处理advanced treatment一级处理primary treatment二级处理seconda ry treatment卫生污水san itary sewage净化purific a tionor deconta mination工艺性能pro c ess performa nceVSS volatil e suapend ed solidsSS suspend ed solidsTOC total organic carbon溶解的diss olvedor soluble沉降柱settling columns多管高效旋风除尘器multitubeh igh efficie ncy cyclone 多氯联苯pol ychlor obiphenyl多氯联笨并呋喃p olych lorodi b enzofurans杂质forei gn matter工业规模ful l-scale生物降解bio d egrad ation生物过滤bio filtra tion光化学烟雾ph otochemical smog土壤床soil bed生物降解能力b i od egr adatio n capacity易生物降解的e a silyb iodegr adable尾气offga s污泥sludge污水sewag e一百万千瓦on e-million-kilowatt滴滤池trickli ng filter弹性波elastic wave弹性介质elastic media音调pitch永久性失聪permanen t hearing loss监管计划reg ulator y mechani smsVOC volatil e organic compoun dAPC air polluti on controlBOD biochem ical oxygendemandCOD chemica l oxygendemand爱河lovecanal澄清池clar ifiers桶谷Valle y of the Drums焚化incin eratio n垃圾refuse危险废物haz ardous wastes保留时间ret ention time充满be Laden with停留时间det ention time or residen ce time净化池clar ifier tank均质池equa lizati on basin沉降池sedi mentation pond or sedimen tation tanks固体废物sol id wastes水生生物aqu atic life氧化剂oxid izingagents or oxidizer水载疾病waterborn e d isease s格栅screeni ng格栅池barrack隔离segrega tion or screeni ng胶体collo id普通沉淀法pl ain sedimen tation高浊水high ly turbidw ater中浊水moderately turbidw ater弄脏foule d with单元操作uni t operati on氯消毒chlo rinati on预处理pretreatment财政支持financi al support沉砂室grit chamber补充燃料sup p lemen tary fuels曝气沉砂池aeratedgrit chamber一沉池prim ary settlin g tank溢流负荷overflowloading ratesThe newer municip a l inciner ators are usually the continu ouslyb urning type ，and many have “waterwa ll”constru ctionin the combustion chamber in place of the older ，more commonrefractory lining。
环境工程专业英语重点句子考试总结
名词解释5个汉译英20个英译汉20个翻译5个作文1个（老师说：注意看注释）名词解释：①Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.“环境”是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
②System, a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole.“系统”，一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物。
③Pollution, an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.“污染”，有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。
④Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.“资源减量化”：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
⑤Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.“废物最少化”：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。
环境工程专业英语试题
环境工程专业英语试题一、英汉互译1. oxidizing agent——氧化剂2. activated sludge——活性污泥3. water purification——水净化4. protozoa——原生动物5. nitrogen dioxide——二氧化氮6. phosphate——磷酸盐7. the dew point——露点8. food additives——食品添加剂9. chemical plant——化工厂air pollutant——一次大气污染物analysis——定性分析problem——环境问题combustion——不完全燃烧oxidants——光化学氧化剂solid——悬浮固体16.气布比——air to cloth ratio17.一氧化碳——carbon monoxide 18.酵母——yeast19.紫外线——ultraviolet light 20.反向渗透——reverse osmosis21.水资源——water resource 22.有机物质——organic matter23.地表水——surface water 24.引风机——draft fan25.生物鉴定——bioassay 26.副产品——by-products27.环境容量——environmental capacity 28.供水，给水——water supply29.吸附——adsorption 30.环境污染——environmental pollution二、英译汉1.Protection of public health, the original purpose of pollution control, continues to be theprimary objective in many areas. However, preservation of water resources, protection offishing areas, and maintenance of recreational waters are additional concerns today.污染控制的最初目的是保护公众的健康，在许多地方这仍然是主要目的。
环境工程专业英语第二版重点课文翻译及复习
life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer 有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe 衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking 稀释—dilution添加剂—additive 合成塑料—synthetic plastic 再生—regenerationUnit 4Precision and accuracy 精确度和准确度bulk collection 大量的搜集matric material 基体材料ananlytical sequence 分析结果Multivariate statistics 多变量的统计interactive effect 相互间的影响insofar 在...的范围overall analytical scheme 整体分析计划灵敏度sensitivity 采样sample collection 真实时间real time样品欲处理pretreatment of the sample 稳定性stability曲线拟合curve-fitting 吸附adsorb adsorption 累积accumulate accumulation 分析评价analytical evaluation 物理分离physical separation因次图dimension graph 标准方差standard varianceUnit 5primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO) nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot 煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素determining factor 光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion含硫的sulfur-containing 风化wind erosion / weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fabric 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing 压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator 气体离子gas ion捕集板collection surface 碳黑carbon black尾气off-gas 可应用性applicability 工业规模full-scale 土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter 固定资本fixed capital 易生物降解的easily biodegraded VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物Unit 10treatment facilities 处理设备municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水per capita per day 每人每天runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类Unit 12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期Unit 13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化minimize the effects微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter 水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 1 环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。
环境工程专业英语考试(完整版)
环境与生态:LESSON1:环境与环境工程To the environmental engineer,the wordenvironmentmay take on global dimensions(维面积尺度),may refer to a very localized(局部化地方化)area in which a specific problemmust be addressed(致辞谈到),or may,in the case of contained environments,refer to a small volume of liquid,gaseous(气的),or solid materials within a treatment-plant(处理厂)reactor(反应器).┃The global environmentconsists of the atmosphere(大气圈),the hydrosphere(水圈),the lithosphere(岩石圈)in which the life-sustaining(供养)resources of the earth arecontained.┃The biosphere(生物圈),a thin shell that encapsulates(密封加浓)the earth,is made up of the atmosphere andlithosphereadjacent(接近的临近的)to the surface of the earth,together with the hydrosphere and the life forms of earth.┃Life-sustainingmaterials in gaseous,liquid,and solid forms are cycled though thebiosphere,providing sustenance to all living organisms(生物).Life-sustaining resources(air,food,water)are withdrawn from the biosphere.It is also into the biosphere that waste products in gaseous,liquid and solid forms are discharged(排放).┃Environment engineeringhas been defined as the branch of engineering thatis concerned with(关心)protecting the environment from the potential(潜在的),deleterious(有害的)effects of human activity,protecting human populations from the effect of adverse environmental factors,and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being(幸福福利).┃Humans interactwith their environment(sometimes adversely impacting the environment and sometimes being adversely impacted by pollutants in the environment.An understanding of the nature of the environment and of human interaction with it is a necessaryprerequisite(前提)to understanding the workfortheenvironmental engineering.
环境工程专业英语--Unit 2
Unit 2 Environmental Engineering
2. System, according to webster’s dictionary, is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system，supply system, the world or universe”.
1. Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.
一些重要的定义 在本书中首次出现时，定义以大写字母或是如这里所示， 以粗体显示。 ① 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质和生物栖息地，我们可
Interaction of Systems: • Environmental problems:
➢ One system: water, air, or land
✓ Easier comprehension ✓ Sensible for managerial and administrative reasons
Specialty English for Environmental Science and Engineering
环境科学与工程专业英语
刘青
厚德博学 慎思笃行
环生院
Part 1 Introducineering
环境工程专业英语第二版(化学工业出版社)课文翻译.doc
Unit 1环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。
本书包括如下内容：﹡对环境和环境系统而言环境问题含义的描述﹡关于造成环境破坏的基本原因的信息﹡要了解环境问题性质并且量化环境问题所必需的基本科学知识﹡环境控制技术在在水、大气和固废污染问题方面运用的现状﹡我们目前对人类活动与自然之间的许多复杂的相互关系的理解和控制的科学知识的严重不足﹡采用现有技术可以用来消除或减轻有许多环境问题，当实际上并没有，这是因为社会缺乏意愿去处理环境问题，或因为在许多情况下缺少处理环境问题所需的资源一些重要的定义当新词在这本书中第一次出现时，它的定义以正楷大写字母开头的形式给出（正如这里给出的）或以粗体字体给出。
﹡环境：是指我们周围的物理和生物生境，我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和感到这些事物。
﹡系统：根据韦氏字典，系统为相关和相联的一组或一系列事情形成一个单元或有机体，例如：太阳系，灌溉系统，供应系统和世界或宇宙。
﹡污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害。
当改善环境质量的目的是用来改善人体健康时，环境这个词的含义就拓宽到包括各种社会、经济和文化方面，但这样的拓宽对许多实际情况不可行的，对为一学期时间设计的课程而言是不现实的。
从而我们对环境问题调查时把环境的定义做了限制。
各系统间的相互作用与水、大气或土地系统来说有一些不同的相关环境问题。
而许多问题只是适用于其中的一个系统，正因为此这也说明了上述分类的合理性。
如此的分类还有利于更容易对一个系统内相关问题的理解。
并且从行政管理方面看也是合理的，因为政府机构经常把环境问题分为空气污染、供水、污水处理和固体废物处置几个方面来处理。
但有许多重要的环境问题并不局限于大气、水或土地系统中的某个单一系统，而是包含各系统之间的相互作用。
口译二级实务环境保护练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
口译二级实务环境保护练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. Chinese-English TranslationPART 2 Chinese-English Translation (50 points, 30 minutes)Interpret the following passages from Chinese into English. Start interpreting at the signal and stop it at the signal. You may take notes while you are listening. You will hear the passages only ONCE. Now let’s begin.1．到1999年春季，美国环境保护署和中国国家环境保护总局(SEPA)的官员签订了一个协议备忘录，建立了两国在排污权交易和酸雨控制方面的双边示范项目。
在签字仪式上召开的国际研讨会上，与会者通过介绍了解了美国环境保护协会与中国地方城市之间的合作项目，这也是到目前为止唯一的一项实地项目。
中国国家环境保护总局将美国环境保护协会的项目整理成正式文件，作为中国官方在这个双边项目中的贡献。
该文件对美国环保协会所做的工作做了正式的介绍。
//此外，中国国家环境保护总局指定美国环保协会和它的合作伙伴一起监督中美酸雨及排污权交易项目的案例研究。
美国环保协会于1999年12月首次组织召开了两国双边会议。
这些新的进展恰好给双方合作提供了高层信息传递的媒介以及所需要的官方关注。
// 美国环保协会还继续利用其丰富的经验以及与美国国内决策者之间的关系网来加强其能力和基础设施的建设。
美国环保协会最近在美国接待了该示范项目的主要参与者，安排他们与美国同行见面，并参加了今年10月在华盛顿召开的第二次双边会议。
// 美国环境保护协会相信，总量控制是中国环境政策的一大新进展。
2023年度工程系列环境工程专业水平能力测试 英语
2023年度工程系列环境工程专业水平能力测试英语2023 Annual Engineering Series Environmental Engineering Proficiency TestSection 1: Reading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.In recent years, environmental engineering has become an increasingly important field due to the pressing need to address environmental issues caused by human activities. Environmental engineers play a vital role in designing and implementing solutions to minimize the impact of these activities on the ecosystem.One of the key areas of focus for environmental engineers is water resource management. With the increasing population and industrialization, the demand for clean water is on the rise. Environmental engineers are responsible for developing sustainable water treatment and purification systems to ensure a safe and adequate water supply. They also work on developing technologies for wastewater treatment and recycling to minimize the release of pollutants into the environment.Another important aspect of environmental engineering is air pollution control. Industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust gases contribute significantly to air pollution, which has detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Environmental engineers work on designing and implementing effective strategies to reduce air pollution levels through the development of emissioncontrol technologies and the promotion of renewable energy sources.Environmental engineers also play a crucial role in waste management. As human activities generate large amounts of waste, proper waste management is essential to prevent contamination of soil and water sources. Environmental engineers develop strategies for waste reduction and recycling, as well as the design and implementation of waste treatment facilities.In addition to these key areas, environmental engineers contribute to the protection and preservation of natural resources, such as forests and wildlife habitats. They assess the environmental impact of development projects and develop strategies to minimize negative effects.Overall, the field of environmental engineering requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving knowledge of engineering principles, environmental sciences, and sustainable development concepts. Graduates of environmental engineering programs are equipped to address the challenges of the 21st century and contribute to the sustainable development of our planet.Questions:1. What is the main purpose of environmental engineering?2. What are the key areas of focus for environmental engineers?3. How do environmental engineers contribute to air pollution control?4. Why is waste management important in environmentalengineering?5. What skills and knowledge are needed to succeed in environmental engineering?Section 2: VocabularyDirections: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.1. The __________ of pollutants into the water resulted in the contamination of the river.a) emissionb) reductionc) preservationd) treatment2. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are important for _________ air pollution.a) reducingb) promotingc) releasingd) increasing3. Proper ________ of waste is necessary to prevent environmental contamination.a) managementb) treatmentc) preservationd) reduction4. Environmental engineers assess the ________ impact of development projects.a) industrialb) environmentalc) technologicald) scientific5. The field of environmental engineering requires a ________ approach, involving knowledge from various disciplines.a) multidisciplinaryb) specializedc) singled) narrowSection 3: Written ExpressionDirections: In this section, you will be required to write a short essay about your experience and interest in environmental engineering. Answer the following question in 150-200 words: Why are you interested in pursuing a career in environmental engineering? What do you hope to achieve in this field?。
《环境工程专业英语》马志毅编中文翻译
1. The Environment and Environmental Engineering环境和环境工程学Simply said, the environment can be defined as one's surroundings. In terms of the environmental engineer's i nvolvement, however, a more specific definition is needed. To the environmental engineer, t he word environment may take on global dimensions, may refer to a very localized area in which a specific problem must be addressed, o r may, in the case of contained e nvironments, refer to a small volume of liquid, gaseous, or solid materials within a treatment plant reactor.简单的说，环境可以定义为我们的周围。
但是就环境工程师参与的角度来说，需要一个更加明确的定义。
对于环境工程师来说，环境这个词可能包含全球范围；也可能专指非常局部的一个地区，在这个地区中涉及到一些具体要解决的问题；或者也可能在密闭的环境中，指处理厂反应器内的一小块液体、气体或固体。
The global environment consists of the atmosphere, the h ydrosphere a nd the lithosphere in which the life-sustaining resources of the earth are contained. The atmosphere, a mixture of gases extending outward from the surface of the earth, evolved from elements o f the earth that were gasified during its formation and metamorphosis. The hydrosphere consists of the oceans,the lakes and streams and the shallow groundwater bodies that interflow with the surface water.The lithosphere is the soil mantle that wraps the core of the earth.全球环境由大气圈、水圈和岩石圈所组成，其中包含了维系地球上生命的资源。
环境工程专业英语翻译 2考试
Unit 5 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants空气污染物的类型和来源What is air pollution?Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
环境科学专业英语2
You bet ：当然, 真的, 的确，肯定地,没问题. 例句: 1. You bet it is. 一定是这样。 2. They won‘t make it, you bet. 他们肯定办不成。 3. "Were you frightened by that bull? " "Frightened? You bet I was; I was scared out of skin! " "那头公牛把你吓坏了吧？""吓坏了？的确是吓坏了；我被吓得魂不附 体了！" (俚）当然，的确，一定 "Will you tell her?"你会告诉她吗？ "You bet(I will)."当然（会）啦！ bet 原意为打赌，这里就有你跟我打赌吧，你准能嬴的，一种表示肯定 的意思。是一种酷酷的年轻人的表达方式。所以，you bet 就等于of course，当然的意思。
psychological factors, and educational levels.
Writing
1) What is overpopulation?
2) What is the root cause for the explosion of world population? 3) What are the negative trends with the population explosion? 4) What methods should we take for stopping population growth?
Starvation: The act or process of starving. 饥饿：挨饿的行为或过程.
Quadruple: To become multiplied or multiply by four. 使成四倍. Family planning: 计划生育.
环境工程专英翻译2
Unit 18 固体废物的种类及来源对于与固体废弃物的管理有关系的功能单元的设计与运行。
要求知道固体废弃物的种类与来源，以及与它们的成分和速率产生有关的数据是最基本的。
固体废弃物的来源总体来说，固体废弃物的来源与陆地使用及分区有关。
虽然已有很多废物来源的分类法，但以下的分类法是很有价值的：（1）居住的；（2）商业的；（3）城市的；（4）工业的；（5）空地的；（6）处理厂的；和（7）农业的。
与这些来源的每一个有关联的典型废物产生设施、行动、或者地点都呈现在图表1.所产生的废物类型，即将被讨论的，也被鉴别。
固体废物的类型。
术语固体废物是涵盖所有的，包括固体废物的多有来源，所有分类类型，多有组成成分，所有性质。
要处理的废物可能在另一地方有一定的价值，但是对于那些处理它们的拥有者来说，废物几乎没有价值。
为了不至于混乱，术语废物垃圾，通常与术语固体废物互相交替使用，但不是在这篇文章里。
作为一下讨论的基础，定义所产生的各种固体废弃物是有帮助的。
有一点很重要，就是要认识到固体废物的定义及分类方法在文献中是差异甚大。
结果，所公布数据的使用是需要相当大的关注，判断，和普通常识。
以下的定义打算作为一种指导。
但不是意味着在科学角度上是独一无二的或是精确的。
食品废物食品废物（也叫做剩饭残羹）是动物，水果或者蔬菜的残渣，这些残渣都源于食品处理，准备，烹饪，和食品当中。
这些废物最重要的特性就是他们会高度易腐烂的和会快速分解，特别是在温暖的天气。
通常，分解会导致令人难受的臭味的扩散，在很多地点，这些废物的容易腐烂性质会重要地影响着固体废物收集系统的设计及其运行。
除了因为居住所产生的食品废物数量外，相当大数量是在自助餐厅和餐厅产生，还有大型公共机构设施，例如医院和监狱，以及与食品销售相关的设施，包括批发和零售店铺和市场。
垃圾垃圾由家庭，公共机构，商业行动，等等的可燃烧和不可燃烧的固体废物组成，除了食品废物和其他高度容易腐烂的物质，典型地，可燃烧的垃圾包括以下物质，例如纸皮，纸板，塑料，布，橡胶，皮具，木材，家具，和花园装饰物，不可燃烧的垃圾包括以下项目，例如玻璃，瓦，锡罐，铅罐，含铁及其他不含铁的金属，还有泥土。
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Unit 5 Type and Sources of Air Pollutants空气污染物的类型和来源What is air pollution?Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation.严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了高浓度污染物。
The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。
We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants.在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染物方面，我们必须十分小心。
By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。
In addition, we run into the issue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm. 除此之外，我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论。
Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutants.以下11个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物：1 .Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.1. 碳氧化物：一氧化碳，二氧化碳。
2. Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide.2.硫氧化物：二氧化硫，三氧化硫。
3. Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide.3.氮氧化物：一氧化二氮，一氧化氮，二氧化氮.4. Hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane, butane, benzene.4.碳氢化合物（有机含有碳氢化合物）：甲烷丁烷苯。
5. Photochemical oxidants: ozone, PAN, and various aldehydes.5.光化学氧化剂：臭氧，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯和各种醛。
6. Particulates (solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air): smoke, dust, soot, asbestos, metallic particles (such as lead, beryllium cadmium), oil, salt spray, sulfate salts.6.颗粒（在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮）：烟雾，尘埃，烟尘，石棉，金属粒子（例如铅，镉铍），石油，盐雾，盐硫酸。
7. Other inorganic compounds: asbestos, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, sulfur acid, nitric acid.7.其他无机化合物：石棉，氟化氢，硫化氢，氨气，硫酸，硝酸。
8. Other organic compounds: pesticides, herbicides, various alcohols, acids, and other chemicals.8.其他有机化合物：杀虫剂，除草剂，各种醇，酸和其他化学品。
9. Radioactive substances: tritium, radon, emissions from fossil fuel and nuclear power plants.9.放射性物质：氚，氡，矿物燃料排放物和核能发电厂。
10. Heat. 10. 热。
11. Noise. 11. 噪声。
The following table summarizes the major sources of these pollutants.Carbon oxides Carbon Monoxide (CO) :Forest fires and decaying organic matter; incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (about two-thirds of total emissions) and other organic matter in cars and furnaces; cigarette smoke森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质;不完全燃烧矿物燃料（约占三分之二的总量）和其他来自汽车和炉的有机质;香烟烟雾Carbon dioxide(CO2) : Natural aerobic respiration of living organisms; burning of fossil fuels自然有氧呼吸的生物体; 燃烧化石燃料Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3) ：Combustion of sulfur-containing coal and oil in homes, industries and Power plants;smelting of sulfur-containing ores; volcanic eruptions家庭、工厂和发电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油；冶炼含硫矿石；火山爆发Particulates dust soot and oil :煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油forests fires , wind erosion, and volcanic eruptions; coal burning; farming, mining construction, road building ,and other land-clearing activities; chemical reactions in the atmosphere; dust stirred up by automobiles; automobile exhaust; coal-burning electric power and industrial plants 森林火灾，风蚀，和火山爆发; 燃煤; 农业，采矿工程，道路建设，以及其他土地清理活动; 大气中的化学反应；汽车引发的粉尘；汽车尾气；燃煤电力厂房和工业厂房Nitrogen oxides(NO and NO2):High-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and fossil fuel power plants; lighting 高温燃料燃烧机动车辆，工业和矿物燃料发电厂;照明Photochemical oxidants光化学氧化剂Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光下反应Hydrocarbons 碳氢化合物Incomplete combustion fossil fuels in automobiles and furnaces; evaporation of industrial solvents and oil spills; tobacco smoke; forest fires; plant decay (about 85 percent of emissions ) 不完全燃烧化石燃料的汽车和火炉；蒸发的工业溶剂和石油泄漏；烟草烟雾；森林火灾；植物的腐烂（大约百分之85的排放）Pesticides and herbicides :Agriculture; forestry; mosquito control农业;林业;蚊虫控制Asbestos:石棉Asbestos mining; spraying of fireproofing insulation in buildings; deterioration of brake linings石棉开采;防火隔热建筑的喷漆;制动片的变质Metals and Metal Compounds: 金属和金属化合物Mining；industrial processes; coal burning; automobile exhaust挖掘；工业生产过程;燃煤;汽车尾气Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Chemical industry; petroleum refining化学工业;石油炼制Ammonia (NH3) : Chemical industry; petroleum refining化学工业;石油炼制Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) :Reaction of sulfur trioxide and water vapor in atmosphere; Chemical industry三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反应; 化学工业Nitric Acid (HNO3) :Reaction of sulfur trioxide and water vapor in atmosphere;Chemical industry三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反应; 化学工业Noise : Automobiles, airplanes, and trains; industry; construction汽车，飞机，列车;产业建设Other Inorganic Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) :Petroleum refining; glass etching; aluminum and fertilizer production石油炼制;玻璃刻蚀;铝和化肥生产Exercises4 .To eacape the smog you might go home, close the doors and windows, and breathe in clean air. But a number of scientists have found that the air inside homes and offices is often more polluted and dangerous than outdoor air on a smoggy day. The indoor pollutants include: (1) nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide from gas and wood-burning stoves（炉）without adequate（适当的）ventilation（通风）; (2) carbon monoxide, soot（煤烟）,and cancer-causing benzopyrene（苯并芘）(from cigarette smoke); (3) various（各种）organic compounds（化合物）from aerosol （气溶胶、气雾剂、烟雾剂）spray（喷射）cans and cleaning products; (4) formaldehyde（甲醛）(which causes cancer in rats) from urea－formaldehyde（尿素甲醛）foam（泡沫材料）insulation（绝缘材料）,plywood（夹板）,carpet （地毯）adhesives（黏合剂）,and particle（微粒）board; (5)radioactive（放射性的）radon and some of its decay （衰退）products from stone, soil, cement（水泥）,and bricks（砖）;and (6) ozone（臭氧）from the use of electrostatic air cleaners. 为了逃避烟雾，你需要回到家中，关闭门窗，并且在干净的空气中呼吸。