新托福阅读高分策略之长难句

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托福阅读长难句分析方法

托福阅读长难句分析方法

托福阅读长难句分析方法托福阅读的难点之一就是长难句,能否快速分析出长难句是托福阅读提升做题速度的关键。

接下来,一起来看看小编为大家带来的托福阅读长难句分析方法汇总。

托福阅读长难句分析方法汇总一.托福阅读长难句分析方法之同位语所谓同位语,顾名思义,就是起重复性解释作用的成分。

在托福阅读中遇到同位语最佳的处理方法就是删除同位语,从而更好地理解。

关于同位语的识别,一般都是以A, B的形式出现,例如,the president of USA, Trump,关于删除方法,则以保留最简单的表达为删除原则。

二.托福阅读长难句分析方法之插入语所谓插入语就是不影响句子含义和结构的插入成分。

常见的插入语有that is, that is to say, what’s more, to tell you the truth, frankly speaking等,处理插入语的最佳办法就是删除。

三.托福阅读长难句分析方法之定语定语的“定”主要指限定,形容词、名词、介词短语等都可以作定语,来修饰、限定名词。

英语中也可以用一个句子来修饰、限定一个名词(或者名词词组、句子),这样的句子叫做定语从句。

被修饰的名词(词组、句子)叫做先行词,连接定语从句和主句的叫做关系词,即that。

关系词分为两类,关系代词(that which who whom whose)和关系副词(when where why),关系词在从句中起三个作用——指代前面先行词,连接从句和主句,在定语从句中作成分。

前置定语的识别:adj. + n. (比较容易判断)后置定语的识别:形容词短语(adj. + prep. + n./prep.)e.g. A book useful for your management一本有助你进行管理的书。

介词短语(prep. + n./pron.)分词短语(ving/ved + prep. + n./pron.)e.g. A person walking on the road.动词不定式(to do sth.)e.g. A way to solve the problem.表语形容词(alike, alive, alone)注:不定代词只能用后置定语修饰四.托福阅读长难句分析方法之状语首先需要强调的是状语修饰非名词,状语的位置比较随意。

托福--阅读长难句共34页文档36页PPT

托福--阅读长难句共34页文档36页PPT

谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人,越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智,自知者明。胜人者有力,自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
1、不要轻言放弃,否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人,常是愿意 去做,并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船,从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔.卡耐基。
梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡,喝起来是苦涩的,回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
托福阅读长难句共34页文档 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美,我宁愿选择无悔,不管来生多么美丽,我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆,我不求天长地久的美景,我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析托福阅读长难句解决方法首先:长句子。

A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.对于这样一个句子,大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物动词,后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装,还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。

倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长,为了防止头重脚轻。

托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难

托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难

托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难托福阅读长难句, 把握技巧长难句不再难,今日我给大家带来托福阅读把握技巧长难句不再难,盼望能够关心到大家,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句把握技巧长难句不再难一.托福阅读难点分析我们知道,托福阅读备考过程中,需要攻克的难点依次是词汇,语法以及规律,即得有肯定的词汇量作为基础,熟识一些语法学问,明白句子的规律关系,尤其是长难句的分析,还有就是篇章结构的训练,这三点对于提升阅读力量和分数必不行少。

二.托福阅读长难句解析1.长难句难点解析面对托福阅读中的句子,有的长达3-4行,且生词许多,即使同学词汇量预备充分,但对于句子还是不能精确理解,那问题是什么呢?其实,本质还是对于句子语序不理解导致的。

2.长难句分析方法首先要明确,并不是每个难句我们都需要读懂。

我们都知道托福是一门标准化考试,这意味着它的出题点一般都是不会变的,有规律可循。

以前考过的学问点,以后确定还会连续考查同种类型的;而以前没有考过的,那么以后确定也就不会考了。

根据我一贯的做事风格,确定是要把难句的全部类型先全部列出来,然后再逐个去想应当如何解决。

这样就可以保证我们在考试的时候遇到的每一个难句都能被清晰地归类,由于曾经训练过,所以虽然是新的题目,但却属于熟识的类型,我们便可根据既定方法从容应对。

对于难度较大的托福阅读长难句,基本方法是确定句子的主、谓、宾,找出句子的主干,忽视其他的成分,将长句变成短句,托福阅读要学会将句型结构简单的句子变成句型结构简洁的句子。

(1)不定式及不定式短语做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语例1.To hold people accountable for their actions is important.中文译文:督促人们为自己的行为负责是非常重要的。

结构分析:不定式短语to hold people accountable for their action 做主语。

(2)动名词及动名词短语做主语、表语、宾语例2. It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns, devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.中文译文:它涉及到探究深层次的关注,想出有制造性的解决方案,以及当利益冲突时,做出交易和妥协。

分分钟教你如何搞定托福阅读长难句!

分分钟教你如何搞定托福阅读长难句!

分分钟教你如何搞定托福阅读长难句!要说托福阅读最难的部分,那一定非长难句莫属了。

所以,想要在新托福阅读中拿到高分的朋友,请一定在备考过程中将长难句拿下。

下面,是天道小编专门为此准备的方法,正在准备托福考试的小伙伴儿不妨参考一下。

新托福阅读需要技巧,考场上经常出现反复多遍阅读仍不能理解句子大意的情况,从而成为了阅读理解和得分的绊脚石。

考生可以掌握托福阅读长难句一般处理方法,逐步攻克长难句。

来看详细介绍!首先,针对长句,利用主干精简长句请看例句:On rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. (在零星的某些需要精美雕塑品的时候,美国人会转而求助外国雕刻艺术家,比如在1770年纽约市和南卡罗来纳的查理斯顿市就委托了英国人J.W.制作了掌权者William Pitt的大理石雕像。

)如果全部精读逐词翻译,由于信息过于杂乱会导致抓不住重点,也就是我们所说的句子虽然读了但对讲的是什么事情基本没印象概括不出来大意。

但我们提炼句子主干,原句精简为:American turned to foreign sculptors. 大意立即明了是:美国人请外国雕刻艺术家帮忙。

句子主旨很清晰。

其次:针对生僻概念,利用重点规避难点例如:Were Earth to be juxtAPosed with the great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the great Red Spot. (如果把地球和木星星云大红斑并排摆列的话,我们的星球显得相形见绌,直径不到大红斑的一半左右。

托福阅读考试长难句考试技巧

托福阅读考试长难句考试技巧

托福阅读考试长难句考试技巧托福阅读考试长难句考试技巧长难句,顾名思义,就是又长又难的句子,很多考生都对长难句感到头疼,那么我们应该怎样去攻克长难句呢?下面,就让店铺来和大家说说吧,希望能够给大家带去帮助。

一、先搞定语法长难句之所以难,其实是难在语法。

一个长难句中一般都会包含好多语法,语法虽然难懂,但好在有固定的规则和门道,只要你掌握了这些规则和门道,你就会犹如神助。

首先要熟悉词性的分类,比如名词,动词,形容词和副词;然后知道句子成分,比如定语、状语、补语等的用法、呈现形式;最后了解基本的从句,比如状语从句、定语从句、宾语从句。

二、分清主次顺序分清主次顺序同学们在做阅读理解的时候一定要有一套自己的做题思路,这种做题思路就需要同学们在大量的做题后总结出来一套适合自己的。

不知从何下手,可参考下面5个步骤的做题思路哦。

第一步,找准主干。

一个句子只能有一个主干(主语+谓语),哪怕结构再复杂,先把主干找出来,这样句子的意思是完整的,其他的成分像大树的枝桠,是对主干的修饰,使句子意思更饱满、表达更完整,在分析其他成分时候要注意考虑各个成分与主干的关系。

利用这种找出主干、化繁为简的原则解决难题。

第二步,分析句子结构。

在找到句子主干之后,同学们要把句中的修饰成分和修饰的对象都找出来,整理清楚。

第三步,逐句翻译。

因为句子结构复杂,包含多层意思,很难直接完整地译出来,所以可以先把修饰部分单独翻译,译成几个分句。

第四步,把译好的分句连缀起来,顺序可稍加调整,使之符合汉语表达习惯,通顺流畅。

第五步,在通过自己翻译长难句做完题目之后,建议同学们把参考答案拿出来,一般答案里面都会有阅读的原文翻译,在这里把自己的.翻译和参考的翻译进行对比,看看自己哪里还需要进一步完善,争取在下次避免这种情况的发生。

例题讲解:The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be _____ to explain or describe in a way that can be understood by his listeners. (1994年)A obscureB difficultC impossibleD unable首先找主干,先找谓语动词:是may be 还是can be,我们发现can be前that,同学们很容易找到,是may be;接下来它的主语是谁呢?是vocabulary吗?仔细看这是一个介词词组in his working vocabulary,继续往前看,这个介词词组藏在who引导的从句里,而这个who引导的从句修饰的是speaker。

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)这份托福阅读长难句120句,是已经流传甚久的经典托福复习资料,对每个难句的结构都进行了解析,并给出了翻译。

1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the E arth’s surface分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures,分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是:原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。

句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析

托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析

托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们,有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识,但你看不懂这句话,这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础,句子才是交流最基本的单位,看阅读是看句子,句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。

小编为大家列举200句及对应解析,希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法,攻克这一难关。

1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析:1、系好安全带能够挽救性命,它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。

托福--阅读长难句共34页文档PPT文档36页

托福--阅读长难句共34页文档PPT文档36页

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46、我们若已接受最坏的,就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会,使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功,谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
文 家 。汉 族 ,东 晋 浔阳 柴桑 人 (今 江西 九江 ) 。曾 做过 几 年小 官, 后辞 官 回家 ,从 此 隐居 ,田 园生 活 是陶 渊明 诗 的主 要题 材, 相 关作 品有 《饮 酒 》 、 《 归 园 田 居 》 、 《 桃花 源 记 》 、 《 五 柳先 生 传 》 、 《 归 去来 兮 辞 》 等 。
托福--阅读长难句共34页文档
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7、翩翩新 来燕,双双入我庐 ,先巢故尚在,相 将还旧居。
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9、 陶渊 明( 约 365年 —427年 ),字 元亮, (又 一说名 潜,字 渊明 )号五 柳先生 ,私 谥“靖 节”, 东晋 末期南 朝宋初 期诗 人、文 学家、 辞赋 家、散

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总

TOEFL托福阅读长难句分析汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试,我给大家整理托福阅读长难句,下面我就和大家共享,来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句1As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. (TPO41, 49)大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ) (TPO41, 49)托福阅读长难句100句分析:这个句子的主干局部:the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them修饰一:(As relative newcomers to the Southwest),介词短语中文:作为西南部相对较新的人修饰二:(a place) ,同位语中文:一个地方修饰三:(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ,从句中文:在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政修饰四:(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. ),介词短语留意这里有一个搭配:not just … but …不仅…而且中文:不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为,而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译:作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人,纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为,而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐,制造了这些艺术形式来影响他们四周的世界。

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂托福阅读中的长难句可以说是很多考生面对的一大难点。

看不懂长难句理解不了*或者解答不了题目的情况相当普遍。

托福阅读长难句看不懂怎么办?下面就和大家分享托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂,希望能够帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂?来学习一下这11个经典难句翻译找感觉1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论,当人们无聊或者困倦的时候,打哈欠会出现。

打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低,从而的起到提高警觉的功能。

而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的,而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享

托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享

托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享, 看懂*每一个复杂句,今天给大家带来了托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享,希望能够帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句简化精读学习方法分享 看懂*每一个复杂句托福阅读备考如何精读长难句?看不懂长难句是很多考生在阅读时一直感到困扰的问题,大家在精读时一定要加强对长难句的理解练习。

考生可以先把每一段中最长的句子或者成分比较复杂的句子摘抄下来。

对于托福阅读考试来说,每篇托福阅读*几乎都会考查句子简化题,而句子简化题的原句一般都是长难句,非常值得考生摘抄下来学习。

考生摘抄完句子后就要对句子进行基本的句法分析。

此时,首要的一点是找出句子的主干,理解句子的主要意思。

何谓句子主干?一般指的是主句的“主-谓”、“主-谓-宾”或“主-系-表”等结构。

考生可以首先找到主句的谓语动词,因为任何主句一定有谓语动词,它是句子的灵魂,决定了主干的基本结构和主要意思。

而长难句除了主干,一般还会有诸多修饰成分,比如介词短语、不定式、分词结构、从句等。

一般来说,多个从句的出现会让句子变得特别长,更加难以理解,因此考生在划出主干后,可以先划出从句,并思考从句的类别和在句中充当的成分和作用,之后再理解句子的其他修饰成分。

最后,考生再对整个句子进行翻译,以确保自己真正理解了它的意思。

当你坚持做这样精读句子后,你会发现自己在考场上遇到长难句不再那么恐慌了,理解句子的效率也会有明显的提高。

托福阅读备考长难句精读方法介绍这里给考生做一个精读句子的示例。

However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only托福官方真题23relatively late in Dutch agriculture. (“Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture”)考生首先在笔记本上抄下这句话,然后再进行句法分析,可以通过划线等方式来体现。

新托福提分之如何看懂长难句

新托福提分之如何看懂长难句

新托福提分之如何看懂长难句朗阁海外考试研究中心托福长句历来是中国考生,或者说大部分英语学习者的痛处。

人们常说得长句者得天下,虽说其中有夸大的成分,但长句理解确实是托福阅读非常重要的一环。

Seatle University的Eli Hinkel写过这样一篇文章,Simplicity Without Elegance:Features of Sentences in L1and L2Academic Texts, 这篇文章用数据分析了L1(first language)和L2 (second language)使用者(基于ESL学生)在学术写作时的特点,以下是其中的一个例子和数据:Children’s opinions are always a controversial topic. Children are important to their parents, and some believe that older children are mature enough to flourish their opinions without parents’interference. Some argue that children are incapable of distinguishing right from wrong, and therefore it is the responsibility for parents to construct their children’s opinions. The two beliefs are contradictory to each other, and many parents are anxious about this dilemma. (Excerpted from a native Chinese speaker)从以上中国学生写的段落和数据分析不难看出亚洲学生在学术写作时对于简单句的使用是大于native English speakers的,换言之亚洲学生对于简单句的把握是没有问题的.有趣的是,如果让一个处于intermidiate level的亚洲学生从一句托福阅读长句中抽出最一般的简单句时,结果却是令人失望的.所以许多学生读不懂长句,写不好长句的现象是很普遍的.那么到底怎样才能基于文章理解长句呢?笔者的态度是Simplicity Without Elegance, 去寻求长句的simplicity, 简而言之就是把握basic unit, 何为basic unit? 无非就是组成长句的单词和基本句型.就像你有了简单的代数、几何的基础,才能去学习线性代数、立体几何;明白了基本的投资学,才能够涉及衍生金融.可是很多同学又会说,我的词汇量不错,简单句掌握得也不错,但是依然理解不了长句,那到底是什么环节出了问题?一、基本策略在分析如何看懂长句之前,先请读者看下面一段话:Socrates begins by asking Glaucon to imagine a cave inhabited by prisoners who have been imprisoned since childhood. These prisoners are chained in such a way that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them. Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway. Along this walkway is a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects‘...including figures of men and animals made of wood, stone and other materials.’In this way, the walking people arecompared to puppeteers and the low wall to the screen over which puppeteers display their puppets. The people walking are behind the wall on the walkway, so their bodies do not cast shadows on the wall, but the objects they carry do. The prisoners cannot see any of this behind them, and areonly able to view the shadows cast upon the wall in front of them. The sounds of the people walking echo off the shadowed wall, the prisoners falsely perceive these sounds to be that of the shadows. Socrates suggests that, for the prisoners, the shadows of artifacts would constitute reality, because they have not seen the light. They would not realize that what they see are shadows of the artifacts, which are inspired by real humans and animals outside of the cave.喜欢哲学的同学看到这段话应该就知道讲的是Plato的囚徒困境,简而言之就是从小就被囚禁的囚犯只能看见他所面对的墙以及墙上所展现的现实生活中的事物的影子,然后把墙上的影子理解成他意识中的”现实”.这里我们不从哲学角度分析,而从阅读理解的角度来看这段话,一眼看上去其实不难,大部分是细节性的描述.那我们应该怎么读词、句子以及段落去smooth整段对话,使之变得更加易懂以节约阅读的时间成本呢?这段话里的主题词应该归结于law, 如prisoner, imprison, chain, puppeteer(从puppy联想,小狗很容易被操纵,到puppetize操纵,再转到puppeteer操纵木偶的人),其他一些细节性描述的词主要是对人的行为的描述,比较简单,这样我们其实就确定了单词的基本话题范畴.下面进行句子的解剖.1. Socrates(苏格拉底)ask Glaucon about Prisoners.2. Prisoners cannot see any of this behind them, and are only able to view the shadows.3. Socrates suggests that shadows of artifacts would constitute reality.如果你在扫读文章时,潜意识地在脑中自动给这三句话加下划线,那么很快你就能知道这段话要传递的内容.我们暂且不从哲学角度去探讨what on earth is reality, 在托福学习中,同学们如果不及时转身,自然会落入囚徒困境,你看到的只会是句子、段落和文章的shadow.而如果你跳出困境,去抽象化的理解文章,get that simplicity, 那你就会知道什么是句子、段落和文章的reality.下面我们转到具体的三个例子来进一步阐述阅读长句的基本策略:1. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.Words Topic: Engineer (mechanical; soften; metal; finest; instrument)Reality: 这段话我们需要把握的是mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century and finally produced an awesome instrument. 笔者不排斥对于语法锱铢必较的方法,但是笔者认为Soul of reading is hitting that instinct!就像Berklee College训练出来的学生演唱soul未必会比一个不受训练的soul singer好,原因就在于The former cannot get that soul!2. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.Words Topic: Biology (shellfish; spinal; cell)Reality: transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only ifthey come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.3. A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Words Topic: Art; History (collectors; colonists; privileged; gallery)Reality: A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established...二、关于基本要素l Lexical ResourceKeith S.Folse在他的Myth about Teaching and Learning Second Language Vocabulary: What Recent Research Says (2004) 中指出Myth1: Vocabulary is Not as important in learning a foreign Language as grammar or other areas. Comprehensible input helps learners figure out how a language works. If the language that a learner is hearing or reading has many unknown words, then that language is not comprehensible and therefore cannot be input. In other words, without vocabulary, comprehensible input is neither comprehensible nor input.那么对于各种语言考试,词汇量的upper bound和lower bound是多少?多少词汇量可以达到ETS的要求?怎样一个程度可以达到Keith所说的comprehensible input呢?Keith在文章中指出他曾经在日本想要买面粉,他知道在日语中怎么说Excuse me, where is the______这样的句子结构,但是他不知道flour这个词用日语怎么说,要命的是That’s the key word!他甚至用英语说了pre-bread这个单词,最后依然是徒劳.所以一味地讲structure有可能让我们忽略了语言学习的本质.另外,还有一些同学认为学习复杂词汇是没有用的.这样的观点有失偏颇,关于是否需要学习高级词汇,应该根据学生本身的英语水平而定.所以对于有基础的同学,应该去涉及高级词汇,甚至是其所学专业的专业词汇.因为很多学生即使掌握了主题词以及句子结构,在读长句或者段落时依然觉得很吃力也很困扰,读起来不够fluent.对于一些追求细节和完美的考生而言,甚至希望可以把每个词都读懂!词汇是无穷无尽的,考生不可能掌握所有的单词,所以在读句子的时候应该结合猜词技巧,这里不再做进一步阐述.要说明的是并不是每次猜测都会给你正确的引导,文章有可能利用你想要猜词的动机引导你去错误的方向,那么你就可能无法正确地得出单词的reality!l Sentence Structure上文中提到对于sentence要有一种直觉,但是这种直觉实际上是基于最基本的语法技能的,至少你应该了解到基本的句子结构有哪些:主语+谓语主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语主语+系动词+表语There be句型这些都是非常基本的结构,很多初级课程都会涉及这些基本语法的教学.问题是很多学生知道这些结构也会写这些结构,但是一碰到长句,又变成了瓮中之鳖.那到底什么环节出了问题?很多时候我们需要整合,这不是独立的技巧或结构.有人会说,I’m good at words and sentence structure, but not long sentences.擅长单词和句型并不意味着擅长长句,就像你拥有汽车的前轮和后轮,但是不组装依然不能让车子跑起来.所以长时间的语感练习也是必要的!三、总结KLDR strategy:Know more wordsLearn sentence structureDo more practiceRead everyday结论是我们又回到了原先的基本策略:使用你已有的知识,找到最小的语言单位,寻找到长难句的reality.用每一个环节累积组装,最后达到效用最大化!。

托福阅读长难句分析通用课件

托福阅读长难句分析通用课件

培养语感,增强语境理解能力
总结词
培养语感,增强语境理解能力是托福阅读长难句分析 的重要技巧。
详细描述
语感是指对语言的感觉和领悟能力,良好的语感可以帮 助考生更好地理解文章中的长难句。在备考过程中,考 生可以通过大量的阅读和听力训练来培养语感。此外, 考生还需要学会利用上下文语境和逻辑关系来推断词汇 的含义和用法,从而增强对长难句的理解能力。
阅读时间增加
由于需要花费更多时间来分析和理解长难句,导致阅读 速度降低。
容易反复阅读
遇到长难句时,读者往往需要反复阅读多次才能理解, 浪费了时间。
理解深度不 够
细节理解不足
长难句中常常包含许多细节和修饰语, 如果不能准确理解这些内容,会对整体 意思产生误解。
VS
逻辑关系混乱
长难句中各个成分之间的关系可能较为复 杂,如果不能准确把握这些逻辑关系,会 影响对句子的理解。
长难句通常包含多种语法结构、多个 从句、特殊词汇和表达方式,能够考 察考生的语言综合能力和阅读理解能力。
长难句的分类
倒装句是指将句子中的语法成分 颠倒过来,以强调某些词语或表 达方式的重要性。
复合句是指包含两个或两个以上 主谓结构的句子,其中每个主谓 结构都可以独立成句。
05
04
03
02
01
省略句是指为了简化句子结构、 避免重复或者突出重点,而省略 某些语法成分的句子。
熟悉长难句结构,提高分析能力
总结词
熟悉长难句结构,提高分析能力是托福阅读 长难句分析的核心。
详细描述
长难句通常具有较为复杂的语法结构和修饰 手段,考生需要熟悉这些结构,以便更好地 进行分析和理解。在备考过程中,考生可以 通过阅读托福历年真题中的长难句,熟悉其 结构和特点。此外,考生还可以通过语法分 析和结构划分等方法,提高对长难句的理解
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新托福阅读高分策略之长难句
托福阅读备考的效果与你是否运用了新托福阅读高分策略有关,在新托福阅读中尤其如此。

鉴于此,给大家总结了一系列的托福阅读备考方法,希望给备考新托福阅读的同学提供正确有效的学习与应试方法。

除了词汇量较大以外,句子结构复杂也是新托福阅读的障碍之一。

面对难句,必须迅速把握其主干和重点,因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点,对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。

要把握难句的主干和重点,首先要弄清它们的类型。

简而言之,新托福阅读中的难句主要包括下列类型:
1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句)
2.同位语
3.并列结构
4.that引导的各种从句
5.插入结构
6.独立主格
7.倒装句
8.强调句
9.虚拟语气
•对于不同类型的难句,把握主干的方法也不一样。

以倒装句为例,主要有下列情况:
1.方位副词放在句首
Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.
2.介词放在句首
Amongthe species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlanticcoast
of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their youngare common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, andnorthern gannets.
3. 形容词放在句首
Implicitin it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certainqualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bringown aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.
4.过去分词放在句首
Accustomedthough we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
5.现在分词放在句首
Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
•句子倒装的目的主要有两个:
一是被提前的部分被强调,如上述的第四句:Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”,其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are之后:Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。

之所以将accustomed提前,是为了强调它。

二是为了句子的平衡,否则将导致头重脚轻的效果,如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。

以第五句为例,按照正常语序应该是:Fossils clearly intermediate, or
transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently.但是这种句子结构比较糟糕,因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans),而谓语部分were missing until recently较短,容易造成头重脚轻的效果。

第五句将missing 提前,避免了这一现象。

为了在新托福阅读中能迅速把握句子的主干,需要较多的阅读和分析。

在新托福阅读高分策略中,只要弄懂难句的结构和意思,反复分析,考试时就能做到驾轻就熟了。

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