河南师范大学历年考研真题 翻译硕士英语
2015年河南师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2015年河南师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Grammar (30 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. The plans for the new office and apartment building were _____ a few weeks ago.A. drawn to recedeB. drawn outC. drawn upD. drawn in【答案】C【解析】句意：关于新办公室和公寓大楼的计划几周前起草了。
draw up起草；停住；使靠近。
draw out取出；拟订；拉长；导致。
draw in引诱；进站；接近黄昏。
2. TV, if properly used, can _____ a child’s imagination.A. stimulateB. arouseC. inciteD. arise【答案】A【解析】句意：如果使用得当的话，电视可以激发孩子的想象力。
stimulate one’s imagination激发某人的想象力。
arouse引起；唤醒；股利。
incite煽动；激励；刺激。
arise为不及物动词，意为“出现；上升”。
3. Those battered old trousers of his are a _____ joke to all his friends.A. steadyB. standingC. stableD. persisting【答案】B【解析】句意：他那破旧的裤子成为了他所有朋友中的笑料。
2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2010年河南师范大学821英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解Ⅰ.Match file following numbers with the corresponding letters according to the contents,write the corresponding letter into the bracket（5points）:wrence Venuti2.Eugene Nida3.Andre Lefevere4.Peter Newmark5.Qian ZhongshuA.Reaching the acme of perfectionB.Foreignization and domesticationmunicative and semantic translationD.Rewriting theoryE.Functional equivalence【参考答案】1.B美国学者L.Venuti（文努迪）于1995年提出翻译的归化与异化（domestication andforeignization），指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者即异化，另一种是让作者靠近读者即归化2.E功能对等理论（functional equivalence）是由美国语言学家尤金·A·奈达（EugeneNida）提出，他认为最大的功能对等是指译文文本的读者应该基本上能以原文读者理解和欣赏原文的方式来理解和欣赏译文文本。
3.D安德烈·勒菲弗尔（Andre Lefevere）基于前人研究基础提出“翻译即改写”的翻译理论观,并认为译作受意识形态、诗学和赞助人三因素的操控。
4.C交际翻译和语义翻译（communicative translation and semantic translation）是英国翻译家纽马克（Newmark）翻译理论的两种基本策略。
交际翻译法集归化、意译和地道翻译的优势。
2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解I. Term Explanation. （10%）Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a）Foreignization （5%）b）Functional equivalence （5%）【参考答案】a）It’s a term used by Venuti （1995）to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” F oreignization actually isn’t a translation, but a kind of transplantation. It aims to k eep the peculiarity of SL’s culture and itself. It tries to constantly remind the reader that the text is not in the original by for example allowing some words and expression to stay in the SL, changing the syntax or in other ways making the reader feel that the text is foreign. Through a foreignized translation text, the TL reader gets to know an exotic atmosphere, a new culture and the characteristics of a foreign language, which can enrich the expressions of their own language and even wipe away the weak points of their culture.b）Functional equivalence is a translation theory put forward by Eugene Nida. It is the core of his translation theory. According to Nida, translating consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.II. English-Chinese Translation （40%）Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism. The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us. Each group has its unique history of discrimination, racial violence, and institutionalized prejudice. Historically, each group “served” a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example, during western expansion in the 1800s.while the debate over free versus slave state raged, thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads. The Chinese were not slaves but they were not free. The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence from whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads, the Chinese were barred from the trades and all but domestic employment. For the most part, they were left to support their own through family-owned stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes. The same, yet not the same. Different, yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color are blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal, encouraged by whites. The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of howdifferential/preferential treatment split and divided us. Both were slaves for life, but one was treated conspicuously better than the other. For example, “the light-skinned blacks, usually the offspring of white men and black women, were typically given the preferred wo rk inside the master’s home, while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work.”There was no guarantee this exemption would continue from one day to the next. The house nigger’s situation was always precarious. Their “privileges” and “status” could be taken away for any or no reason. In the daily ruthless life and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed feelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.【参考译文】每个群体都经受过各异的种族歧视、种族暴力和制度化偏见的摧残。
河南师范大学357英语翻译基础
2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：357英语翻译基础适用专业或方向：翻译硕士表考试时间：3小时满分：150分试题编号：A奁(必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要)I.Directions:Translate the following words or abbreviations or terminology into Chinese. There are altogether15items in this part of the test,with one point for each.(15')1)foreignizing translation2)parataxis3)hyponym4)World Food Day5)European Banking Authority6)consumerism7)Federation Spacecraft8)midlife crisis9)ISIS10)trade surplus11)transculturation12)otherness13)intertextual coherence14)IAEA15)translationeseIL Directions:Translate the following words or abbreviations or terminology into English. There are altogether15items in this part of the test,with one point for each.(15')1)小康社会2)供给侧结构性改革3)人类命运共同体4)创新型国家第1页，共3页5)社会主义核心价值观6）城乡义务教育7）以权谋私8）以经济建设为中心9）提高全民族文明素质10）亚投行11）应急计划12）信、达、雅13）物以类聚14）石油输出国组织15）产品外包III.Directions:Translate the underlined parts into Chinese.（60'）This book is not a history of the French Revolution,which has been recounted too brilliantly for me to contemplate doing it again.It is rather a study of that Revolution.In1789the French tried harder than any other people has ever done to sever their past from their future,as it were,and hollow out an abyss between what they had been and what they wished to become. To that end,they took any number of precautions to ensure that they would carry over nothing from the past into their new condition.They imposed all sorts of constraints on themselves so that,in fashioning the people they were to be in the future,they would not resemble their fathers.They spared no effort to make themselves unrecognizable.In this singular enterprise I have always thought that they were far less successful than people outside France generally believe and than the French themselves believed initially.I was convinced that, unbeknownst（对不知晓）to themselves,they had taken from the Ancien Regime most of the fbelings, habits,and ideas that guided the Revolution which destroyed it.and that、without intending to,they had built the new society out of the debris of the old.Hence,in order to understand the Revolution and its achievements properly,wc must temporarily avert our eyes fi~om the France that exists today and begin our investigation at the lomb of the France that is no more.That is what I have tried to do here,but the task has proved more difficult than I could have imagined.The early centuries of the monarchy,the Middle Ages,and the Renaissance have been extensively researched and have given rise to weighty tomes（卷，册）fi~om which we can learn not only what happened in these different periods of history but also what laws and customs prevailed and what spirit animated the government and nation.Until now,however,no one has delved as deeply into the eighteenth century.We think we know the French society of that era quite well because we are fhmiliar with its glittering surface and、in minute detail,with the lives of its most famous personages、and第2页，共3页because we have read clever and eloquent critiques of the works of its great writers.But so for the way in which public business was conducted,how institutions actually worked,how the various classes truly related to one another、the condition and命clings of those segments of the population that still could be neither seen nor heard,and the true basis of opinions and customs,we have only ideas that are at best confused and often misleading.I have tried to strike to the heart of this Ancien Regime,so close to us in years yet hidden from us by the Revolution.To that end,I have read more than just the celebrated works of the eighteenth century.I also sought to study many works that,while deservedly less well known,are perhaps more revealing of the true instincts of the age for the very reason that they were rather artlessly composed.1steeped myself in public records that reveal the opinions and tastes of the French as the Revolution approached.IV.Directions:Translate the following into English.(60,)亚洲和太平洋地区地域广阔，国家众多，拥有全世界60%的人口，经济和贸易总量分别占全球总额的近六成和一半，在世界格局中具有重要战略地位。
河南师范大学考研英语-翻译专项试题
河南师范大学考研英语-翻译专项试题一、考研英语翻译英译汉1．People’s attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country．A．人们的态度是国家之间要送礼物。
B．不同的国家的人对送礼的态度各不相同。
C．国与国之问人们对送礼物的看法不尽相同。
D．各国人们送礼的做法都在变化。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“attitude”和“vary”这两短语意思的理解。
“attitude”意为“看法”，而不是“态度”、“做法”，“vary”是“各不相同”的意思，并不是“变化”。
因此选项A、B和D均存在不同程度的理解错误。
知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。
B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。
C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。
D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。
该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。
选项D对句型理解有误。
选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。
知识模块：英译汉3．There is no way we’ll get lost in the mountains, since the tour guide has figured out the return route.A) 我们根本不会在山里迷路，因为导游已回到了原来的路线上。
B) 既然导游已经弄清了返程的路线，我们就绝不会在山里迷路。
C) 因为我们在山里迷失了方向无路可走，导游只好按原路返回。
河南师范大学211翻译硕士英语
来源网络，造福学生———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：211翻译硕士英语适用专业或方向：英语笔译汲考试时间：小时满分：分试题编号：A春(必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要)I.Vocabulary and Grammar(30points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there arc four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1.Writing has given her a broader on human nature.A.prospectB.aspectC.perspectiveD.interpretationnguage,culture,and personality may be considered of each other in thought,butthey are inseparable in fact.A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent3.Because he did a very poor job and came up with bad results,his boss felt that he hadn,t hisresponsibilities.A.lived up toB.put up withC.looked forward toD.gone in fbr4.The bad news deprived them the hope that there was a safe and socially approved road tosuccess and happiness.A.fromB.withC.aboutD.of5.Barnes to involuntary manslaughter,and on May29,1981,a judge gave him three years inprison.A.pleaded guiltB.admitted guiltC.pleaded guiltyD.admitted guilty6.Tom went down the stairs to the street and proceeded onward aimlessly,looking atthe sidewalk.A.intentlyB.anxiouslyC.vacantlyD.indifferently7.It is not much the language as the background that makes the book difficult tounderstand.A.thatB.asC.veryD.so8.She's always been kind to me—I can't just turn on her now that she needs my help.A.my shoulderB.my headC.my eyeD.my back9.The tuition fees are to students coming from low-income families.A.affordableB.payableC.reachableD.approachable第1页，共9页来源网络，造福学生———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————第2页，共9页第3页，共9页———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————10.11.In a meeting,the participants will business usually after some brief,preliminary"small talk"about topics unrelated to the business at hand.A.keep upB.proceed withC.maintain How did itthat the man was dismissed?e about e along e out D.establishe in12.13.14.15.16.17.18.Pleasure boats were everywhere,lanterns that filled the darkness Hke stars in the night sky.A.full ofB.decked withC.wanned by Ifs high timecutting down the rainforests.A.stop B.had to stop C.shall stop Susan is very hard working,but her pay is not i A.enough good B.as good enough C.good enough There are as good fish in the sea ever came out of it.A.than B.as C.like D.soThe committee has anticipated the problems that in the road construction project.A.ariseB.have arisenC.aroseD.will ariseat in his way,the situation does not seem so desperate.A.Looking It is absolutely difficulties.A.continuesD.filled with D.stoppedfor her work.D.good as enoughB.Being lookedC.Looked essential that William his studyD.To lookin spite of some learning 19.20.21. B.continue C.continued dull he may be,he is certainly a very successful top executive.A.However B.Whatever C.As D.AlthoughIf only Iplay the guitar as well as you!A.would B.should C.could D.mightHe wasat being blamed for something he hadn't done.A.indulgent B.indignity C.indigent D.will continueD.indignant22.23.24.25.26.The little boy has lived with his grandparents since his parentsA.broke inB.broke downC.broke upD.broke outA good teacher must know how tohis ideas.A.convey B.display C.consult She never laughed,lose her temper.A.nor she ever did B.or she ever didC.or did she everD.nor did she everThese wine glasses arc so that you should handle with care.A.fragile B.frail C.unique D.weakshould any money be given to a small child.A.On no account B.From all accountD.confront———————欢迎下载，祝您学习进步，成绩提升———————第4页，共9页C.Of no accountD.By all account27.Taylor was arrested and sentenced to three years5imprisonment.A.successivelyB.subsequentlyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily28.The little boy without crying after falling down from his tricycle.A.pull up himselfB.picked himself upC.pulled himself upD.picked up29.no further business,the Chainnan closed the meeting.A.There isB.There wasC.BeingD.There being30.The car broke down and wc had to all the way home.A.stampB.tumbleC.trampD.terraceIL Reading Comprehension(40points)Directions:There arc4passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice.Passage1What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry,art,or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible.How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child?There is no connection between their nervous systems.Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child,because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood.Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child fbr better or worse.But we can not sec how a looking fbr mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior.It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics.It may be,however,that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence.If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics,they will probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability,it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear,a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to leam the movements a musician must execute,and particularly vigorous emotions.If these factors are all organized around music,the child may become a musician.The same factors,in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest.The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry.Thecapable fingers might develop skill in surgery.It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited,then nor even the love of it,but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical第5页，共9页knowledge and skill.Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up.1.Which of the following statements is not true?A.Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects duringtheir pregnancy.B.It is utterly impossible for us to leam anything about prenatal development.C.The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D.There are no connection between mother's nervous systems and her unborn child J s.2.A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that.A.she is emotionally shockedB.she has a good knowledge of inlieritanccC.she takes part in all kind of activitiesD.she sticks to studying3.According to the passage,a child may inherit.A.everything from his motherB.a knowledge of mathematicsC.a rather general ability that we call intelligenceD.her mother's musical ability4.If a child inherits something from his mother,such as an especially sensitive car,a peculiarstmeture of the hands or of the vocal organs,he will.A.surely become musicianB.mostly become a poetC.possibly become a teacherD.become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music5.Which of the following is the best title fbr the passage?A.Role of Inheritance.B.An Unborn Child.C.Function of instincts.D.Inherited Talents.Passage2Open up most fashion magazines and you will see incredibly thin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonably expensive,impracticably styled clothes.But shouldn't clothes be comfortably durable and make a principle of being simple fbr the individual who wears them?Why are we constantly told that we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to our collection?Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make piles of money.If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season,that this year's sweater's length and shoes style arc important,they can be persuaded to buy.The fashion industry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy.In fact it is not only a phenomenon we can第6页，共9页find in people's dressing.Fashion controls our lives.Fashion controls what we wear,what we eat,what we drink,the way we cut our hair,the makeup we buy and use,the color of the cars we drive.Fashion even controls our ideas.You don't believe me?How many of your friends are vegetarians?Why arc they vegetarians? Because it is fashionable!Where does fashion come from?Often the reasons arc quite logical.Scientists and historians study the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion.When girls see an attractive guy,their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder.Thafs why guys think that girls wearing lipstick arc beautiful.Why do guys shave their heads?In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects that lived in their hair.Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine,like soldiers.People spend a lot of time and money on fashion.But are they wasting their money?Changes in fashion help to develop new technologies.Changes in style create work for people all over the world. Many people work in the fashion industry,particularly in the fashion capitals of London,New York, Paris and Milan.And finally,fashion makes you feel good,doesn't it?When you arc dressed in the latest style, dancing to the most fashionable music,after watching the latest hit film,you feel great,don't you?6.Whafs the author's viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes?A.Unbiased.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Appreciative.7.It is indicated by the author that clothes should be.fortable and durableB.new and freshC.expensive and fashionableD.simple and unique8.The fashion industry makes profits by.A.selling the products at high pricesB.creating a need in youC.helping you get rid of your shortcomingsD.making you look more beautiful9.The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and the historians isA.incredibleB.amazingC.reasonableD.creative10.The passage mentions the advantages of fashion EXCEPT that.A.it can help promote technological developmentB.it enables people to remain up-to-dateC.it can create more job opportunities for peopleD.it can make people achieve a great feeling第7页，共9页Passage3Energy independence.It has a nice ring to it.Doesn't it?If you think so,you're not alone, because energy independence has been the dream of American president for decades,and never more so than in the past few years,when the most recent oil price shock has been partly responsible for kicking off the great recession."Energy independcncc,,and its rhetorical companion"energy security"are,however,slippery concepts that are rarely though through.What is it we want independence from,exactly?Most people would probably say that they want to be independent from imported oil.But there are reasons that wc buy all that old from elsewhere.The first reason is that we need it to keep our economy running.Yes,there is a trickle of biofuel （生物燃料）available,and more may become available,but most biofuels cause economic waste and environmental destruction.Second,Americans have basically decided that they don't really want to produce all their own oil.They value the environmental quality they preserve over their oil imports from abroad.Vast areas of the United States are off-limits to oil exploration and production in the name of environmental protection.To what extent are Americans really willing to endure the environmental impacts of domestic energy production in order to cut back imports?Third,there are benefits to trade.It allows for economic efficiency,and when we buy things from places that have lower production costs than wc do,we benefit.And although you don't read about this much,the United States is also a large exporter of oil products,selling about2million barrels of petroleum products per day to about90countries.There is no question that the United States imports a great deal of energy and,in fact,relies on that steady flow to maintain its economy.When that flow is interrupted,we feel the pain in short supplies and higher prices.At the same time,we derive massive economic benefits when we buy the most affordable energy on the world market and when we engage in energy trade around the world.11.What does the author say about energy independence for America?A.It sounds very attractive.B.It will bring oil prices down.C.It ensures national security.D.It has long been everyone's dream.12.What docs the author think of biofuels?A.They keep America's economy rnnning healthily.B.They prove to be a good alternative to petroleum.C.They do not provide a sustainable energy supply.D.They cause serious damage to the environment.13.Why does America rely heavily on oil imports?A.It wants to expand its storage of crude oil.B.It wants to keep its own environment intact.C.Its own oil reserves are quickly running out.第8页，共9页D.Its own oil production falls short of demand.14.What does the author say about oil trade?A.It proves profitable to both sides.B.It makes for economic prosperity.C.It improves economic efficiency.D.It saves the cost of oil exploration.15.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A.To justify America's dependence on oil imports.B.To arouse Americans'awareness of the energy crisis.C.To stress the importance of energy conservation.D.To explain the increase of international oil trade.Passage4One important thing during the pre-Christmas rush at our house was the arrival of my daughter's kindergarten report card.She got high praise for her reading,vocabulary and overall enthusiasm.On the other hand,we leamt that she has work to do on her numbers and facility with the computer,though the detailed handwritten report her teachers prepared is absent of any words that might be interpreted as negative in describing her efforts.A number system indicates how she's measuring up in each area without any mention of passing or failing.All of which seems to make my daughter's school neither fish nor fowl when it comes to the debate over the merits of giving formal grades to kids.At one level,the advantages and disadvantages arc obvious.A grade system provides a straightforward standard by which to measure how your child is progressing at school—and how he or she is getting on compared to other children.But as writer Sue Ferguson notes,"Grades can deceive."The aim should be"to measure learning,not simply what a student can recall on a test."The two aren5t the same—and if you doubt that as an adult,ask yourself whether you could sit down without any preparation and still pass those high-school-lcvcl examinations.If you're old enough,you've lived through this debate before.At one time,it was considered unfair to put children in direct competition with one another if it could be avoided.The intention behind that may have been good,but it ignored the fact that competition,and the will to come out on top,are essential components of the human condition.This time around,educators working with a no-grades approach are emphasizing different reasons. The thing is that approach is much more commonplace in the adult workplace than is the traditional pass-fail system we place on our children.Many workplaces conduct regular employee evaluations. There arc usually fairly strict limits to what an employer can tell an employee in those evaluations and even then,negative evaluations can be challenged by the employee.No matter where you sit in the debate over the grade system,then,the real question is this:if it's so good for kids,why isn5t that also tme for adults?16.The school report indicates that the writer's daughter.cks interest in her school work第9页，共9页B.ranks among the best at languageC.has some trouble with her handwritingD.needs to improve in math and computer skills17.We can learn that the girl's school tries to deliver the report.A.in a positive wayB.in a scientific wayC.in an attractive wayD.in an enthusiastic way18.Sue Ferguson seems dissatisfied with the grade system for its focus on.A.the process of getting the knowledgeB.the capability of memorizing for the testC.the procedure of measuring learningD.the standard of comparing schools19.The writer would agree that cutting children off from competition is.A.fit for human developmentB.fit for their age and experienceC.against a key part of human natureD.out of consideration for children20.It can be learned that today's educators supporting the no-grades approach insist that.A.kids be allowed to challenge the negative evaluationsB.the traditional teacher-student relationship be changedC.the evaluation system for kids be similar to that for adultsD.strict rules be set up in evaluating school childrenIII.Writing(30points)In many cities the use of video cameras in public places is being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these measures restrict our individual freedom.Do第10页，共9页。
河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译
2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：831英语写作与翻译适用专业或方向：外国语言文学、学科教学（英语）妥考试时间：3小时满分：150分试题编号：A卷（必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要）I.Term Explanation.(10%)Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a)Foreignization(5%)b)Functional equivalence(5%)II.English-Chinese Translation(40%)Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism.The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us.Each group has its unique history of discrimination,racial violence,and institutionalized prejudice.Historically、each group''served''a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example,during western expansion in the1800s,while the debate over versus slave state raged,thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads.The Chinese were not slaves but they were not fi~ee.The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence f?om whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads,the Chinese were barred f?om the trades and all but domestic employment.For the most part they were left to support their own through family-owned undries,and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes.The第1页，共3页same,yet not the same.Different,yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color arc blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal,encouraged by whites.The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of how differential/Dreferential treatment split and divided us.Both were slaves for lifb,but one was treated conspicuously better than the other.For examDle,"the light-skinned blacks,usually the offspring of white men and black women,were typically given the Dreferred work inside the master's home、while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work."There ws no guranttee this exemption would continue什om one day to the next. The house nigger's situation was always precarious.Their"privileges''and"status" could be taken away fbr any or no reason.In the daily ruthless li能and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed fbelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.III.Chinese-English Translation(40%)Translate the Following Chinese Passage into English.文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。