商务英语市场营销第4章
商务英语 Unit 4 Advertising复习课件
• Outdoor ads
1. Strengths
➢ Cost-effective ➢ Rich and colorful in manifestation ➢ Repeated propaganda ➢ Selective about regions and customers
B Complete the table with the suitable words
Directories Exhibition
Press Mailshots Public transport Billboard Posters Word-of-mouth Cinema Leaflets television
LYNX, an animal rights group, was formed in 1985 by a breakaway group of Greenpeace campaigners headed by Mark Glover. They were trying to bring out a ban on fur farms throughout UK. They went out on the street and daubed red paint on women wearing fur coats. Their success of the anti-fur campaign peaked in 1990 when some fur companies were forced to close.
Tasks
B Listen to four people describing their favorite ads
市场营销英语Unit4channelPPT课件
适用于产品标准化程度较高，消费 者需求较为明确，且企业自身具备 足够的销售团队和渠道管理能力的 情况。
Indirect sales channel strategy
01
02
03
定义
间接销售渠道策略是指企 业通过经销商、代理商等 中间商来销售产品，从而 实现销售目标。
优点
利用中间商的渠道资源和 销售网络，快速扩大市场 份额，降低企业的销售成 本和风险。
establish a unique value proposition for the product or service and communicate this effectively to customers.
Distribution channels
select appropriate distribution channels to reach target customers and achieve sales objectives.
02
Learn different types of channels and their characteristics.
03
Master channel marketing strategies and techniques.
04
Apply channel marketing in practical scenarios.
Strategies for Marketing Channel Management
Segmentation Positioning
identify different customer groups and target them with specific marketing messages and offers.
商务英语课程课件Unit 4 Business
Manage your own emotions and identify the other party's emotional state during negotiation
03 Business Practice Cases
Case analysis of successful enterprises
Multinational Corporation Operations
To supervise or influence an audience's opinion or behavior
Business presentation skills
• To communicate a company's values, goals, and vision
Business presentation skills
Make offers and counteroffers to reach a consensus
Close the deal by agreeing on terms and conditions
Business negotiation skills
Key Skills
Listening: Listen actively to understand the other party's position and needs
• SWOT Analysis: A strategic planning tool that assesses the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats affecting a business or organization
商务英语4各单元的课文翻译
Unit 1Hard Sell around the Photocopier应当高度重视复印机旁的非正式沟通Sociologists have long recognized that businesses of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size exceeds this figure, however, some kind of hierarchical structure or line management system is necessary to prevent total chaos resulting from failures of communication. Imposing structures of this kind has its costs: information can only flow along certain channels because only certain individuals contact each other regularly; moreover, the lack of personalized contacts means that individuals lack that sense of personal commitment that makes the world of small groups go round. Favours will only be done when there is a clear quid pro quo, an immediate return to the giver, rather than being a matter of communal obligation. Large organizations are less flexible.一直以来，社会学家认为一项规模小于200人的事业，可以通过成员间自由的信息沟通而正常运转。
module 4剑桥BEC商务英语 中级 课件 答案 词汇
口语练习，A short presentation 份简短的报告
一
在这份以“成功的网络广告”为主题的报告里， 报告人使用了以下表达法来提出建议： The first thing is to.首先要… It‘s a good idea to………..…是个好主意 You can do this by. .你能通过…做到这一点 Also remember that. .还要记住…． My third tip is(never)to…我要给的第三个建议是 （决不）要…… Before we finish don’t forget..完成之前别忘了…… What might be better is to.更好的做法可能是……
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
答案解析： Introduction报告介绍 This report sets out to…该报告的目的是…… The purpose of this report is to . .该报告的目的是…… Findings调查发现 In addition to.除了……之卜 Alternatively. .作为选择，另一种方式是，也许” As a result of由于……，作为……的结果 This means. .这意味着…… It was found that.据发现…… Recommendations建议 In conclusion.结论是…… I would propose/ suggest that. . .我建议…… The findings clearly show that we should.．．调查结果表明我 们应该……
营销市场营销??promotionalgift用于促销的赠品??asa缩略语全称为americanstandardsassociation美国标准协会??shout英国一家面向青春少女的杂志心声杂志口语练习ashortpresentation一份简短的报告一份简短的报告??在这份以成功的网络广告为主题的报告里报告人使用了以下表达法来提出建议
商务英语阅读教程 Unit 4
Marketing is the ongoing process of 【moving people closer to making a decision （to purchase,
use, follow or conform to someone else’s products, services or values） 】.
翻译
营销一词的含义是什么？市场营销是一个不断 推进的过程，该过程的目的是促使人们心动到 做出各种决定诸如购买他人的各种产品、享用 他人提供的各种服务、以及遵循他人的各种价 值取向。营销人员运用市场营销推广组合的变 量来制定营销推广计划。
4-2
Comprehensive Reading
主语
修饰 process
C. Sometimes (50%) D. Never(0%)
In what ways are you easily persuaded into buying something? By______.
A. TV commercial B. Newspaper Advertisement C. Quality D. package E. Brochures F. Leaflets G. Price H. After-sales service
n. 产品 n. 制造业者，厂商 市场调查
媒体计划
产品推广
n. 品牌 n. 市场营销 媒体计划
n. 形象塑造 实体环境
n. 人员 n. 放置 目标市场
公共关系
distribution channel generic advertising at no cost marketing effort process drawback product pricing marketing mix charge junk mail sales strategy at regular price
Unit 4营销英语课件
Copyright 2010 Qinghua University Press PPTs t/a English for Marketing by Li Dongmei, Tan Ying, Jiang Xia, Wei Aiyun
(4)–11
Segmentation
• So the effective and efficient way of
UNIT 4
TARGET MARKET
Copyright 2010 Qinghua University Press PPTs t/a English for Marketing by Li Dongmei, Tan Ying, Jiang Xia, Wei Aiyun
(4)–1
AFTER LEARNING THIS UNIT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
(4)–14
By reading the third paragraph of Reading 2 of this unit, answer the following question:
What to consider when choosing the segment(s) to serve?
Segmentation
Questions: 1. What is a market? 2. Why do we need to segment a market? 3. How to segment a market?
Copyright 2010 Qinghua University Press PPTs t/a English for Marketing by Li Dongmei, Tan Ying, Jiang Xia, Wei Aiyun
市场营销英语Unit4channel
- 12 - 2021/2/28
Reading A: Task 3
T F F T F
- 13 - 2021/2/28
Reading A: Task 4
» (Open answer)
- 14 - 2021/2/28
Listening Activities
Listening Task 1 Listening Task 2 Listening Task 3
» 2. Producer
Retailer
Consumer
Using this channel, producers sell to one or more retailers who, in turn, sell to the ultimate consumers. This channel is used under the following conditions:
- 7 - 2021/2/28
Reading A
声音
翻译
» Direct channel
Distributing products this way means that producers sell their goods and services directly to the consumers. There are no middlemen between the producers and consumers. The producers sell directly to their customers through door-to-door salesmen or through their own retail stores. For example, Bata India Ltd. and Liberty Shoes Ltd. have their own retail shops from where they can sell their products to their customers. Many service organizations also provide their services directly to their customers. Banks, consultancy firms, telephone companies, passenger and freight transport services are examples of where consumers receive services by a direct distribution channel.
商务英语 Unit 4 Advertising
Assessment on the advertisement
• • • • • • unique & distinct & creative & bold shocking & impressive powerful & effective inspiring & instructive & meaningful frightening (not suitable for children) too exaggerated
Tasks
B Listen to four people describing their favorite ads Speaker Product Reasons for liking the ads It‟s colorful, I like the music and it‟s chaotic.
1
a car
2
The boy looks marvelous and Levi Strauss there‟s a great tune – „Mad (jeans) about the Boy‟. Renault Clio It‟s a funny ad and it just (car) appealed to my sense of fun. I just felt I had to have those Diary Box chocolates. It was an (chocolates) immediate response to an advert.
What are the advantages of outdoor advertising compared with TV, radio and newspaper?
【商务英语】市场营销（中英）
【商务英语】市场营销（中英）1.Marketing 市场营销：通过计划和执行关于产品、服务和电子的定价、促销和分销，从而创造交换，以实现个人和组织的目标的过程）The process of planning and executing （执行、实行）the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods, services and ideas to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.——the definition emphasizes the diverse activities marketers perform.(强调市场商人不同的行为活动) Deciding what products to offerSetting pricesDeveloping sales promotions and advertising campaignsMaking products readily available to customers2. The marketing Concepts(市场营销观念：企业分析消费者需求，制定比竞争对后更好的决策来满足这些需求的哲学)The Production Concept 生产观念The Selling Concept 推销观念The Marketing Concept 市场营销观念The Production Concept 生产观念The idea that a firm should focus on those products that it could produce most efficiently and that the low-cost products would create the demand for those products.The Selling Concept / sales concept 推销观念(利用广告这种重要方式来与其顾客沟通从而获取他们的订单)The Marketing Concept市场营销观念Difference between Selling and Marketing销售与营销的区别Selling：先销售再…Marketing：先调查市场需要再…Emphasis is on the product.Emphasis is on customers’ wants.Company first makes the product and then figures out how to sell it.Company first determines customers’ wants and then figures out how to make and deliver a product to satisfy those wants.Management is sales-volume-oriented.Management is profit-oriented.Planning is short-run, in terms of today’s products and markets.Planning is long term, in the sense of new products, tomorrow’s market, and future growth. Stresses needs of seller.Stresses wants of buyers.3.The Marketing Mix / The 4P’s of Marketing市场营销组合1)Product（产品：有形和无形，包括包装、色彩、品牌、服务，甚至销售商的声誉）Consumer products消费品：produced for and purchased by households for their use. Industrial products 工业产品：are sold primarily for use in producing other products.2)Price（价格：消费者为获得产品所必须支付的金额）Refers to the value or worth of a product that attracts the buyer to exchange money or something of value for the product.Loss Leader Pricing (亏本出售商品）selling things in its lower price than its cost price in order to attract customers to purchase the products.Penetration Pricing (渗透定价法---心理定价策略）设定最初低价，以便迅速和深入地进入市场，从而快速吸引来大量的购买者，赢得较大的市场份赖。
市场营销英文Chapter 4
The Marketing EnvironmentChapter 4Objectives •Know the environmental forces that affect the company’s ability to serve its customers.•Realize how changes in the demographic and economic environments affect marketing decisions.Objectives•Identify the major trends in the firm’s natural and technological environments.•Know the key changes in the political and cultural environments.•Understand how companies can react to the marketing environment.Case Study•“Millennial fever”set the stage to bring back the Beetle •VW’s investment: $ 560 million •Demand quickly outstripped supply •The new VW beetle enjoyed cross-generational appeal •Earned many awards •Beetle now accounts for over 25% of company salesVolkswagenDiscussion:Will the flower-power Microbus succeednext?Key Environments•Marketing Environment§The actors and forces that affect a firm’s ability to build and maintain successfulrelationships with customers.§Aspects of the marketing environment: v Microenvironmentv MacroenvironmentActors Affecting a Firm’s Ability to Serve CustomersThe Microenvironment•Company •Suppliers •Customer Markets •Competitors •Publics •Marketing IntermediariesThe Microenvironment •Departments within the company impactmarketing planning.•Suppliers help create and deliver customer value.§Treat suppliers as partners.•Marketing intermediaries help sell, promote, and distribute goods.§Intermediaries take many forms.The Macroenvironment •Customer markets must be studied.§Consumer, business, government, resellerand international markets exist.•Successful companies provide better customer value than the competition.§Size and industry position help to determine the appropriate competitive strategy.•Various publics must also be considered.Types of Publics The Microenvironment•Financial •Media •Government •Local •General •Internal•Citizen ActionMacroenvironmental Forces The Macroenvironment•Demographic •Economic •Natural •Technological •Political •CulturalThe Macroenvironment•Key Demographic Trends§World population growth§Changing age structurev In general, the three largest groupsconsist of Baby boomers, GenerationX, and Generation Yv Distinct segments typically exist withinthese generational groups.The Macroenvironment •Other Key Demographic Trends for Asia:§Recognizing differences in ethnic sub groups§Changing household patterns§Geographic population shifts§Better-educated, more white-collarworkforceThe Macroenvironment •The Economic Environment §Affects consumer purchasing powerand spending patterns.§Two types of national economies:subsistence vs. industrial.§After two major Asian crises, Asiancustomers are more careful aboutspendingThe Macroenvironment •Key Economic Trends§Asian income distribution may beskewed.v Urban vs rural consumersv New wealth in many Asian countriessuch as China and Thailandv Widening gaps in many countries §Consumer spending patterns arechanging.The Macroenvironment•The Natural Environment§Concern for the natural environmenthas grown steadily, increasing theimportance of these trends:v Shortage of raw materialsv Increased pollutionv Increased governmental interventionThe Macroenvironment •Key Technological Trends§The technological environment ischaracterized by rapid change.§New technologies create newopportunities and markets but make oldtechnologies obsolete.§The U.S. leads the world in research anddevelopment spending.§But there will be lead-lag gaps in adoption of new technology in Asian markets.The Macroenvironment•The Political Environment§Includes laws, governmental agencies, andpressure groups that impact organizationsand individuals. Key trends include:v Increased legislation to protect businessesas well as consumers.v Increased emphasis on ethics and sociallyresponsible actionsv Some concerns on corruption and ethicsThe Macroenvironment •The Cultural Environment§Is composed of institutions and otherforces that affect a society’s basic values,perceptions, preferences, and behaviors.§Culture can influence decision making.§Core beliefs are persistent; secondarycultural values change and shift moreeasily.§The cultural values of a society areexpressed through people’s views.Cultural values are expressed via how people view: The Macroenvironment•Themselves •Others •Organizations •Society •Nature •The UniverseResponding to the Marketing Environment •Reactive: Passive Acceptance and Adaptation§Companies design strategies that avoidthreats and capitalize upon opportunities.•Proactive: Environmental Management §Use of lobbyists, PR, advertorials, lawsuits, complaints, and contractual agreements toinfluence environmental forces.。
商务英语入门PPT第四章市场营销
What is Marketing-----什么是市场营销
Marketing
Deciding what products to offer Setting prices
Developing sales promotions and advertising campaigns
Making products readily available
Marketing Concept
Aligning all functions of the company to focus on those needs.
Realized a profit by successfully satisfying customer needs over
the long-term
商务英语入门
------第四章 市场营销
本章要点
What is Marketing? The Marketing Concept The Marketing Mix The Product Life Cycle Understanding Buyer Behavior Marketing Research Market Segmentation
Direct supply/sale
零级渠道也叫直接渠道或直销，是厂家 将其产品直接销售给终端客户。常见的 形式有上门推销、邮购、电话推销、电 视直销以及厂家的直营机构等。其好处 在于成本较低，周转快，能及时获取市 场信息且公司对产品又很强的控制能力； 缺点是仓储运输费用、销售人员费用和 管理费用高，网络分散，覆盖面小。
3、Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. (Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果实是甜蜜的。10:516.17.202110:516.17.202110:5110:51:196.17.202110:516.17.2021
世纪商务英语综合教程三 第四版 Unit 4 Marketing
maker 2. An American T-shirt ____________ in Miami printed shirts for the Spanish market which _____________ the Pope’s visit. Instead of “I saw the promoted _________” (el papa), the shirts read “I saw the ___________” (la papa). potato Pope
and distribution.
Unit 4
Marketing
Text A
Tape Script
The Marketing Concept
5 There are many different definitions of marketing. Consider some of the The all-embracing function that links the business with customers’ needs and wants in order to get the right product to the right place at the right time; The achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customers’ needs better than the competition; The management process that identifies, anticipates and supplies customers’ requirements efficiently and profitably;
商务英语Unit 4 参考答案
Unit 4 AdvertisingPart I Business VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.C1 Outdoor advertising is one of the fastest growing _______________ in the market.A marketsB sectionsC segmentsD sectorsD2 The world of outdoor advertising billboards, transport and ‘street furniture’is ______ about $18 billion a year, just 6% of all the worl d’s spending on advertising.A worthwhileB worthyC valuedD worthC3 The soaring costs of TV are ______________ clients to consider alternatives.A makingB drivingC promptingD lettingA4 BMW ran a ‘teasers’ campaign in Britain on bus shelters.A exclusivelyB largelyC greatlyD inclusivelyC5 Placing an ad on a bus shelter for two weeks ________________ at about £90.A works onB works awayC works outD calculatesD6 We are facing a ________________ with our market share. What are we going to do about it?A promotionB saleC orderD crisisA7 Focus, a large advertising agency based in Paris, has a reputation for creating imaginative and ____________ campaigns.A effectiveB efficientC effectD efficaciousC8 Focus now needs to ________________ potential clients that it still has plenty of creative ideas to offer.A ensureB assureC convinceD persuadeB9 Focus has been asked to _________________ ideas for advertising campaigns to managements of the companies concerned.A offerB presentC supplyD furnishD10 The little village where he lived would be a popular tourist ________________.A placeB siteC visitD resortB11 Thank you for the above order ______________ our bicycles.A ofB forC byD againstC12 It is stipulated in our Sales Confirmation No. 2007021 ____________ the 5,000 bicycles you ordered are to be shipped in two equal lots in March and April 2007.A whichB whereC thatD whatA13 You requested that 80% of the bicycles ____________ in March and the balance in April.A be shippedB shippedC to shipD have been shippedC14 Although we have the quantity ______________ stock, it is too late for us to ship 80% of your order in March.A fromB forC inD atD15 We have received your letter of 28 March, ___________ us to modify the previous arrangements for the shipment of the captioned order.A askedB to askC being askedD askingA16 You now wish to advance the date of shipment ____________ one month.A byB toC forD atA17 In the circumstances, we regret ___________unable to meet your request.A to beB beingC beD having been A18 In this case, you must _____________ the additional charges.A bearB have borneC to bearD bearingD19 Please take the above ____________ account and let us know your decision as soon as possible.A toB forC byD intoB20 We are pleased to inform you that the captioned order _____________ now been dispatched.A haveB hasC areD isPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 竞争对手产品Competitors’ products2 隐性广告Subliminal advertising3 广告媒体Advertising media4 体育赞助Sports sponsorship5 免费样品Free sample6 广告标语Advertising slogan7 大众媒体Mass media8 售点展示point-of-sale display9 户外广告Outdoor advertising10 大众市场Mass-market11 电视黄金时段栏目广告Prime-time TV slot12 市场份额Market share13 街道设施Street furniture14 公交车候车亭Bus shelter15 金融服务financial service16 营销组合Marketing mix17 公共关系Public relations18 广告宣传活动Advertising campaign19 价格促销Price promotion20 潜在客户Potential clientPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.The world of outdoor advertising billboards, transport and ‘street furniture’ isworth about $18 billion a year, just 6% of all the world’s spending on advertising.整个户外广告市场（露天广告牌,公共交通和路边设施）大约价值180亿美元一年,只占了全世界广告支出的6%。
商务英语精读(第3册)Unit 4 What Is Marketing
. . .
C. Detailed Explanation
Para 3 What’s the general idea of Para 3? . . .
C Detailed Explanation
Language Points Business Knowledge Knowledge Extension
D Main Points & Difficulties E Homework
A. The Learning Objectives
To learn about the communicative skills of presenting a product; To illustrate the definition, role and operation of marketing; To master the usage of key special terms, words and phrases in this chapter; To grasp the main idea and the structure of the text; To conduct a series of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating activities concerned with the theme of the chapter.
. .
▪.
C. Detailed Explanation
Section 1: Business Communications
James Wilson is a businessman specializing in textiles in Atlanta. He comes to trade with ABC Foreign Trade Co. Ltd.. Mr. Huang Sijie, an export salesman of ABC Co. Ltd. is authorized to show him around the sample room.
商务英语unit4 Marketing
Could you define the following concepts?
Market segment is a group of consumers who respond in a similar way to a given set of marketing efforts
Target marketing is the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter
Selling Co buy products only if the company promotes/ sells these product
Marketing Concept
Societal Marketing Concept
• Focuses on needs/ wants of target markets and delivering satisfaction better than competitors
Marketing mix is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools
Introduction of Xiaomi
• privately owned Chinese electronics company
• headquartered in Beijing China.
Marketing Management
Marketing management is “the art and
science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them.”
商务英语4-businessenglish_第四单元
商务英语/ 洽谈国际贸易/ 1A价钱Price某家公司的营业部经理和财务部经理为新产品的定价持相反意见，而且各有说辞。
英文正文A: I really think this price is too high. A price has to be based on costs and the profit you want.B: I know. But pricing has to be based on what customers want too, which differs from place to place and time to time.A: Yes, experience shows the same product is priced differently in different markets. But why so much higher in this market?B: There are many rich people in this area, so a skimming price is OK -- and even needed, because they think only a high price means a good product.A: But the market prices for other similar products are much lower. Buyers will notice the flexibility in the price structure, and buy from other companies.B: I don't think so. I think the others will have to raise their price ceiling to make customers believe that their products are as good as ours.中文翻译A: 我真的认为这个价钱太高。
商务英语Unit4Advertising
Quotations
Herbert Marshall McLuhan was a Canadian educator, philosopher and scholar — a professor of English literature, a literary critic, a rhetorician, and a communications theorist. McLuhan's work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory.
A What advertising media can you think of?
newspaper TV
radio
billboard
bus
direct mail
internet
magazine
truck
catalogue
leaflet
Reading
Outdoor advertising
A Understanding outdoor advertising. What outdoor advertising can you think of?
Online advertising
1. Strengths ➢ wide coverage ➢ no time and space limit ➢ cost-effective; quick in spread ➢ clearly targeted ➢ can be changed at any time 2. Weaknesses ➢ disordered and blended ➢ lack of credibility
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
名词解释
MIS:is an organized way of continually gathering and analyzing data to provide marketing managers with information they need to make decisions. Marketing intelligence:is the systematic colletion and analysis of publicly available information about competitors and developments in the marketing environment.
Internal database:consist of computerized collections of information obtained from data sources within the company.
Observational research:is a method of collecting data on a topic of interest by watching and recording behavior,actions,and facts. Experimental research:is a type of primary marketing research in which the expetimenter systematically manipulate the values of one or more variables,while controlling the values of other variables,to measure the effect of the changes in the independent variables on one or more other variables.
简答
1 Marketing intelligence information can be gathered from many sources:
(1)Suppliers,resellers,and key customers may pass along important intelligence about competitors and their products.
(2)Obtain good information by observing competitors or analyzing physical evidence.It can buy and analyze competitors’products,monitor their sales,and
check for new patents.
(3)Government agencies are another goog intelligence source.
(4)Competitors themselves may reveal information through their annual reports,business publications,trade show exhibits,press releases,advertisements,and Web pages.
2 A marketing research project has three types of objectives:the objective of exploratory research;the objective of descriptive research;the objective causal research.
3 Information in the database can come from many internal sources:
(1)The accounting department prepares financial statements and keeps detailed records of sales,costs,and cash flows
(2)Manufacturing reports on production schedules,shipments,and inventories.
(3)The sales force reports on reseller reactions and competitor activities.
(4)The marketing department furnishes information on customer
demographics,psychographics,and buying behavior.
(5)The customer service department keeps records of customer satisfaction or sevice problems. (6)Research studies done for one department may provide useful information for several others.
4 The most significant advantages of secondary data are the time and money they save the researcher.If the information being sought is available as secondary data,the researcher can simply go to the library or go online,locate the appropriate source or sources,and gather the information desired.This should take no more than a few days and involve little cost.Two problems that commonly arise with secondary data are(1)they do not completely fit the problem,and (2)they are not totally accurate.
论述。