第二讲中英差异

综合型语言 VS分析型语言
综合型语言是指主要通过词汇本身的形式变化来表达语 法意义（性、数、格、时、语态等）。 分析型语言是指语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词汇本 身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来完 成。 Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 肯尼迪先生明显的是被目击者相信开了三枪中的第一枪 击中的。 据目击者说，凶手共开了三枪，肯尼迪显然是被第一枪 击中的。
Chinese
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
English
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
狮子型语言
孔雀型语言
Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）
assistant
deputy
Director, chiefof-staff, secretary, mayor, director Governor， general
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
lieutenant
不要坐在风口，否则你 会感冒 Don’t sit in a draught or you’ll catch a cold.
II -- 2 Linguistic Differences
Sentences
--- the Same, Similar or Different
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树
cyber jock网迷 cyber journalism网络新闻／电子报纸 cyber mall网上超市 cybernaut网络用户 cyber newsletter网上简讯 cyber pet网上宠儿 cyber pinup网上美人 cyber pub网络酒店 cyber punk黑客／计算机高手 cyber Romeo网上罗密欧（网上爱情中的男士） cyber satirist冈上讽刺家 cyber sex网络性行为，网络色情 cyber shopper网上导购员 cyber snob网上自命不凡的人 cyber soap网上肥皂剧 cyber stalker网络搜索工具 cyber station网站 cyber surfing网上冲浪 cyber tag网上艺术签名 cyber vamp网上荡妇 cyber wonk网络迷 cyber word网络用语 cyber yakker网上垃圾制造者
• • • • • • • • • •
进行网上聊天 (cyber chat)，找个网上情人 (cyber lover)，从而经历一场网络情缘 (computer-mediated romance)，或把某网上美人 (cyber pinup)当作你的网上梦中情人 (cyberspace dreamboat)。如果你的网络情人 (cyber sweetheart)也是一个网迷 (cyber head)，那么你们的网上爱情 (cyber romance)就得经历一场网络革命 (cyber revolution)。随着网络技术的发展，出现了大量的 与计算机网络相关的行业术语 • (computer jargon)。
o
副
Vice-
Chairman, president, premier, minister, governor
Professor, director, editor, dean, judge Manager, secretary, headmaster, commander, professor
associate
II Similar on the Surface, but Different in Meaning Kickbacks 回扣 Honey cooler 讨好女子的男子 Dog-eared 书页的折角 Mountain lion 美洲豹 To have a fit 勃然大怒 Street walker 妓女 Lover 情人 love
T-square, H-shape
Mind your P’s and Q’s.
IOU
Type: English：Analytic & synthetic分析型&综合型 Chinese：Analytic & agglutinative 分析型&粘着型 Cyber-: cybernetics, cyberpunk, cyberfood, cyberschool, cyberspace, cyberworm 网络的流行和普及创造出很多网络新新词汇，如今“上网了吗” (Have you onlined)比“吃了吗”变得更时髦。 网民们(netizen) 可以在这个虚拟现实 (cyberspace) 中阅读网络杂志 (webzine)， 看网络电视 (web TV)， 给网友 (net partner) 打网络电话 (web phone)，
从前这里有一个渔村，村里住 着十户人家，这十户人家全 靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰 苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的， 得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧， 拣好的买，想抽就抽。
English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）

As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. -- Jimmy Carter
Goldbrick 偷懒的人 Service station 加油及修理站 Restroom Dollar sale 一元钱贱卖 Green wash 塑造环保形象 Call girl 应召女郎 Political campaign 竞选活动 Busboy 饭店里洗碗擦桌子的杂工
2.1 Correspondence Tail after somebody tighten one’s belt, overall strength of the country legal entity, national dignity 法人实体 Face value for the attention of, The aim of horizontal integration is to eliminate competition. 横向合并是为了消除竞争。
2.4 Zero e.g. 我属兔。我从来不吃兔。兔年是我的本命年。 I was born in the Year of Rabbit. I never eat rabbit. The Year of Rabbit will bring me good luck or bad luck. 第二任汪太太过了门没生孩子， 只生病。在家养病反把这病养家了。 Since being installed in her new home, the second Mrs. Wang had not given birth but merely taken sick. She had begun by nursing her illness at home only to end up making a home for her illness. (antimetabole)
2.3 Intersection (overlap partially) 交叉 请买票、售票处、售票口、普通客票、 行李票、检票员、查票员 All fares, please; Booking Office; wicket; ordinary ticket; check; puncher; ticket examiner
Lecture II
Differences between English and Chinese
II -- 1 Linguistic Differences
Characters and Words
--- the Same, Similar or Different
Family: Sino-Tibetan & Indo-European； 国字脸、人字形、八字眼 丁字尺、工字型 你必须言行谨慎 打白条 ideographic & alphabetic Square, like the formation of geese, wall-eyed
……
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …
2.2 Inclusion General & specific 胡子 beard, full beard, circular beard, round beard 小胡子 shadow 络腮胡子 whiskers 八字胡 handlebars (Am. Moustache) 山羊胡 goatee 瓦形胡 tile beard 军人胡 military moustache / English – style moustache 范大克式胡子/剑型胡 Vandyke beard 残须 stubble beard / short beard bristles
Sales as seen 凭现样销售 Secondary data 间接材料 Third party insurance 第三方保险 Implied term 暗含条款 intellectual property 知识产权
Problem in translation： 易犯逐词翻译的毛病，找到假对应词 e.g. 简单地说、好票、 我的英语比你好 put it simply, good seats
cyber acquaintance网友 cyber activist网上明星（积极分子） cyberaddict网迷 cyber attack网上攻击（黑客攻击） cyber bake计算机游戏中的性感美女 cyber buck网上聊天 cyber cafe网吧 cyber cast网上播放 cyber chat网上聊天 cyber citizen网民 cyber college网上大学 cyber commerce电子商务 cyber cop网络警察 cyber crime计算机犯罪 cyber critic网评家 cyber cult网迷／虫 cyber forger网上伪造者 cyber heroine计算机游戏中的性感美女 cyber intruder黑客 cyberphobia计算机恐惧症 cyber jock网迷
And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.